Japan’s Automotive EmissionsJapan s Automotive Emissions Regulations and Emissions g

Control Technologiesf 2005 d L tfor 2005 and Later

Akio TamanoEmission & Fuel Efficiency SubcommitteeEmission & Fuel Efficiency Subcommittee

Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc.

1

１．Current Status of Air Pollution

２．Automotive Emissions Regulations

３．Automotive Emissions Control３ Automotive Emissions Control Technologies

2

Trends in Annual Average of Air Pollutants in Japan（Average of Roadside Monitoring Stations ）

0.18

0.14

0.16

on

0 1

0.12

ncen

trati

NO2(ppm)

SPM(mg/m3)

0.08

0.1

Con

SPM(mg/m3)

Ox(ppm)

CO(ppm/100)

SO ( )

0.04

0.06 SOx(ppm)

0

0.02

3

070 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06

Year

Attainment Rate of Environmental

General R d id

Quality Standard in 2006General

Monitoring StationRoadside

Monitoring Station

All Regions １００％ ９０ ７％All Regions １００％ ９０．７％

１００％ ８３．７％NO2 Nox・PM Law

Measures Regions

９３．０％ ９２．８％

９６ ７％ ９２ １％

SPMAll Regions

Nox・PM Law ９６．７％ ９２．１％

Oxidant ０．１％ ３．７％All Regions

Measures Regions

SO2 ９９．８％ １００％

CO １００％ １００％

All Regions

All Regions

4

CO １００％ １００％All Regions

１．Current Status of Air Pollution

２．Automotive Emissions Regulations

３．Automotive Emissions Control３ Automotive Emissions Control Technologies

5

Emissions Regulations for Gasoline gPassenger Cars in Japan

1965 = 100

100

1965 = 100

HC

100

NOx2005 New long-term

1975-78 regulations

50CO

regulations

2000 New short-term regulationsCO regulations

065 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10

6

65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 101978 20001966 1975

Exhaust Emissions Standards for Passenger Cars

ＮＯｘfor Passenger Cars

0.20Diesel New Long-term Standard (’05～)

(g/km)

0.14

0.16

0.18Standard ( 05 )

Diesel Post New Long-term Standard (’09～)

0.15

0.10

0.12Standard (’09～)Gasoline New

Long-term Standard (’05～)

0 080.08 0.024

Gasoline 3☆

0.04

0.06

( )0.08

Gasoline 4☆0.05

0.025

ＣＯ ＨＣ01.0 0.51.5 0.01 0.050.02 0.03

0.02

0.040

0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.100.005 (g/km)(g/km)

0.0130.013

0.050.025

0.010

0 020

0.015

(g/km)(g/km)

0.014

0.005

7ＰＭ

0.020

0.025

(g/km)

Emissions Standards for

0.3

Heavy–duty Diesel Vehicles

0.25Long-term regulations

0.2PM(g/kWh)

Long-term regulations(starting 1997)

0.15 New short-term regulations(starting 2003)

0 05

0.1(starting 2003)

New longNew long--term term regulationsregulations

New short-term regulations

Ultra-low PM vehicle

0

0.05

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PM

regulationsregulations(starting 2005)(starting 2005)

Post New longPost New long--

Ultra low PM vehicle certification standards

PM

8

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

NOx (g/kW/h)

ggterm regulationsterm regulations(starting 2009)(starting 2009)

Low Emission Vehicle Certification System

NOxNOx (g/km) NOxNOx (g/km)

10-15 Mode Combined Mode

0.080.080.080.08

(g ) (g )

[2000

0.040.04

0.060.06

0.040.04

0.060.06

0.040.040.05

[2005

Regulations]

0.020.020.020.02 0.025Regulations]

0.013J-ULEVJ-ULEV

J SULEV1.15

COCO (g/km)HCHC (g/km)00 0.670.670.040.04 0.020.020.060.060.080.08 00 0.670.670.040.04 0.020.020.060.060.080.08

COCO (g/km)NMHC (g/km)00000.05 0.025

0.013

J-SULEV

9

Introduction of Certified Low E i i P C i JEmission Passenger Cars in Japan

T t l it hi d5,000 Total units shipped

1,00

0)

4,000

5,000

pped

(× 3,000

Uni

ts s

hi

1,000

2,000

U

0

,

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

3.9 million low emission vehicles (3☆, 4 ☆) shipped in Year

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

10

( , ) pp2006, 90% or more of all passenger cars

Future Automotive Emissions Regulations in Japan'０３ '０４ '０５ '０６ '０７ '０８ '０９ '１０ '１１ '１２ '１３ '１４ '１５ '１６

Gasoline vehicle

New Long-term Reg.

JC08 mode(Cold)High-level OBD JC08 mode(hot)Passenger car

2015 Fuel EfficiencyStandard

2010 Fuel EfficiencyStandard (10･15modeﾞ)

Light- and Medium-truck

Heavy-duty vehicleJC08 cold/hot

Standard

Standard (10 15mode )

Diesel vehicle

y yJE05 mode

Post New Long-term Reg.Passenger car

Light- and Medium-truck

2015 Fuel efficiencystandard

NOx Challenge Target?？

JE05 modeHeavy-duty vehicle

JE05 d

11

JE05 mode

New Emission Test Mode (JC08 Mode)for Vehicles with GVW of 3,500kg or less

80Distance：4.165kmAve. speed：22.7km

10･15 Modefor Vehicles with GVW of 3,500kg or less

40

60

eed km/h

Ave. speed：22.7kmMax. speed：70km/h

0

20

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

spe

In order to accurately assess

the performance of time s

Distance：8 159kmJC08 Mode

pexhaust emissions

in real world

60

80

100

m/h

Distance：8.159kmAve. speed：24.4km/hMax. speed：81.5km/h

20

40

60

speed k

12

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

time s

New Emission Test Mode (JE05 Mode)for Vehicles with GVW of over 3,500kgfor Vehicles with GVW of over 3,500kg

Representative Running Mode As the Basis of Test Mode

8090

ｍ／ｈ）

Distance:13 9km Ave speed:27 3km/h Max speed:87 6km/h

01020304050607080

spee

d（ｋｍ Distance:13.9km, Ave. speed:27.3km/h, Max.speed:87.6km/h

00 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Time (sec)

Actual Max. Torque Curve Measured Data

Vehicle Specification Data Simulation

Conversion to Engine RPM and Torque

Engine OperationEngine Operationon

Engine Dynamometer

13

Dynamometer

Worldwide Harmonization ofWorldwide Harmonization of Emission Test Procedure

Environment- Easy-to-understand rulemaking- Easy-to-evaluate each country policy

Government- Better Air Quality

Lower GHG Easy to evaluate each country policy

Consumer-EFV will be available more cheaper

Manufacturer・Improvement of R&D EfficiencyP i f Ad d T h l i

- Lower GHG

-Greater freedom in selection of vehicles・Promotion of Advanced Technologies

UN/ECE/WP 29

Motorcycle

UN/ECE/WP.29

WMTC GTR

Heavy-duty Vehicle WHDC

WLTP

GTR

14

Light-duty Vehicle WLTP

１．Current Status of Air Pollution

２．Automotive Emissions Regulations

３．Automotive Emissions Control３ Automotive Emissions Control Technologies

15

Emissions Regulations and Main gControl Technologies in Japan

1965 = 100 (Gasoline passenger car)

100

1965 = 100

- Engine improvements

(Gasoline passenger car)

HC

100

NOx - Oxidation catalyst- 3-way catalyst (O2 sensor)- Microprocessor engine control

50CO - Catalyst improvements

- Microprocessor engine control- NOx storage-reduction

catalystAir fuel ratio sensorCO Catalyst improvements

- 2 O2 sensors - Air assist injection

- Air-fuel ratio sensor- VVTi

065 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10

16

65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 101978 2005 New long-term

regulations20001966 1975

Emissions Control TechnologiesEmissions Control Technologies(Gasoline vehicles)

Move catalyst forwardCascade catalyst

NOxReduction Technology HC

HC adsorption systemSuperchargingDouble-wall exhaust manifold

Cold emission

VVTBetter control of transient A/FReduce crevice volumeReduce crevice volumeImprove catalystStrengthen swirlIncrease catalyst size and carrier volumeIncrease catalyst size and carrier volumeImprove NOx catalyst Electronically controlled EGR

Hotemission

17

Future Technologies to Reduce

Points: Improve combustion Warm up faster Activate catalyst fasterPoints: Improve combustion Warm up faster Activate catalyst faster

Future Technologies to Reduce Emissions from Gasoline Vehicles

D l t l t h l

Points: Improve combustion, Warm up faster, Activate catalyst faster, Points: Improve combustion, Warm up faster, Activate catalyst faster, Restrain deterioration, Improve controlRestrain deterioration, Improve control

Develop engine controlDevelop control technology- Increase control precision for A/F

ratio, ignition timing- Improve OBD detection performance

Improve engine combustionDevelop valve

Develop control partsDevelop sensors

pmechanism

Use thermal energygy- Heat cylinder head, port - Heat intake airetc.

Improve catalyst performance- Improve catalyst

- Reduce heat capacity

p yLow-temperature activation Good heat resistance

- Adsorption purification

Develop exhaust system parts

18

p y- Secondary air- Control exhaust temperature

p pcatalyst

- New catalysts

Y ‘74 ‘77 ‘79 ‘83 ‘89 ‘94 ‘98 ‘03

Diesel Emissions Control TechnologiesYear ‘74 ‘77 ‘79 ‘83 ‘89 ‘94 ‘98 ‘03

Emissions Regulations Short-term

Long-term

New Short-term

Retarded injection timingRetarded injection timingImproved injection nozzleHigher injection pressure CR, UI

Variable injection rateion

syst

em

Variable injection rateMulti-injection (common rail, etc.)Improved combustion chamber

Fuel

inje

ct

e Improved combustion chamberSupercharger with intercoolerInertial supercharging, Supercharger with W/G, etc.

Eng

ine

ke s

yste

m

Variable nozzle turbochargingVariable swirl

Internal EGR

Inta

stem

EGR External hot EGRCooled EGR

PM Oxidation catalyst

EG

R s

ysen

t

19

reduction DPFNOx reduction NOｘ catalystA

ftertr

eatm

e

Diesel Emission Control Technologies ese ss o Co t o ec o og esfor New Long-term Regulation (1)

U l ti d ti t l t (SCR) Hi h f lUrea selective reduction catalyst (SCR) + High-pressure fuel injection unit + Cooled EGR

EGR valve

High-pressure injector unit

EGR cooler

Urea NOx selective reduction catalyst

Intercooler(Intake air cooler)

High-pressure common rail

EGR cooler

Intake airOxidation catalyst

Exhaust

Oxidation catalyst

Urea-water tankAdded module

20Urea-water adding unit

Air tank

Diesel Emission Control Technologiesfor New Long-term Regulation (2)

DPF + High-pressure fuel injection unit + Cooled EGR

EGR valve

Intake air throttle

High-pressure common rail

IntercoolerIntercooler(Intake air cooler)

Oxidation catalyst DPF (Ceramic filter)

EGR cooler

Intake air Exhaust

21VG turbo

22

23

Future Diesel Emission Control Technology(1) DPF + NO storage red ction 0 30(1) DPF + NOx storage-reduction

catalyst systemCommon rail high-pressure 0.20

0.30

1998 HDV0.25PM Current

Intake air throttleEGR valve

Common rail high-pressure injection unit

0.20

0.10

0.15

(3) DPF

2003 HDV

(2) De-NOx Cat. (1) EM

(g/kWh)Current

EGR cooler

Intake air throttle

4.0 5.00

0 2.0 3.01.0

0.05(3) DPF

2005 HDV

Inter-CoolerInter-Cooler

HC oxidation catalyst NOx (g/kWh)

Inter Cooler Inter Cooler Intercooler

NOx catalyst + DPF

Exhaust Intake air

24Unit to add fuel to

exhaust

1998 HDV0.25(2) Urea SCR System

PM(g/kWh)

2003 HDV.0.18

CurrentUltra-high pressure

(2) Urea SCR System

(g/kWh)

0 027 Urea SCR

pinjection

0 0.7 3.38 4.5NOx (g/kWh)

0.027

EGR valveIntake air throttle 2005 HDV

EGR cooler

Intercooler

Ammonia oxidation catalyst

Ultra-high pressure fuel injection

EGR cooler

Electronically controlled turbo

Intake airDPF

E h tElectronically controlled turbo

High-performance selective reduction

catalyst

Ｐ

ExhaustUrea-water

injection controller

25

catalystUrea-water tank

26

Thank you for your attention！Thank you for your attention！

27