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JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN SCIENCE TEACHING VOL. 38, NO. 3, PP. 296±316 (2001) Articulating Communities: Sociocultural Perspectives on Science Education J. L. Lemke Ph.D. Program in Urban Education, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, New York 10016 Received 20 January 2000; accepted 25 October 2000 Part I: Sociocultural Perspectives on Science Education What does it mean to take a sociocultural perspective on science education? Most basically it means viewing science, science education, and research on science education as human social activities conducted within institutional and cultural frameworks. What is the scope of a sociocultural perspective on science education? Let us take the key terms of the previous broad description as our starting points. What does it mean to view the objects of our concern as ``social activities''? In a research perspective it means, ®rst of all, formulating questions about the role of social interaction in teaching and learning science and in studying the world, whether in classrooms or research laboratories. It also means giving substantial theoretical weight to the role of social interaction: seeing it, as in the Vygotskyan tradition (Vygotsky, 1963; Leontiev, 1978; Cole, 1996), to be central and necessary to learning and not merely ancillary. Similarly, it means seeing the scienti®c study of the world as itself inseparable from the social organization of scientists' activities, as is done in the work of Bruno Latour and many other contemporary sociologists and historians of science (e.g., Latour, 1987; Lynch & Woolgar, 1990, Shapin & Schaffer, 1985). But this is only the beginning. Interpersonal social interaction, whether collaboration in a laboratory or dialogue in a classroom, is only the smallest scale of the social. Sociocultural theory proposes that such cooperative human activity is only possible because we all grow up and live within larger-scale social organizations, or institutions: family, school, church, community center, research lab, university, corporation, and (depending on your particular theory) perhaps also city, state, global economy, and even a potentially globe-spanning Internet chatroom or listserv group. Our lives within these institutions and their associated communities give us tools for making sense of and to those around us: languages, pictorial conventions, belief systems, value systems, and specialized discourses and practices. Collectively such tools for livingÐour social semiotic resource systems and our socially meaningful ways of using themÐconstitute the culture of a community. Taking an ecological view of communities, we should also include as parts of such ß 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Jay Lemke

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Page 1: Jay Lemke

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(BE? CPGJ UEB@ AMN B>IAC>N JCHNG>J GM ECP>B AB>AJ EW >NHFACGEM ;J>> +A_N>M4 :733] *HCCEM4:776] "VSEBM4 gB>JJ4 RABCGMJ4 a RAF/GIIGFHNT4 :778= PAL> FE?> A UGN> LABG>CT EW MEUGMNGJK>MJASI> CEEIJ WEB CP> AMAITJGJ EW L>BSAI NACA4 EBAI EB UBGCC>M ;J>> '>?@>4 :773S4 WEB AMEL>BLG>U=4 AJ U>II AJ M>U>B C>FPMG\H>J WEB CP> JCHNT EW CP> LGJHAI B>KB>J>MCACGEMJ ;>1V14 gB>JJ aLAM '>>HU>M4 :778= CPAC AB> K>BLAJGL> GM JFG>MF> ;FW1 'TMFP a OEEIVAB4 :77<] '>?@>4 :773A=1-M A B>F>MC KBEX>FC ;+H??GMV a OTACCc*?GCP4 :773=4 :7 PGVPIT B>JK>FC>N B>J>ABFP>BJ WBE? CP>#MGC>N *CAC>J4 #MGC>N gGMVNE?4 AMN &HJCBAIGA AMAIT_>N LGN>ECAK> AMN NEFH?>MCABT NACA;JCHN>MC MEC>SEE@J4 C>eCSEE@ >eF>BKCJ4 C>AFP>B EL>BP>ANJ4 AMN PAMNEHCJ= WBE? A LABG>CT EWCP>EB>CGFAI AMN ?>CPENEIEVGFAI K>BJK>FCGL>J CE AJF>BCAGM CP> IGC>BAFT N>?AMNJ EW CP> ANLAMF>NJ>FEMNABT JFPEEI FHBBGFHIH? AMN CP>GB JEFGAI AMN FHICHBAI WHMFCGEMJ1 ;*>L>BAI EW CP>J> AMAITJ>JUGII S> KHSIGJP>N GM A WEBCPFE?GMV JK>FGAI GJJH> EW CP> XEHBMAI M*+'0*82*18 (+/ ./01(2*&+=1 *HFP?HICGKI> AMAITJGJ KBEX>FCJ ;>1V14 *AMCA `ABSABA +IAJJBEE? jGJFEHBJ> /BEHK4 :772] gA?>M >C AI14:77^= AB> AIJE GMFB>AJGMVIT FE??EM W>ACHB>J EW JEFGEFHICHBAI B>J>ABFP KBAFCGF> S>FAHJ> CP>JEFGEFHICHBAI K>BJK>FCGL> PGVPIGVPCJ CP> UATJ GM UPGFP AMT JGMVI> AMAITJGJ M>F>JJABGIT B>KB>J>MCJA JEFGAIIT AMN FHICHBAIIT KEJGCGEM>N AMN CP>B>ST GMP>B>MCIT IG?GC>N LG>UKEGMC1 #MWEBCHMAC>IT4 W>UJCHNG>J PAL> T>C ACC>?KC>N CE GMFEBKEBAC> LG>UKEGMCJ CPAC BAMV> AFBEJJ CP> WHII JK>FCBH? EW JEFGAIAMN FHICHBAI NGWW>B>MF>J CE S> WEHMN GM JFG>MF> >NHFACGEM CENAT1 O> KB>AFP FEIIASEBACGEM AFBEJJNGWW>B>MF>J AJ AM >e>?KIABT UAT WEB JCHN>MCJ CE JCHNT JFG>MF>4 SHC U> NE MEC EWC>M >MEHVPKBAFCGF> GC EHBJ>IL>J AJ A UAT CE JCHNT JFG>MF> >NHFACGEM1

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.P>B> GJ ME GN>AI JEFGEFHICHBAI JFG>MF> FIAJJBEE? GM CP> J>MJ> CPAC CP>B> ?GVPC K>BPAKJ S>EM> CPAC GJ B>KB>J>MCACGL> EW ,5*4 JFG>MF>9 C>FPMEIEVT9JEFG>CT4 FEMJCBHFCGLGJC4 EB FEMF>KCHAIcFPAMV> AKKBEAFP>J CE JFG>MF> >NHFACGEM1 *EFGEFHICHBAI AKKBEAFP>J NE >?KPAJG_> CP> BEI> EWFIAJJBEE? FE??HMGCG>J AMN AM HMN>BJCAMNGMV EW CP> N>L>IEK?>MC EL>B CG?> EW CP> HMG\H> JEFGAIB>IACGEMJPGKJ AMN ?GFBEFHICHB>J CPAC FPABAFC>BG_> CP>J> FE??HMGCG>J4 SHC CP> VB>AC>JC KBE?GJ> EWJEFGEFHICHBAI AKKBEAFP>J IG>J GM IEE@GMV SECP UGCPGM AMN S>TEMN CP> FIAJJBEE?1 #MIG@>4 WEB>eA?KI>4 IGC>BAFT >NHFACGEM ;FW1 )VAMc$ES>BCJEM a `IEE?>4 :773=4 JFG>MF> >NHFACGEM B>J>ABFPPAJ MEC AJ >eC>MJGL>IT GML>JCGVAC>N CP> B>IACGEMJPGKJ S>CU>>M PE?> AMN JFPEEI FHICHB>J4 EBS>CU>>M JFPEEI JFG>MF> AMN KBEW>JJGEMAI JFG>MF>1 O> PAL> MEC IEE@>N AC JFG>MF> C>AFPGMV WBE?CP> >eK>BG>MCGAI K>BJK>FCGL> EW A JCHN>MC UPE JK>MNJ ?EJC EW >L>BT NAT4 S>WEB> AMN AWC>B JFG>MF>FIAJJ4 GM ECP>B JHSX>FCcAB>A FIAJJ>J4 GM JEFGAI GMC>BAFCGEMJ GM JFPEEI SHC EHCJGN> CP> FHBBGFHIH?4AMN GM IGW> EHCJGN> JFPEEI1 O> PAL> G?AVGM>N CPAC CP> W>U ?GMHC>J EW CP> JFG>MF> I>JJEM JE?>PEUFB>AC> AM GJEIAC>N AMN M>ABIT AHCEME?EHJ I>ABMGMV HMGL>BJ>4 GVMEBGMV CP> JEFGEFHICHBAI B>AIGCTCPAC JCHN>MCJZ S>IG>WJ4 ACCGCHN>J4 LAIH>J4 AMN K>BJEMAI GN>MCGCG>JdAII EW UPGFP AB> FBGCGFAI CE CP>GBAFPG>L>?>MC GM JFG>MF> I>ABMGMVdAB> WEB?>N AIEMV CBAX>FCEBG>J CPAC KAJJ EMIT SBG>fT CPEHVP EHBFIAJJ>J1

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jGL>BJGCT AMN GCJ M>>NJ AB> MEC ?ACC>BJ EW >eF>KCGEMAIGCT AMN >eECGF AMN BANGFAI NGWW>B>MF>1jGL>BJGCT GM JE?> N>VB>> GJ CP> FEMNGCGEM EW >L>BT FE??HMGCT1 "HB FHBBGFHIA AMN C>AFPGMV?>CPENJ4 PEU>L>B4 AB> ST IEMV CBANGCGEM ?EJC FIEJ>IT ANAKC>N CE CP> M>>NJ EW ?GNNI>c AMN HKK>Bc?GNNI>cFIAJJ4 FHICHBAIIT %EBCP )HBEK>AMc&?>BGFAM4 fH>MC JK>A@>BJ EW KB>JCGV> NGAI>FCJ EW)MVIGJP1 - NE MEC ?>AM P>B> XHJC CP> VEAIJ EW EHB FHBBGFHIA4 ASEHC UPGFP CP>B> GJ AKKBEKBGAC>KEIGCGFAI N>SAC>4 SHC CP> ?>AMJ AJ U>II1 O> GMP>BGC A JEFGAI GN>EIEVT4 >JK>FGAIIT GM CP> #MGC>N*CAC>J4 UPGFP JATJ CPAC ST P>BEGF >WWEBCJ EW HMN>BKAGN C>AFP>BJ4 GC GJ KEJJGSI> CE FB>AC> FIAJJBEE?JEW 2< CE h< JCHN>MCJ UGCP AM ABSGCBABGIT PGVP N>VB>> EW JEFGAI4 FHICHBAI4 AMN IGMVHGJCGF NGL>BJGCTUPE UGII M>L>BCP>I>JJ I>ABM JFG>MF> AC >eAFCIT CP> JA?> BAC> AMN UGCP >\HAIIT PGVP AMN SBEANITNGJCBGSHC>N I>L>IJ EW AFPG>L>?>MC FE?KAB>N UGCP4 JAT4 FIAJJBEE?J EW 6< CE 2< JCHN>MCJ UPE JPAB>JHSJCAMCGAIIT JG?GIAB SAF@VBEHMNJ AMN I>ABMGMV M>>NJ1 "M CP> ECP>B PAMN4 U> AIJE GMP>BGC AMEBVAMG_>N JFPEEI JTJC>? UPGFP KATJ ME ACC>MCGEM CE C>AFPGMV JCHN>MCJ CP> I>JJEMJ EW UEB@GMVAFBEJJ AV>cNGL>BJGCT ;>1V14 FBEJJcAV> CHCEBGMV4 EB ?Ge>NcAV> FEIIASEBACGEM= EB I>ABMGMV CE FEMM>FCJFPEEI I>ABMGMV CE I>ABMGMV AMN AFCGEM EHCJGN> JFPEEI1 O> GMP>BGC A JTJC>? EW JFPEEIGMV CPAC BGKJAKABC ABNHEHJIT FEMJCBHFC>N FIAJJBEE? FE??HMGCG>J AMN C>AFP>B9 JCHN>MC JEFGAI B>IACGEMJPGKJ>L>BT h97 ?EMCPJdAI?EJC AJ JEEM AJ CP>T AB> U>II >MEHVP >JCASIGJP>N CE KBENHF> ?HCHAIITJHKKEBCGL> GMJGVPCJ1 .P> EBVAMG_>N >WWEBCJ EW ?AMT K>EKI> GM EHB [>IN CENAT AB> WEFHJ>N EMJ>CCGMV FHBBGFHIH? AFPG>L>?>MC JCAMNABNJ AMN KBE?HIVACGMV ?EB> GMC>II>FCHAIIT AHCP>MCGFC>AFPGMV ?>CPENJ4 SHC ?EB> SAJGF GMJCGCHCGEMAI4 JEFGAI4 FHICHBAI4 AMN IGMVHGJCGF KB>B>\HGJGC>J WEBJFPEEI JHFF>JJ AB> JCGII MEC S>GMV CA@>M J>BGEHJIT1

.P> ?EJC EKCG?GJCGF B>J>ABFP>BJ GM EHB [>IN CENAT AB> CPEJ> UEB@GMV AC CP> FHCCGMV >NV> EWAKKITGMV M>U GMWEB?ACGEM AMN FE??HMGFACGEM C>FPMEIEVG>J GM JFG>MF> >NHFACGEM1 - JPAB> CP>GBEKCG?GJ?4 SHC MEC S>FAHJ> - S>IG>L> CPAC M>U @GMNJ EW I>ABMGMV >eK>BG>MF>J ;?EN>IGMV4JG?HIACGEM4 B>?EC>cJ>MJEB NACA4 NACA LGJHAIG_ACGEM4 >CF1= AB> JHW[FG>MC CE GMFB>AJ> UGN>JKB>ANGMC>B>JC GM AMN JHFF>JJ AC JFG>MF> I>ABMGMV1 RT PEK> GJ CPAC CP>J> M>U C>FPMEIEVG>J UGII JCG?HIAC>WHMNA?>MCAI JCBHFCHBAI FPAMV> GM JFG>MF> >NHFACGEM4 ANNGMV CE EHB KB>J>MC ?EN>I EW ?AeG?AIITP>C>BEV>M>EHJ FIAJJBEE? VBEHKJ ?AMT M>U EKCGEMJD KBELGNGMV JCHN>MCJ UGCP AFF>JJ CE A NGL>BJ>4VIESAI KEEI EW YYC>I>c?>MCEBJZZ] >MASIGMV K>>BcVBEHK ;GMFIHNGMV ?Ge>NcAV>= M>CUEB@c?>NGAC>NIEMVcC>B? KBEX>FC UEB@ AMN >I>FCBEMGF KEBCWEIGE NEFH?>MCACGEM EW FEMCBGSHCGEMJ4 KBEVB>JJ4 AMNB>JHICJ] AMN WAFGIGCACGMV GMNGLGNHAIG_>N FHBBGFHIA AMN JCHNT KACPJ4 UGCP UGN> IACGCHN> GM >eK>FC>NCG?> CE FE?KI>CGEM1 *HFP AIC>BMACGL>J FEHIN [II A JGVMG[FAMC WBAFCGEM EW JCHN>MCJZ I>ABMGMV CG?>4?A@GMV GC KEJJGSI> WEB KBEW>JJGEMAI C>AFP>BJ CE UEB@ ?EB> GMC>MJGL>IT UGCP CPEJ> UPE M>>NJK>FGAI P>IK4 WEB P>C>BEV>M>EHJ FIAJJBEE? FE??HMGCG>J CE CA@> EM ?EB> JK>FGAIG_>N WHMFCGEMJAMN ?AGMCAGM FEMCGMHGCT EW JEFGAI B>IACGEMJPGKJ EL>B K>BGENJ EW T>ABJ4 AMN WEB JFPEEIJ B>IG>L>N EWJE?> CG?> AMN JKAF> KB>JJHB>J AIJE CE EWW>B ECP>B >JJ>MCGAI J>BLGF>J WEB ?EB> PE?EV>M>EHJVBEHKJ EW JCHN>MCJ UGCP FE??EM M>>NJ1

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CP> I>JJEMJ EW FEIIASEBACGL> GM\HGBTdSHC MEC AIJE CBTGMV CE NE >L>BTCPGMV >IJ> WEB >L>BTEM>1 O>UGII M>>N GMC>BNGJFGKIGMABT FHBBGFHIA AMN GMJCBHFCGEMAI ?AC>BGAIJ JHKKEBC WEB CP> JFG>MF>cSAJ>NFE?KEM>MCJ EW CP>?ACGF KBEX>FC JCHNG>J4 AMN WEB GMNGLGNHAI AMN WEB J?AIIcVBEHK I>ABMGMV GM SECPWAF>cCEcWAF> AMN M>CUEB@c?>NGAC>N GML>JCGVACGEMJ1 O> UGII M>>N JCAMNAIEM> FE?KHC>BcAGN>NGMJCBHFCGEM FHBBGFHIA4 UGCP CEKGF ?ENHI>J AMN ?HICGKI> KACPUATJ WEB IGM@GMV GN>AJ AMN N>L>IEKGMVFEMF>KCHAI B>IACGEMJPGKJ4 BGFP GMWEB?ACGEMcAFF>JJ CEEIJ4 GMC>IIGV>MC CHCEBGMV ?ENHI>J4 AMN IGM@J CEB>JEHBF> KEEIJ EW EMcIGM> PH?AM ?>MCEBJ1 O> UGII M>>N JK>FGAIG_>N FHBBGFHIA AMN ?>CPENJ WEBJCHN>MCJ UPE AB> I>ABMGMV )MVIGJP AC CP> JA?> CG?> CP>T AB> I>ABMGMV JFG>MF>4 AC LABGEHJ I>L>IJ EWAFPG>L>?>MC GM >AFP1 &C CP> JA?> CG?>4 U> JPEHIN AIJE S> N>L>IEKGMV AIC>BMACGL> FHBBGFHIA AMN?ENHI>J EW AII CP>J> CTK>J UPGFP ANNB>JJ CP> JK>FGAI M>>NJ4 GMC>B>JCJ4 AMN N>L>IEKGMV GN>MCGCG>J EWA UGN> LABG>CT EW JCHN>MCJD TEHMV JCHN>MCJ ACC>?KCGMV ANLAMF>N CEKGFJ4 ANHIC I>ABM>BJ JCABCGMVUGCP JG?KI> FEMF>KCJ4 UE?>M EW AMT AV> UPE ?AT MEC W>>I U>IFE?> GM CP> ?AJFHIGMG_>N UEBINEW CBANGCGEMAI JFG>MF> FHBBGFHIA4 CP> IABV> MH?S>BJ EW VAT AMN I>JSGAM JCHN>MCJ UPEJ> M>>NJ AMNK>BJK>FCGL>J AB> GVMEB>N MEC XHJC ST JFG>MF> >NHFACGEM SHC ST JFPEEIGMV GM V>M>BAI4 AMN AII CPEJ>?>?S>BJ EW EHB ?AMT NGJCGMFC JEFGAI FHICHB>J UPE UGJP CE PAL> CP>GB GMC>B>JCJ AMN LAIH>JB>JK>FC>N UPGI> CP>T AB> I>ABMGMV JFG>MF> EB AMT ECP>B JHSX>FC1

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GMC>II>FCHAI CBANGCGEMJ UGCP J>KABAC> JEFGAI PGJCEBG>J1 (>?GMGJ? EWW>BJ A KBEWEHMN FBGCG\H> EW AII EWCBANGCGEMAI GMC>II>FCHAI FHICHB>D JFG>MF>4 ?ACP>?ACGFJ4 IGC>BACHB>4 C>FPMEIEVT4 >NHFACGEM AMNJFPEEIGMV4 AMN ME I>JJ EW IGMVHGJCGFJ4 JEFGEIEVT4 FHICHBAI AMCPBEKEIEVT4 EB KJTFPEIEVT1 .P>B> GJA VB>AC N>AI U> PAL> T>C CE P>AB4 JKE@>M WBE? UE?>MZJ IEFACGEM UGCPGM EHB FE??HMGCG>J1(>?GMGJ? AMN GCJ NGJCAWW FEHJGM4 nH>>B .P>EBT4 ANN KBEWEHMNIT CE CP> CBANGCGEMAI FEMF>BMJ AMNK>BJK>FCGL>J EW JEFGEFHICHBAI CP>EBTD A FEMF>BM WEB CP> WAFC CPAC PH?AM S>GMVJ ?A@> ?>AMGMVUGCP EHB EUM SGEIEVGFAIIT AMN FHICHBAIIT NGWW>B>MC @GMNJ EW SENG>J4 A K>BJK>FCGL> EM @MEUGMV CPACGMFIHN>J SENGIT AMN FHICHBAIIT ?>AMGMVWHI W>>IGMVJ AJ U>II AJ K>BF>KCJ AMN FEMF>KCJ AJ F>MCBAI CEEHB >KGJC>?EIEVGFAI B>K>BCEGB>4 A B>I>VGCG?ACGEM EW J>eHAIGCT AJ A FEB> GMC>II>FCHAI FEMF>BM AMNPH?AM ?ECGL> GM GMC>BK>BJEMAI B>IACGEMJ AMN I>ABMGMV4 AM PEM>JC FEMWBEMCACGEM UGCP UPACJCBHFCHBAI GM>\HGCG>J EW KEU>B GM A JEFG>CT ?>AM AC CP> K>BJEMAI AMN GMNGLGNHAI I>L>I4 AMN AMGMC>II>FCHAI >MVAV>?>MC UGCP CP> B>AIGCT EW PH?AM KAGM AMN JHWW>BGMV1

*EFGEFHICHBAI CP>EBT AIJE JK>A@J CE W>?GMGJ?4 AICPEHVP FAHCGEHJIT4 S>FAHJ> GC PAJ MEC T>CWHIIT B>JKEMN>N CE CP> W>?GMGJC FBGCG\H> EW GCJ EUM FEB> AJJH?KCGEMJ ;A FBGCG\H> ?EB>EL>B UPGFP GJMEC T>C WHIIT ABCGFHIAC>N4 SHC J>> ,ABAUAT4 :777=1 (>?GMGJ? PAJ I>ABM>N4 - CPGM@4 WBE? JEFGEcFHICHBAI CP>EBT MEC CE AJJH?> CPAC CP> >eK>BG>MF> EW V>MN>B GJ CP> JA?> GM NGWW>B>MC CG?>J4 KIAF>J4AMN FHICHB>J4 EB PE?EV>M>EHJ >L>M UGCPGM EM> CG?>4 KIAF>4 AMN FHICHB>] CP>B> GJ JTJC>?ACGFLABGACGEM UGCP AV>4 FIAJJ4 BAF>4 AMN >L>M B>IGVGEHJ AMN EFFHKACGEMAI JHSFHICHB>J1 &FFEBNGMVIT4W>?GMGJ? AIJE PAJ CE FEK> UGCP CP> C>MJGEM S>CU>>M M>>N>N KEIGCGFAI JEIGNABGCG>J A?EMV UE?>MAMN AM GMC>II>FCHAI AUAB>M>JJ CPAC CPEJ> JEIGNABGCG>J AB> NGJFHBJGL> FEMJCBHFCGEMJ >L>BT SGC AJ?HFP AJ AB> CP> EKKB>JJGL> JC>B>ECTK>J CP>T FEMWBEMC1

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EW S>IG>L>BJ=1 ,TSBGNJ JHFP AJ FB>ACGEM JFG>MF> NE MEC B>AIIT SBGNV> CP>J> GMFE??>MJHBASI>FHICHB>J1

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+EMF>KCHAI FPAMV> ?EN>IJ AMN IGMVHGJCGF EB J>?GECGF ?EN>IJ GM JEFGEFHICHBAI CP>EBT AB>?HFP ?EB> FEML>BV>MC1 .P> WEB?>B JK>A@J EW GML>JCGVACGMV YYPEU A JCHN>MCZJ FHBB>MC GN>AJZZGMC>BAFC UGCP M>U GN>AJ GM CP> FEMC>eC EW A YYFEMF>KCHAI >FEIEVTZZ ;5EJM>B >C AI14 :736=1 jGJFEHBJ>CP>EBT PAJ ?HFP CE JAT ASEHC PEU FEMF>KCJ EB CP>?>J GMC>BAFC J>?AMCGFAIIT UGCP EM> AMECP>B4UGCPGM AMN S>CU>>M NGJFEHBJ> WEB?ACGEMJ4 AMN (EHFAHIC ;:787= VAL> AM >IASEBAC> AMAITJGJ EW CP>>I>?>MCJ EW JHFP WEB?ACGEMJ B>I>LAMC CE AMAITJ>J EW PGJCEBGFAI FPAMV> GM JFG>MCG[F AMN ECP>BNGJFEHBJ>J ;J>> AIJE '>?@>4 :77b4 FPAK1 6=1 )L>M CP> >?KPAJGJ GM FEMF>KCHAI FPAMV> ?EN>IJEM CP> BEI> EW EHB ?>CAcCP>EBG>J AMN >KGJC>?EIEVG>J GJ A WA?GIGAB JEFGEFHICHBAI CP>?>1 .P>WHMNA?>MCAI NGWW>B>MF> GJ CPAC JEFGEFHICHBAI ?EN>IJ J>> JCHN>MCJ GMC>BAFCGMV UGCP C>AFP>BJ ;FW10TVECJ@T LJ1 5GAV>C=4 >AFP AJ B>KB>J>MCACGL>J EW FE??HMGCG>J CPAC FAM S> FPABAFC>BG_>N GM KABC STCP>GB S>IG>W JTJC>?J4 BACP>B CPAM >GCP>B EM> J>C EW GN>AJ GMC>BAFCGMV UGCP AMECP>B EB A JEL>B>GVMGMNGLGNHAI >VE WB>>IT FPEEJGMV S>CU>>M S>IG>WJ AMN FE??HMGCG>J1

RAMT JFG>MF> >NHFACEBJ S>IG>L> CPAC BACGEMAIGJ? JPEHIN S> CP> JEI> SAJGJ EW N>FGJGEM ?A@GMVMEC XHJC GM JFG>MF>4 SHC GM IGW> AMN KEIGCGFJ1 -M KABC4 GC GJ AIJE S>FAHJ> EW FHICHBAI AJJH?KCGEMJ]&?>BGFAMJ AMN ?AMT ECP>BJ GM CP> )MVIGJPcJK>A@GMV FHICHB>J KABCGFHIABIT GMJGJC CPAC CP>GMNGLGNHAI ?GMN ?HJC S> CP> MACHBAI HMGC EW AII LAIHGMV AMN ?>AMGMVc?A@GMV KBAFCGF>J1 "HBP>BEGF4 BE?AMCGF4 AMN ?AJFHIGM> ?TCPJ VIEBGWT EM> ?AM UGCP CP> CBHCP JCBHVVIGMV AVAGMJCGVMEBAMF> AMN >BBEB CE CBGH?KP EL>B AII1 *EFGEFHICHBAI B>J>ABFP MEC EMIT N>SHM@J CP>J> ?TCPJ STNEGMV N>CAGI>N B>J>ABFP EM PEU M>U NGJFEHBJ>J4 LAIH>J4 AMN KBAFCGF>J B>AIIT ABGJ> AMN JKB>AN GMJEFGAI M>CUEB@J4 SHC AIJE ST AJ@GMV PEU JHFP ?TCPJ AMN S>IG>WJ WHMFCGEM GM JEFG>CT AJ A UPEI>4AMN UPAC CP>GB >FEME?GF AMN KEIGCGFAI G?KIGFACGEMJ AB>1

`BGF@PEHJ> ;CPGJ GJJH>= PAJ AIJE MEC>N CPAC CP> L>BT NGFPECE?T S>CU>>M BACGEMAI FPEGF> AMNCP> SENGIT W>>IGMVJ CPAC SECP W>?GMGJCJ AMN j>U>TAMJ J>> AJ WHMNA?>MCAI CE I>ABMGMV B>f>FCJ AK>FHIGABIT MABBEU PGJCEBGFAI AMN FHICHBAI CBANGCGEM1 $>AJEMASI>M>JJ AMN C>MCACGL>M>JJ AB> JHB>ITW>>IGMVJ4 CEE4 AMN M>L>B WEHMN HM?Ge>N UGCP ECP>B W>>IGMVJ ;UP>CP>B >ePGIABACGEM EB KBGN>4JC>ANGM>JJ4 EB PH?GIGCT= M>F>JJABT CE CP> JFG>MCG[F GN>AI1 'EVGF VAC>J NE MEC N>JFBGS> UPAC UAJEMF> FAII>N CP> NGLGM> WAFHICT EW PH?AM $>AJEM4 AMN CP>B> GJ ?HFP ?EB> CPAM CP> \HAMCGCACGL>U>GVPGMV EW >LGN>MF> CE UPAC U> FAII JFG>MCG[F XHNV?>MC1 `>IG>W GJ ?EB> CPAM CP> AF@MEUI>NVc?>MC EW SAB> WAFCJ EB AM AJJ>MC CE IEVGFAI B>IACGEMJPGKJ] GC GJ A W>IC FE??GC?>MC4 A FE?KEM>MC EWGN>MCGCT4 AMN A SEMN UGCP A FE??HMGCT1

m>J4 U> JPEHIN VGL> JCHN>MCJ EKKEBCHMGCG>J CE FPAMV> CP>GB ?GMNJ4 SHC U> JPEHIN MEC NE JEHMAUAB> CPAC U> AB> CP>B>ST GMLGCGMV CP>? CE XEGM A KABCGFHIAB JHSFHICHB> AMN GCJ JTJC>? EW S>IG>WJAMN LAIH>J1 O> ?HJC AIJE JCEK AMN FEMJGN>B UP>CP>B U> AB>4 K>BPAKJ HMM>F>JJABGIT4 ?A@GMV CP>KBGF> EW AN?GJJGEM CE JFG>MF> CP> B>X>FCGEM EW ECP>B >JJ>MCGAI FE?KEM>MCJ EW JCHN>MCJZ GN>MCGCG>JAMN LAIH>J4 CP> SEMNJ CPAC IGM@ CP>? CE ECP>B FE??HMGCG>J AMN FHICHB>J1 O> FAMMEC AWWEBN CEFEMCGMH> CE S>IG>L> CPAC EHB NEEBJ AB> UGN> EK>M4 CPAC AN?GJJGEM GJ >\HAIIT WB>> CE AII4 CPAC CP>EMIT KBGF> U> AJ@ GJ PABN UEB@ AMN IEVGFAI CPGM@GMV1 O> M>>N CE HMN>BJCAMN PEU CP> KBGF> GJB>F@EM>N WBE? CP>GB JGN> EW CP> NGWW>B>MF>J CPAC J>KABAC> HJ1 O> AIJE M>>N CE FBGCGFAIIT B>>eA?GM>UP>CP>B CP> KABCGFHIAB LG>U EW JFG>MCG[F BACGEMAIGCT U> EWW>B GJ AM GN>AIG_ACGEM4 EB A CBAL>JCT4 EWCP> CBH> JFG>MCG[F JKGBGC1

2:6 ')Rg)

Page 18: Jay Lemke

$>W>B>MF>J

&G@>MP>AN4 /1*1 ;:778=1 *FG>MF> >NHFACGEMD `EBN>B FBEJJGMV GMCE CP> JHSFHICHB> EW JFG>MF>1*CHNG>J GM *FG>MF> )NHFACGEM4 6^4 :9b61

&G@>MP>AN4 /1*14 !>V>N> "14 a &II>M4 %1 ;:777=1 +HICHB> *CHNG>J GM *FG>MF> )NHFACGEMD*CHN>MCJZ -MNGV>MEHJ +HICHB>J L>BJHJ CP> +HICHB> EW *FG>MF>1 %&$*. 5B>FEMW>B>MF> *>JJGEM;`EJCEM4 :777= AMN O>S JGC> B>JEHBF>D PCCKDiiUUU1EHP@1>NH1P@iFBGNAIi?GJFiGEJC>FHICHB>1PC?I;IAJC LGJGC>N :6i8i77=1

&II>M4 %1!14 a +BAUI>T4 (1)1 ;:773=1 0EGF>J WBE? CP> SBGNV>D OEBINLG>U FEMfGFCJ EWgGF@AKEE JCHN>MCJ EW JFG>MF>1 !EHBMAI EW $>J>ABFP GM *FG>MF> .>AFPGMV4 2b4 :::9:261

&CUAC>B4 R1R1 ;:77h=1 $>J>ABFP EM FHICHBAI NGL>BJGCT GM CP> FIAJJBEE?1 -M j1'1 /AS>I ;)N1=4,AMNSEE@ EW B>J>ABFP EM JFG>MF> C>AFPGMV AMN I>ABMGMV ;KK1 bb39b^8=1 %>U mEB@D RAF?GIIAM1

`A@>B4 j1$1 ;:773=1 )\HGCT GJJH>J GM JFG>MF> >NHFACGEM1 -M `1!1 (BAJ>B a g1/1 .ESGM ;)NJ1=4-MC>BMACGEMAI PAMNSEE@ EW JFG>MF> >NHFACGEM ;KK1 387937b=1 `EJCEMD gIHU>B1

`ABSA4 $1,1 ;:772=1 & JCHNT EW FHICHBAIIT JTMCEMGF LABGASI>J GM CP> SGIGMVHAIiSGFHICHBAIJFG>MF> FIAJJBEE?1 !EHBMAI EW $>J>ABFP GM *FG>MF> .>AFPGMV4 2<4 :<b29:<^:1

`A_>B?AM4 +1 ;:733=1 *PAKGMV UBGCC>M @MEUI>NV>1 RANGJEM4 O-D #MGL>BJGCT EW OGJFEMJGM5B>JJ1

`BHM>B4 !1 ;:77<=1 &FCJ EW ?>AMGMV1 +A?SBGNV>4 R&D ,ABLABN #MGL>BJGCT 5B>JJ1+ES>BM4 O1O1 ;:778=1 OEBINLG>U CP>EBT AMN FEMF>KCHAI FPAMV> GM JFG>MF> >NHFACGEM1

*FG>MF> )NHFACGEM4 3<4 b^798:<1`HB@>4 g1 ;:788=1 'AMVHAV> AJ JT?SEIGF AFCGEM1 `>B@>I>T4 +&D #MGL>BJGCT EW +AIGWEBMGA

5B>JJ1`HB@>4 g1 ;:787=1 & BP>CEBGF EW ?ECGL>J1 `>B@>I>T4 +&D #MGL>BJGCT EW +AIGWEBMGA 5B>JJ1+A_N>M4 +1 ;:733=1 +IAJJBEE? NGJFEHBJ>D .P> IAMVHAV> EW C>AFPGMV AMN I>ABMGMV1

5EBCJ?EHCP4 %,D ,>GM>?AMM1+EI>4 R1 ;:778=1 +HICHBAI KJTFPEIEVT1 +A?SBGNV>4 R&D ,ABLABN #MGL>BJGCT 5B>JJ1+EJCA4 01`1 ;:77b=1 OP>M JFG>MF> GJ AMECP>B UEBIND $>IACGEMJPGKJ S>CU>>M UEBINJ EW WA?GIT4

WBG>MNJ4 JFPEEI4 AMN JFG>MF>1 *FG>MF> )NHFACGEM4 ^74 2:292221+H??GMV4 !14 a OTACCc*?GCP4 +1 ;:773=1 )eA?GMGMV CP> IGC>BAFT FHBBGFHIH? B>IACGEMJPGK

GM KEJCcFE?KHIJEBT JFPEEIGMV1 `BGJSAM>D +>MC>B WEB 'GC>BAFT )NHFACGEM $>J>ABFP4 /BGW[CP#MGL>BJGCT1

)N>IJEM4 j14 5>A4 $14 a /E?>_4 '1 ;:778=1 +EMJCBHFCGLGJ? GM CP> FEIIASEBACEBT1 -M `1 OGIJEM;)N1=4 +EMJCBHFCGLGJC I>ABMGMV >MLGBEM?>MCJ ;KK1:b:9:8h=1 )MVI>UEEN +IGWWJ4 %!D )NHFACGEMAI.>FPMEIEVT 5HSIGFACGEMJ1

)VAMc$ES>BCJEM4 &14 a `IEE?>4 j1 ;)NJ1=1 ;:773=1 *CHN>MCJ AJ B>J>ABFP>BJ EW FHICHB> AMNIAMVHAV> GM CP>GB EUM FE??HMGCG>J1 +B>JJ@GII4 %!D ,A?KCEM 5B>JJ1

(EHFAHIC4 R1 ;:787=1 .P> ABFP>EIEVT EW @MEUI>NV>1 %>U mEB@D $AMNE? ,EHJ>1(BAJ>B4 `14 a .ESGM4 g1 ;)NJ=1 ;:773=1 -MC>BMACGEMAI PAMNSEE@ EW JFG>MF> >NHFACGEM1

jEBNB>FPC4 CP> %>CP>BIAMNJD gIHU>B1/AIIABN4 &14 0GVVGAME4 )14 /BAPA? *14 *C>UABC4 /14 a 0GVIGAME4 R1 ;:773=1 .P> I>ABMGMV EW

LEIHMCABT AMN GMLEIHMCABT ?GMEBGCG>J GM JFG>MF> FIAJJBEE?J1 -M `1!1 (BAJ>B a g1/1 .ESGM1 ;)NJ1=4-MC>BMACGEMAI PAMNSEE@ EW JFG>MF> >NHFACGEM ;KK1 387937b=1 `EJCEMD gIHU>B1

/>>4 !151 ;:77<=1 *EFGAI IGMVHGJCGFJ AMN IGC>BAFG>J1 'EMNEMD (AI?>B 5B>JJ1/>>BC_4 +1 ;:732=1 'EFAI @MEUI>NV>1 %>U mEB@D `AJGF `EE@J1,AIIGNAT4 R1&1g1 ;:7^3=1 'AMVHAV> AJ JEFGAI J>?GECGF1 'EMNEMD )NUABN &BMEIN1,AIIGNAT4 R1&1g1 ;:77h=1 &M GMCBENHFCGEM CE WHMFCGEMAI VBA??AB ;6MN >N1=1 'EMNEMD

)NUABN &BMEIN1

&$.-+#'&.-%/ +"RR#%-.-)* 2:2

Page 19: Jay Lemke

,ABAUAT4 j1 ;:737=1 5BG?AC> LGJGEMJ1 %>U mEB@D $EHCI>NV>1,ABAUAT4 j1 ;:77:=1 *G?GAMJ4 FTSEBVJ4 AMN UE?>M1 %>U mEB@D $EHCI>NV>1,ABAUAT4 j1 ;:777=1 REN>JC UGCM>JJ p J>FEMN ?GII>MMGH?1 %>U mEB@D $EHCI>NV>1,ABNGMV4 *1 ;:738=1 .P> JFG>MF> \H>JCGEM GM W>?GMGJ?1 -CPAFAD +EBM>II #MGL>BJGCT 5B>JJ1,ABNGMV4 *1 ;:772=1 .P> YYBAFGAIZZ >FEME?T EW JFG>MF>1 -MNGAMAKEIGJD -MNGAMA #MGL>BJGCT

5B>JJ1,AJAM4 $1 ;:733=1 'AMVHAV> AMN JEFGAIGJACGEMD PE?> AMN JFPEEI1 -M '1 />BEC4 !1 "IN>MS>BV4

a .1 LAM '>>HU>M ;)NJ1=4 'AMVHAV> GM CP> KBEF>JJ>J EW JEFGAIGJACGEM1 *TNM>TD RAF\HABG>#MGL>BJGCT1

,AJAM4 $1 ;:77b=1 "M JEFGAI FEMNGCGEMJ WEB J>?GECGF ?>NGACGEM1 -M &1 *ANEUMG@ ;)N1=4gMEUI>NV> AMN K>NAVEVT1 %EBUEEN4 %!D &SI>e1

,>ACP4 *1`1 ;:732=1 OATJ UGCP UEBNJ1 'EMNEMD +A?SBGNV> #MGL>BJGCT 5B>JJ1,HCFPGMJ4 )1 ;:73<=1 +HICHB> AMN GMW>B>MF>1 +A?SBGNV>4 R&D ,ABLABN #MGL>BJGCT 5B>JJ1!EPMc*C>GM>B4 01 ;:73b=1 %EC>SEE@J EW CP> ?GMN1 %>U mEB@D ,ABK>B a $EU1gA?>M4 R14 $ECP4 O1cR14 (IGF@4 '14 *PAKGBE4 `14 `ABN>M4 '14 g>AM4 )14 RABSI>4 *14 a '>?@>4

!1 ;:77^=1 & ?HICGKI> K>BJK>FCGL> AMAITJGJ EW CP> BEI> EW IAMVHAV> GM GM\HGBT JFG>MF> I>ABMGMVD .ESHGIN A CEU>B1 )I>FCBEMGF !EHBMAI EW *FG>MF> )NHFACGEM ;PCCKDiiHMB1>NHiPE?>KAV>iXFAMMEMi>XJ>i@A?>Mq>CAI1PC?I=1

g>>L>J4 !14 a gECC>4 j1 ;:776=1 jGJKABGCG>J S>CU>>M CP> J>e>J GM JFG>MF> >NHFACGEM1 -M !1g>>L>J ;)N1=4 .P> -)& JCHNT EW JFG>MF> --- ;KK1 :h:9:8h=1 )I?JWEBN4 %mD 5>BVA?EM1

gB>JJ4 /14 a LAM '>>HU>M4 .1 ;:778=1 $>ANGMV G?AV>JD .P> VBA??AB EW LGJHAI N>JGVM1'EMNEMD $EHCI>NV>1

'ACEHB4 `1 ;:73^=1 *FG>MF> GM AFCGEM1 +A?SBGNV>4 R&D ,ABLABN #MGL>BJGCT 5B>JJ1'ACEHB4 `1 ;:772=1 O> PAL> M>L>B S>>M ?EN>BM1 +A?SBGNV>4 R&D ,ABLABN #MGL>BJGCT 5B>JJ1'AL>4 !1 ;:733=1 +EVMGCGEM GM KBAFCGF>1 +A?SBGNV>4 #gD +A?SBGNV> #MGL>BJGCT 5B>JJ1'>?@>4 !1'1 ;:732A=1 +IAJJBEE? +E??HMGFACGEM EW *FG>MF>1 (GMAI $>KEBC CE CP> #1*1

%ACGEMAI *FG>MF> (EHMNACGEM1 &BIGMVCEM4 0&1 ;)$-+ jEFH?>MC $>KBENHFCGEM *>BLGF> %E1 )j666 2h8=1

'>?@>4 !1'1 ;:732S=1 .P>?ACGF AMAITJGJD *TJC>?J4 JCBHFCHB>J4 AMN JCBAC>VG>J1 *>?GECGF-M\HGBT 24 :b79:3^1

'>?@>4 !1'1 ;:73b=1 -N>EIEVT4 GMC>BC>eCHAIGCT4 AMN CP> MECGEM EW B>VGJC>B1 -M !1j1 `>MJEM aO1*1 /B>AL>J ;)NJ1=4 *TJC>?GF K>BJK>FCGL>J EM NGJFEHBJ> ;KK1 6^b967h=1 %EBUEEN4 %!D&SI>e1

'>?@>4 !1'1 ;:73^=1 *CBAC>VGF N>KIET?>MC EW JK>>FP AMN AFCGEMD & JEFGEJ>?GECGF AMAITJGJ1 -M!1 )LAMJ a !1 j>>IT ;)NJ1=4 *>?GECGFJ :732D 5BEF>>NGMVJ EW CP> *>?GECGF *EFG>CT EW &?>BGFA ;KK18^9^7=1 %>U mEB@D #MGL>BJGCT 5B>JJ EW &?>BGFA1

'>?@>4 !1'1 ;:77<=1 .AI@GMV JFG>MF>D 'AMVHAV>4 I>ABMGMV4 AMN LAIH>J1 %EBUEEN4 %!D &SI>e1'>?@>4 !1'1 ;:77h=1 .P> ?GJJGMV FEMC>eC GM JFG>MF> >NHFACGEMD *FG>MF>1 5AK>B KB>J>MC>N AC

&?>BGFAM )NHFACGEMAI $>J>ABFP &JJEFGACGEM AMMHAI ?>>CGMV4 &CIAMCA4 /&4 &KBGI :7761&BIGMVCEM4 0&1 ;)$-+ jEFH?>MC $>KBENHFCGEM *>BLGF> %E1 )j 282 b::=

'>?@>4 !1'1 ;:77b=1 .>eCHAI KEIGCGFJ1 'EMNEMD .ATIEB a (BAMFGJ1'>?@>4 !1'1 ;:773A=1 RHICGKITGMV ?>AMGMVD 0GJHAI AMN L>BSAI J>?GECGFJ GM JFG>MCG[F C>eC1 -M

!1$1 RABCGM a $1 0>>I ;)NJ=14 $>ANGMV JFG>MF> ;KK1 3^9::2=1 'EMNEMD $EHCI>NV>1'>?@>4 !1'1 ;:773S=1 &MAITJGMV L>BSAI NACAD 5BGMFGKI>J4 ?>CPENJ4 AMN KBESI>?J1 -M g1 .ESGM

a `1 (BAJ>B ;)NJ1=4 -MC>BMACGEMAI PAMNSEE@ EW JFG>MF> >NHFACGEM ;KK1 ::^b9::37=1 'EMNEMDgIHU>B &FAN>?GF1

'>?@>4 !1'1 ;:777=1 RHICG?>NGA IGC>BAFT N>?AMNJ EW CP> JFG>MCG[F FHBBGFHIH?1 'GMVHGJCGFJAMN )NHFACGEM4 :<;2=4 :96b1

2:h ')Rg)

Page 20: Jay Lemke

'>?@>4 !1'1 ;6<<<=1 "K>MGMV HK FIEJHB>D *>?GECGFJ AFBEJJ JFAI>J1 -M !1 +PAMNI>B a /1 LAM N>0GXL>B ;)NJ1=4 +IEJHB>D )?>BV>MC EBVAMG_ACGEMJ AMN CP>GB NTMA?GFJ1 %>U mEB@D %>U mEB@&FAN>?T EW *FG>MF>1

'>?@>4 !1'1 ;GM KB>JJ=1 `>FE?GMV CP> LGIIAV>D )NHFACGEM AFBEJJ IGL>J1 -M /1 O>IIJ a /1+IAeCEM ;)NJ1=4 '>ABMGMV WEB IGW> GM CP> 6:JC F>MCHBTD *EFGEFHICHBAI K>BJK>FCGL>J EM CP> WHCHB> EW>NHFACGEM1 'EMNEMD `IAF@U>II1

'>>4 "14 a (BANN4 *1,1 ;:773=1 *FG>MF> WEB AII4 GMFIHNGMV JCHN>MCJ WBE? MEMc)MVIGJPIAMVHAV> SAF@VBEHMNJ1 )NHFACGEMAI $>J>ABFP>B4 6^4 :9:<1

'>EMCG>L4 &1%1 ;:7^3=1 &FCGLGCT4 FEMJFGEHJM>JJ4 AMN K>BJEMAIGCT1 )MVI>UEEN +IGWWJ4 %!D5B>MCGF>c,AII1

'TMFP4 R14 a OEEIVAB4 *1 ;)NJ1=1 ;:77<=1 $>KB>J>MCACGEM GM JFG>MCG[F KBAFCGF>1 +A?SBGNV>4R&D R-. 5B>JJ1

RABCGM4 !1$1 ;:776=1 )MVIGJP C>eC1 5PGIAN>IKPGAD !EPM `>MXA?GMJ1R>PAM4 ,1 ;:7^7=1 '>ABMGMV I>JJEMJD *EFGAI EBVAMG_ACGEM GM CP> FIAJJBEE?1 +A?SBGNV>4 R&D

,ABLABN #MGL>BJGCT 5B>JJ1RGJPI>B4 )1 ;:73h=1 .P> NGJFEHBJ> EW ?>NGFGM>1 %EBUEEN4 %!D &SI>e1"VSEBM4 !14 gB>JJ4 /14 RABCGMJ4 g14 a RAF/GIIGFHNT4 g1 ;:778=1 )eKIAGMGMV JFG>MF> GM CP>

FIAJJBEE?1 'EMNEMD "K>M #MGL>BJGCT 5B>JJ15AB@>B4 '14 $>MMG>4 '14 a ,ABNGMV4 !1 ;:77b=1 />MN>B >\HGCT1 -M `1 (BAJ>B a ,1 OAIS>BV

;)NJ1=4 -?KBELGMV JFG>MF> >NHFACGEM ;KK1 :3896:<=1 +PGFAVED %**)15EJM>B4 /1!14 *CBG@>4 g1&14 ,>UJEM4 51O14 a />BC_EV4 O1&1 ;:736=1 &FFE??ENACGEM EW

A JFG>MCG[F FEMF>KCGEMD .EUABN A CP>EBT EW FEMF>KCHAI FPAMV>1 *FG>MF> )NHFACGEM4 8846::966^1

$EVEWW4 `1 ;:77<=1 &KKB>MCGF>JPGK GM CPGM@GMV1 %>U mEB@D "eWEBN #MGL>BJGCT 5B>JJ1$EJ>M4 $1 ;:73b=1 &MCGFGKACEBT JTJC>?J1 %>U mEB@D 5>BVA?EM1$ECP4 O1cR1 ;:77b=1 &HCP>MCGF JFPEEI JFG>MF>1 jEBNB>FPC4 CP> %>CP>BIAMNJD gIHU>B

&FAN>?GF1$ECP4 O1cR1 ;:778=1 .P> FEc>LEIHCGEM EW JGCHAC>N IAMVHAV> AMN KPTJGFJ @MEUGMV1 !EHBMAI EW

*FG>MF> )NHFACGEM AMN .>FPMEIEVT4 24 :^:9:7:1$ECP4 O1cR1 ;:773A=1 j>JGVMGMV FE??HMGCG>J1 jEBNB>FPC4 CP> %>CP>BIAMNJD gIHU>B

&FAN>?GF1$ECP4 O1cR14 a RF/GMM4 R1g1 ;:773S=1 gMEUGMV4 B>J>ABFPGMV4 AMN B>KEBCGMV JFG>MF>

>NHFACGEMD '>JJEMJ WBE? JFG>MF> AMN C>FPMEIEVT JCHNG>J1 !EHBMAI EW $>J>ABFP GM *FG>MF>.>AFPGMV4 2b4 6:2962b1

$ECP4 O1cR14 a `EU>M4 /1R1 ;:777A=1 "W FAMMGSAIJ4 ?GJJGEMABG>J4 AMN FEML>BCJD VBAKPGMVFE?K>C>MFG>J WBE? /BAN> 3 CE KBEW>JJGEMAI JFG>MF> GMJGN> ;FIAJJBEE?J= AMN EHCJGN> ;[>INiIASEBACEBT=1 *FG>MF>4 .>FPMEIEVT4 a ,H?AM 0AIH>J4 6h4 :^796:61

RF/GMM4 R1g14 a $ECP4 O1cR1 ;:777S=1 .EUABNJ A M>U JFG>MF> >NHFACGEMD -?KIGFACGEMJ EWB>F>MC B>J>ABFP GM JFG>MF> AMN C>FPMEIEVT JCHNG>J1 )NHFACGEMAI $>J>ABFP>B4 634 :h96h1

$ECP4 O1cR1 ;:777F=1 jGJFEHBJ> AMN AV>MFT GM JFPEEI JFG>MF> IASEBACEBG>J1 jGJFEHBJ>5BEF>JJ>J4 634 6^98<1

*AMCA `ABSABA +IAJJBEE? jGJFEHBJ> /BEHK1 ;:772=1 *K>FGAI GJJH> EW 'GMVHGJCGFJ AMN)NHFACGEM b;2ch=4 62:9h:<1

*FABNA?AIGA4 R14 `>B>GC>B4 +14 `B>CC4 +14 `HBCGJ4 51!14 +AIPEHM4 +14 a *?GCP '>A4 %1 ;:776=1)NHFACGEMAI AKKIGFACGEMJ EW A M>CUEB@>N FE??HMAI NACASAJ>1 -MC>BAFCGL> '>ABMGMV )MLGBEMc?>MCJ4 64 hb9^:1

*PAKGM4 *14 a *FPAWW>B4 *1 ;:73b=1 '>LGACPAM AMN CP> AGBcKH?K1 5BGMF>CEM4 %!D 5BGMF>CEM#MGL>BJGCT 5B>JJ1

&$.-+#'&.-%/ +"RR#%-.-)* 2:b

Page 21: Jay Lemke

*GMFIAGB4 !14 a +EHICPABN4 R1 ;:7^b=1 .EUABNJ AM AMAITJGJ EW NGJFEHBJ>1 'EMNEMD "eWEBN#MGL>BJGCT 5B>JJ1

*KGMNI>B4 /1 ;:73^=1 )NHFACGEM AMN FHICHBAI KBEF>JJ ;6MN >N1=1 5BEJK>FC ,>GVPCJ4 -'DOAL>IAMN 5B>JJ1

*CGIIAB4 /1 ;:773=1 &MAIT_GMV >L>BTNAT C>eCJ1 .PEHJAMN "A@J4 +&D *AV>1*HCCEM4 +1$1 ;:776=1 OEBNJ4 JFG>MF>4 AMN I>ABMGMV1 `HF@GMVPA? #gD "K>M #MGL>BJGCT 5B>JJ1*HCCEM4 +1$1 ;:773=1 %>U K>BJK>FCGL>J EM IAMVHAV> GM JFG>MF>1 -M (BAJ>B4 `14 a .ESGM4 g1

;)NJ=1 -MC>BMACGEMAI PAMNSEE@ EW JFG>MF> >NHFACGEM1 jEBNB>FPC4 CP> %>CP>BIAMNJD gIHU>B1.HBM>B4 *14 a *HII>MV>B4 g1 ;:777=1 gHPM GM CP> FIAJJBEE?4 'A@ACEJ GM CP> IASD *FG>MF>

>NHFACEBJ FEMWBEMC CP> MACHB>cEWcJFG>MF> N>SAC>1 *FG>MF>4 .>FPMEIEVT AMN ,H?AM 0AIH>J4 6h4b92<1

.AHS>B4 &1 ;)N1=1 ;:778=1 .P> >IHJGL> JTMCP>JGJD &>JCP>CGFJ AMN JFG>MF>1 jEBNB>FPC4 .P>%>CP>BIAMNJD gIHU>B1

0TVECJ@T4 '1 ;:782=1 .PEHVPC AMN IAMVHAV>1 +A?SBGNV>4 R&D R-. 5B>JJ1 ;.BAMJIACGEM EW$HJJGAM EBGVGMAI4 KHSIGJP>N :72h1=

0TVECJ@T4 '1 ;:7^:=1 .P> KJTFPEIEVT EW ABC1 +A?SBGNV>4 R&D R-. 5B>JJ1OAIIAF>4 &1(1+1 ;:7^<=1 +HICHB> AMN K>BJEMAIGCT;6MN >N1=1 %>U mEB@D $AMNE? ,EHJ>1O>FPJI>B4 !1 ;)N1=1 ;:7^^=1 "M >JCP>CGFJ GM JFG>MF>1 +A?SBGNV>4 R&D R-. 5B>JJ1O>IIJ4 /1 ;:738=1 .P> R>AMGMV RA@>BJD +PGINB>M I>ABMGMV IAMVHAV> AMN HJGMV IAMVHAV> CE

I>ABM1 5EBCJ?EHCP4 %,D ,>GM>?AMM )NHFACGEMAI1O>IIJ4 /1 ;:777=1 jGAIEVGF GM\HGBTD .EUABNJ A JEFGEFHICHBAI KBAFCGF> AMN CP>EBT EW

>NHFACGEM1 %>U mEB@D +A?SBGNV> #MGL>BJGCT 5B>JJ1O>IIJ4 /1 ;GM KB>JJ=1 REN>J EW ?>AMGMV GM A JFG>MF> AFCGLGCT1 'GMVHGJCGFJ AMN )NHFACGEM4 ::1O>BCJFP4 !1 ;:77:=1 0EGF>J EW CP> ?GMN1 +A?SBGNV>4 R&D ,ABLABN #MGL>BJGCT 5B>JJ1

2:8 ')Rg)