JBIC SHway_Final Draft Report

8/11/2019 JBIC SHway_Final Draft Report

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/jbic-shwayfinal-draft-report 1/110

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Southern Transport Development Project (STDP)

0

1.1.1 eneral

Sri Lanka has an extensive road network connecting not only all major cities and towns,

but also providing access to even the most remote villages. Out of these 1,! km of "

and # class roads known as $ational %oads belong to the &entral 'overnment while &, (

and ) class roads belong to the *rovincial councils. +n spite of existence of this vast road

development, many roads are found to be highly congested due to the coexistence of high

intensity of motor traffic and an e-ually large volume of nonmotoried traffic. Since the

implementation of freemarket economic policies in 1ate 1/0s all major cities and town

centers have undergone rapid infrastructure development. 2ith all major roads passing

directly through these urban centers, considerable slowing down of traffic speeds and

fre-uent builtup of traffic jams have greatly reduced travel time between major

destinations. 3his situation not only has a direct adverse effect on economic developmentof the country but has also given rise to high number of fatal road accidents.

3he Southern 3ransport (evelopment *roject 4S3(*5 was the first project to be

implemented in Sri Lanka based on the concept of providing a new network of high speed,

limited access highways radiating from &olombo. 3he S3(* was initiated with the main

objective of providing improved access from &olombo to 'alle and 6atara in the

Southern *rovince. 3his project once completed will alleviate the critical traffic

conditions in the existing "7 coastal highway.

3he main component of the S3(* presently being implemented is the construction of an

ultimate dual carriage expressway 4Southern 8ighway5 between 9ottawa on the south

eastern outskirts of &olombo and 6atara 4:igures 1.1 and 1.75. 3he project is financed

from parallel funding by the "sian (evelopment #ank 4"(#5 and the ;apan #ank for

+nternational &ooperation 4;#+&5. +t consists of two segments, i.e. about !! km long

stretch from 9ottawa to 9urundugahahetekma and about ! km stretch from

9urundugahahetekma to 6atara. 3he latter segment funded by "(# is known as the

"(# section, while the former segment funded by ;#+& is referred to as the ;#+& section.

3he construction has already commenced over a large section of the "(# section of the

expressway. "dditionally, a new access road from the "(# section of the expressway to

'alle has been developed. 3his is a ! km long <nonaccess controlled alignment which

will ultimately be a fourlane dual carriage highway.

3he S3(* will lead to economic advancement of the Southern *rovince and improvement

of living standard of the population in that area. +t will serve as a catalyst for raising the

economic growth of the region, which has so far achieved only a modest level of

development mostly through agricultural production, trade and tourism. 3his project will

blend effectively with several mega projects planned to be implemented in the Southern

*rovince including development of a new city =%uhunupura> located close to 8ambantota,

comprising an airport and a commercial port, expansion of 'alle 8arbour, and extension

of existing southern railway line from 6atara up to 9ataragama. +t will have a direct

influence on four districts 4&olombo, 9alutara, 'alle and 6atara5, through which it passes

through. 3he combined population in these four districts amounts to about 7? percent of national total of 1/ million. 3he poverty level in this region is estimated to be about 71

1



percent of its population and an efficient transportation link between this region and

&olombo has been a major constraint for slow economic growth.

1.1.! "#stor#cal $ac%&roun'

3he concept of the new Southern )xpressway was introduced in late 1/@s by the %oad(evelopment "uthority 4%("5 and the 6inistry of 8ighways as a part of the network of

nw highways. #ased on this concept *refeasibility Studies were entrusted to %esource

(evelopment &onsultants 4%(&5 in 1//7 on the socalled =+nland 3runk %oad from the

Outer &ircular %oad to 'alle and 6atara>. :or this purpose, four alternative traces from

#andaragama on the proposed =Outer &ircular %oad> to 6atara were considered and

evaluated on the economic, technical and environmental considerations. 3he *re

feasibility Study %eport prepared by %(& was submitted to %(" in 1//A.

#ased on the recommendations of the *re:easibility Studies, %(" introduced the original

highway trace referred to as =Original %(" 3race> incorporating certain modifications.

3hese modifications included the extension of northern end from #andaragama to9ottawa, a deviation at #addegama to avoid some flood plains and a hinterland deviation

at "kmeemana. 3he northern end of this trace was changed subse-uently to a point 7A km

on the 8igh Level %oad 4&olombo%atnapura "B 8ighway5 owing to the uncertainty of

the implementation of the proposed Outer &ircular %oad.

%(" initiated action to commence :easibility Studies and an )nvironmental +mpact

"ssessment 4)+"5 on this onebuild alternative, =Original %(" 3race>. 3he )+" was

entrusted to (epartment of &ivil )ngineering, Cniversity of 6oratuwa in 1//!. 3he )+"

report prepared by Cniversity of 6oratuwa was submitted to &entral )nvironmental

"uthority 4&)"5 in 1//0. 8owever, as the project discontinued due to financial

constraints in 1//0, the )+" report was not subjected to review process by the &)".

+n 1//0, the 'overnment of Sri Lanka 4'OSL5 sought the financial assistance of "(# for

the design and implementation of the Southern )xpressway *roject. "ccordingly, the

financial assistance of "(# was obtained in the initial phase for conducting :easibility

Studies. 3he consultancy services for conducting feasibility studies for providing

improved capacity in the Southern 3ransport &orridor were entrusted to 2ilbur Smith

"ssociates +nc 42S"5 in association with %(&. 3he consultants submitted a (raft :inal

%eport in B volumes, an +nitial )nvironmental )xamination 4+))5 and initial Social +mpact

"ssessment 4S+"5 in (ecember 1//@.

"s an outcome of the Southern 3ransport &orridor Study, more alternative traces evolved

and in consultation with %(", the consultants recommended a new alignment described as

the =&ombined 3race>. 3he &ombined 3race for about !D of its length followed the

Original %(" 3race while containing two major deviations near #andaragama at the

&olombo end and near Labuduwa at 'alle end, respectively. 3he Cniversity of 6oratuwa

was re-uested by the %(" to conduct )+" studies based on the =Original %(" 3race> and

the =&ombined 3race> and considering suitable reasonable alternatives. 3he )+" studies

concluded that construction of the Southern )xpressway along the &ombined 3race, with

mitigation of certain environmental as impacts as suggested in the study report was the

most environmentally preferred option.

7



3his )+" study report was submitted to %(" in 1/// and was duly forwarded to &)",

"(# and other relevant government authorities. 3he &)" upon review of )+" study

report granted =&onditional "pproval> on the &ombined 3race and the )+" associated

with this route. 3he "(# also commissioned in 1///, a Summary )+" 4S)+"5 with

#aolloffet and "ssociates +nc. 4#E"5. 3he #E" also assisted %(" in responding to

public comments on the 1/// )+" by Cniversity of 6oratuwa. 3he S)+" report was alsosubmitted to, and approved by %("F&)".

%(" also entrusted Cniversity of &olombo to conduct a Social +mpact "ssessment 4S+"5

of the &ombined 3race and the :inal S+" report was submitted to %(" in 6arch 1///.

#ased on the 1/// S+" %eport, a %esettlement *lan :inal %eport was completed by %("

with "(# assistance. 3he %esettlement *lan is a detailed framework containing approved

compensation policies and procedures appropriate for the categories of impact identified in

the S+" %eport, and include a preliminary budget and implementation schedule.

3he conditions of approval of the 1/// )+" by the &)" re-uired the recommended

=&ombined 3race> to be sited in such a manner to avoid 2eras 'angaF#olgoda Lake,6adu 'anga and 9oggala wetlands. %(" re-uired the relocation of the &ombined 3race

primarily between *oddala ;unction and +maduwa, to move the expressway further away

from 'alle urbanied area. +n response to these conditions the &ombined 3race on which

:easibility Studies was conducted was partially replaced by the =:inal 3race>, as referred

to hereinafter.

3he detailed engineering of the Southern 3ransport (evelopment *roject 4S3(*5 along

the :inal 3race was arranged to be implemented in two sections. 3he section from

9ottawa to 9urundugahahetekma was to be financed by the ;apan #ank for +nternational

&orporation 4;#+&5 and the remaining section from 9urundugahahetekma to 6atara was

to be financed by the "(#. 3hese two sections are commonly known as ;#+& section and

"(# section, respectively. +n the "(# section, only approximately 17 km of the :inal

3race are on the same alignment as the &ombined 3race and the remaining approximately

? km is anywhere between a few hundred meters and A km from the &ombined 3race. +n

the ;#+& section only approximately 7B km of the :inal 3race is on the same alignment as

the &ombined 3race and the remaining approximately BB km is anywhere between few

hundred meters to A km from the &ombined 3race.

3he 2ilbur Smith "ssociates +nc 42S"5 in association with %(&, *acific &onusltants

+nternational 4*&+5 and #)&" +nternational &onsultants were entrusted consultancy

services for the detailed engineering designs of the "(# section in October 1//@. 3he*&+ in association with ;apan #ridge E Structure +nstitute +nc. and %(& were engaged to

conduct detailed engineering designs for the ;#+& section in 6arch 7.

"s mentioned above the :inal 3race which evolved largely in order to comply with &)"

conditions of approval contained significant deviations from the &ombined 3race. 3hese

deviations had impacted land ac-uisition and resettlement as well as environmental

management and raised ade-uacy of environmental assessments conducted earlier. 3he

new areas affected by this change re-uired studies in order to ascertain environmental and

social impacts, if any, of the project that were not identified in previous studies. 3he

design consultants during the detailed design surveys on the :inal 3race prepared an

updated Social +mpact "ssessment 4S+"5 %eport and some environmental assessmentupdates including an )nvironmental 6anagement *lan 4)6*5. 3his )6* on the :inal

A



3race has been prepared without the benefit of a full )+" along that part of the road not

coincident with &ombined 3race. Social +mpacts were also not comprehensively assessed

along some sections of the :inal 3race.

+n order to assess the magnitude and impact of changes that have occurred as a

conse-uence of change in alignment from the &ombined 3race to the :inal 3race anagreement was reached between the "(# and the 'OSL that a study on environmental

assessment should be undertaken. +t was decided that environmental assessment would be

undertaken by %(" through Cniversity of 6oratuwa 4CO65. "ccordingly, Cniversity of

6oratuwa 4CO65 was entrusted to conduct a Supplementary )nvironmental "ssessment

and an Cpdating of )nvironmental 6anagement *lan 4)6*5 of the Southern 3ransport

(evelopment *roject 4S3(*5 by (irector, *roject 6anagement Cnit 4*6C5 of the %oad

(evelopment "uthority 4%("5.

3he CO6 study team commenced work in early October 7B. 8owever, as of 7?

October, 7B, *6C directed CO6 to temporarily suspend the studies. 3he inception

report for the works commenced and completed up to then was submitted to the %(",S3(* and the "sian (evelopment #ank 4"(#5 in (ecember 7B. Cpon resolution of

many issues between the two parties, CO6 reactivated the studies on 1 September, 7?,

based on a revised 3erms of %eference 43O%5 presented by *6C. "n updated +nception

%eport which outlines objectives of the study, study team, methodology and schedule of

work program was presented in October 7?.

3he construction work on large section of the road financed by "(# has already

commenced and construction work on ;#+& section is also about to commence. 3his

+nterim %eport presented in two volumes, one each for "(# section including 'alle *ort

"ccess %oad and ;#+& section is presented as per agreement reached between CO6 and

%("FS3(*.

B



#&ure 1.1 Nat#onal ocat#ons o* the Southern +,press-a

?



#&ure 1.! Re&#onal ocat#ons o* the Southern +,press-a

!



#&ure 1./ lternat#ve Trace Cons#'ere' *or Southern +,press-a 2$IC Sect#on

0



#&ure 1.3 lternat#ve TraceSho-#n& DS D#v#s#ons 2$IC Sect#on

@



1.1./ Project Descr#pt#on an' Des#&n Rat#onale

3he primary objective of the design was to avoid known impacts and minimie any

unavoidable impacts regarding resettlement re-uirements and other identified

environmental resources affected by the project road works to that which was absolutely

necessary.

3he main trace of the ;#+& section is approximately !0 km long. +t commences at

6akumbura ;unction, situated approximately 7A km east of &olombo on &olombo

%atnapura "B highway. +t then crosses &olombo8orana road west of 9ahthuduwa

;unction, *anadura8orana road at 9alutara near 'elanigama ;unction, 9alutara8orana

road and 9alu 'anga at (iyagama. 3he road passes through (odangoda, $awathuduwa

and crosses "luthgama6atugama road at 6unamalwatta. 3he road then crosses #entota

%iver at 9otuwabandihena and joins the "(# section at 9urundugahahetekma about 1 km

north of the "mbalangoda)lpitiya road.

1.1./.1 Sta&es o* Construct#on

3he ;#+& section of the Southern expressway is designed as a ultimate limited access, six

lane, dual carriageway. +t is planned to be constructed in B stages. 3he contract for

construction works is awarded as two packages, package 1 49ottawa to (odangoda5 and

package 7 4(odangoda to 9urundugahahetekma5

• Sta&e 1 will comprise the construction of fourlane dual carriageway up to

'elanigama and from 'elanigama to 9urundugahahetekma single carriageway

two lane access control highway.

•

Sta&e ! will upgrade the expressway to a full fourlane dual carriage highway upto (odangoda.

• Sta&e / the highway will be upgrade to a full four lane dual carriageway up

9urundugahahetekma.

• Sta&e 3 the highway will be upgraded to a six lnae dual carriageway by

construction of additional lane to each carriageway adjacent to the median of the

previous construction.

3he work on Stage 1 is about commence with contract for construction under package 1

awarded.

1.1./.! l#&nment o* #nal Trace

3he alignment of :inal 3race has been designed to minimie physical impact on the

people who were living on the %ightof 2ay 4%O25, to optimie the balance of cut and

fill in earthworks so that dependence on out of %O2 sources is minimal and to produce a

cost effective but safe facility.

3he horiontal alignment for the *roject %oad commences at 9m G and terminates at

9m !!GB. :rom 9m G to 7BG 49alu 'anga #ridge5 the alignment has been set

to deviate easterly from #olgoda LakeF2eas 'anga wetland reserve.

3he typical carriageway consists of two lanes, each A.! m wide and shoulders of A. m

width on each side for Stage 1 construction. Stage 7 construction shoulders are A. m

/



wide on the left side and 1.7 m on the right 4median5 side of each carriageway 4viewed as

when driving along each carriageway5.

Ta4le 1.1 ocat#ons o* Propose' Interchan&es o* the #nal Trace Southern +,press-a Sta&e 1

5 2$IC Sect#onNo. 6m Cross Route

1 !.? 9ottawa H "B 4&olombo H %atnapura %oad5 7Ath km

7 0.!A 9ahatuduwa H #? 4&olombo 8orana %oad5 1/th km

A 7./0 'alenagama H "@ 4*anadura 8orana %oad5 17th km

B A7.07 (odangoda #@ 4$agoda 9alawellawa %oad5 @th km

? A7.07 Lewanduwa #A 46atugama H8orana %oad5 BArd km

1.1./.3 ocal C#rculat#on

3he (esign &onsultants have identified a total of 1 numbers of arterial roads 4&lass " E

#5 which are significant to the S3(*, ;#+& section. 3hese " E # class roads are

considered to be the major constituents of the basic road network. 3herefore these roadsare connected to the main highway by six numbers of interchanges. 3he location and

spacing of these interchanges are decided by the traffic condition, geographical condition,

access road development plan, industrial development and urban development. "ll other

minor roads crossed by the highway are connected by overpassFunderpass or service roads

to maintain the local circulation.

1.1./.7 $r#'&e an' Dra#na&e Structures

3able "1.1 of "ppendix "1 presents a list of drainage structures along the trace where the

trace has deviated from the combined trace. 3hese drainages structures consist of major

bridges 4at 9alu 'anga, 2elepenne 'anga E #entota 'anga5. "part from these major

bridges 0 other river and stream crossings are re-uired throughout the length of the

expressway with spans ranging between 1? to A m.

1.1.3 an' c8u#s#t#on an' Involuntar Resettlement

3he ac-uisition of land and mitigation of the negative impacts on other properties 4houses,

commercial establishments and so on5 are being completed by the project developer

according to the social safe guard policies of Sri Lankan government 4policies on

involuntary resettlement5.

Land ac-uisition is being carried out for two purposes of the projectI

• Land for creating resettlement sites

• Land re-uired for construction of the road.

3he lands ac-uired for creating resettlements are shown in 3able 1.7.

3he details of the land ac-uired for road development are included in 3able 1.A.

1





1.1.7.! an' Clear#n&

Land ac-uired for the highway will be cleared of all trees and vegetation including vacated

houses, wells and fences. 3he trees will be uprooted using doers and owners would be

allowed to remove tree trunks without cost. "ll remaining trunks of trees along with

branches and scrub debris will be uprooted and disposed of at designated locations."bandoned wells will be sealed and septic tanks removed. 3he necessary precautions will

be taken to ensure that waterways will not be obstructed or polluted in the process of land

clearing.

1.1.7./ +arth 9or%

)arth filling will be carried out as per design specifications effecting in well compacted

layers. 3he desired compaction will be achieved using sheepfoot or smooth wheel rollers

and heavy vibrating rollers. 3he moisture content of the earth fill will be adjusted to

optimum values depending on soil type and compacting e-uipment. 3he finished surface

will be motorgraded to proper camber to obtain final road formation. (ump trucks will be employed to transport fill material between cut and fill areas.

1.1.7.3 Sta4#l#:at#on o* +m4an%ments an' Cuts

3he length of the trace passing hilly terrain is less in the ;#+& section compared to that in

the "(# section. 8owever, in the rolling and undulating terrain the bedrock depth can be

significantly higher than that of the hilly terrain. 3herefore, the thickness of the

overburden above the bedrock could be high creating slope stability problems. 6ost of the

slope stability considerations that were experienced in the "(# section are applicable to

the ;#+& section as well. 3herefore, experience gathered from the "(# section should be

used in finding out the solutions to the slope stability problems of the ;#+& section.

Stretches of the trace, where side slopes of the cuts should be made milder than the

original design, should be identified and accordingly, arrangements must be made to make

additional land ac-uisitions.

3he seeding of slopes employing coir blocks and mat would be preferred as an alternative

to turfing as the area of slopes to stabilie will be large. "s far as possible local varieties

of vegetation will be used for arresting soil erosion and for embankment protection.

1.1.7.7 ;uarr#n& Operat#ons

3he coarse aggregate re-uirements are obtained from -uarries and crushed to specified

sies using heavy duty crushers located strategically along the trace. 3he aggregate used

are selected in conformity to design standards for road construction of bases and surfacing

of pavements. 3he dependence on off the %O2 -uarries will be much higher in ;#+&

section compared to "(# section.

1.1.7.< Construct#on =ater#als

" large -uantity of construction materials will be re-uired for the ;#+& section. 3he

-uantities will reflect a commitment to using top soil, granular subbase materials, crushed

stone and other earthwork materials. 3he material re-uirement will also include pavingand concrete material resources.

17



3he road corridor is within the 2estern province up to #entota 'anga 4&8 ?7 G /@75 and

the balance section lies within the Southern province. #ased on the :inal report of the

&ostal resources management project H "lternatives for %iver sand, the estimated total

demand for sand within the 2estern and Southern provinces during the year 7B are A./

and 1.? million cubic meters. 3his demand for sand is mainly met with the supply of river sand. 3herefore, almost all the river basins within the project area have already been

mined excessively creating sever environmental problems such as lowering of riverbed

levels, curtailment of sediment flows in the rivers and streams, health problems faced by

people involved in river sand mining and costal erosion.

(ue to the large length of the roadway crossing flood plains of the streams, from upper or

middle peneplain to the lower peneplain, large -uantity of fill material is needed as

construction material for construction of the road embankment. +n addition to the material

needed for the construction of the embankment above the ground level, large amount of

fill material is needed since replacement of compressible material, found in the low lying

areas, is used as a ground improvement techni-ue.

1.1.7.> Construct#on +8u#pment

3he construction work along ;#+& section will involve use of heavy e-uipment such as

doers, motor graders, heavy rollers, dump trucks. 3he movement of these e-uipment will

mainly take place along the service road built more or less parallel to the expressway.

3herefore, inconvenience to local community movement is minimied.

1.1.7.? Construct#on 9or% orce

" large work force will be engaged in construction activities working under several sub

contractors executing different elements of construction programme. 3his will give rise to

employment opportunities for local community mainly in the form of unskilled and semi

skilled labour force. "dditionally, civil engineering graduates recently graduated from the

three engineering faculties of Sri Lanka will find gainful employment under various

subcontractors of the project. :urthermore, the project will benefit large number of

undergraduate trainees mainly from the &ivil )ngineering discipline from the local

universities.

1.1.< Operat#on an' =a#ntenance ct#v#t#es

Operation and maintenance activities to manage an acceptable level of service to handle

the road traffic will consist of three basic elements, namely, routine operation and

maintenance, periodic maintenance activities and emergency maintenance activities. 3he

routine operation and maintenance activities will involve general upkeep of the %O2,

repairs to road surface and cleaning of drainage ditches, repairs to road furniture, regular

maintenance of bridges etc. *eriodic maintenance works will include pavement overlays,

replacing pavement markings etc. )mergency OE6 activities should be carried out to

mitigate flood damage and accidents including contingency plans.

1A



1.! Present Set up

3he Cniversity of 6oratuwa 4CO65 was entrusted to conduct a Supplementary

)nvironmental "ssessment and an Cpdating of )nvironmental 6anagement *lan 4)6*5

of the Southern 3ransport (evelopment *roject 4S3(*5 by (irector, *roject 6anagement

Cnit 4*6C5 of the %oad (evelopment "uthority 4%("5. "ccordingly, the CO6 studyteam commenced work in early October 7B. 8owever, as of 7? October, 7B, *6C

directed CO6 to temporarily suspend the studies. 3he inception report for the works

commenced and completed up to then was submitted to the %(", S3(* and the "sian

(evelopment #ank 4"(#5 in (ecember 7B. Cpon resolution of many issues between

the two parties, CO6 reactivated the studies on 1 September, 7?, based on a revised

3erms of %eference 43O%5 presented by *6C. " fresh +nception %eport outlining

objectives of the study, study team, methodology and schedule of work program was

presented in October 7?. 3his +nterim %eport addresses mainly to existing project

environment and anticipated and prevailing impacts as a result of ongoing construction

work of the expressway. Special emphasis is placed in this report on addressing the

deviations, '*"% and any hot spots where conditions have changed drastically following1/// )+".

1./ Purpose@ Scope an' Terms o* Re*erence

3he objectives of the study by CO6 as extracted from the revised 3erms of %eference

43O%5 sent by the %("S3(* is as followsI

7.1.

4i5 %eview all previous reports on the project pertaining to environmental issuesI

including the )nvironmental +mpact "ssessment 4)+"5 and Summary

)nvironmental +mpact "ssessment 4S)+"5, to determine their applicability to the

entire length of =:inal 3race> comprising both ;#+& and "(# funded sections and

'alle *ort "ccess %oad 4'*"%5.

4ii5 +dentify locations on the =:inal 3race> which re-uire further assessment in order to

update the draft )6*, and using parameters accepted for the original assessments,

conduct field surveys and other studies that may be re-uired in these locations

4using participatory techni-ues where appropriate5 to determine environmental and

social impacts and necessary mitigation measures.

7.7 %eview the second draft of )6* based on the additional information generated bythe studies to determine its ade-uacy to address the environmental impacts of the

entire project. (etermine additional monitoring and mitigation measures that

should be included in )6*. +nform client of any immediate actions that are

re-uired to ensure that sufficient environmental mitigation measures are being

applied particularly on the road sections, where construction works have already

started. +f the current mitigation measures are inade-uate to address adverse

impacts, recommend appropriate and ade-uate mitigation measures to be included

in )6*. +n this regard, advice on identifying dumping areas of unsuitable

excavated soil.

1B



7.A #ased on the above reviews, studies and evaluations prepare two reportsI

4i5 Supplementary )nvironmental "ssessment %eportJ and

4ii5 " report that includes detailed comments on the draft )6* and how to

update it as per "(# )nvironmental "ssessment 'uidelines 7A and

'OSL re-uirements.

1.3 Stu' rea

1.3.1 Dev#at#ons an' Descr#pt#on

3he major deviations of the :inal 3race from the &ombined 3race and original %(" 3race

have been identified in order to identify the sections of the road that needs specific

attention during environmental assessment. 43able 1.B5. )ach expert in the study team

43able 1.?5 looks at the major deviations and other prominent sections of the study area

pertaining to their expertise 43able 1.!5. )ach expert considered the study area in line with

the expertise associated with the study.

Ta4le1.3 Dev#at#on o* *#nal trace *rom RD trace an' Com4#ne' trace

2$IC Sect#on

D#stance *orm Start#n&

Po#nt (%m)

RD Trace Dev#at#on

(m)

Com4#ne' Trace

Dev#at#on (m)

=#n#mum Dev#at#on

*rom RD or Com4#ne

Trace (m)

7 7 7

1 17 17 17

7

A 7 7 7B 17 17 17

? 1 1 1

< /00 /00 /00

> 700 300 300

? 3<0 1000 3<0

A !<0 !000 !<0

1 7@

11 A

17 A

1A A

1B A

1? 0 A 0

1! ! A !

10 ! 7!B !

1@ ! 7B !

1A /30 1A30 /30

!0 7<0 1700 7<0

!1 /00 1!00 /00

77 1@ ?B 1@

7A 7 7 7

!3 /!0 /!0 /!0

!7 <00 <00 <00

!< /!0 /!0 /!0

70 17 17 17

1?



7@ 7B 7B 7B

7/ 7 7 7

A ! ! !

A1 1! 1! 1!

/! <00 <00 <00

// ?30 ?30 ?30/3 <30 <30 <30

/7 300 300 300

A! 7 7 7

A0 1B 1B 1B

A@ 1! 1! 1!

/A !<0 !<0 !<0

30 300 300 300

B1 1! 1! 1!

B7

BA @ @ @

BB @ @ @

B? B B B

3< /00 /00 /00

3> 300 300 300

B@ @ @ @

B/ @ @ @

? 7 7 7

?1 7 7 7

?7

?A @ @ @

?B @ @ @

?? 7B 7B 7B

?! 7B 7B 7B

7> 330 BB BB

?@ 77 77 77

?/ B B B

! 1 1 1

!1 1B 1B 1B

!7 @ @ @

!A B B B

!B 1B 1B 1B

!? A@ 17 17

!! BB 1 1

!!.? A7

1.3.! Stu' Team

" multidisciplinary team of the Cniversity of 6oratuwa for the Supplementary

)nvironmental "ssessment Study 4S)"5 and Cpdating of )nvironmental 6anagement

*lan 4)6*5 as per revised 3O%, is led by *rof. $.3. S. 2ijesekera and *rof 46rs5 $.

%atnayaka is the &o3eam Leader. 3he core team as indicated in 3able 1.? comprises an

)+" and *olicy Specialist, a 8ydrologist, an )cologist, a Sociologist, an "gricultural

)conomist, an )nvironmental )ngineer, a Soil and 'eotechnical )ngineer, a Landscape

and "esthetics Specialist, a 3raffic )ngineerF3ransport *lanner and other &ivil )ngineers.

3he team is also supported by engineers, field work teams supporting the hydrologist,ecologist, sociologist, and many other workers and secretarial staff assigned for field

1!



works, meeting and workshop organiing, and report preparation. 3he which were

concentrated on and considered important by team members are given in 3able 1.!.

Ta4le 1.7 Core Stu' Team *or the S+ an' Up'at#n& +=P

Name Pos#t#on **#l#at#on

1. *rof. $.3.S. 2ijesekera 3eam LeaderF8ydrologist Cniversity of 6oratuwa

7. *rof. 46rs5. $. %atnayaka&o3eam LeaderF)+" and *olicy

*lanner Cniversity of 6oratuwa

A. (r. *.*. 'unaratna(eputy 3eam Leader 4%eview and%eports5

Cniversity of 6oratuwa

B. (r. $.*.(. 'amage (eputy 3eam Leader;#+& Cniversity of 6oratuwa

?. )ng. (.".;. %anwala (eputy 3eam Leader"(#&onsultant, Cniversity of 6oratuwa

!. *rof. L.L. %atnayaka3raffic )ngineerF3ransport

*lanner Cniversity of 6oratuwa

0. (r. 8.S. 3hilakasiri Soil and 'eotechnical )ngineer Cniversity of 6oratuwa@. (r. 6. 2. ;ayaweera )nvironmental )ngineer Cniversity of 6oratuwa

/.(r. 46rs5 6.(. "marasinghe )cologist Cniversity of 9elaniya

1. 6r. 9. ;inapala Sociologist&onsultant, Cniversity of 6oratuwa

11. (r. L.6. "beywickrama "gricultural )conomist Cniversity of %uhuna

17."rcht. 46s.5 S.+. #alasuriyaLandscape and "estheticsSpecialist

Cniversity of 6oratuwa

Ta4le 1.< Doma#ns o* Interest o* Spec#al#st Team =em4ers

Spec#al#st Team =em4er Doma#n o* Interest

8ydrologist(eviations and associated watersheds

3raffic )ngineerF3ransport *lanner 3he %ight of 2ay 4%O25 of the expressway including access roads atinterchanges and 'alle port "ccess %oad.

Soil and 'eotechnical )ngineer 3he major deviations of :inal 3race in the "(# section and 'alle *ort"ccess %oad including a survey of existing borrow pits and -uarries.

)nvironmental )ngineer

"vailable maps, other baseline data of the "(# section and the ;#+&section will be studied and field visits, meetings and consultationsdata will be used in comparison for the suitability. 3he Surface 2ater Kuality, 'roundwater Kuality, "ir Kuality, $oise Level and ibrationdata collected along with information in the available reports will be

studied and compared with the standards to identify impacts in theidentified project area as per 3O% methodology..

)cologist

Observations on the terrestrial parts along the trace and the deviationswere limited to ?m on either side of the trace. +n localities where theroad trace traverses wetlands the natural boundaries of the wetlandswere taken as the boundaries of the domain of study as changes inecology of one place in a wetland is naturally transmitted throughout

the wetland.

Sociologist

3he study on social impact was concentrated on two geographicalunits.

• "ssess the impact on communities and other land uses in the

?6 belt on both side of the road reservation.

%(" settlement sites to assess the impact on already resettled

communities"gricultural )conomist 3he socioeconomic environment of the deviations and identifiedimportant places in the ;#+&, "(# and 'alle *ort "ccess %oads will

10



be studied using the collected data along with report review.

Landscape and "estheticsSpecialist

3he Landform, "esthetic "spects, "pplication of *esticidesF8erbicides in Landscaping, Land Cse %elated 6onitoringwill be reviewed and analyed in the significant deviations of the"(# section and along the entire 'alle *ort access road.

1@



!. +NBIRON=+NT SS+SS=+NT =+T"ODO

!.1 Impacts I'ent#*#cat#on

3he methodology adopted for impact matrices in the previous )+" %eport, had been

accepted by the &entral )nvironmental "uthority and therefore the same methodology wasadopted.

!.1.1 Impacts I'ent#*#cat#on

3he project is divided into a number of )+" elements, identified by the )+" 3eam in

consultation with %(" engineers. 7B *roject activities were identified, A activities

occurring during the investigation stage, 1B in the construction stage and 0 in the operation

stage. " list of the 7B *roject "ctivities is given in 3able 7.1. +t was noted that there was no

variation in the project activities of the ;#+& and the "(# section.

Ta4le !.1 #st o* Project ct#v#t#es

". (uring +nvestigations and *reparation1. 'eotechnical +nvestigations

7. Land Surveying

A. Land "c-uisition

#. (uring &onstruction1. &onstruction 6aterial )xploitation, 8andling, 3ransportation E Storage

7. Site &learing

A. &ut E :ill

B. #lasting E (rilling

?. Surfacing E *aving

!. Land %eclamation

0. (itching E (rainage

@. Spoil (isposal

/. "sphalt E &oncrete *lants

1. &onstruction of #ridges

11. &onstruction of &ulverts

17. "pplication of *esticidesF8erbicides in Landscaping

1A. $umber, housing and Services for Labour :orce

1B. (isplacement E Settlement of *eople

&. (uring Operation

1/



1. 'enerated E (iverted 3raffic

7. )ncroachment to previously inaccessible areas

A. %oad "ccidents

B. 8aards (ue to 3ransport of 8aardous 6aterial

?. %oad maintenance work

!. %oadside (evelopment 4*lanned E Cnplanned5

0. :loods, )arth-uakes or "ny Other Cnforeseen "cts

3he affected environment was also divided into B! )nvironmental )lements, considering

the general environment of the area and the environmental issues identified in the previous

studies. 3hese environmental elements were subdivided into 1B *hysicalF&hemical

aspects, ? #iological aspects and 70 SocialF Socioeconomic aspects, as shown in 3able7.7.

Ta4le !.! #st o* +nv#ronmental +lements

. Phs#calEChem#cal spects

"1 )arth

1.6ineral %esources7.&onstruction 6aterialsA.)arth Stability

B Settlement and ground subsidence?.Landform

"7 2ater 1.Surface 2ater Kuantity7.'roundwater KuantityA.Surface 2ater KualityB.'roundwater Kuality

"A "tmosphere1."ir Kuality7.$oise Level E ibration

"B *rocesses1.:loodsF8ydrology E (rainage patterns

7.Soil )rosion, Siltation E Sediment %unoff A.+rrigation E :lood *rotection work

$. $#olo&#cal spects

#1 :lora

1.3errestrial :lora 4)ndemic, 3hreatened or )ndangered species57."-uatic :lora

#7 :auna1.3errestrial :auna

7."-uatic :aunaA."vi :auna

7



C. Soc#alE Soc#oeconom#c spects

&1 Land Cse and *roperty alues1.Land use *attern7.Land tenure

A.Settlement patternB.Long 3erm *lans for Land Cse

&7 8uman "ctivities and Kuality of Life1.Social structure, Local Lifestyle and alues7.*opulation, 6igration E SettlementA.)ducationB."ccessibility and 6obility for $ormal "ctivities?."ccessibility for Special Services*olice, :ire protection, 8ospitals

!.*ublic 8ealth E [email protected] infrastructure :acilities 2ater Supply, 2astewater and Solid 2aste disposal,

*ower supply etc

/.Other 6odes of 3ransport and 3ransportation :acilities1.'eneral Lifestyle

&A )conomic "spects1.)mployment7."gricultureA.3ourismB.+ncome (istribution

?.Structures!.#usiness olumes0.*roperty alues@. %ural )conomy

&B :eatures of "esthetic, 8istoric and &ultural +nterest1.isual +ntrusion and Landscape7.8istoric and "rchaeological 6onumentsA.*laces of worship and religious interestB. 3extural -uality of structures?. egetation E 8istoric value of trees

3he %elevance 6atrix was developed with these 7B identified project activities and B!

environmental elements. " scoping session was conducted by the entire team to identify

possible environmental elements that would have impacts. 3wo separate %elevance

6atrices were developed for the ;#+& section and the "(# section, in order to incorporate

the differences in the extent and the intensity of the impacts on the different environmental

elements.

!.1.! The Impact =atr#ces

3he impact matrices developed for the ;#+& section is shown in :igure 7.1. 3he team

along with each subject specialist ranked the impacts in a scale of two which differentiated

the degree as high and low. 3he scale was selected to maintain the compatibility of the

present work with the previous )+".

3he team with specific expert knowledge, details from literature surveys, results of scoping and interviews, field measurements and following numerous meetings identified

71



the impact matrix indicated above. 3he summary of reasons for categoriation is given in

3able )1.1 and )1.7 of "ppendix )B.

77



#&ure !.1 The Impact =atr#, *or 2$IC sect#on

7A



/. +FISTIN +NBIRON=+NT ND SIT+ D+SCRIPTION

/.1 Phs#cal +nv#ronment

/.1.1 +arth

/.1.1.1 =#neral Resources

3he mineral resources of the earth are of many kinds but they can be considered under

three broad categories, namely, energy minerals, metals and industrial minerals.

"ccording to the prevailing knowledge of the geological conditions of Sri Lanka,

energy minerals are not present in economically viable scales in Sri Lanka. 3he

distribution of other mineral deposits in Sri Lanka is shown in :igure ".A.1 in

"ppendix "A. (istribution of mineral deposits in the project area is another important

consideration in the implementation of a project of this nature. "s it is clear from

:igure ".A.1, that important mineral deposits within or in the vicinity of the project

area are graphite and gems. Other types of industrial minerals, that are present withinthe road trace, are the rock forming minerals. 3he type of rock forming minerals that

are present along the project corridor are given in 3able ?14a5 and 3able ?14b5 of the

)+" 41///5 6ain 3ext H olume 1.

3he :inal trace deviates from the &ombined trace significantly between &8 0 G and

&8 7B G . 8owever, the %(" trace runs very close to the :inal trace within this

deviation. :urthermore, the %(" trace and the :inal trace runs along the same terrain and

a major variation of rock types cannot be expected between the %(" trace and the :inal

trace. 3herefore, the rock forming minerals given in 3able ?14a5 of the )+" 41///5 6ain

3ext H olume 1for the %(" trace may be applicable for the :inal trace as well.

/.1.1.! Construct#on =ater#als

/.1.1.!.1 Roc% an' Coarse &&re&ate

$inetenth of Sri Lanka is made up of highly crystalline, nonfossilifferous rocks of

*recambrian age belonging to one of the most ancient and stable parts of the earths crust,

the +ndian shield. On the basis of the rock types and structure, they are divided into three

main complexes namely, 8ighland &omplex 48&5, 2anni &omplex 42&5 and ijayan

&omplex, and one subordinate unit 9adugannawa &omplex 49&5 as shown in the

simplified geological map of Sri Lanka given in :igure "A.7 in "ppendix "A.

Strength of the weathered rock mass depends on the nature and the spacing of fractures.

3ypical average crushing strengths of some of the unweathered rock types found in Sri

Lanka are given 3able A.1.

7B



Ta4le /.1 Propert#es o* roc% tpes commonl *oun' #n the South-estern &roup o* the

"#&hlan' comple,.

%ock 3ype Specific gravity %ange 46pa5 "verage crushing strength

pa5

#iotite gneiss and

granite gneiss

7.! 1AA 770 1!/

&harnockitic gneiss 7.0 17 A 10!

'arnetiferous granite 7.0 @! 7A 101

Kuartite 7.? /@ 77B 1B?

+f the rock is foliated or banded, certain foliae may be weaker than others or may be

slightly weathered in an otherwise fresh rock. 3herefore, the plane of foliation may be

weaker than the other part of the rock and depending on the dip angle of the foliation plane, slippage of the sides of an excavation may occur if the dip directions of the foliation

planes are towards the excavation.

3he project corridor is located within the 8ighland complex 48O5 and the 2anni complex

42&5. %ock outcrops are visible along the trace closer to the 9alu 'anga crossing. +n

addition, rock outcrops are visible surrounding the $amunukula *lantation, 6iriswatta

division and near the #entota 'anga crossing at *anthota. 3he base rock within the project

corridor mainly consists of biotite gneisses. "t main river crossings, the bed rock mainly

consists of highly decomposed to fresh or slightly weathered, very weak to strong, white,

light gray and black gneiss with very closely to widely spaced joints. "t these river

crossings, fairly large variation between the depth to the bedrock in boreholes in the same

site are reported. Such variations, may be due to thick weathered rock layers present above

the solid bedrock at those locations

&oarse aggregate is another very important construction material needed. "t present, the

coarse aggregate need of the area is met with the supply from the -uarries and the rock

types found in these -uarry sites mainly consist of #iotite gneisses, &harnockite,

&harnockitic gneiss and 'arnet biotite gneisses. 3hese varieties posses -ualities of good

construction material such asI hardness, toughness, strength and higher abbresive

resistance, as they have an interlocking texture of their constituent minerals. 3he -uarry

sites identified by %(" in the area are given in 3able ? H B of the )+" report 41///5 "ppendices and the details of the rock -uarry sites are given in "ppendix & of the same

document.

/.1.1.!.! ravel an' #ll =ater#al

(ue to the large length of the roadway crossing flood plains of the streams, from upper or

middle peneplain to the lower peneplain, large -uantity of fill material is needed as

construction material for construction of the road embankment. +n addition to the material

needed for the construction of the embankment above the ground level, large amount of

fill material is needed since replacement of compressible material, found in the low lying

areas, is used as a ground improvement techni-ue.

7?





materialFchemicals chlorides

Sulphates

Organicmatter

.1D to .7D4overall5 but less than.?D in samples in

$orth H westerncoastal shelf

Less than 5.AD4within permissible

limits5

+nsignificant

Less than .7D

+nsignificant

ery low 4as confirmed by -ualitative analysis5

$ot applicable

do

do

3he road corridor is within the 2estern province up tp #entota 'anga 4&8 ?7 G /@75 and

the balance section lies within the Southern province. #ased on the :inal report of the&ostal resources management project H "lternatives for %iver sand, the estimated total

demand for sand within the 2estern and Southern provinces during the year 7B are A./

and 1.? million cubic meters. 3his demand for sand is mainly met with the supply of river

sand. 3herefore, almost all the river basins within the project area have already been

mined excessively creating sever environmental problems such as lowering of riverbed

levels, curtailment of sediment flows in the rivers and streams, health problems faced by

people involved in river sand mining and costal erosion.

3he estimated volume of sand mined from two major rivers in the 2estern province

during the year 1//0 is given in 3able A.A.

Ta4le /./ ;uant#t o* san' m#ne' *rom major r#vers #n the 9estern prov#nce 'ur#n&

the ear 1AA>

%iver )stimated -uantity of sand mined during1//0N 4mA5

9elani 'anga @77,

9alu 'anga A71,N +nterim sand study, (raft final report 41//05

/.1.1./ Sta4#l#t o* the Su4 Sur*ace

/.1.1./.1 So#ls

3he flood plains and the resulting alluvial deposits form a part of the landscape of the

project area. 3he Surface soil types present within the project corridor are shown in :igure

"A.A in "ppendix "A. "s shown in :igure "A.A in "ppendix "A, the soil formations and

the condition of the terrain within the project area mainly consists of the followingsI

i. %edMellow podolic soils with soft or hard laterite, rolling and undulating

terrainJ

ii. %edMelllow *odoolic soils, steeply dissected, hilly and rolling terrain

iii. #og and half bog soils, flat terrainJ and

iv. "lluvial soils of variable drainage and texture, flat terrain.

70



#asic *roperties of Surface Soil 3ypes *resent in *roject "rea in "ppendix "B.

Compar#son o* the sur*ace so#l tpes 4et-een traces

3he percentage of different soil types at the surface along the three alternative traces are

given in 3able A.B.

Ta4le /.3. Sur*ace so#l tpes present alon& '#**erent alternat#ve traces #n the 2$IC

sect#on as a percenta&e o* the total len&th.

3race

D of the Length

of the tracethrough soil "N

D of the Length

of the tracethrough soil #N

D of the Length

of the tracethrough soil &N

D of the Length of

the trace throughsoil (N

:inal trace A!./ B?.B 1A./ A.@

&ombined trace A!./ BB.1 1B.1 B./

%(" trace 7!.7 ?B.0 1A./ ?.A

N " #og and half bog soilJ flat terrain.

# %ed H Mellow *odoolic soils with soft or hard lateriteJ rolling and

undulating terrain.

& %ed H Mellow *odoolic soilsJ steeply dissected, hilly and rolling terrain.

( "lluvial soil of variable drainage and texureJ flat terrain.

3he final trace is more closer to the %(" trace but the top soil layer variation of the :inal

trace is more closer to the &ombined trace. #oth the &ombined and final traces run

through more flat terrain than the %(" trace.

/.1.1./.! +arth Sta4#l#t

3he project area is located within the wet one, which receives more than 7? mm of rain

per year. 3herefore, seepage forces in the slopes can go up during the wet season and

cause slope instability. 3he resistive forces that are developed against sliding mainly

depend on the strength properties of the subsurface and the fracture pattern of the bedrock.

Slope angles along the trace goes up to about A? H B?.

3he length of the road trace passing through steeply dissected, hilly terrain is markedly

less in the ;#+& section when compared with "(# section. 8owever, the existing slopes

along the road trace mainly consists of weathered relics of insitu material at the top of theslope and colloidal material deposited at the bottom of the slope due to weathering and

erosion of the upper levels of the slope.

/.1.1.3 Settlement an' roun' Su4s#'ence

3he ground surface can be subjected to settlement due to an imposed load on the ground

surface or in the interior of the ground. Similarly, ground subsidence could take place as aresult of stress release within the soil mass. Such stress release in the interior of the earth

7@



could be due to an under ground cavity created by construction of an underground tunnel

or formation of a cavity due to natural reasons such as solution weathering of limestone.

3hese types of underground tunnels are excavated for mining of gems and graphite but

such industries are not carried out in the corridor of the trace. :urthermore, the bedrock

and the weathered rock layers in the project corridor consist of metasedimentary rocks and

such types of cavity formation in the strong rock formations are very highly unlikely.

"part from very minor structures that are constructed in very soft soil deposits no other

existing ground settlement or subsidence is evident within the project corridor.

/.1.1.7 an'*orm

3opography of Sri Lanka consists of three well marked peneplains, produced by long

periods of weathering and erosion, and the map of Sri Lanka showing these three

peneplains are shown in :igure "A.B in "ppendix "A. 3he project area lies within the

lowest peneplain which surrounds the central hill country on all sides and is generally flat,

sometimes gently undulating plain stretching down to the coast. 3he average height of theground level in the lowest peneplain is about Am but rises inland to 1 to 1?m in the

isolated hills and hill ranges which lie scattered about. 3hese erosion remnants have stood

out against the leveling process of nature largely because they are made up of strong

weather resistant granitic rocks.

&ompared to the "(# section of the trace, the landform in the ;#+& section mainly

consists of flat or rolling and undulating terrain. 3he road trace cuts across three main

rivers namely, 9alu 'anga, #entota 'anga and 2elipenna 'anga, which is a tributary of

#entota 'anga. 3race runs through a fairly long length across the flood plains of all these

rivers. 8owever, due to the sluggish water flow in these rivers in their lower reach, the

flood plains mainly consist of bog and half bog soils.

"gricultural lands within the road trace mainly consists of rubber plantations and paddy

cultivations up to about #entota 'anga crossing at *antota and from there up to the end of

the trace consisting of cinnamon orchards and paddy cultivations.

/.1.! 9ater

/.1.!.1 Sur*ace -ater 8uant#t

3he hydrologic and meteorological parameters such as rainfall, relative humidity,temperature, and stream flow -uantities are same along the %(" 3race, &ombined 3race,

and :inal (esign 3race. (rainage paths have not changed significantly in the final trace

compared with previous %(" trace. Surface water is abundant in these areas due to the

low topography and high rainfall 4See 3able A.1@ given under the Section =*rocesses>5.

6ain rivers crossing the final trace are given in 3able A.?. +t is found that only 9alu 'anga

flow data is available in the (epartment of +rrigation data base. 3he 9alu 'anga is gauged

at two locations, *utupaula which is about 11km upstream from road trace, and )llegawa

which is 7/ km upstream of *utupaula. 3he monthly average flows at *utupaula are given

in 3able A.!.

7/



Ta4le /.7 =a#n r#vers cross#n& the *#nal trace an' the 'es#&n *loo' (source "'rolo&

an' Dra#na&e report =arch !001 4 Pac#*#c Consultants)

&hainage $ame #asin "rea 4km75(ischarge 1 yrs. %eturn*eriod 4mAFs5

7AG/B 9alu 'anga 'anga 7!@@ 1!0

B?GA0 2elipanna 'anga 17/ B1

?AG7 #entota 'anga AB7 @

Ta4le /.< =onthl avera&e *lo-s at Putupaula #n 6alu an&a

6onth ofwater year

(ischarge 4mAFs5

7F71 71F77 77F7A 7AF7B

Oct 1/.1 A!0.! A7A.@

$ov /@.0 [email protected] A0!.@7

(ec 0!.7@ 7BA.?! [email protected]

;an 1A/.7 [email protected] 1!/.7

:eb 0A.? [email protected] 1A.?

6ar !.! [email protected] 1B0.01

"pr 11/.?0 A7A.A? 7B!.7?

6ay 1B.?! A0/.0 [email protected]

;un 1.! A0B.1? A?B.0A

;ul 0?.@ 171.?7 A0B.!7

"ug !1./@ 10!.?1 1??.7@

Sep 17!.?7 170.7 !1!.@

6aximumdailyaverage

B//.// B/7.1? 17A7./ [email protected]

Present use o* sur*ace -ater

*resently water is used for agriculture, drinking, and domestic purposes. 3he $ational

2ater Supply and (rainage #oard presently extract water from 9alu 'anga from9ethhena for community supply. 3he present intake at 9ethhena is about 77, mAFday

while planned future expansion in year 77 is ??, mAFday.

/.1.!.! roun'-ater 8uant#t

3able A.0 shows the existing groundwater level along the final design trace of selected

significant deviations. 'roundwater levels in the selected deviations are well below the

design road level. 'roundwater is abundant in these areas due to the low topography andhigh rainfall.

A



Ta4le /.> roun'-ater level alon& the *#nal trace

Cha#na&e

(%m)

+,#st#n&

roun' evel

(m =S)

Des#&n Roa'

evel

(m =S)

9ater

evel

(m =S)

9eathere'

Roc% evel

(m =S)

"ar' Roc%

evel

(m =S)?G!7 A.0@ 1.?! 1./@ 7.0? !.B

?G@7 B.B! 17.7A 7.7! .

!GB A.!/ /.!? 1.?/ 7./

0G11 B. ?.@? 1.@ 1.

0GA! A.B/ !.? A.

0G0A B./! /.@ 1.?

0G0B B./0 1.1A B./0 B.A @.!A

@G1? 7. 1?.7 10.! 1B.

@G@1 7. 1A.B 10.A 1B.

7G 1.?! @.A7 .A 1./?

7AG@B 7.@ 1.7 .?! 1!.? 10.?

7BG0 A. /.7 .1? 0 1

7BGB0? B. ?.? ./ / 1!

7BG0 .1 @.7! .1 ?.7

7?G1 7. 0.? 1.A? 7 71

7?GA .!7 0.!B .!7 A./7

7?G@! .B/ @.@ B.A1 1.1 17.01

A7G?7 1.! /.@ 1.A? /.B 1?.7

A7G/ A.? 11.! 7.A .7

AAG!? 1A. 0.0 1 1.!7

ABG! ?. 11.1 .?

ABG!7 ?.B! 1B.0? .71

ABG0 !.!/ 1B.? !.1/ .A@A?G@0? 7B. 71. 17.? 1.??

A/G7 0./! 1A./ 0.7! A.@B 0.7B

A/G!7 10.A1 1!.!A /.A1 B.@1 7.7!

A/G/? /.?@ 1A.? /.A@ ?.7@

BGB 1@.?B 1A.? 10.1B 1A.?B B.?B

B!G 7.1/ /.A7 .A/ ?.A1 !.71

B0G@? .B !.? !.A @.A

?0G1 /.?0 @.11 0.?0 7.?0

?0G7? 1/. 0./ 1B.? 17.A?

?0G!B 1?.70 @.1/ 17.!0 7.70

4(ata extracted from ;#+& section #oreholes5.

/.1.!./ Sur*ace 9ater ;ual#t

Surface water bodies especially streams and other waterways and stagnant water bodies

such as ponds were sampled in the ;#+& section. 3he areas covered in the ;#+& section

comprises from 9ottawa to 9urundugahahetekma. Cniversity of 6oratuwa had

undertaken sampling of the water bodies in the ;#+& section in 71. :igures "A.0"A.10

in "ppendix A shows the sampling locations in the ;#+& section. Sampling had been

undertaken during both wet weather 4$ovember5 and dry weather periods 4"ugust5 in

order to evaluate any discrepancies between the parameters obtained or to determine

whether the weather patterns are responsible to cause any significant changes in water -uality.

A1



"ll sampling, preservation and chemical analysis was carried out in accordance to

Standard 6ethods for the )xamination of 2ater and 2astewater 41//?5. 8eavy metal

analysis was carried out using a '#& /A7 *lus flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer

after acid digestion of the water samples using the methods described in "S36 41//15.

+t should be noted that guideline values as developed by "ustralia and $ew Pealand

)nvironment and &onservation &ouncil 4"$P)&&5 in 7 for recreational waters were

consulted for some parameters, especially for heavy metals in order to assess the degree of

pollution of surface water bodies for recreational purposes. "mbient water -uality

standards for inland waters 4#athing *urposes H &lass ++ 2aters or Sensitive 2aters5

recently proposed by the &entral )nvironmental "uthority 4&)"5 were also taken into

account where necessary for some parameters to evaluate the degree of surface water

pollution. 3he results on surface water -uality for the ;#+& during both the wet weather

and the dry weather are discussed below.

Water Quality Parameters Measured in November 2001 (Wet Weather)

3able "1.A 4"ppendix "15 represents the selected water -uality sampling locations in the

;#+& section. 3able "1.B 4"ppendix "15 shows the general water -uality parameters

obtained by the Cniversity of 6oratuwa during the wet weather period in 71. 3able

"1.? 4"ppendix "15 represents the &)" and "$P)&& 475 guidelines for recreational

waters with a brief note on the general water -uality parameters reported during the wet

weather period from the water bodies in the ;#+& section and 3able "1.! 4"ppendix "15

indicates the heavy metal levels reported during the wet weather period. 3able "1.0

4"ppendix "15 provides a summary of the heavy metal contamination of the water bodies

in the ;#+& section during the wet weather period with reference to the proposed &)" and

"$P)&& 475 guidelines for recreational waters.

p8 and dissolved oxygen 4(O5 levels reported during wet weather 4225 were found to

be satisfactory. 3he only exceptions were at stations 17S2, 1AS2, 1BS2 and 7S2

where slightly acidic conditions occurred. "t AS2 the (O values were low amounting to

7.@ mgFl, thereby indicating the prevalence of some anaerobic conditions. &onductivity

values were also satisfactory as the 3(S values reported were lower 4in comparison with

the results obtained during the dry weather period5 due to significant dilution of the water

bodies by rains.

Oil and grease contamination was observed to be high at almost all locations due todisposal of oil rich effluents from the commercial, residential and industrial sector.

6oreover in comparison with the results obtained during the dry weather period both

&O( and #O( values were high 4except at stations 0S25 suggesting run off brining in

biodegradable organic matter to water bodies 4in addition to point sources of organic

pollution5. :urther faecal contamination was high in most of the water bodies with

reference to the proposed &)" standards. :aecal coliform levels were higher than the

values reported during the dry weather period in some of the water bodies 4at locations

1S2, 7S2, AS2, BS2, ?S2, 0S2, 1!S2 and 7S25 with values exceeding the

"$P)&& stipulated value of 1? 6*$F1 ml for primary recreational waters. 3he total

coliform levels were also high in most water bodies with reference to the proposed &)"

standards.

A7



3he results also showed that $8A$ levels were higher than "$P)&& values of .1 mgFl

in all the water bodies 4in comparison to the results obtained during the dry weather

period5 suggesting decomposition of organic nitrogen matter brought in rain induced

runoff. 8owever $OA and $O7

contamination was not significant with reference to the

"$P)&& values of 1 mgFl and 1 mgFl, respectively as was observed during the dry

weather period. 3$ levels reported were higher than values reported during the dryweather period suggesting runoff brining in organic nitrogenous matter. Similarly 3*

levels seemed high in most water bodies than the values reported during the dry weather

period suggesting run off brining in * from agricultural lands, but the 3* levels reported

conformed to the proposed &)" standards.

2ith reference to heavy metals all the water bodies sampled contained higher :e levels

with values exceeding .A mgFl, which therefore could impart a color with a characteristic

metallic taste to the water -uality. 3he presence of :e in the water bodies may be a

conse-uence of leaching of :e7G from :e oxide bearing minerals in the soil and peat soil

during rainy periods under acidic and anaerobic conditions. 6oreover leaching of :e 7G

from decaying organic matter such as tree shed leaves and other dead plant and animalmatter could be another reason for the presence of high :e levels.

Significant dilution of water bodies was noticed such that the heavy *b, &r, &d, $i and &u

were undetected. 3he exception was 1/S2 where the *b levels were higher than

"$P)&& values of .? mgFl for recreational waters. 3he "l concentrations detected in

the water bodies were reported to be higher than "$P)&& values of .7 mgFl for

recreational waters 4other than at locations 1AS2, 1BS2, 1?S2, 1!S2, 7S2, 71S2 and

77S2 where "l was undetected5. 3he presence of "l in the water bodies may also be a

conse-uence of leaching of "lAG from "l bearing minerals in the soil during rainy periods.

Water Quality Parameters Measured in August 2001 (Dry Weather)

3he same locations selected for the ;#+& section during the wet weather were also studied

by the Cniversity of 6oratuwa during the dry weather period. 3able "1.@ 4"ppendix "15

represents the general water -uality parameters obtained by the Cniversity of 6oratuwa

during the dry weather period, 3able "1./ 4"ppendix "15 represents the &)" and

"$P)&& 475 guidelines for recreational waters with a brief note on the general water

-uality parameters reported from the water bodies during the dry weather period, 3able

"1.1 4"ppendix "15 indicates the heavy metal levels reported during the dry weather

period and 3able "1.11 4"ppendix "15 provides a summary of the heavy metal

contamination of the water bodies during the dry weather period with reference to the proposed &)" and "$P)&& 475 guidelines for recreational waters.

+t was noticed that p8 of most of the sampled water bodies were within the normal values

of !.?/., except at locations !S2, 1BS2 and 1?S2 where acidic conditions were

observed. (O levels seemed to be satisfactory indicating the absence of severe anaerobic

conditions. &onductivity levels recorded were also within the normal range except at

locations 10S2, 77S2 and 7AS2 due to the presence of higher 3(S levels comprising

mainly SOB7 and &l levels 4which may have been a conse-uence of industrial wastewater

discharge or high evapotranspiration5.

3he results also showed that the water bodies sampled are not very turbid except locations77S2 due to the presence of high levels of 3SS. 3* levels conformed to the &)"

AA



proposed standard of .0 mgFl for bathing purposes except at locations !S2 and 1BS2

4possibly due to significant discharge of industrial wastewaters rich in * or agricultural

effluents5.

8owever oil and grease levels, #O( and &O( levels did not conform to the &)"

proposed standards of .7 mgFl, B mgFl and 7 mgFl, respectively for bathing purposes4Sensitive 2aters5. $evertheless $8A$ levels were reported to be lower than "$P)&&

guideline values of .1 mgFl 4except at locations 7AS2 where a higher value of .BB mgFl

was noticed and also at locations !S2 and 1BS2 where the values were slightly higher

than "$P)&& stipulated values5. $OA levels were also lower than the &)" proposed

standard of ? mgFl. Similarly $O7 levels were lower than "$P)&& guideline values of 1

mgFl for recreational waters.

2ith reference to the presence of coliforms all the locations showed high contamination as

the values reported had exceeded the &)" proposed standard of ? 6*$F1 ml.

8owever only at locations 1BS2 faecal contamination had exceeded the &)" proposed

standard of 1 6*$F1 ml for bathing purposes.

2ith reference to the analysis of heavy metals the results manifested that *b and "l

contamination was significant in almost all water bodies sampled as the levels were higher

than "$P)&& guideline values of .? mgFl and .7 mgFl, respectively for recreational

waters. "ll the water bodies sampled showed the presence of elevated :e exceeding .A

mgFl. 8ence there exists likelihood for the elevated :e levels to impart a color with a

metallic taste to the water -uality. &d was not detected in all the water bodies except at

10S2 and 77S2 where higher values exceeding "$P)&& values of .? mgFl were

noticed. Similarly &r was not detected in the water bodies except at locations !S2 and

1BS2 where slightly higher &r levels exceeding "$P)&& values of .? mgFl.

Significant $i contamination was evident at 77S2 and 7AS2 with levels of .1? mgFl

and .1 mgFl, respectively with reference to both &)" and "$P)&& values for

recreational waters. "t other water bodies $i was undetected. Similarly &u was undetected

other than at 77S2. 8owever the &u levels at 77S2 were insignificant with reference to

the "$P)&& guideline values for recreational waters.

/.1.!.3 roun'-ater ;ual#t

'roundwater -uality notably well water was sampled in the ;#+& section by the

Cniversity of 6oratuwa in 71. "ll sampling, preservation and chemical analysis of

groundwater samples was also carried out in accordance to Standard 6ethods for the)xamination of 2ater and 2astewater 41//?5. 3he results on groundwater -uality in the

;#+& section are described below.

3able "1.17 4"ppendix "15 represents the selected groundwater -uality sampling

locations in the ;#+& section, :igures "A.1?"A.10 in "ppendix A shows the sampling

locations in the ;#+& section., 3able "1.1A 4"ppendix "15 shows the general groundwater

-uality parameters obtained by the Cniversity of 6oratuwa measured in "ugust 71 and

3able "1.1B 4"ppendix "15 provides an overview of the groundwater -uality with

reference to 2orld 8ealth Organiation 428O5 and Sri Lankan Standards 4SLS5 1/@/

drinking water guidelines.

AB



'roundwater obtained from locations 1'2 and 7'2 was slightly acidic,

not conforming to the p8 range of !.?@.? stipulated by the 28OFSLS 1/@/ guidelines.

3he results manifested that the groundwater samples contained 3* and $8A$, thereby not

conforming to 28OFSLS *art 1 1/@/ standards for drinking water. Significant

saliniation was not evident except at 1'2. 3he presence of considerable #O( levels

were noticed in 7'2 and A'2 and &O( values in all A samples were over 1 mgFlstipulated by the 28OFSLS standards. 3otal hardness seemed to be moderately high in the

1'2 samples analyed. 3otal coliform levels did not conform to the drinking standards

and faecal contamination was slightly evident.

/.1./ #r

/.1./.1 #r ;ual#t

$ational Standards for "mbient Kuality have been stipulated under the $ational

)nvironmental "ct, $o. B0 of 1/@. One hour averages have been stipulated for $O7, SO7,

&O and suspended particulate matter 4S*65. Similarly 7B hour average limits have beenstipulated for $O7, SO7 and S*6, except for &O.

"ir -uality measurements with reference to $O7, SO7 and &O were undertaken by +3+ in

;une, 7A 4+3+, 7A5. "nalysis of $O7, SO7 and &O was carried out using the Saltmann

6ethod, *ararcsaniline method and nondispersive infrared spectroscopy, respectively.

3he results on air -uality for each section are described below.

:igures "A.0, "A.@, "A.11, "A.17, "A.1? and "A.10 4"ppendix "A5 shows the locations

selected for the study. 3able "1.1? 4"ppendix "15 represents the selected ;#+& locations

for the study. 3able "1.1! 4"ppendix "15 gives the air -uality measurements 41hour average5 recorded by +3+ at the selected locations and 3able "1.10 4"ppendix "15 shows

the 7B average concentrations for $O7, SO7 and &O.

+n view of the results obtained it was evident that air pollution was not significant in any

of the monitored areas with reference to these A gaseous pollutants. 3he results also

elucidated that the average levels of $O7 and SO7 obtained at each location within a period

of 7B hours is also below the stipulated ambient air -uality standards of .? ppm 47B hrs5

and .A ppm 47B hrs5, respectively.

/.1./.! No#se an' B#4rat#on

(uring the period of $ovember 77 to :ebruary 7A, +3+ has carried out for %oad

(evelopment "uthority 4%("5 noise level measurements in the ;#+& section using

integrated noise level meter. 3he results are described below.

3able "1.1@ 4"ppendix "15 represents the selected locations of noise measurement for the

;#+& section from $ovember 77 to :ebruary 7A. :igures "A.0, "A.@, "A.11, "A.17,

and "A.10 4"ppendix "A5. 3able "1.1/ 4"ppendix "15 gives the background noise level

obtained for each location.

3he results revealed that at location A the noise levels measured during day time had

slightly exceeded the stipulated maximum permissible limit of ?? d#4"5 for *radeshiya

A?



Sabhas. 8owever the noise levels measured at all locations during the night time were

reported to exceed the stipulated limit of B? d#4"5.

/.1.3 Processes

/.1.3.1 loo'sE "'rolo& an' Dra#na&e Patterns

loo's

3he proposed highway falls within the Southwest of the country and runs parallel to the

shoreline about 11 km inland. 3he general trpography of the area is flat or undulating

terrain with an annual rainfall of about B H ? mm. 3he expressway traces lie on the

first *eneplain of which the elevation is between 17? m. 3he pattern of drainage is from

the center of inland towards the sea and drainage paths are perpendicular to the road trace

at most locations of the road traces.

3hree major rivers, 9alu 'anga, #entota 'anga, and 'in 'anga, cross the road traces of ;#+& section. 3he deviation of 9alu 'anga #ridge is about 7? m from the previous %("

trace. 3he catchment length of 9alu 'anga is about 17/ km with an annual precipitation

volume of about 1177 6illion mA of which about 00D pass through the road trace to the

sea. 3he deviation of the #ridge Site of #entota 'anga is about @ m from the %(" trace.

3he length of the catchment area of #entota 'anga is A1 km with an annual precipitation

volume of 771A 6illion mA of which about 0D cross the road trace to reach the sea. 3he

length of 2elipenne 'anga is about 1@ km. 3he 2elipenne 'anga #ridge is deviated

about 1! m from the %(" 3race. Streams crossing the road trace from chainage G

up to 9alu 'anga flows to the #olgoda Lake.

3he catchments of the streams and rivers crossing the final design trace are marked on a

topo map of 1I?. 3he flood and drainage impacts are calculated for the entire length

of the final design trace and are presented in the 3ableQQ

"'rolo&

Cl#mate

&limatic condition of the proposed highway trace falls within the wet one of Sri Lanka.

3he meteorological stations with the close proximity of the ;#+& section road trace are

identified as &olombo, %atmalana, 'alle, and %atnapura.

Temperature@ Relat#ve "um#'#t@ 9#n' Spee'

Mearly averaged maximum and minimum temperature of &olombo, 'alle, %atmalana, and

%atnapura are given in 3able A.@ and 3able A./. 3he temperature in the area varies between

7 & to A! &. 6onthly averaged minimum and maximum temperature during 1//? to

7B are given in 3able A.1 and 3able A.11.

Ta4le /.? earl avera&e' ma,#mum temperature #n 0C

Place 1AA7 1AA< 1AA> 1AA? 1AAA !000 !001 !00! !00/ !003

&olombo AA AA AA AA A7 A7 A7 AA AA AA'alle A7 A7 AA A7 A1 A1 A1 A7 A7 A7

A!



%atmalana AA AA AA AB AA AA AB AB AA AA

%atnapura AB A7 AA A? AA AA AA AA AA AB

Ta4le /.A earl avera&e' m#n#mum temperature #n 0C


&olombo 77 77 77 7A 77 77 7A 7A 7A 77

'alle 7A 77 77 7A 77 77 77 7A 7A 7A

%atmalana 7A 7A 7A 7A 7A 7A 7A 7A 7A 7A

%atnapura 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77

Ta4le /.10 =onthl avera&e' ma,#mum temperature #n 0C

Place 2an e4 =ar pr =a 2un 2ul u& Sep Oct Nov Dec

&olombo AB AB AB AA AA A7 A1 A1 A1 A7 AA AA'alle AA AA AB AA A7 A1 A A A A1 A7 A7

%atmalana AA AA AB AA AB AB A? AB AA AA AA A7

%atnapura AB A? AB AB AB AA A7 A A7 A7 AA AB

Ta4le /.11 =onthl avera&e' m#n#mum temperature #n 0C

Place 2an e4 =ar pr =a 2un 2ul u& Sep Oct Nov Dec

&olombo 71 77 77 7A 7A 7A 7A 7B 7A 7A 77 71

'alle 77 77 77 7A 7A 7A 7A 7A 7A 7A 7A 77

%atmalana 71 71 77 7A 7B 7B 7B 7A 7A 7A 7A 77

%atnapura 7 71 77 7A 7A 7A 7A 7A 7A 77 77 71

Mearly averaged daytime and night time relative humidity of &olombo, 'alle, %atmalana,

and %atnapura are given in 3able A.17 and 3able A.1A. 3he relative humidity in the area

during daytime varies between 0D to @7D. 3he relative humidity in the area during

daytime varies between @AD to /?D. 6onthly averaged daytime and night time relative

humidity during 1//? to 7B are given in 3able A.1B and 3able A.1?.

Ta4le /.1! earl avera&e' relat#ve hum#'#t percenta&e 'ur#n& 'at#me


&olombo 0B 0? 0B 0B 01 0! 0? 0? 0! 0B

'alle @1 @1 00 0/ @7 @ 0/ 0@ 0/ @

%atmalana 0B 0B 0A 0B 0? 0? 07 0A 0A 0B

%atnapura 00 0! 0? 0 @ 0@ 0! 00 0@ 0!

Ta4le /.1/ earl avera&e' relat#ve hum#'#t percenta&e 'ur#n& n#&ht t#me

Place 1//? 1//! 1//0 1//@ 1/// 7 71 77 7A 7B

&olombo @@ @0 @/ @@ @/ @@ @@ @@ @/ @@

'alle @@ @@ @0 @! @0 @! @0 @0 @@ @0

%atmalana /7 /7

A0





Ta4le /.1? (a) =onthl avera&e ra#n*all (mm) 1AA7!003

STTION 2N +$ =R PR = 2UN 2U U S+P OCT NOB D+C

&olombo @/.? @@.A ??.B 7A0.7 7!0.? 1/. 1?.7 11?.! 7!.? A?7.7 7@0. 1B!.?

%atmalana /.1 0!.1 @1.! 7@./ 7!A.@ 1@.! 1?/.0 1!.@ [email protected] A0A.! A1B.A 77.0#andaragam

a111.? /0.B ??.A 70/.? A?./ 7A?.B 1/?.@ 10!.0 ABB.A A00.! [email protected] 7?./

9alutara 11?.0 /0.@ 11./ 7A/./ 7/0.B 771.7 10?.0 177. 70?. A@7.! A7B.B 101.!

%ainfall, evaporation, temperature, relative humidity, wind speed in the region of :inal

(esign trace is similar to %(" 3race and &ombined 3race.

Dra#na&e Patterns

3he catchment areas for the :inal trace are shown in the :igure 4&atchment figures from

the '+S maps5Q 3he change in catchment areas with possible impacts are given in the3able A.1/

Ta4le /.1?(4) Catchment *#&ures *rom the IS maps

&hainage 4km5(escription

:rom 3o

G !G $o significant deviation of :inal 3race from &ombined and %("traces. 3herefore no significant change of flood and hydrology impactsalong this stretch compared with previous traces.

!G !G!@

Location of 9imbul 9otuwa )la #ridge has changed compared with%(" and &ombined traces. 3he present location of the bridge is in

between the %(" trace and &ombined trace at chainage !G!@ km.3herefore catchment area for the bridge is grater than the %(" traceand less than the combined trace.

!G!@ /G7?

&atchment area increased by about ./ km7. "t the chainage /G7?6aha Oya cross the :inal trace. 3he location of the bride is shifted byabout A m down stream from the %(" trace. +ncrease of catchmentarea for the bridge is about .1A km7.

/G7? 1G? &atchment area increase by about .1@ km7.

1G? 1@GA $o significant impact

1@GA 71G &atchment area increased by about ./ km7.

71G 71G@ &atchment area increased by about .1! km7.

71G@ 7AG &atchment area increased by about .1! km7

.7AG 7AG0 &atchment area increased by about .1B km7.

7AG0 7BG9alu 'anga. $o significant increase in catchment area compared withthe bridge location of the %(" trace.

7BG 7?G@ &atchment area increased by about 1. km7.

7?G@ 70GA &atchment area increased by about 1. km7.

70GA 7/GA &atchment area increased by about .0 km7.

7/GA A!G &atchment area increased by about 7. km7.

A!G B?G $o significant impact

B?G B@G &atchment area reduced by about 1. km7.

B@G !?G $o significant flood and drainage impact due to deviations

!?G !!G &atchment area increased by about .? km7.

/.1.3.! So#l +ros#on@ S#ltat#on an' Se'#ment Runo**

A/



Soil type along the road is shown in :igure "A.A in "ppendix "A. 3he area of the trace

consist of mainly #og and 8alf#og soils, %ed yellow podolic soils, and "lluvial soils of

variable drainage and texture. #og and 8alf#og soils of the region along the trace are

strongly acidic. 3he organic matter and nitrogen status is very high in #og and 8alf#og

soils.

/.1.3./ Irr#&at#on an' loo' Protect#on Structures

3he main +rrigation Schemes transected by the deviated 3race 4:inal 3race5 are shown in

:igure "A.71 of "ppendix "A.

/.! $#olo&#cal +nv#ronment

)xcept at locations of the chainages 7G, B7G and ?7G, the new trace deviates

from the combined trace. 3he major deviation occurs between @G and 71G and

the rest are relatively small in extent. )cologically, the minor deviation between Gand 1G, and between AG and 0G? cannot be expected to impose a markedly

different impact on the environment as they still traverse the same or similar wetland areas

which are mostly abandoned paddy fields and built up land. 3he description and impact

analyses therefore are restricted to the major deviation between @G and 71G.

/.!.1 lora

/.!.1.1 Terrestr#al lora

3he major deviation in this part of the trace lies between @G and 71G. 3he

deviated segment however traverses largely over built up land where the human

settlements are and between 10G@ and 1/G crosses a segment of the lowlying areas

at *anape. 3herefore the predominant terrestrial flora along the deviation comprises of that

in home gardens. 8owever, out of the 0 endemic species encountered in the area ! were

recorded among terrestrial flora.

/.!.1.! 8uat#c lora

"-uaticF amphibious flora consists of plant species characteristic to freshwater wetlands,

particularly abandoned paddy fields in the lowlands of Sri Lanka. 3he habitats available in

the wetland are of considerable diversity. #esides the channels across the wetlands thateventually drain into #olgoda lake, open water areas occur in the wetland and they are the

relatively deep areas of the wetland. Such areas are surrounded by patches of herbaceous

vegetation that consists of marsh plants.

3he marsh consists of herbaceous species characteristic to abandoned paddy fields in the

south western coastal plain and it is dominated by grasses and sedges. :reshwater a-uatic

plants occur in the open water areas in the middle part of the wetland along the channels.

3he peripheral vegetation is dominated by tree species that typically occur associated with

freshwater marshes. " list of species found to occur in the area is presented in 3able A.1/.

Ta4le /.1A 8uat#cE am4h#4#ous plants #n the area o* the propose' 'ev#at#on o* the

B



roa' trace

Scientific name ernacular name

Cyperus difformis

Cyperus haspan

Cyperus iria

Cyperus pilosus

Rhyncospora corymbosa

Scoenoplectus grossus

Echinochloa colonum

Isachne globosa

Panicum repens

Pandanus sp.

Ludwigia decurrens

Limnocharis flava

Monochoria vaginalis

Lagenandra ovata

Eacum sp.

3hunessa8alpan2el hiri

3hunessa

3hun hiriya2el maruk #atadella)tora

2etakeya2elkarambu(iya gowa

9etala#inara

)xcept for Eacum sp. "ll other species are not endemics and they occur in abundance in

association with paddy fields throughout the wet one. 3he sedge Scoenoplectus grossus

43hunhiriya5 is collected from this wetland by the villagers to weave mats.

/.!.! auna

/.!.!.1 Terrestr#al auna an' mph#4#ans

3errestrial environment in the location of deviation 4associated with *anape wetlands5 is

predominantly homesteads and rubber plantations. 3hey provide habitats for terrestrialfauna, particularly insects, birds and reptiles. +n terms of diversity, the least represented

faunal group in this part of the trace and in the site of deviation are the small mammals.

3hirteen butterfly species have been recorded from the area of the deviation and they are

ecologically important as pollinators. 3hree species of snakes happen to occur in the area

out of which one, i.e. !enochrophis asperrimus 4(iya bariya5 is endemic to Sri Lanka.

*ythons which are rare snakes in the area may find their territories and number of habitats

shrink once the road is constructed and they will become more vulnerable. &innamon

plantations around 9urundugahahetekma is the only area where the endemic small

mammal species 4 "is porosnus 5 42il muwaS5 are found in Sri Lanka.

/.!.!.! 8uat#c auna

+nvertebrates, fish, amphibians, birds, insects and mammals constitute the fauna of *anape

wetlands and among which fish and birds are visibly the most important groups of fauna in

the ecology of *anape wetlands. 3his also found to be a habitat of migratory birds and it is

of high ecological importance as there are no wetlands of this extent in the vicinity that

can serve the purpose.

9nife fish, an escaped exotic ornamental fish is abundant in the area and being a

carnivorous fish, it appears to affect the indigenous fish populations in the marsh and the

associated streams, hence it is considered an alien invasive species.

B1



/.!.!./ v#*auna

3hirty species of birds were observed around the area of the proposed deviation,

particularly associated with *anape wetland. +nterviews with the villagers revealed that

migratory bird species, even large birds such as *elicans and Large )grets visit this

wetland during the season 4October H ;anuary5.

/./ Soc#al +nv#ronment

/./.1 an' Use spects

/./.1.1 an' Use Pattern

3he proposed road runs through 17 (S divisions 4shown in table A.715 in &olombo,

9alutara and 'alle (istricts in 2estern and southern provinces. 3he land use pattern in

these (S divisions is more or less similar to the land use pattern prevailing in the project

impact area 4%O25.

3he general land use pattern in the 17 (S divisions includesI

• %oad and buildings 41@D5

• 8igh land cultivated with perennial and semiperennial crops 4?AD5

• Cncultivated highlands 4BD5

• *addy lands 41/D5

• 2etland 4AD5

• Scrubs and other barren lands 4AD5

3he proposed road runs through mainly paddy land, barren land and high lands cultivated

with various perennial crops. "bout B00 ha of land falls within the %O2 of the proposed

road trace. 3he extent of paddy and other lands that will be affected in each (S division

are shown in 3able A.71 or A.1/. "bout 1!0 ha of paddy land and A/ ha of other types of

lands 4highlands cultivated with perennial and semiperennial crops, wetlands, barren land

and scrubs etc5 will be re-uired for the development activities of the project.

/./.1.! an' Tenure Pattern

3he %O2 of the proposed road falls within the area where lands have been used by

traditional people for long time. 3herefore, most of the paddy lands are freehold lands

with different tenure patterns such as =*araveni> 4old and traditional land tenure pattern of

the paddy lands. Cnder this system the paddy lands have freeholds titles coming from

generation to generation. Some *araveni lands are rotated among different family

members in each cultivation season5.

3he highlands including home gardens have two types of land tenure pattern, freehold

lands and the lands with government permits for cultivation 4L(O land5. 3hese are called

=#adu =under the local term. "nother category of lands prevailing in the areas are

encroachments of the government lands 4reservations or other government scrublands5.

3he 'eneral land tenure and land ownership in the (S divisions in the project area and the

land tenure pattern in the %O2 area are shown in 3able A.7.

B7



Ta4le /.!0 an' tenure an' o-nersh#p DS area an' RO9

an' tenure cate&or DS area RO9

:reehold land 4 mostly cultivated

by the owners or under tenantsystemlong term or seasonal 5

!D of land 4 both highland and

paddy land5 !/D

L(O permits A?D7AD of "gricultural land iscommonly owned land

Other 4 mostly encroachments5 ?D?0D ownership coming fromgeneration to generation

/./.1./ Settlement Pattern

3hough the proposed project +nfluential "rea 4*+"5 falls in populated environment the

%O2 runs through isolated wetlands 4paddy Heither cultivating or abandoned5 in most

cases. 3herefore, some houses located scatted are observed. 3he nearest town ships

located in the vicinity of the %O2 includes, (odangoda, 9ottawa and )lpitiya. "ll other urban centers are located some what far from the %O2.

Some small rural town centers are observed in nearby area of the %O2. 3hese small town

canters 4with few numbers include, 6akunbura, (eepangoda, 9ahathuduwa, 'alahigama,

(odammulla, (iyagama, Ckwatta, 'amgoda, #ombuwala, Sapugahawatta and

2alagedara.

3here are no special communities or indigenous communities residing in the %O2 area or

in the nearby environment of the %O2.

3he following housing schemes are located in the immediate environment of the %O2.

3hese housing schemes will not have direct negative impacts due to construction of thehigh way. (uring construction phase there may be some problems due to dust and noise in

the construction sits.

• (odangoda *ahanwatta housing scheme

• #andaragama new city watta proposed housing scheme

/./.! "uman +nv#ronment

/./.!.1 Soc#al Structure@ ocal #*e Stle an' Balues

"s explained under the section on human settlement pattern the road does not run through

densely populated urban or rural settlements. +nstead it has been designed to construct

through paddy lands, and other lands that are not used by communities for settlements.

3his does not mean that houses are not affected. 3here are scatted located houses affected.

+n most cases the road runs through semiurban and rural village environment. 43he town

centers located in the nearby environment of the %O2 is mentioned under section

A.A.1.A5. 6ost of the people are involved in growing paddy, tea and rubber at small scale.

3he average monthly income of most of thy affected families is about %s 1, or little

more. 3his environment is getting fast changed and young generations have started

migrating to the urban areas for employments. )ven under this rapidly changing

BA



environment the social structure of the project affected area can be categoried as rural and

semiurban.

+n this context the communities in the affected areas have strong social capitals 4social

relations5 developed over time 4times immemorial5. 3he agriculture based livelihood

systems have influenced to develop strong social relations 4although they are gettingdeteriorated rapidly under the prevalent conditions5. 6ost of the householders are related

to each other 4blood relations, relations through marriages or friendships5. 3he 3able 1 in

annex 7 includes the villages through which the %O2 is fallen.

/./.!.! Populat#on@ +thn#c Compos#t#on@ =#&rat#on an' Settlement

3he influential area of the proposed road falls in 17 (S divisions in 2estern and Southern

provinces of the country. 3he total population in 17 (S divisions is about 1@7!7. 3he

ethnic composition of this total population is as followsI

• Sinhala 11/1@0 4 /BD 5

• 3amil 7B/!/ 47.BD5

• 6uslim7@7?! 47.!D5

• Other 17! 4 1D 5

3his means majority of the population is Sinhala. 3he composition of religious groups in

the project influential (S divisions 4*+(s5 is similar to the ethnic composition of project

impact area. 3he religious composition of the population in the *+(s is as followsI

• #uddhist //@@1? 4/7D5

• 8indu 701 47 D5

• +slamic 7@@?! 47.@D5

• &hristians AA@@/ 4A.1D5

• Others A?/ 4.1D5

3his situation is common to the population of affected families in the project area. 4%O25.

3he total affected population due to different interventions under the proposed project is

/!?!. 3his is not the total population resettled. 3he number of relocated families is about

?@B. 477 resettled in the %(" established resettlement sites and another A!B families had

chosen their own ways to get resettled in other locations by themselves with their own

initiatives 4with the compensations paid by %("5. 3he /!?! affected population havedifferent types of impacts such asI

• Lands of some people got affected

• 8ouses of some people got affected

• Some people were evacuated

3he total population affected in different ways is shown in 3able A.71.

Ta4le /.!1 **ecte' total populat#on

DS '#v#s#on Populat#on

BB



6aharagama ?!0

8omagama 1ABA

8orana ?17

#andaragama 10?A

6illaniya B@7

9aluthara A/!

(odamgoda 1??6athugama @@

2alallawita //0

#enthota !?A

)lpitiya @7?

9arandeniya 7!?

3otal /!?!

SourceI %(" 77

/./.!./ +'ucat#on

3hough the areas under *+(s are rural significant percentage of population has ac-uired'&) 4"FL5 and university education. 3he populations in affected families have access to

good schools located in near by town ships 4Some have access to good schools in

&olombo5. 3he education levels of population in *+(s are as follows according to the

information available in the (S offices in the 17 (S divisionsI

• 3he number not ac-uired formal education H B1/? 4?D5

• 3he number studied up to grades 1? 10@0A?47 D5

• 3he number studied up to grades !1 AA?71 4A@D5

• 3he number studied up to '&) 4OFL5 1/!0A! 477D5

• 3he number studied up to '&) 4"FL5 1!//7 417D5

• 3he number ac-uired Cniversity (egrees 7?B?? 4AD5

"ccording to the 'rama $iladharies, Samurdhi $iyamakas and other grass root level

officers and the community leaders the education levels of the population in affected

families are more or less similar to the education levels of the people in *+(s.

/./.! 3. ccess#4#l#t an' =o4#l#t *or Normal ct#v#t#es

"bout 71 different roads run across the %O2 of the proposed road. 3he communities

living in the area have been using these access to travel to the local areas to get fulfilled

their routine needs. 3he table 7 in annex 7 includes the names of these sub roads. Of thetotal 71 roads 7 are " type and 1 are # type roads. "ll other roads are used to access to

main roads.

/./.!.7. ccess#4#l#t an' =o4#l#t *or Spec#al Serv#ces

3here are no subroads run across %O2 that are providing access to reach special places

such as historical, religious and other cultural locations that are visited by the public in the

country, region or local communities. 2e observed 11 subroads that are being used by

people to reach service delivery centers in the area. 3he routine transportation of these

roads may be disturbed during construction stage of the road. 3he 11 roads and the

especial places that are visited by the communities in the region and local areas include 1

B?



" type road and 1 # type roads. $ormally these roads are connected to the main town

centers. :or example " @ %atnapura *anadura road runs through this area.

/./.!.< Pu4l#c "ealth an' Sa*et

6ajority of the affected houses had access to toilet facilities 4/@D5. Only about 7D of house holders were reported as people who had no toilet facilities. "bout 77 D of the

households in the affected area had access to tap water all others had other type of sources

4wells 0@D5. 3he communities in the affected area have better access to hospital facilities

available in near by towns, &olombo and others.

6ost of the existing houses in the project area are located in areas far from the %O2 and

also more or less all the home gardens are well established with shady trees. 3herefore,

noise and dust may not be so serious problems for the communities living in rural

environment.

3here are no hospitals and other main public health delivery centers affected 4to demolish5

due to construction of the proposed road.

/./.!.> "ous#n&

6ajority of the houses in the *+(s are permanent. 3he nature of houses available in the

*+(s according to data available in each (S office is as followsI

• *ermanent houses H 7?B/A 4@? D5

• Semipermanent houses AB!7 41B D5

• 3emporary hosues/@ 4.AD5

• :amilies reported as do not have houses to live 1?!? 4.0D5

6ost of the householders in the affected area have ownership to the houses. $early /A.BD

houses of affected houses are permanent buildings, !.7D are semipermanent and .AD are

temporary according to the information available in %(" offices. 3he spread of affected

houses among different (S divisions is shown in 3able A.77.

Ta4le /.!! The houses a**ecte'

(S division *ermanent houses Semipermanent houses 3emporary houses

$umber D $umber D $umber D

6aharagama 1/ 1

8omagama !0 /! A B 8orana A! 1

#andaragama 11 1

6illaniya A7 1

9aluthara 71 /7 7 @

(odangoda /0 @0 1A 17 1 1

6athugama B0 /1 ? @

2alallawita A? @7 @ 1@

#enthota B7 /! 7 B

)lpitiya B7 /@ 1 7

9arandeniya 1 07 B 7@

3otal ??@ /A.? A0 !.7 7 .A $oteI the total affected houses are ?/0 but only ?@B houses were occupied by the people. Others were just physical structures.

%(" offices 4#andaragama and (odangoda5The a**ecte' 4us#ness centers

B!



"bout 07 buildings among ?/0 were being used as business centers by the affected

communities. 3he most of the affected business centers are included retailer shops and tea

bouti-ues and so on. 3he spread of these business centers among 17 (S divisions are

shown in 3able A.7A.

Ta4le /.!/ The a**ecte' 4us#ness centers

DS '#v#s#on Num4er o* 4us#ness centers

6aharagama A

8omagama /

8orana ?

#andaragama 1@

6illaniya

9aluthara 1

(odangoda A

6athugama A

2alallawita 1#enthota

)lpitiya 7

9arandeniya

3otal 07

/./.!.? Other In*rastructure ac#l#t#es

3he situation of access to drinking water is common in *+( area and the project affected

areas. 3he situation of the drinking water facilities are as follows in the (S areasI

•*ercentage of households have access to tap water 71.!D

• *ercentage of households have access to well water 0!.!D

• *ercentage of houses have access to water from other natural streams 1D

• 3he percentage of houses who are reported as no access to a particular water

sources for drinking facilities .@D

3he area in both *+(s and project impact area have access to electricity facilities. 3hough

the areas in general have access to telephone facilities small percentages of houses have

obtained house connections. "bout /AD of the houses have electricity connections. 3he

percentage of houses that have obtained telephone connections to the houses is 7?D.

/./.!.A Transport

3he access facilities available in the project affected area are explained in sections B.A.7.B

and B.A.7.?. 2e observed that local road net work established provide easy access for the

people living in the affected areas. 6ost of the community members in the affected areas

use motor bikes and push bicycles for the routine travels within the local areas. 3here are

no railway tracks located across the %O2 or in the immediate vicinity of %O2. 3wo "

type roads, 1 # type roads and 1? &F( types roads are located and these roads are used

for public transportations 4public and private buses5.

+n addictions to the roads that are used for public transportation there are local roads thatare being used by local people to travel within the local area for routine purposes.

B0



/./.!.10 eneral #*e Stle

3he general life styles of the communities in the affected area have been explained in

section A.A.7.1. Some special features of the affected communities according to the

information available in the report prepared by 2ilbur Smith "ssociates +$& 7 are as

followsI

• "lmost all the householders living in the project affected area are Sinhala and also

/@D of them are #uddhist. 3herefore, the life style of rural Sinhala and #uddhist

communities of the country is prevailing in this area too.

• $early A!Dn of the houses in the affected families is involved in daily paid labor

work as main livelihood activities. Labor work and agriculture are the two main

livelihood activities of the people 4 A!D and 7D respectively 5

• 6ost of the householders have been in the area for long time 4Some families for

more than ? years and some between 1?? years5 and therefore, the social capital

they have developed over time is very strong.

/././ Soc#o+conom#c +nv#ronment

/././.1 +mploment #n the Project rea

)mployment provided by different sectors of the economy of Sri Lanka is changing over

time. "ccording to the )conomic and Social Statistics of Sri Lanka by the &entral #ank,

by the year 7A, agricultural sector including forestry and fishing provide employment

opportunities for AB.D of the total labour force of Sri Lanka while service sector and

manufacturing sector provide about A@ D and 71 D respectively. :ollowing table shows

occupational groups by districts along the proposed highway.

Ta4le /.!3 Occupat#onal roups 4 D#str#ct

(istrict &ategory 3otal $umber *ercent

&olombo

1. "griculture, :ishing and :orestry 7/,1/7 B.A

7. *rofessionals 1BB,?7A 71.7/

A. Sales and Service 2orkers 11,!0 1!.A

B. +ndustrial 1@7,!B/ 7!./1

?. &lerks 01,107 1.B/

!. Others 1B,?@B 7.01

Total <>?@>A0 100.00

9alutara

1. "griculture, :ishing and :orestry !@,!B7 7A.0@

7. *rofessionals B1,00! 1B.B0

A. Sales and Service 2orkers AB,B/! 11./?

B. +ndustrial 0?,7! 7!.@

?. &lerks 1/,?A? !.00

!. Others B@,/! 1!./?

Total !??@<17 100.00

'alle

1. "griculture, :ishing and :orestry 11!,A1 A/.!1

7. *rofessionals A1,70? 1.!?

A. Sales and Service 2orkers A,B@ 1.A@

B. +ndustrial !B,1!/ 71.@?

?. &lerks 1A,/0 B.B!!. Others A@,7@! 1A.B

Total !A/@<1> 100.00

B@





Ta4le /.!7 an' Use Pattern 4 D#str#ct@ 1AA? (comp#le' *rom 1A?1 to 1A?? Stat#st#cs)

3ypes of LandCse

&olombo 9alutara 'alle 6atara

8a D 8a D 8a D 8a D

#uilt up andnon"griculturalLand

@,B@ 17.1? 1,A0 .@! 0B .B? !7 .B@

8omesteads 1B,@B 71.70 A?,7A 77.? B!,? [email protected]? A/,17 A.?

3ea 71 .A A,A@ 7.17 1!, /.!/ 7,1A 1?.0

%ubber 7,!0 7/.!7 ?1,71 A7.? 1!, /.!/ !,7A B.@!

&oconut ?,B/ 0.@0 7,10 1.A! 7,A0 1.BA ?,71 B.!

&innamon 7? .1! !,7@ A.@ 7,! 7.A

*addy 1,?/ 1?.1@ 70,@0 10.BB 7@,0 10. 1!,@/ 1A.10

6ixed 3ree&rops

7,B? A.?1 7,/ 1.@7 7,A1 1.B A,0! 7./A

Sparsely Csed 0? 1.0 1B,@B /.7/ 1!,A7 /.@@ /,!/ 0.?!

:orests 1,?B 7.71 1!,!1 1.B 7A,! 1B.7/ 1@,!0 1B.?!

Scrub and'rass Land

1,70 1.@7 0A .B! 1,@0 1.1A A,70 7.??

6angroves 7 .7/ 77 .1B B0 .7@ 7 .7

6arsh Land /A 1.AA B! .7/ B/ .A B@ .A0

2ater #odies 7,A7 A.A7 7,71 1.A@ A,?? 7.1? 1,A1 1.7

#arren Land B .! A1 .1/ ?/ .A! 7? .1/

3otal !/,0@ 1. 1?/,0! 1. 1!?,1! 1. 17@,7? 1.

SourceI (ept. of &ensus and Statistics, 1//!

"bove table emphasies that the percentage of built up area is higher in &olombo (istrict

while area under tea, cinnamon and homestead gardens is higher in 6atar and 'alle

districts, which is the southern Rpart of the corridor.

3he traces marked for the proposed Southern )xpressway traverses through an array of

croplands, which fall under the 7 (S (ivisions. 3he project area considered for this

analysis consist of an area that falls under

a5 a corridor of km and

b5 a corridor of 1 km

on either side of the centre line of the trace marked for the proposed

expressway.

+,tents un'er D#**erent Crops

Ta4le /.!< The lan' use o* the corr#'or o* the project area mar%e' *or the propose'

+,press-a #sG

Section *addy lands 4ha5 Other 4ha5 3otal 4ha5

;#+& 1A7.7! AB1.B B0A.!!

+t is clear that the trace is marked to minimie displacement of number of family units, the

trace is running mainly through paddy lands and other cultivations. 8owever, paddy is the

most succeptible crop along entire trace which damages the livelihood of many

households. 3herefore, it is important consider the paddy based cropping systems of the

area. :ollowing table shows the distribution of paddy lands along the trace according torelevant (S divisions.

?



Pa''

Since rice is the staple food of Sri Lankans, paddy cultivation is wide spread throughout

the project area. 3hese paddy lands are generally rainfed and the largest number of paddy

fields in the project area are found between #andaragama and #addegama (S(. *addy is

generally a smallholder crop and its productivity in terms of average yields shows asignificant variation mainly depending on the water regime. 3he least productive paddy

lands are found in the #addegama and 6atara (S( close to the 'in 'anga and $ilwala

'anga flood planes.

Ta4le /.!> D#str#4ut#on o* pa'' lan' alon& the DS D#v#s#ons o* *our '#str#cts

1AA<EA> =aha 1AA> ala

D#str#ct DS D#v#s#on Total

area

Cult#vate'

areaH cult#vate'

Cult#vate'

areaH cult#vate'

&olombo 6aharagama ?0! ?!? /@ @0 1?8omagama 77@A 1/?@ @! 0@ A1

9alutara

#andaragama 7/11 7A/ @7 !00 7A

8orana 7!7A 7?!B /@ 1?7@ ?@

9alutara 1!? ?@1 A? B? 70

(odangoda 1BA0 1A7/ /A !!7 B@

6athugama 7A!7 107 0A 1?BA !?

2alallavita 71A 1/7 @/ 1!B/ 00

'all

#entota 1A/A ??A B B0? AB

)lpitiya 77!A 771? /@ 7A /

9arandeniya 7771 71A? /! 1!B1 0B

#addegama 7AAA 1@1@ 0@ ?/? 7!

#ope*oddala @! !B0 0? @! 1

"kmeemana 17/ 11B1 /B 7B1 7

'all :our 'ravetes

00 !A @7 7A A

+maduwa 7A71 10B7 0? A/A 10

6atara

6alimbada 1A/B 101 00 00@ ?!

6atara 11@ ?/7 ?A 7@ A

3hihagoda 7?!0 7/7 @1 1@!A 0A

2elipitiya 1B07 1A?/ /A @7? ?!

SourceI "gricultural Statistics of Sri Lanka, (epartment of &ensus and Statistics, 1//0

+n 6aha season average area under cultivation out of toatal land area is around @@D in

&olombo district, @D in 9alutara district, @1.BD in 'alle district, 0@ D in 6atara districtand @D of of the entire area. 6oreover, in Mala season cultivated area was only B! D

along the entire trace. 3he analysis of land use of paddy lands implies that 7D of the total

paddy lands are totally abandoned and ?D of the lands are abandoned only for the #ala

season.

*%" method of eliciting information about paddy farmer revealed following problems in

relation to paddy farming in the area and different methods of sharing lands. :looding is

the most pressing problem for paddy cultivation in the area. 3here are paddy lands which

have not been cultivated for the last 1?7 years. 3hese fields have now turned into

marshes. +nade-uacy of water during dry periods is also a problem confronted by farmers

"nde cultivation is the most pervasive pattern of tenure in the area along the trace. 3heowners of many of the lands are resident in cities and they have little interest in putting

?1



their land into cultivation because the low soil fertility has produced poor results.

3herefore, farmers who are wiling to cultivate are confronted with the problem of access

into lands, although land is available.

$he prominant types of ande found in the area are, a. <halfhalf type and b. <-uarter to

owner type. +n the former, cost of seed paddy, fertilier and agrochemicals are borne bythe land owner who is entitled to a half share of the output. +n the second type, total cost of

cultivation is borne by the cultivator and the land owner is entitled to only a one fourth

share. %attimaru 4seasonal rotation of cultivators among a few allotments of land5 is

another form of tenure which is common in the area. 3his is a method that has been

developed to distributed risk of crop failure among groups of farmers over the longrun.

Cnavailability of labour was cited by farmers as a reason for not cultivation available

paddy lands. Labour has better employment opportunities outside the paddy sector

4women finding employment of ten in the garment industry, while many boys get into

tourist and hotel trade5.3he average daily wage rate of labour in the area appears to be

around %s A. 4with meals in paddy sector.

"ccording to farmers, low open market price of paddy has made paddy farming a low

return activity. Cnless paddy is cultivated as a subsistence crop using family labour, paddy

can not attract people who want to produce for the market expecting a cash income. +t is

for this reason, that paddy has become an activity which is not undertaken by the youth in

the village. 3otal area of paddy lands falling under trace is 71@7.! ha in km corridor

either sides and its B@7.@ ha in the corridor of 1km either sides.

Tea

3ea is usually fond towards the southern end of the project area. #eing lowgrown tea, it

usually fetches high prices at &olombo auctions. 6ost of the tea lands in the project area

are plantations, either privately owned or stateowned, and are well managed. On the

proposed trace the total extent of tea falling under the km corridor is A/0.? ha, while it

is 0/B.@ ha under the 1 km corridor. 3he major tea plantations in the project area are as

follows.

1. 2ahala 9ananke 4in the 8abaraduwa (S(5

7. (evitura )state 4in the 8abaraduwa (S(5

A. &itrus )state 4in the #ope*oddala (S(5

B. 2alpita )state 4in the #ope*oddala (S(5

3ea plantations and tea processing factories provide many employment opportunities,

especially for women laborers in southern part of the area.

Ru44er

+n contrast to tea, rubber cultivation is spread out over the entire project area and its

importance is more pronounced in areas such as #andaragama, (odangoda, 6atugama,

2alallawita, 9arandeniya, #addegama, "kmeemana and 2elipitiya. %ubber too is

important as a plantation crop, but evidence point to a process of replacement of old

rubber gardens with coconut, especially towards the southern end of the project area.

?7



+t is well evident from the above that, most of the large rubber estates in the project area

are concentrated in the 6athugama and (odangoda (S (ivisions. 3he total extents of

rubber plantations in &olombo, 9alutara, 'alle and 6atara districts are 7!0, ?171,

1! and !7A hectares respectively. %ubber plantations occupy 1@?.A ha in the corridor

of km either sides and its B1?@.! ha in the corridor of 1km either sides.

Coconut

&oconut is the least important crop in the project area in terms of land extent. 6ost of the

coconut lands in the project area are found in the (S( of 8omagama, #andaragama and

2elipitiya. "s indicated earlier, coconut is gaining importance in the southern end of the

project area where it is being cultivated in place of rubber. %ising prices of nuts and

coconut oil along with poor rubber yields may have had a significant influence on this

shift of farming systems. 2hile coconut is a common three in mixed gardens, it is found

as a single crop mainly under plantation agriculture. 3he major coconut plantations in the

project area are as follows.

1. 6allika 2atte 46alimbada (S(5

7. 6ithrananda 2atta 46alimbada (S(5

A. $idanwela 2atta 42elipitiya (S(5

3he total extent of coconut falling under the km corridor is 70.!? ha while it occupies

??!.A ha within the 1 km corridor.

Be&eta4les an' *#el' crops

*roduction of field crops and vegetables also found in many areas, especially in 'alle and

6atara districts in homestead gardenes and closed to paddy lands 4&vita5 in small scale..

6any of them are subsidiary level, although some produce for the market.

Ta4le /.!? Pro'uct#on o* su4s#'#ar *oo' crops (=T)


:inger millet !

Sweet potato 1B7 ?17/ 701@ A17@

6anioc @BB7 1BA7/ !11? 0?1@

'reen chillies 1!/ / @ 1/

"part from growing vegetables in homesteads and at higher elevations, a handful of

individuals have cultivated vegetables in paddy fields. 3his is mainly done as a parttime

activity. " vegetable farm at 'altuduwa colony, revealed that vegetables are grown in

paddy fields at slightly higher elevations 4T7, 6SL5 with success. +nnala, #atata, %adish,

'ourds, #rinjal, etc. appear to grow well in the above farm. :rom vegetables grown in an

extent of about one acre, the farmer earns about %s. 7,?. per week. "ssuming the cost

of agrochemicals and labour 4imputed cost of family labour5 to be %s. A,. per month,

the farmer earns a net revenue of %s. 0,. per month.

?A



#sh#n& #n #nlan' reservo#rs

" few families are involved in fisheries activities in inland reservoirs along the trace H

9alu 'anga, #entara 'anga, *anape )la, 9epu )la, 'inganga and *oawatu 'anga

whereas the activity is more dominant in #entara 'anga. "although the actual number of

fishermen involved in any kind of fishery activity is about 7? it may be much more because some individuals may fish during leasure time with a hook and line and, they may

also identify themselves as fishermen. Species that are usually found in catches consist of

9oraliya 4*earl Spot H Etroplus suratensis5 3ilapia 4Saratherodon mossambicus5,

2eligouva 4Scribbled 'oby ( "waous grammepomus5, "nguluwa 4 Long)whis*ered catfish

( Mystus gulio5, 'odaya 4&eram 6ullet H Li+a ceramensis5 and prawn 4 pinaeous sp.5.

:ishing methods commonly used are, fish kraals 4ja kotuwa5, cast nets, gill nets hookand

Hline. Other commonly employed fishing methods is the use of cast or gill net by

fishermen operating small non mechanied canoes. "lthough fishing can be done through

out the year, the total number of fishing days per year is around 1@ days. 3he fish catch

per fishing trip or per kraal per day is around 7? kg, with an average of A.? kg per day.

6any fishermen use their catch for own consumption. 8owever, fish that are sold to

smallscale local fish buyers 4bicycle traders5 by some of them. +rrespective of species

composition of the catch, the catch is usually sold at the rate of %s. !. per kg. On the

other hand, prawns can be sold at %s. 7. per kg. Met, prawn catches appear to be -uite

low in the lake at present.

=at 9eav#n& #n'ustr 4ase' on se'&es *rom the -#l'

6at weaving from sedges is also practiced by women as a parttime activity in in

%antotawila area closer to #entara 'anga. Only sedges from the wild such as, 3hunhiriya,

8ambu, #orupan and *othukola are used for mat weaving.

Operations such as, a. adding ash and dryingJ b. boiling in waterJ c. dying and dryingJ d.

pressing and e. weaving are carried out to produce a mat for sale. 3he selling prices of

mats range from %s. 0. 4for *othukola mats5 and %s. 1. 4for 3hunhiriya mats5.

2omen in marginalied families of rural craftsmen and artists are willing to undertake mat

making or any other income generation activity but industries based on sedges appear to

stagnate for lack of market opportunities and new technology. +t is therefore important to

look for means of establishing links between the consumers looking for diverse sedge products and the willing producers, which should be done along with the provision of

necessary technical know how, infrastructure facilities and access to land.

6ask making from 9aduru wood 4Cerbera manghas5

6ask making in #entara (S (ivision is carried out both as large scale mask

manufacturing enterprise and as a smallscale rural industry. Some of the craftsmen in the

area work for large mask making enterprises, which are located mainly in #entota. 3hese

craftsmen are paid by <piece rate. +n general the average monthly earnings of a craftsman

is around %s. B,.. 3here are also craftsmen who are negated in mask and puppet

making on a smaller scale. 3hey work at home and the products are sold to shops at#entota or 8ikkaduwa tourist villages. Some craftsmen take their products even to

?B



$egambo, which is also a famous tourist resort. 3he major source of %aduru trees for

mask makers in the rea is the mangrove reserve area on the #entara 'anga river side of

%antotawila.

6r. (. $obert of Suddegoda is a mask maker who has been engaged in small scale mask

making at home. 8owever, due to low prices paid for his masks by the shop keepers,difficulty of securing sufficient 9aduru trees and risk of fluctuating incomes, he has

joined a large scale mask making factory at Suddegoda. 6r. $obert now has an assured

monthly income of about %s. B,.. 6oreover, during holidays and after office hours

4in the evenings5 he earns supplementary incomes by playing the drum 4 gata beraya5 for

tourists.

6ixed gardens consist of home gardens and other mixed cropping systems of cultivations.

6ixed cropping systems generally consist of perennials such as jak, breadfruit, cinnamon,

coconut, arecanut, coffee and other trees such as fruits and field crops. 3hese are mainly

grown on high lands.

ru#ts

6ango, cashew, papaya, banana and pine apples are the main fruits cultivated in almost all

homestead gardens while small scale plantations also found closed to the road trace.

:ollowing table shows the distribution of different fruit species in four districts.

Ta4le /.!A Pro'uct#on o* su4s#'#ar ru#ts (ha) #n *our '#str#cts


*ineapple ? 110 B/ 1B

#anana /0? 1?/! 1707 1B1B

6ango 0A7 0@/ 1AB 1AA@

*apaw 77B 770 1BB 17!

&ashew @1 @7 ?A1 @!?

SourceI (ept. of &ensus and Statistics, 1//0

Sp#ces an' t#m4er

*epper, areca nut, cloves and coffee are the main crops found along the trace in many

homestead gardens along the trace. +t is very difficult to generalie the income and other

benefits of homestead gardens as they have a mix of multipurpose trees and vines which partially fulfill daily need of spices, vegetables, medicines, flowers, shade and timber also.

3he team estimated the average annual return of the homestead garden per perch is around

%s. @A. in spite of land value using a sample of 1 homestead gardens.

Other lan' 4ase' a&r#cultural act#v#t#es

+n low lying areas of the southern transport corridor, sedge cultivation, vegetable

cultivation in isolated patches in raised beds and some industries based on sedge and

extensively grown %aduru and 2elatta 4 "nona glabra5 trees are some of the land based

activities. 6at weaving by ladies in 8abaraduwa, 2elipitiya and 6atara 'S divisions is a

traditional activity, although it is not a profitable enterprise. 6ask making using 9aduru

??



wood and extraction of roots of 2elatta trees found in poor drainage areas are rarely found

land based industries in the project area.

#vestoc%

Livestock production is also found along the trace. Some farm families rare cattle and buffaloes in small scale and produce milk mainly for daily consumption. 3hey practice

free range method or cut and feed system to feed animals. 'rasses in road sides, coconut

and rubber lands and abandoned paddy lands are used to feed animals. "bondoned paddy

lands, marshes and swamp are used to rare buffaloes which are manly used for the draft

power in paddy cultivation and production of milk.

Ta4le /./0 #vestoc% Pro'uct#on #n *our '#str#cts (1AA>)


&ows 1B1 7B? 1!/ 77#ulls A! !@ A? B7

&alves ?! /! 0! @?

#uffaloes 1A/ A1 17! 117

'oats !B 1?0 @1 A?

*igs !0 B ? 7

/./././ Tour#sm

3he tourist sector of the southern part of Sri Lanka consists of different private sector

institutions and public sector institutions providing lodging and services. 3hey cater the

needs of both foreign and local tourists. 3ourist arrivals in the year 7A recorded?,,!B7. 6ore than @D of tourists come to Sri Lanka for pleasure while another 1D are

coming for business purposes. )mployment provided by the tourist sector was 11? and

the contribution of the tourist sector is about A.?D by the year 7A.

#eruwala, "luthgama, "mbalangoda, 8ikkaduwa, 'alle, Cnawatuna, 2eligama, 6irissa

and 3angalle are the main tourist beach resorts along the coastal belt of southern corridor.

6ore than 1 tourists hotels and restaurants are registerd in the districts of &olombo,

9alutara and 6atara while many unregistered individuals are providing services to the

tourists. )stimated indirect employment in tourist sector is about !?, by the year 7?.

" survey was conducted in 8ikkaduwa and Cnawatuna tourist cities in October, 7? tosupplement and to update the findings of the survey conducted in year 1//! by Cniversity

of %uhuna. 3he survey revealed that still a majority 4@7D5 visits southern coastal belt for

holidaying in the beach. 3heir modes of transport were private cars and vans 47@D5, public

transport 4#us, train5 471D5, transport arranged by travel agents and hotels4A!D5.

"bout @D of tourists were unhappy about the transport facilities and road conditions

especially in the tourist areas of 8ikkaduwa and Cnawatuna. :ollowing table summaries

the results of the survey conducted in October, 7?.

?!





Ta4le /.// Income '#str#4ut#on o* a**ecte' *am#l#es alon& the trace accor'#n& to DS

'#v#s#ons

Section (S (ivision

$umber of

"ffected

families

6onthly income 4%s5

6ore than

?

A H

?

Less than

AD D D

;#+&

6aharagama 17? 01 71 @

8omagama A07 B A@ 77

#andaragama A!/ ?1 7 7/

8orana 1A? A BB 70

6illaniya 17A B/ 1/ AA

6atugama 7B1 77 !7 1!

9arandeniya /? AB ?0 /

(odangoda B1 ! 77 1@

#entota 7?@ 77 ?7 7?

2alallawita 7A@ AB A@ 70

)lpitiya 7!1 7A ?7 7!

9alutara 1B0 B@ 7/ 7B

"(#

#addegama A!A A1 B? 7B

2eliwitiya A17 77 A1 B0

9arandeniya 1A? 00 11 17

#ope*oddla 171 !B 7 10

2elipitiya BA AA B! 71

6alimbada 10@ 71 B/ A

"kmeemana B@! B7 AA 7?

6atara /@ 7A A? B7

+maduwa !0! AB A@ 7@

'alle : ' !! A@ 7B A@

3hihagoda BB 70 B1 A7

Total 7<?/ /? /> !7

+t is evident that according to the analysis in the table, the group of the highest income is

0@ D in 6aharagama followed by 9arandeniya 400D5 #ope*oddala 4!BD5 and

(odangoda 4!D5 where the proposed trace crosses built up areas with fairly good access

road structure and other urban facilities. 3he highes income category is very less along the

trace at 6atara 47AD5, 6alimbada 471D5, 2eliwitiya(ivitura 477D5, )lpitiya 47AD5 and

#entota 477D5 where road accees and urban facilities are not present. 3herfore, it is

anticipated that the income distribution will be improved as a conse-uence of

improvement of infrastructure in less developed areas with the activities of proposed road.

/././.7 Structures

"s the structures along the trace are already ac-uired and removed for construction

purposes, it was not practicable to explain the initial environment of the project area

related to structures. +n the first part of the trace 4;#+&5 from 6aharagama to

9urundugahahetepma, therewere ?/0 residential housesand 07 commercial buildings

while in the "(# section there were 01@ residential houses and 0/ commercial buildings.

"t the end of the trace of "(# section H in 6atara and 3hihagoda (S divisions there

were no buildings as the trace is running through abandoned paddy lands making a

minimum damage to the society. 8owever, in all other (S divisions it was not possible to

avoid residential areas and conse-uentially some residential and commercial buildings are

affected. "t #andaragama, (odangoda and "kmeemana, as the trace pass through highlyresidential areas it is unavoidable to avoid replacement of well developed structures.

?@





Ta4le /./3 vera&e Pr#ces o* '#**erent tpes o* lan' alon& the or#&#nal RD Trace

(Rs. Per perch)

3ype &olombo 9alutara 'alle 6atara

Crban %esidential A? 7? 7 1?

%ural %esidential 1A 1? ? A

*addy 1 1 A A

"bandoned *addy ! 1 A A

&oconut 1 1 1

6ix garden @ @ 1 ?

%ubber 1 B 1 1

3ea 1 1

&innamon 1 1

SourceI )nvironment +mpact "ssessment, Southern )xpressway, Cniversity of 6oratuwa, 1///

3he survey conducted in October, 7? reveled that land values have been increased by

several times in close proximities of proposed trace expecting development in the area.

:ollowing table shows the present average values of land in different locations closer to proposed trace.

Ta4le/./7 =ar%et values o* '#**erent tpes o* lan' (Rs.Eperch) 4 Octo4er !007

3ype &olombo 9alutara 'alle 6atara

Crban %esidential 1 0? ! ?

%ural %esidential A? 7 7 7?

*addy 7 7 1 1

"bandoned *addy 1? @ @

&oconut A A 7 !

6ix garden 7? 1? 7 ?%ubber B B 7 !

3ea A A

&innamon 7? 1

/./.3 esthet#c spects an' S#te Descr#pt#on

3he ;#+& Section 4:unded by ;apan5 of the final trace of the Southern 8igh

way is belonging to the &olombo, 9alutara and 'alle district. 3he ;#+&

Section defined as 9urundugahahethepma 4'alle5 to 9ottawa 4&olombo5.

3he Study is mainly concern to the deviation in between, final road trace andcombine road trace. 4:ig 15. :or the assessment materials are collected by

conducting various field surveys, historical documents and contemporary

parallel researches, review of relevant previous reports, consultations with

officials of relevant departments by getting interviews with village

community members and formal and informal field risks.

3he domain of the study is ?m from either side of the final road

reservation. #ut in some, most critical, large deviation from combine trace 1

km from either side of the final road reservation.

!



/./.3.1 B#sual Intrus#on an' an'scape

3he proposed road trace is going through the -uality of landscape character

as rural, simple unsophisticated, semi urban and average or low its scenic

value when compared with other areas in Sri Lanka. #ut in some places,have high -uality of landscape character and scenic beautiful places.

• &onse-uent reverse. i.e. rivers that flow along the natural fall of the land,

pass through this area. 9alu 'anga and #entota 'anga are such rivers. 3he

two main rivers end in their flood plains as they flow area the flattest part to

the sea giving rich sc scenic beauty to the road movers.

:resh water marches are a welcomed natural commodity, that are distributed

throughout with their district reed beds, tall grasses providing shelter,

roosting and nest sites for many species of birds 4:ig.A.1 +n "ppendix

olume #5. "n expense of park like meadows encircles the marches withtrees and water tolerant species. 3his is a common natural landscape features

in this area.

+n the present situation there are four significant beautiful visual intrutions

can be identified along the study area.

• %antotuwila

41BG km5

&ross the #entota 'anga

:resh water marshy area

• 6unamalwatte

471G / km5

8igher elevated intersection point. 3herefore very large

visual directions are formed. "nd also cross the river.

• (iyagama

4BB G 1 9m5

&ross the 9aluganga. 3he natural flat terrain the rich of

water plants and birds species can be identified. 3he

dominant landscape character is marshy area. +ts formed

the infinite view to the road movers.

• *anape

4?7 G 1 km5

3he final road trace of the ;#+& section cross the *anape

)la, at that point. *anape )la create a very

contemplative still water body due to slow flowing of

water.N$ 3he G chainage point is 9urundugahahettakma

/./.3.! "#stor#cal an' archeolo&#cal monument

+nformation collected from department of archeology and other sources

revealed that all the historic and archeological monuments found in the ;#+&

*roject area are found in temples (ewala, and churches, and therefore fall

into the category of places of worship and religious interest too. "ccording to

the department of archeology fifty years old temples are considered as the

archeological monument. :ield studies in the ;#+& project area confirmed

these findings.

!1



$o of archeological monuments along the final trace 7!

"ffected archeological monuments along the final trace ?

%eduction of the archeological monuments due to deviations 7

3he mostly affected archeological monuments are marked 4 :ig "p. vol7.5 at the appendix volume ++

/./.3./. Places o* -orsh#p an' Rel#&#ous Interest

:ield Studies were carried out to collect information about places of worship

and religious interest along the final trace of the ;+#& Section with

concerning deviations.

3he original %(" 3race, and combined trace area covered from the past )+"

report in march 1///, done by Cniversity of 6oratuwa. 3he informationgathered is indicated in maps, schedules, with detailed information and

summary tables.

$o of %eligious places in ;#+& final trace AB

$o of (irectly affected religious places ?

$o of partly affected religious places B

$o of religious places in the deviation 17

!7



3. NTICIPT+D +NBIRON=+NT I=PCTS

3.1 Phs#cal +nv#ronment

3.1.1 +arth

3.1.1.1 =#neral Resources

:rom the map of mineral deposits of Sri Lanka given in the :igure "A.1 in "ppendix "A,

it is clear that the proposed corridors of the project doesnt go through areas with

economical -uantities of industrial minerals such as graphite or gems. 8owever, deposits

of minerals used in the construction industry within the road trace will be depleted due to

the project. 6oreover, rock re-uired for the road construction may be -uarried from

outside the trace, mineral deposits outside the project corridor may be used up for the

construction of the highway 8owever, these minerals are commonly found in other areas

of the region no significant impact is on the mineral resources due to the construction of

the road trace.

3.1.1.! Construct#on =ater#als

3.1.1.!.1 Roc% an' Coarse &&re&ate

3otal -uantity of rock re-uired from -uarries out side the road trace is B,ABB. m A

:urthermore, to produce 1BB,A? mA of fine aggregate at least same amount of rock is

needed. 3herefore, extraction of large -uantity of rock from outside the road trace will

cause significant impact on the environment.

3.1.1.!.! ravel an' #ll =ater#al

!A



"ccording to the already carried out designs, a typical embankment consists of the layers

shown in :igure B.1,from the existing ground surface.

#&ure 3.1 Tp#cal laers o* roa' em4an%ment

#ased on the typical cross section given in :igure B.1, and the high fre-uency of the

flooding experienced in the region, it is clear that large amount of fill material is neededfor the construction of the embankment. 3he fill material needed may be obtained from

borrow pits of the area and the excavations done through the higher elevation areas of the

road trace.

(ue to excavation of material from the road trace and other borrow pits, the landscape of

these areas will be changed significantly. 3he vegetation cover, which protects the soil

underneath, will be removed and the exposed soil will be subjected to erosion during the

rainy season. 3he eroded material will be transported to the low lying areas and will cause

other environmental issues such asI blocking existing waterways, reducing the yield of

economical crops such as paddy, tea etc, pollution of drinking water sources, and

instability of the cut slopes.

(uring the dry season the dust generated from the excavation and filling of soil could

create other environmental issues such asI health problems due to inhaling of dusty air,

reducing the yield of economical crops such as paddy, tea etc, pollution of drinking water

sources etc. Such problems may be aggravated due to spilling of the fill material during

transportation.

3he road trace for package 1, from 9ottawa to (odangoda interchange at &8 A?G

re-uires ?.A 6illion mA of fill material out of which only A.7 6illion mA could be obtained

from the trace itself. :or the package 7, from the (odangoda interchange to

9urudugahahethakma, excess fill material of about .AB? 6illion mA will be generated and

that could be used for the construction for package 1. 3herefore, total -uantity of fill

!B

Lower embankment H compacted to

minimum of /D 6aximum (ry

(ensity 46((5

)xisting ground level

Subbase layer H&#% T AD, *+ !D

Cpper embankment H ?mm thick,

compacted to minimum of /?D of

6((.

+mproved subgrade 4capping layer5 H

? to Amm thick, compacted to

/?D 6((, &#% T 1?D

#ase coarse H &#% T @D

"sphaltic concrete wearing

course and binder course



material needed for package 1 is 1.A0 million mA. "s such, this project activity will cause

significant impact on the environment due to borrowing of material.

3.1.1.!./ San'

#ased on the :inal (esign %eport 4715 of the final trace in the "(# section prepared by2ilbur Smith "ssociates +nc. the total re-uirement of fine aggregate 4sand5 for *ackages 1

4&8 G to A? G 5 E 7 4&8 A? G to !! G BA75 are 0/AB m A and !B!A? mA

respectively. 3here is a severe environmental problem associated with all of the major

rivers in the ;#+& section due seawater intrusion. 3he situation is worsen by the extensive

sand mining of the river beds, especially in 9elani 'anga and 9alu 'anga. (ue to the

environmental concerns associated with sand mining from rivers, government has

enforced certain restrictions on sand mining from rivers. "s a result, there is a shortage of

sand for general construction works within 2estern and Southern provinces. "dditional,

use of river sand for a project of this magnitude will increase the burden on the normal

consumers of sand within the region. 3herefore, similar to the "(# section, use of crushed

rock aggregate as fine aggregate is highly advisable. 8owever, the offshore sand dredgedto be used for the &olombo 9atunayak expressway can also be used for the project

activities if a need arises.

3.1.1./ Sta4#l#t o* the Su4 Sur*ace

"s it is pointed out earlier, the length of the trace passing hilly terrain is less in the ;#+&

section compared to that in the "(# section. 8owever, in the rolling and undulating

terrain the bedrock depth can be significantly higher than that of the hilly terrain.

3herefore, the thickness of the overburden above the bedrock could be high creating slope

stability problems. 6ost of the slope stability considerations that were experienced in the

"(# section are applicable to the ;#+& section as well. 3herefore, experience gathered

from the "(# section should be used in finding out the solutions to the slope stability

problems of the ;#+& section. Stretches of the trace, where side slopes of the cuts should

be made milder than the original design, should be identified and accordingly,

arrangements must be made to make additional land ac-uisitions. Since there are boulders

on the slopes of the middle portion of the trace, stability of the boulders in the vicinity of a

rock blasting sites should be given due considerations. 3herefore, the project will have a

significant impact on the stability of the slopes along the project corridor.

3.1.1.3 Settlement an' roun' Su4s#'ence

3he ground treatment methods proposed for the ;#+& section consists ofI 4i5 surcharging

with or without counter weights and prefabricated ertical (rains 4*(5J 4ii5 +f the

foundation ground mainly consists of peaty soils, excavation and replacement of peaty

soils with or without counter weightJ 4iii5 +f the foundation ground consists of peaty and

clayey soils, replacement of peat and part of clay with or without counter weight and 4iv5

+f the foundation ground consists of peaty and clayey soils, installation of the gravel

compaction piles. +f partial replacement of clay layers is used as a ground improvement

method 4method 4iii5 above5, possible variations of the layer thickness and the soil

properties should be given due considerations to avoid undesirable settlements of the

roadway due to unexpected settlement of the remaining clay layer.

!?





3he deviations include cut areas as well as fill areas. +n the fill areas existing groundwater

flow paths can be affected due to trenching and foundation treatment. +n the cut areas

groundwater table can lower due to the seepage from the cut surfaces.

3.1.!./ Sur*ace 9ater ;ual#t(a) nt#c#pate' Construct#onal Impacts

2ith reference to the distance from the project area it seems that in the final trace the

water bodies at locations 7S2, AS2, ?S2, BS2, !S2, /S2, 1S2, 11S2, 1AS2, 1BS2,

1?S2, 1!S2, 1@S2 and 7AS2 are subject to significant construction associated pollution

problems such as high turbidity and colour and postconstruction or highway operation

associated pollution problems such as urban runoff, sewage enrichment, atmospheric

deposition, etc. 3he water bodies at locations 7S2, AS2, BS2, ?S2, 0S2 and 7AS2 are

also subject to construction and postconstruction associated pollution problems in the

%(" trace. Other locations that are at significant risk in the %(" trace has been identified

as the water body at location 10S2. +n the combined trace the water bodies regarded assignificant pollutant recipients during both phases of the project have been identified as

1S2, @S2 and /S2. 8owever depending on flow rates and wind patterns scenarios

pertaining to the transport of pollutants 4i.e. especially when present in significant amounts

particularly due to postconstruction related activities or when pollutants gets concentrated

with time during the operational phase5 are likely to occur in those water bodies that are

interconnected but far away from the project site. 3his has been reported in the case of

lakes for faecal matter 4%ajala and 8einonen3anski, 1//@5.

+t has been identified that during the construction phase material exploitation, site clearing,

cut and fill operations, land reclamation, ditching and drainage, spoil disposal, asphalt and

concrete plants and construction of bridge and culverts could result in significant pollution

of surface water bodies, though the effects are temporary in comparison with the effects on

water -uality caused by the operational activities.

&onstruction material exploration and exploitation seem to be a major activity of a project

of this nature. :or the proposed highway it is anticipated that a substantial amount of the

construction material is to be found from -uarry sites. 3hese activities if not done properly

could pose significant water -uality issues in both surface water bodies and groundwater

wells.

*reliminary and field observations revealed that the peat content in the soils in the ;#+&section is high 3herefore during construction works improper handling and storing of

materials 4particularly the peat material unearthed5 in stormwater drainage areas can

cause solubiliation of certain minerals such as gypsum, calcite, halite, dolomite, pyrite,

etc. 3his can cause changes to surface or groundwater -uality depending on the degree of

solubility. Csually these minerals containing aluminosilicates are attacked by rainwater

containing 87&OA, thereby forming &a7G, 6g7G, $aG, 9 G and dissolved SiO7. )xcess

amounts of these cations may dissolve in runoff and cause hardness problems in water

bodies. :urther the peat material removed could make the nearby water bodies acidic

resulting in poor water -uality. 6oreover improper storage of construction material such

as cement could result in such material being washed into the water bodies during periods

of heavy rains hence leading to higher turbidity problems.

!0



*ooling of water, blocking of water ways, restrictions to surface runoff and flood water

flows could result in due to unplanned stockpiling and disposal of spoil, unstable

excavations, careless stockpiling in construction materials and careless camp siting.

&hanges in water -uality and water levels from such activities could affect flows into or

out of existing waterbodies.

(uring the construction phase, surface runoff from the cut and fill areas, borrow areas,

spoil disposal sites, etc. will contain substantial dust and earth -uantities which will cause

significant color and turbidity problems. #ridge and culverts construction activities are

also known to cause surface water -uality deterioration with reference to color and

turbidity. 3he presence of high turbidity levels and therefore the associated visual

pollution will have a negative impact on fish inhabiting water bodies. 6oreover the

settling particles in large -uantities may produce a smothering effect on benthic fauna and

even make the waterbodies shallow.

(uring the construction phase large -uantities of asphalt and concrete will be re-uired for

strengthening and surfacing of the highway. 3herefore wash water arising during thecleaning of the machines involved in asphalt and concrete plant operations could also lead

to significant color and turbidity problems in waterbodies. :urther any significant oil spills

from machinery and other e-uipment used for construction works may lead to

contamination of water bodies with oil particularly during heavy rainy periods.

"pplication of pesticides and herbicides for the landscaping and turfing of embankments

could result in significant pollution of waterbodies 4if not properly controlled5 through

leaching and rain induced surface runoff bringing in the organic contaminants. 3he use of

organochlorine pesticides 4O&*s5 such as ((3 and aldrin could produce adverse effects

on both a-uatic and terrestrial since these chemicals are environmentally persistent, toxic,

carcinogenic, mutagenic and are fatsolubleJ hence biomagnification potential is high in

ecosystem food chains. 3he use of organophosphorus pesticides 4O**5 are known to cause

intense toxicity by producing inhibitory effects on the transmission of electrochemical

nerve impulses or mimicking the action of acetylcholine secretion. 3hese pesticide

chemicals which also contain high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus could lead to cultural

eutrophication in the case of !S2 since this water body is stagnant. 8owever any slow

moving streams will also become susceptible for cultural eutrophication. Such scenarios

would become significant if the inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus levels exceed .A mgFl

and .1 mgFl, respectively 46etcalf and )ddy, 1//?5.

Lack of proper sanitation and solid waste disposal facilities for the labor force involved inthe construction works and improper planning of resettlements for people displaced due to

the project, would cause untreated domestic waste enriched in high organic matters to

enter water bodies. 3his may lead to substantial depletion in (O perhaps resulting in

subse-uent fish kills particularly when (O levels drop below B mgFl 4'arg, 1/0/5.

$utrient pollution scenarios leading to cultural eutrophication and contamination with

faecal coliforms 4 Escherichia coli5 and other faecal pathogens such as faecal streptococci

could also occur if proper sanitation facilities are not available. 3hese effects will be

anticipated to be high in the water body !S2 and other slow moving streams. 3able B.1

presents a summary of the anticipated construction costs for the ;#+& section.

!@



Ta4le 3.1 nt#c#pate' construct#on costs *or the 2$IC sect#on

ct#v#t actors a**ect#n& #mpacts Remar%s

&onstruction material,exploitation, handling andstorage

+mproper handling and storage of construction materialJ e.g. cement

3urbidity and colour problems aresignificant during periods of heavy rains, but effects temporary

Site clearing %unoff during rains will deliver debris and sediments, etc.

3urbidity and colour problems aresignificant during periods of

heavy rains, but effects temporary

&ut and fill operations %unoff during rains will deliver debris and sediments, etc.

3urbidity and colour problems aresignificant during periods ofheavy rains

#orrow areas %unoff during rains will deliver debris and sediments, etc.

3urbidity and colour problems aresignificant during periods ofheavy rains

Spoil disposal %unoff during rains will deliver debris and sediments, etc.

3urbidity and colour problems aresignificant during periods of

heavy rains

&onstruction of bridges andculverts %unoff during rainy daysSpillage of construction material 3urbidity and colour problems aresignificant, but effects temporary

"sphalt and concrete plants Oil spills and contaminationduring rains 4as runoff52ash waters from cleaning of machines

)ffects are significant 4unlessmeasures taken5, thoughtemporary

"pplication of weedicides for soft landscaping

:re-uency and dosage of application%unoff and leaching of pollutants

"pplication of pesticides rich inO&*s, O**s and even heavymetals could be a serious concern

if large scale application of suchchemicals is carried out for the project

Cnplanned activities $umber of persons employed and

displaced due to project+nade-uacy of facilities or infrastructure for appropriate

sanitation and solid waste disposal

)ffects on water -uality will be

significant if the duration of theconstruction phase is rather long

(4) nt#c#pate' Operat#onal Impacts

(uring the operational phase of the highway, with the generated and diverted traffic,

spillage of oil, grease and petroleum products may contribute hydrocarbons, oils and trace

metals such as *b and Pn into runoff. 3his could result in pollution of freshwater and

marine water bodies with adverse impacts on a-uatic fauna.

3here is always a risk of accidental spillage of gasoline or other petroleum products during

road accidents with subse-uent impacts on surface water bodies. Similarly improper

transport of haardous materials could impact surface water bodies. %oad accidents with

negative impacts to water -uality are expected to be high during careless high speed

driving behavior. "lso unauthoried road crossings and fog from low lying areas such as

nearby paddy fields could increase the risk of road accidents, which could cause spillages

into the water bodies.

8ighway maintenance activities are also known to have detrimental impacts on water

-uality. *ollution of waterbodies with oil and grease and turbidity are likely to occur

4especially during rainy days5 during highway maintenance works.

!/



Crban and suburban growth and expansion associated with highway related activities

could result in significant adverse impacts on water -uality indirectly. +ndustrial

expansion, construction of airports, development and expansion of 'alle *ort, construction

of the fisheries harbor at 8ambantota and other economic activities will tend to spur

expansion, thereby resulting in increased water demand causing an additional stress on

surface water bodies, water treatment systems and water distribution systems. 6oreover increased growth and development will generate additional wastewater flows which could

overload existing sewers, sometimes causing total blockage. Crban and suburban growth

also influences runoff. 3he extent of impervious land area may be increased resulting in

increased -uantities of runoff and reduced flowing time causing potential siltation and

sedimentation of water bodies. Storm sewers may drastically alter natural drainage

patterns.

3he following are some of the development activities that could result in deterioration of

water -uality.

Domestic Wasteaters

(omestic wastewaters emanating from the expanding residential, commercial and

industrial sector due to the proposed highway could be directly discharged into water

bodies without any treatment could cause pollution through enrichment with #O(, &l,

nutrients and faecal coliform. 3he end result would lead to substantial (O depletions and

shallowing of waterbodies with detrimental effects on a-uatic fauna, notably fish.

3he presence of high $O7 and $OA

levels 4with $OA levels exceeding B? mgFl5 would

make the water not potable and consumption of such untreated water would result in

methaemoglobinemia in infants less than ! months of age. &ultural eutrophication

scenarios would be expected to rise in slow moving and stagnant water bodies due to

continuous disposal of untreated domestic wastewaters from the residential, commercial

and industrial sector along with continuous disposal of high nutrient rich industrial

wastewaters from industries such as canneries, food processing facilities and piggeries,

and agricultural runoff.

3he presence of bluegreen algal 4cyanobacterial5 blooms would result in discoloration

with a thick, smelly, greenpaint like scum on the water surfaces. "s the algae die, they

settle to the benthic one and over time the water body would become shallow due to

sediment deposition while drastically depleting the (O levels due to microbial

degradation. 6oreover some bluegreen algal species are known to produce toxins such ashepatotoxins 4e.g. microcystin from Microcystis aeruginosa5, cytotoxins 4e.g.

cylindrospermopsin from Cylindrospermopsis racibors*ii5 and neurotoxins 4e.g. anatoxin

a hydrochloride by &scillatoria and "phani+omenon5, which are relatively stable. 3hese

toxins are also released following the death of the algal blooms and could remain potent

for several periods of time even after the algal blooms have disappeared 4:alconer, 1///5.

3he negative impacts on surface water -uality caused by enrichment with domestic

wastewaters are anticipated to be e-ually substantial in the road deviations and along the

main highway area.

0



!rban "un#o$$

Crban development in close proximity of freshwater water bodies is subject to urban run

off especially during periods of heavy rains. +f urban and suburban growth and

development continues unabated, rain water may flow directly into nearby water bodies

resulting in water -uality deterioration especially with reference to color, turbidity andnutrients. "lso there will be elevated levels of oil products and *b 4a result of increased

number of gasoline automobiles5, as well as other heavy metals and organic contaminants

4associated with local domestic industries5 in urban runoff. )ven if the urban runoff is

collected in the sewerage system, excessive showers may lead to an overload with

possibilities of causing a total blockage giving rise to water -uality deterioration.

3he negative impacts on surface water -uality due to enrichment with urban runoff are

anticipated to be significant in the road deviations as well as along the main highway area.

Agricultural Activities

)asy access to the market may promote some of the agricultural activities such as paddy,

rubber, tea, coconut, vegetable and mix crop cultivation, animal husbandry and

a-uaculture developments with subse-uent affects on water -uality. +mpacts relating to

agricultural activities concern about organic and inorganic compounds incorporated in the

fertiliers and pesticides and herbicides. Leaching of these chemicals and agricultural run

off could result in detrimental impacts on water bodies. +ncreased saliniation, cultural

eutrophication 4i.e. in the case of slow moving and stagnant waterbodies5 and

biomagnifications scenarios with subse-uent effects on the local fauna by the O&* rich

pesticide residues and heavy metals such as &u and "s are likely to increase with

expanding mismanaged agricultural activities.

3he impacts on surface water -uality due to agricultural activities would be expected to be

more significant in areas where more paddy fields and other agricultural activities are

likely to occur and expand.

Dis%osal o$ &olid Munici%al Waste and 'aardous Materials

Open dumping of municipal solid waste which generally comprises ?!D biodegradable

organic matter and industrial solid waste such as slurries and sludges produced in the

water or wastewater treatment plants could generate acidic leachates rich in nutrients,

heavy metals, #O(, &O( and pathogens. 3hese leachates could impact groundwater andeven leach out to nearby water bodies. Similarly disposal of untreated industrial

wastewater or disposal from faulty treatment plants are likely to occur with expanding

industrialiation, thereby further increasing the likelihood of surface water -uality

deterioration.

Atmos%heric &ources

"tmospheric emissions from industries and vehicles may come down with the rains and

adversely affect water bodies through runoff. "cidic depositions lead to loss of alkalinity

of waterbodies which in turn decreases the p8 and eventually affects the normal chemical

balances of the entire waterbodies.

01



Acidi$ication and Pollution due to 'eavy Metals

"cidification of water bodies mainly occurs during the disposal of acidic wastewaters

from industries and deposition of rain washed out SO7 and $Ox produced by vehicles and

some industries such as coalburning power plants. Substantial acidification scenarios with

adverse impacts on fish and other a-uatic fauna are likely to be high in rivers and other water bodies having a low alkalinity. 3his includes areas of noncarbonate detrital rocks

such as sandstones and of crystalline rocks such as granite and gneisses. Since the

proposed trace lies in areas comprising granite and gneiss, acidification may be one of the

important negative conse-uences of the proposed highway. *articularly the peat soil

disturbances could readily leach out acidic runoff giving rise to water -uality issues.

+n addition to direct impacts of high acidity on a-uatic fauna and flora, high acidity 4p8

B?5 could suppress bacterial action and hence subse-uent removal of pollutants such as

biodegradable organics, nutrients and heavy metals. "nother significant phenomenon is

the solubiliation of some metals, particularly "l to "l AG when p8 drops below B.!B.@

4#ell and 3allis, 1/0BJ &ocker et al., 1//@5 or less than ? 46eagher, 75. Such resultantincreased metal levels may to be toxic to fish and also render the water not potable.

6oreover drastic acidity scenarios with low )h may also result in an excessive loading of

sediment absorbed heavy metals back to the water column, eventually leading to intense

toxicity problems to the biota.

&aliniation

Saliniation occurs due to an increase of mineral salts 43(S levels5 in the water. (isposal

of domestic wastewaters and industrial wastewaters rich in higher levels of mineral salts

such as SOB7 and &l, increased evaporation and evapotranspiration in the river catchments

due to deforestation, and changes in flow regime in the catchments due to hydraulic and

irrigation structures are some of the major causes of saliniation. +t is anticipated that those

water bodies located in the vicinity of the expanding residential, commercial and industrial

sector would become rich in anions such as SO B7 and &l with time as a conse-uence of

disposal of untreated sewage and other wastewaters containing high levels of 3(S.

3he presence of higher levels of anions such as SOB7 and &l will make the water

unpalatable for drinking and will have direct impacts on the biotaJ e.g. osmotic effects and

direct toxicity. 3he effects of higher 3(S levels would get aggravated during the driest

periods when transpiration rates are substantially high. "lso the water body at !S2 and

those slow moving streams would be great risk due to their insufficient water circulation patterns. :urther in the water body at !S2 elevated SOB7 levels would also induce cultural

eutrophication as a conse-uence of anion 4e.g. phosphorus5 displacement 4OSullivan et

al., 7B5. "lso under anoxic conditions and in the presence of higher SOB7 levels the

proliferation of sulphate reducing bacterial 4S%#5 biofilms in sediments and a-uatic plant

roots would occur resulting in the production of S7 4highly toxic to fish communities5 and

87S gas 4a corrosive, toxic gas with a characteristic smell of rotten eggs5. 3he presence of

high &l may increase the bioavailability of some heavy metals such as *b and &d 4'reger

et al., 1//?J :itgerald et al., 7A5. $ormally bioavailability of heavy metals such as 6n,

Pn and *b is known to maximie at electrical conductivities of B! dSFm but decreases as

salinity further increases 4*arkplan et al., 775. 3able 3.! presents a summary of the

anticipated operation costs for the ;#+& section.Ta4le 3.! nt#c#pate' operat#on costs *or the 2$IC sect#on

07



ct#v#t actors a**ect#n& #mpacts Remar%s

(omestic wastewaters

$umber of housing schemes

3he degree of expansion of residential, commercial and

industrial sector +nade-uacy of facilities for appropriate sanitation

+mpacts will become severe with

time unless mitigatory measuresnot takenStagnant water bodies are more

susceptible for pollution. +n the;#+& section !S2 and any slowmoving streams are at risk

Crban runoff%unoff during rains%ate of urban and suburban growth

+mpacts will become severe with

time unless mitigatory measuresnot taken, especially withreference to enrichment withsuspended particulate matter,nutrients and heavy metals

"gricultural activities%ate of expansion in agriculturalactivities:re-uency in the usage of moreinorganic fertiliers and pesticides

+mpacts will be significantespecially with time

Stagnant water bodies are moresusceptible for culturaleutrophication pollution. +n the;#+& section !S2 and any slowmoving streams are at risk.6oreover bioaccumulation

scenarios are likely to increasedue to the use of heavy metal andO&*s rich pesticides

(isposal of solid municipal

wastes and haardousmaterials

$umber of housing schemes3he degree of expansion of residential, commercial andindustrial sector

+nade-uacy of facilities for appropriate solid waste managementin terms of collection and finaldisposal

+mpacts will become severe withtime unless mitigatory measuresnot takenStagnant water bodies are moresusceptible for pollution

#ioaccumulation scenarios fromcontamination with heavy metals,*&#s and other organochloridesare likely to increase over time ifmitigatory measures are not

implemented

"tmospheric sources

$umber of vehicles and traffic flow

$umber of industries and rate of industrialiation

+mpacts will become more

significant with time if mitigatorymeasures are not taken

"cidification and pollutiondue to heavy metals

$umber of vehicles and traffic flow $umber of industries and rate of industrialiation

+mpacts will become moresignificant with time if mitigatorymeasures are not taken

Saliniation

3he degree of expansion of

residential, commercial andindustrial sector. +nade-uacy of

facilities for appropriate sanitation $umber of industries and rate of industrialiation

+mpacts will become moresignificant with time if mitigatory

measures are not taken

3.1.!.3 roun'-ater ;ual#t

(a) nt#c#pate' Construct#onal Impacts

2ith reference to the distance from the project area it has been identified that groundwater

at location A'2 is possibly at a higher risk during the construction phase in the final trace.

+n the %(" trace groundwater at all the sampled locations seems to be at a higher water

0A



-uality deterioration risk. +n the combined trace groundwater -uality deterioration seems

to be a potential significant issue at 1'2.

3he main construction activities that could result in groundwater -uality deterioration

includes spoil disposal activities, problems associated with construction of bridges and

culverts, application of weedicides for landscaping pollution and problems associated withthe improper planning and setting up of housing and services for the persons involved in

construction and resettlement of persons affected by the project.

(uring construction spoil disposal activities could lead to groundwater -uality

deterioration to a certain extent. 6icrobial degradation of vegetation removed for site

clearing produces organic compounds especially and solubilied forms of nutrients such as

$8B$ and $OA and even *OB

A 4especially during anaerobic decay5 which could leach out

to surface waterbodies and percolate through the soil to contaminate groundwater. 3he

presence of high $O7 and $OA

levels 4with levels exceeding B? mgFl5 would make the

water not potable and consumption of such untreated groundwater would result in nitrate

poisoning to infants less than ! months of age, a phenomenon known asmethaemoglobinemia.

&onstruction of bridges and culverts is also known to cause groundwater contamination.

3hese will be constructed from mass concrete with reinforced concrete foundations on

cylinders or pile caps. 3hese processes may disturb the natural groundwater table and

cause water -uality problems downstream. %isks of draw down of water table will be

higher at 7'2 in view of the fact that a deep cut of @ m is planned in this area for the

project.

:illing of low lying areas at 1'2 and A'2 could result in flooding during periods of

heavy rains, groundwater movement and even water -uality particularly during floods.

3he use of pesticides and herbicides in soft landscaping and vegetation cover could also

result in groundwater contamination. 3he pesticides to be used are generally classified into

two major groups, namely organochlorine pesticides 4O&*s5 and organophosphorus

pesticides 4O**5. O&*s may sometimes be found in groundwater where leaching from

turfing material occurs. "s these compounds are hydrophobic, but soluble in fats and

hydrocarbons, their occurrence in groundwater may lead to solubiliation in fluoric acid

materials.

+mproper planning and setting up of housing and services for the persons involved inconstruction and resettlement of persons affected by the project leading to poor sanitary

conditions, could also lead to pollution of groundwater with reference to organic matter

4#O(5, nutrients, faecal matter, and higher &l levels 4noting that human excreta in general

has a chloride content of ! g per person per day5 46etcalf and )ddy, 1//?5. 3he presence

of faecal coliforms could lead to diseases if such contaminated groundwater is consumed

without any treatment.

+t should be noted that groundwater pollution scenarios would become more significant

during the dry weather periods. +n other words since the evapotranspiration is higher

during the driest periods it is anticipated that the groundwater would get highly

concentrated with pollutants such as heavy metals, 3$, &l

and 3* due to sewage disposaland pesticides used for soft landscaping purposes, etc. 6oreover groundwater in the areas

0B



having the highest hydraulic gradient would be more susceptible for possible

contamination.


(uring the operational phase unplanned and planned roadside development activitiesmay cause degradation of groundwater -uality unless precautions are taken. 3he activities

mentioned in Surface 2ater Kuality will have similar impacts on the groundwater -uality,

with the exception of increased turbidity.

3.1./ #r

3.1./.1 #r ;ual#t

(a) nt#c#pate' Construct#onal Impacts

ehicles involved in the constructional phase traveling on unpaved road could lead to dustgeneration. Such scenarios are significant when operating at high speeds under dry

weather and gusty wind conditions. Similarly excavation works and exploitation rubbleF

coarse aggregates may cause dust problems. 6eteorological conditions, fineness of the

material and the rate at which the materials are exploited are some of the triggering factors

for increased dust pollution scenarios. 3he more fine materials before being deposited

either on vegetation or in residence in the form of a thin film may be carried away to

considerable distances.

+mproper handling and transferring of materials into vehicles for external or internal

transport and improper storage or cover of material could also lead to significant dust

emissions. &ut and fill operations using heavy construction e-uipment are other crucial

activities which can lead to significant dust emission rates. *roduction of asphalt and

concrete in large -uantities may also cause emission of various materials such as cement

particles, gaseous pollutants and unburnt or partially burnt petroleum products

4hydrocarbons5. 6ost of these pollutants may come down with rains and impact water

bodies and other ecosystems through runoff.

Cse of pesticides for turfing vegetation could contribute to air pollution with reference to

aerosols. Spraying of pesticides in windy days could result in elevated levels of haardous

materials into the atmosphere.


(uring the operational phase, air pollutants caused by transport will be expected to be

present in the atmosphere, notably primary pollutants such as $Ox, &O and 8& and

derived or secondary pollutants formed from chemical reactions in the atmosphere 4such

as photochemical oxidants5. (irect emissions are mainly found to come from exhaust

pipes, engines, fuel tanks and carburetors, etc.

+n this study the model described in the appendix 4refer 3ables "1.7"1.7? in "ppendix

"15 was used in order to predict the impacts on air -uality. 2ith this model ambient values

resulting from the predicted vehicular fleet were calculated up to 77? and were compared

0?





since the noise levels generated tend to exceed the permissible day time limit of 0? d#4"5

stipulated for construction activities.

&onstant exposure to very high noise levels can often cause hearing deficiencies and

machine operators who are directly involved in such activities are at high risk. 3able B.B

shows the exposure levels and time limits adopted in the Cnited 9ingdom and they can beused as guides in Sri Lanka.

Ta4le 3.3(a) +,posure levels an' t#me l#m#t #n U6

evels Dose t#me l#m#ts

/ @ hr

/A B hr

1 B@ min

11 B.@ min

17 7@.@ min

1A 7.@@ min

+n the e-ual energy basis, an increase of A d# in exposure level may be permitted for each

halving of the exposure duration. 8owever, increases in level cannot be sustained

indefinitely, when the level is increased over a short time period above 1A d#, hearing

loss may become spontaneously. *roper combination of e-uipment is therefore crucial to

minimie the risks of hearing disorders.


+n this study the model developed by :ederal 8ighway "ssociation of CS" 4:82"5 was

used to predict noise levels with reference to average speeds of @ kmFh, 1 kmFh and17 kmFh 4refer to 3able "1.7! in "ppendix "15. 2ith this model the possible noise levels

generated by highway traffic were calculated up to 77? 43able "1.70 in "ppendix "15

and results were compared with maximum allowable noise levels generated by highway

traffic 43able B.B5.

Ta4le 3.3(4) The ma,#mum allo-a4le no#se levels &enerate' 4 h#&h-a tra**#c

("ourl 5 9e#&hte' Soun' evels 5 '$()1)

ct#ve Cate&or e8 (h) Descr#pt#on

" ?0 4exterior5

Lands on which serenity and -uiet areof extraordinary significance and serve

an important public need and where the preservation of those -ualities is

essential if the area is to continue toserve its intended purpose

# !0 4exterior5

*icnic areas, recreation areas, playgrounds, active sports area, parks,residences, motels, hotels, schools,churches, libraries and hospitals

& 07 4exterior5(eveloped lands, properties or activities not included in " or #

( Cndeveloped lands

) ?7 4interior5

%esidences, motels, hotels, schools,

churches, libraries, hospitals and

auditoriums?

1)ither L1 4h5 or Le- 4h5 4but not both5 may be used on a project

00





3.1.3 Processes

3.1.3.1 loo'sE "'rolo& an' Dra#na&e Patterns

Ra#n*all

*roposed construction work in the ;#+& section of the highway has no impact on the

monsoonal rain as it would not affect the monsoonal moisture inflow or outflow and wind

direction.

9#n'

*roposed road trace of the ;#+& section will not have significant impact on the wind speed

and direction.

Cl#mate

*roposed highway will not have a impact to the climatic conditions of the trace area. #ut

due to site clearing, cut and fill can cause some micro climatic changes to the surface

water flows in the streams and to the groundwater levels in the area.

Stream *lo- an' *loo'#n&

+t is expected that proposed project will affect the surface flow which is passing through

the proposed trace due to the obstruction of flow paths. 3his can create local flooding

unless ade-uate culverts are provided. 3he trace length that is going over paddy lands are

about A/D of the total trace length of the ;#+& section. 3he above trace lengths were

identified by measuring the length on the 1I?, topo maps which are given in the

"ppendix " :igures "1 to "@.

3he major rivers crossing the trace are given in the. 3he proposed road trace can cause

blockage of flood water creating a significant impact on flooding.

Topo&raph an' 'ra#na&e

3he lengths of final design trace on retention areas which are clearly identifiable as paddy

or marsh on the 1I?, topo maps and inundation elevation were taken as flood impact

identification parameters. 3he flood impact ratings given are shown in 3able B.?. 3heflood impact due to inundation depth and detention length is given 3able B.!. 3he number

of drainage structures was taken as the drainage impact parameter. 3he drainage impact

ratings are given in 3able B.0. (egree of flood and drainage impacts is given in 3able B.@.

Ta4le 3.7 loo' #mpact rat#n&

+mpact indicator $one Low 6oderate 8igh Severe

(etention length to total length ratio asD

1 1A A! T!

+nundation depth 4m5 .1 H

.?

.?11. 1.17. T7.

0/



Ta4le 3.< loo' Impact 'ue to #nun'at#on 'epth an' 'etent#on len&th

:lood

impact of

inundation

depth

:lood impacts of detention length

S " = N

+mpact of :looding

S S S 8 6 6

" S 8 8 6 L

= 8 8 6 L L

6 6 L L $

N 6 L L $ $

$ $one, L H Low, 6 H 6oderate, 8 H 8igh, S Severe

Ta4le 3.> Dra#na&e #mpact rat#n&

+mpact indicator $one Significant ery Significant Severe3otal number of identified structures 1 7A TA

Ta4le 3.? De&ree o* *loo' an' 'ra#na&e #mpacts

&ontrol *oint

Lengthof flooddetentio

n 4km5

3opo6apflood

detention

Length

D

$umber of

(rainage

Structur

es

+nundation(epth

4m5

:loodimpact of inundatio

n depth

:loodimpactsofdetention

length

+mpact of :looding

+mpacts(rainage

Starting

chainage

4km5

)ndingchaina

ge

4km5 1 1. 1 .0? 6oderate Severe 8igh $one

1 7 1. 1 1 .1? Low Severe 6oderate Significant

7 A 1. 1 1 .B? Low Severe 6oderate Significant

A B 1. 1 7 .1 Low Severe 6oderate Significant

B ? 1. 1 . $one Severe 6oderate $one

? ! .A7 A7 1 .7 Low 8igh 6oderate Significant

! 0 .71 71 7 . $one 6oderate Low Significant

0 @ .0/ 0/ A . $one Severe 6oderate Significant

@ / . . $one $one $ $one

/ 1 .?A ?A 7 .1 Low Severe 6oderate Significant

1 11 .71 71 7 1.A 8igh 6oderate 8igh Significant

11 17 1. 1 1 . $one Severe 6oderate Significant

17 1A .1! 1! . $one 6oderate Low $one

1A 1B .11 11 . $one 6oderate Low $one

1B 1? .0/ 0/ 7 1.1? 8igh Severe Severe Significant

1? 1! .?A ?A . $one 8igh Low $one

1! 10 1. 1 1 .1 Low Severe 6oderate Significant

10 1@ .!A !A . $one Severe 6oderate $one

1@ 1/ .11 11 .A Low 6oderate Low $one

1/ 7 .1! 1! 1 . $one 6oderate Low Significant

7 71 .71 71 1 .1 Low 6oderate Low Significant

71 77 .11 11 7 1.B? 8igh 6oderate 8igh Significant

77 7A .? ? 1 .7 Low Low Low Significant7A 7B .0/ 0/ 1 7./ Severe Severe Severe Significant

@



7B 7? .?A ?A 1 .0@ 6oderate 8igh 8igh Significant

7? 7! .0/ 0/ 1 . $one Severe 6oderate Significant

7! 70 .0B 0B 7 .7 Low Severe 6oderate Significant

70 7@ .A0 A0 A .AB Low 8igh 6oderate Significant

7@ 7/ .71 71 1 .10 Low 6oderate Low Significant

7/ A . . $one $one $one $one

A A1 .7! 7! 1 .! 6oderate 6oderate 6oderate Significant

A1 A7 .11 11 7 .B Low 6oderate Low Significant

A7 AA .B0 B0 7 . $one 8igh Low Significant

AA AB .1! 1! . $one 6oderate Low $one

AB A? .A7 A7 A ./7 6oderate 8igh 8igh Significant

A? A! .? ? . $one Low $one $one

A! A0 .? ? 1 . $one Low $one Significant

A0 A@ . 7 . $one $one $one Significant

A@ A/ .11 11 1 . $one 6oderate Low Significant

A/ B .71 71 7 .0 Low 6oderate Low Significant

B B1 .71 71 A ./ 6oderate 6oderate 6oderate Significant

B1 B7 .B0 B0 7 .A Low 8igh 6oderate SignificantB7 BA . 1 .?B 6oderate $one Low Significant

BA BB .B0 B0 1 .!7 6oderate 8igh 8igh Significant

BB B? .?A ?A . $one 8igh Low $one

B? B! .B7 B7 1 .7 Low 8igh 6oderate Significant

B! B0 .A0 A0 1 .A Low 8igh 6oderate Significant

B0 B@ .A0 A0 1 .AA Low 8igh 6oderate Significant

B@ B/ . 1 . $one $one $one Significant

B/ ? . 1 . $one $one $one Significant

? ?1 .?A ?A 7 1.?0 8igh 8igh 8igh Significant

?1 ?7 .0/ 0/ 1. 8igh Severe Severe $one

?7 ?A .B7 B7 7 .17 Low 8igh 6oderate Significant

?A ?B .A0 A0 .@? 6oderate 8igh 8igh $one

?B ?? .7! 7! 1 1.! 8igh 6oderate 8igh Significant

?? ?! .11 11 . Low 6oderate Low $one

?! ?0 .?A ?A 7 1./7 8igh 8igh 8igh Significant

?0 ?@ .11 11 1 .A! Low 6oderate 6oderate Significant

?@ ?/ .A0 A0 1 1.?A 8igh 8igh 8igh Significant

?/ ! .?A ?A . $one 8igh Low $one

! !1 .0/ 0/ 7 1.BA 8igh Severe Severe Significant

!1 !7 .?A ?A 1 .?/ 6oderate 8igh 8igh Significant

!7 !A .? ? 7 .0! 6oderate Low Low Significant

!A !B .7! 7! 1 .1 Low 6oderate Low Significant

!B !? . 1 . $one $one $one Significant!? !! .7! 7! 1 . $one 6oderate Low Significant

!! !0 .1! 1! 1 ./ 6oderate 6oderate 6oderate Significant

3.1.3.! So#l +ros#on@ S#ltat#on an' Se'#mentat#on Runo**

3.1.3./ Irr#&at#on an' loo' Protect#on Structures

@1



3.! $#olo&#cal +nv#ronment

3able #1.A of "ppendix #1 presents the network analysis of potential impacts due to the

major deviation between @G and 71G in the ;#+& section of the road trace.

3.!.1 lora

3.!.1.1 Terrestr#al lora

3he major deviation that occurs in the ;#+& section of the trace lies at #andaragama area

4between @G and 71G5 and it traverses across a relatively small 4compared to

#olgoda wetlands5 patch of wetlands situated around *anape ela 4stream5.

Since the terrestrial flora is represented primarily by the flora of home gardens

construction of the road may not lead to complete loss of these species, but will reduce

significantly the available habitats for fauna, including birds and particularly the insectsthat are of extreme importance as pollinators. 8arvests from home gardens depend largely

on the pollination success and when the pollinators lose habitats and thus survival in the

area agricultural produce too will decline.

3.!.1.! 8uat#c lora

2etlands of *anape represent an abandoned paddy field and the floral species present are

characteristic to such environments, as such removal of these species from the area may

not contribute immensely to decrease plant diversity in general. 3he only endemic plant

species encountered in the area 4 Eacum sp5 is also rare and of high potential as an

ornamental plant.

6any wetland plant species are traditionally used by the villagers for subsistence uses

such as sedges for weaving mats and other household items and with the road construction

such opportunities will not be available for the villagers.

"lthough the wetland around *anape is going to be reclaimed and changed with all the

impacts discussed herein, suggestion to deviate it to the present trace will produce less

impact when compared to the combined trace which was proposed to traverse across the

#olgoda lake wetland complex.

%eclamation of this wetland will affect the local water table as this is an area with stagnant

freshwater that may play the role of groundwater recharge.

3.!.! auna

3.!.!.1 Terrestr#al auna an' mph#4#ans

@7



3errestrial fauna are affected mainly through loss of habitats, particularly those that are

important as pollinators and biological pest controllers such as insects. 8abitats of the

endemic mammal "is porosnus will not be affected by the deviated road trace, however

road kills of this rare species may take place as the cinnomon plantations have been

fragmented by the major trace 4combined trace5.

*ollinators will lose habitats and thus their role will be hampered resulting local declines

in crop harvests, particularly fruits.

3.!.!.! 8uat#c auna

2ith the proposed activities of the road construction, habitats for a-uatic fauna,

particularly fish will be largely lost permanently. *anape wetlands support otters, a

protected animal in Sri Lanka. %emoval of vegetation, reclamation and noise created by

the traffic will make this site unfavourable for them and may leave the area with time as

this wetland is connected to #olgoda lake wetland complex and 9alu ganga.

3.!.!./ v#*auna

*anape wetland at the deviation is a site that migratory birds visit due to its sheltered

locality and relatively low disturbance. 2ith reclaiming part of it for the road and due to

subse-uent introduction of traffic, this will become unsuitable as a bird habitat and it will

affect migrant bird populations, leading to declining diversity among them.

&learing vegetation will reduce the habitats, food and shelter for the avifauna and this will

lead to decline in their population sies. #irds are seed dispersal agents and low numbers

of birds in the area may affect natural seed dispersal and in turn will negatively affect

terrestrial plant diversity.

3./ Soc#al +nv#ronment

3./.1 an' Use spects

3./.1.1 an' Use Pattern

"ccording to the information available %("s offices in #andaragama and (odangodaabout 1!@ ha of paddy lands and A1 ha of other lands with different land use pattern had

negative impacts. 3hese lands have been already ac-uired by the %(" for development

activities of the proposed road project. 3he land use pattern of these affected and already

ac-uired land includedI

• 3he agriculture land 4paddy and other crops5 ??D

• )state land 4rubber and coconut 5 7D

• 8ome gardens 7D

• Other water bodies and wetland?D

3he consultation of the affected families who have been resettled in different locations

expressed following views on the impacts they hadI

@A



• 3he crop land that gave some support for livelihoods were lost now

• 3he traditional lands got lost

• +t may take long time to reestablish such developed lands once again.

• Some persons said that they received compensation only for the land affected but

not for the crops existed

3he following views were expressed by the agency personnelI

• 6oderate negative impacts created on the land use

• 3he negative impacts is not so serious to create significant implications on the

livelihoods of the affected people

• 3he land value in the area may go up significantly.

3./.1.! an' Tenure Pattern

3he following land tenure pattern existed and it got affected.

• :reehold land !?D

• L(O land 7D

• Other government land 1?D

3he communities consulted expressed following views on the impact on land tenure due to

road development in the areaI

• 2e lost our traditional freehold land

• Some "*s were not still happy about the compensation package 4 althoughade-uate money has been paid according to the valuation reports the views of the

%(" officers and also the 'rama $iladharies of the area5

• Some "*s who lost their encroached land are happy about getting freehold lands as

compensation.

3he views of the agency officersI

• 3he "*s who were holding government encroached land and also who were

staying in least in land received free hold land as compensation.

•

3he L"%& committee has some problems to pay compensation for the landwithout clear titles and also without clear ownerships.

3./.1./ Settlement Pattern

• 3here were no town centers to create impact due to road construction. Only a few

small urban centers with some bouti-ues are affected. Such rural shop centers are

located in, 6akumbura, (eepangoda, 9ahathuduwa, 'alanigama and (iyagama.

3he communities in the adjacent environment of the %O2 are of the opinion that

the removal of these centers will not create significant impacts to them because

they have many other alternative places to reach for such needs.

• (odangodaF*ahanwatta housing scheme and #andaragama new city watta proposed housing scheme may be affected. 3here is no need to evacuate all the

@B



houses of the (odangamaFpasanwatta shame. Only few houses are to be evacuated.

3he #andaragma housing scheme is not yet established. 3herefore, the impact on

this proposed housing development will not be so serious. 3he officers of the area

mentioned that only few lands and houses in *ahanwattaF(odangoda scheme have

some negative impacts.

3./.! "uman +nv#ronment

3./.!.1 Soc#al Structure@ ocal #*e Stle an' Balues

3he likelihood impacts on long established social structure, local life style and social

values are well explained in the report of %(" on resettlement implementation plan

4olume 1 main report H 77 %("5. 6ainly it highlighted the following issuesI

• Social capital established 4various social relations5 by traditional village

communities for generation to generation will get disturbed due to physical

separation of the communities due to proposed road running across their villages

• 3he affected communities will have problems of getting involved in activities of

the community based organiations 4due to evacuation and also due to separation

of communities5

• 3he fre-uent interactions among relations, friends and colleagues will get seriously

disturbed.

3he community consultations had by the consultant of this study also reconfirmed the

likelihood impacts mentioned in the %(" report. 3he communities now started

experiencing these problems even at this stage of the project. 3hese problems will be

much significant once road construction is completed.

Some of the concerns of the communities areI

• *rier to resettlement in the current locations the affected communities lived among

relations but now they are compelled to rebuild social contacts with unknown

people in the neighboring communities.

• Leaving of the relations in the previous locations has crated some psychological

problems

• 3hey were compelled to leave the environment very much familiar to them.

•

3he children of the affected families are not happy to leave their friends andrelations with whom they lived for long.

3./.!.! Populat#on@ +thn#c Compos#t#on@ =#&rat#on an' Settlement

"ccording to the definition of affected families 4olume 1 main report H 77 %("5

population of /!?! will have negative impacts due to the various interventions of the

proposed project. 3he nature of impacts on these people are various and mainly

concentrated on land, houses and some other livelihood activities. 3he number of families

to be evacuated from the current residences is ?@B 4with following composition5I

• 3o be resettled in the %(" established resettlement sites 77

@?





the post construction stage. 3hese are the roads that are being used by local communities

for their routine transportation and travel. 3he communities consulted expressed A types of

impacts on the use of these roads for their routine purposes.

• (ue to disturbances to the roads the transaction cost for the routine travel will go

up 4cost and time both5• 3he buses that run on these roads may have difficulties due to problems during

rainy days 4 muddy and slippery nature of roads created by the construction

project5

• 3he local traders will have difficulties to transport their goods.

3./.!.7. ccess#4#l#t an' =o4#l#t *or Spec#al Serv#ces

3here are no nationally or regionally famous historical, cultural and religious places

located in the %O2. 3he routine visits to the nearby temples and other religious places

will have disturbances during construction phase of the project. )ven in the postconstruction phase the communities may have difficulties to continue their visits to the

religious places. 3he 9irigampamunuwa Sri isudharamaya, 2eniwelkola Sambodhi

viharaya and 9olamadiriya *urana viharaya are some religious places where communities

may have difficulties to visit.

3./.!.< Pu4l#c "ealth an' Sa*et

3he hospitals or any other public heath service delivery organiations are not affected due

to the development project. (uring construction stage when the existing roads get

disturbed the access to the health service delivery centers will have some negative impacts

as in the case of all other routine travel and transport of the communities . 3hecommunities in the adjacent areas of the %O2 perceive some beneficial impacts on

improved access to good hospitals in nearby towns. Once the high way is developed they

also can travel to nearby townships due to enhanced transportation of the new road.

3./.!.> "ous#n&

"bout ?/0 houses are affected. 3he composition of the affected houses areI

• *ermanent housesJ ??@ 4/A.?D5

• Semipermanent houses H A0 4!.7D5

• 3emporary houses 7 4.AD5

3he communities affected expressed following views on the impact on their housesI

• Loss of the houses that came from generation to generation 4 sentimental value5

• 3he houses constructed with care and especial efforts were lost

• 3he houses located in attractive environments were lost

• 3he houses located among the relations and friends were lost.

3he following positive impact are perceived by the affected communitiesI

• 2ere able to receive compensation to build new houses. 4many affected families

had old houses5

@0



• 3he families who have been living long in houses constructed in encroached land

were able to receive lands with clear titles to build houses in such lands.

3./.!.? Other In*rastructure ac#l#t#es

3he impacts on other infrastructure facilities were assessed based on agency andcommunity stakeholders view points. 3he experiences of the stakeholders and also what

they perceive as future anticipated impacts, various project interventions so far

implemented and also to be implemented in near future were considered in discussions

with stakeholders.

• Impact on 9ater ( 'omest#c -ater suppl sstems an' also natural -ater

4o'#es) *rom the commun#t#es po#nt o* v#e-

$early /D of the affected householders had domestic wells in their home

gardens. 3hese were affected. 3here may be tendency to get natural streams and drainage canals blocked

during construction period. 3his may lead to get the lowland areas flooded.

2ater in some natural streams may get polluted due to land filling and

other project interventions during construction phase.

3here may be tendency to create problems to the drinking water wells in

the lands located adjacent to the %O2 area. 4 lowering the water levels and

pollution of water etc5

3here may be tendency to block the existing pipe water systems established

along roads.

• The #mpact on telephone an' electr#c#t '#str#4ut#on l#nes

Since the road construction activities have not yet been started there are no negative

impacts on the electricity and telephone lines. Once the construction phase is commenced

there will be temporary disconnections of electricity and telephone lines in the areas

around construction sites. +f so it will create various problems to all segment of the

population in the area.

3./.!.A Transport

3he transportation on public roads in the project impact area may be affected. "ccording

to the local communities the transportation on 71 subroads are affected in different

degrees now and they anticipate that it will get increased in future. 3he names of 71 roads

are included in "ppendix &B.

3he nature of impacts on transportation is mentioned belowI

Once construction activities are started the transportation on the existing roads

may get disturbed

3he road users may have disturbances to travel on time to their desired

destinations. 4 some may be compelled to look for alternative roads where both

time and money re-uired for traveling is higher than the current rates on the

existing roads that are being used5

@@



+n the postconstruction phase there may be difficulties for easy movements of the

communities in the area mainly due to limited access to cross the high way.

3./.!.10 eneral #*e Stle

3he communities expressed their views on impacts of two aspects.

The #mpact on commun#t "ealth

3he dust created in the construction sites may have some negative impacts on the

health of the communities living in the adjacent areas

3he deteriorated water -uality in the wells of the adjacent areas of the project may

create some negative health impacts

3he noise and other disturbances due to blasting in the -uarry sites.

(isturbances to natural drainage system may occur and it may lead to create

problems such as odor, mos-uito and so on.

Other #mpacts on the env#ronment #n the area

3he construction sites may create various problems to the neighboring

environment.

3he earth cutting and filling may create some new problems 4water logging and

odor5 in the area.

Long standing a-uifers and other natural water streams may get deteriorated or

disturbed and it may create negative changes on the environment 3he decrease of trees and erosion of soil may create some problems to the existing

environment.

3././ Soc#o+conom#c +nv#ronment

3his section deals with the possible environmental impacts of the proposed &olombo6atara

limited access speedway on employment, agriculture, tourism, income distribution,

structures, business volumes and property values. 3he impacts will be first identified, then

-uantified and finally valued using the available analytical techni-ues.

3he following impacts are taken into consideration in this section.

Ta4le 3.10 Impacts Ta%en Into ccount #n Soc#o+conom#c+nv#ronment

Receptors Tpe o* Impact =a&n#tu'e

1. )mployment (irect negative impacts(irect positive impacts

+ndirect positive impacts

86

6

7. "gricultural production and productivity

(irect and indirect negative impacts 8

A. 3ourism (irect and indirect positive impacts 6

B. +ncome distribution +nduced secondary positive impacts L

?. Structures (irect negative impacts+ndirect negative impacts

8L

@/





Ta4le 3.1! +st#mate' la4our replacement 'ue to ac8u#s#t#on o* lan's alon& the trace.(=an 'as per ear)

&rop 6an days

*addy 7!BA

3ea 170?

%ubber @@A7

&oconut 1A??

&innamon 7!@1

8omestead 'arden

Cnproductive *addy

3otal man days 1AB0?

3otal employment e-uivalent ?BB

3otal number of estimated direct employment loss in agriculture along the ac-uired trace is 1AB0?man days per year which is e-uivalent to

?BB labours.

"s mentioned earlier, the actual number of people employed in agriculture along the road

trace may eceed the estimated number due to the prevalence of disguised unemployment

and under)employment- two common phenomena characteri+ing rural agrarian

communities.

+t was described earlier that the total number of employment opportunities 4jobs5 provided by

all agricultural land under the road trace of @ meters would be ?BB labor units annually4without making any distinction between sexes5. 3herefore, it is evident that ?BB laborers will

lose their source of employment once agricultural land is ac-uired for the road project. 2ith

an average wage rate of %s. A?. per man day in the project area for agricultural activities,

the true price of labour was determined by multiplying the market wage rate by the

conversion factor for labour, which is .0?A? 4the average of the conversion factors for

surplus labour and scarce labour5. 3his was found to be %s. 77!. per man day. :ollowing

table shows the estimated economic of loss of employment due to ac-uisition of agricultural

lands per year up to settling the people in another livelihood or until providing a e-uivalent

jobs. 3herefore, estimated direct employment loss per year due to ac-uisition of land is %s.

AB.B million in ;#+& section.

$egative impacts on other employment categories

1. +mpact on other employment categories such as those employed in the private and state

sector is minimal provided that employees who are displaced due to land ac-uisition are

relocated in locations from where their work places can be accessed without much difficulty.

8owever, if people who are self employed and those who find employment in the casual

labour market are displaced due to land ac-uisition, they may confront with different market

situations unless they are relocated within their village. $evertheless, it is difficult to predict

the net impact on employment in respect of the above employment categories.

/1



7. " small number of fishermen who are fishing in inland reservoirs in %antotuwila area,

*anape )la, 9epu ela and in few other locations in ;#+& section will lose their income in

construction stage due to siltation of water bodies and deterioration of water -uality.

A. *eople who are involving in industries based on freely available reed 4sedges5 would be

partially affected in (iyagama 49aluganga valley5 %antotuwila 4#entara 'anga5 due toabsent of raw materials as some of the lowline lands under natural sedges may be lost with

the construction of highway.

B. :rom 9ottawa to 9urundugahahetepma, it was estimated about ? fishermen who are

engaged in fishing in inland reservoirs with daily income between %s.A H 1 4average

B?.5 and about A families involved in reed based industries with and average income of

%s.?. per month. "ssuming that ?D of employment opportunities would displaced in

the construction stage, annual loss of labour in agribased industries and inland fishing was

estimated %s. A.7 million.

Pos#t#ve #mpacts on emploment 'ur#n& the construct#on phase

(uring the construction phases, a large number of people will have to be employed by the

contractors for road construction work and, this will be a direct positive impact of the project

on employment. 8owever, the cost breakup of the project, as given in the economic

feasibility study, does not indicate the number of labour units re-uired for road construction.

3herefore, no attempt was made to -uantify the value of positive impact on employment

although it may be grater than loss in construction stage. %oad maintenance work over the

entire projectlife also will generate additional employment opportunities and hence direct

positive impacts.

8owever, with the project a large number of employment opportunities will generate,

especially in the construction period and then a large number of direct and indirect

employment in the operation stage. 3he employment generation will exceed the employment

loss of agricultural sector. Mouth in the area, who are reluctant to do agricultural jobs due to

their attitudes, will have a good opportunity to find a non agricultural jobs.

3././.! &r#culture

D#rect ne&at#ve Impacts on &r#culture

3o estimate the impact of land ac-uisition for the proposed project, average yields of each

crop for different areas which were estimated by the relevant authorities and the prices for year 7A published by 3he &entral #ank of Sri Lanka were considered. Mields prices and

method of estimation of loss due to declining agricultural production are shown in the

annex11.

+n the ;#+& section direct loss of paddy was estimated !!0? kg per year which valued

about %s.1.7 million. "s the labour involved in the production is already estimated under

employment 4B.A.A.15 and other inputs are cash inputs the estimated gross margin

(irect impact on paddy production was %s. .@7 million due to loss of paddy production.

)stimated losses of tea, rubber, cinnamon and coconut in the ;#+& section due to the

proposed project were %s. 6illion 7.7B, B.!/, .7@ and 1.7? respectively.

/7



"lthough it is difficult to generalie the output of homestead gardens average gross margin

out of the average home garden with a few coconut trees, fruit trees, spices, supplementary

vegetable, spices and condiments were evaluated in the sample survey and gross margin were

generalied to %s.10 per hectare per year. 3herefore, as the total area of homestead

gardens ac-uired for the proposed project in ;#+& section is about /@.0 ha the total gross

margin per year is %s. 1.!@ million.

3otal direct negative impacts on agricultural production is summaried below.

Ta4le 3.1/ D#rect #mpact &r#cultural pro'uct#on (Rs m#ll#on per ear) #n 2$IC Sect#on

*addy .@7

3ea 7.7B

%ubber B.!/

&oconut .7@

&innamon 1.7?

8omestead garden 1.!@

Total 10.A<

2hile estimated crop outputs will give a general picture of the annual production potential of

agricultural land under the @ m trace, there is a significant variation in yields among (S

(ivisions and even among plots within a particular (S (ivision. :or example, the estimated

paddy output in 6alimbada 11AB7! kg in 6atara (S (ivisions are overestimated because an

average cropping intensity of 1?D has been assumed for all lands for this estimation

although the actual cropping intensity of most of the paddy land in 6alimbada and 6atara

approximate 1D or even less.

Out of total loss of income from agricultural production, "(# section contributes the highest

portion 4??D5 while ;#+& section contributes only BBD. 3ea is the most significant cash crop

in the trace as its gross margin is high. "round 0!D of the total tea lands along the trace is

located in the "(# section. "s in the ;#+& section, majority of the plantations are rubber and

homestead the income loss is less compared to "(# section.

+,pecte' #n'#rect losses o* a&r#cultural #ncome

)specially in the construction phase, due to excavation of soil, blocking the irrigation and

drainage canals, exposing peat to the air and rain would make some adverse impacts on

agricultural crops irrespective to the location.

1. (epletion of groundwater level due to deep excavation of soil in many other locations may

cause yield reduction in perennial crops and also water scarcity for other field crops.

8owever, due to rainy climate during the last few months there were no records of depletion

of groundwater level and loss of yield.

7. (uring the period of earth work, disruption of water ways and drainage canals may cause

flooding of paddy lands and yield would be completely or partially lost. On the other hand, as

a significant length of the road is running through paddy lands, soil and silt transported by

runoff water may damage the crop. *ermanent damage of a cultivated paddy lands by

siltation, flooding or any other accidental damage worth about %s. 7 per perch and it variesdepending on the stage of the crop and the location. 2ithin the ?m either side of the trace

/A



the paddy land area is about 117? ha from 9ottawa to 9urundugahahetepma. )xperience in

'inganga and $ilwala 'anga projects shows that an area of about 1 m from the base of

earth fillings with podolic soil will be completely abandoned. 8ence, the loss is estimated

about 4%s.!717N77.?) %s. 6illion .1B per year.

A. *artial yield loss of paddy fields due to +ron toxicity caused by oxidation of exposedextracted deep soil and runoff water.

B. *artial or complete crop damage of paddy lands due to exposed peat in dumping grounds

closer to the paddy fields 4Oxidiation of peat may generate carbonic acids5

?. (uring the earth work, transport of materials by heavy vehicles may generate dust clouds

and it will reduce the -uality of yield of tea, vegetable and other crops in adjacent lands.

!. 3emporary F accidental disruptions of access roads during the construction phase would

make problems for transporting of farm products.

0. (eletion of the -uality and the -uantity of graing lands due to land ac-uisition, acidic soil

due to peat, dust and silt decomposition.

@. *otential loss of a-uatic resources and conse-uent losses of fish yield in the inland

reservoirs in low line areas.

Pos#t#ve e,ternal#t#es on a&r#culture an' *#sher#es

3he proposed highway, by enabling speeding transport of produce, will have a positive

influence on agriculture by way of expanding markets, reducing wastage during

transportation, timely availability of inputs, -uicker disposal or produce, etc. 3he outputs of

agriculture and fisheries are highly perishable and large amounts of produce go waste during

transportation of produce from southern areas of the country to large urban centres like 'alle,

9alutara and &olombo. 3he proposed highway provides the channels of marketing with

opportunities of -uicker delivery of produce which will enable them to reduce marketing

costs accrued to wastage. 6oreover, produce like fish, which deteriorates fast, do not often

reach interior areas of the country due to the difficulty of -uicker delivery of the produce with

the existing road network. 3he proposed road, with interchange points linking important

markets in the interior regions of the country to the producing areas, will ensure availability

of produce like fresh fish in such markets. 3he consumers in these areas will reap benefits

due to the presence of important consumption goods that were not previously available and, producers will benefits due to the increased demand created by consumers in the interior

regions.

3./././ Tour#sm

+t is envisaged that the construction of the proposed limited access highway will have a

positive impact on tourism 4a positive externality5 due to factors such as savings on travel

time, better transport services made available, etc. +n order to find out whether the proposed

highway will have a significant impact on tourism, a study was carried out at 8ikkaduwa and

Cnawatuna tourist villages where a structured -uestionnaire was administered to a sample of

tourists and for owners of restaurants and hotels in October, 7? to elicit information on

/B



places of interest in the south of Sri Lanka in addition to the survey conducted by the

Cniversity of %uhuna in 8ikkaduwa in 1//!.

Study revealed that the problems of road conditions from &olombo to 'alle and 8ikkaduwa,

road congestion, time consuming and congestions and road accidents at hotel areas are the

main barriers to develop the tourism in the Southern coastal belt. 6ore over, they all agreedthat there is a unexploited potential to improve the echotourism in rural areas and in coastal

belt of the southern region.

:rom the results of the field studies the following conclusions can be drawn which have

important implications in respect of the expected positive impacts of the proposed highway

on tourism development.

8owever, the tourists who are coming for holidaying are do not bother about time as they

have come to spend time leisurely. 3he only problem is the unpleasant environment due to

road congestion on the "7 road. #ut the tourist who are coming for business purposes

4around 1D5 are interested about highway and they will select the highway for their

traveling.

3he proposed highway may have positive impacts on tourism development 4and therefore

tourist earnings5 if tourismrelated facilities are developed along with the construction of the

highway. 3here is a large potential to develop echo tourism and tourist resources in #entota

(S division in ;#+& section close to #entara 'anga

3././.3 Income '#str#4ut#on

"s explained under the section of )xisting )nvironment distribution of income of different

geographical location is not even along the trace as infrastructural development and

resources are not e-ually distributed. "s conse-uences of development projects, the costs

and benefits also not distributed e-ually among the people. Some people will be betteroff

while some people are bearing the cost. 8ence, the responsibility of the project proponents

is to identify the vulnerable groups of people and taking actions to protect such groups.

"mong the displaced families in 6aharagama (S division in ;#+& section only five

families 4BD5 belong to the category of farm families while A families are belonged to

business category. +n #entota (S division no one is under business category and 7@ 411D5

families lost their homestead gardens and 71B 4@AD5 families lost a part or a whole of their

agricultural lands. 6oreover, in 6aharagama, #andaragama, and (odangoda (S divisions

of ;#+& section, majority of the affected families are belonged to upper income category

while in 6atugama, )lpitiya and #entota (S divisions of ;#+& section majority are in thelow income category.

+t is important to note that among affected families, following categories will be severely

affected due to land ac-uisitionJ

1. Lost of total land area and house and employed as casual agricultural labor in

the same area.

7. Lost of total land area or a substantial portion and entirely depend on

agricultural

income such as tea, cinnamon on the same land.

A. Low income weak families with children and old aged people

B. :emale headed households

/?



?. :amilies who earned a substantial portion of income from land based subsistent

activities such as reed industry, vegetable production, inland fishing and animal

husbandry

!. :amilies who were keeping small scale retail shops in the village area

:ollowing table shows the displacement of different kinds of families in ;#+& section,

"(# section and 'alle access road. (etailed information according to (S divisions isavailable in "ppendix &B.7.

Ta4le 3.13 Num4er o* a**ecte' *am#l#es #n '#**erent cate&or#es

Section 8omestead garden #usiness Cntitled ownersSocially weak

families

;#+& B1? ?! A7 111

"(# A7 7/ 1@! /@

'alle "ccess / ! 7! ?

3otal 0BB /1 7BB 71B

6ajority of the business families are displaced in ;#+& section. Land owners without

proper titles are mainly concentrated in #Ope*oddla and +maduwa (S divisiona in "(#

section and in 8omagama (S division in ;#+& section. +n +maduwa and #ope *oddala,

number of week families are higher than other areas. 3otally 71B families are categoried

under weak families and they should be properly treated while paying compensation and

relocation.

"t the time of land ac-uisition, land owners with substantial land areas and well developed

houses will get a large amount of money to start their life in a good environment.8owever, rural poor will not get a substantial amount as compensation as they dont have

proper titles and well built houses. 6oreover, many of poor families fulfill their daily

needs 4curry leaves, jak, coconut, green leaves..5 from the homestead gardens after

relocation they have to pay for all kinds of foods at the new place.

+ncome of the young generation would be increased in the construction phase as they can

provide their labour force in different activities. 6oreover, land owners of close

proximities to the interchanges 4access points5 can sell their lands at higher prices and can

earn a good income. 3his phenomenon can be seen at 'odagama, 9okmaduwa, (eegoda

and *innaduwa in "(# section.

3././.7 Structures

" large number of structures both permanent and temporary, that are present along the

proposed road trace of @ m will have to be demolished once land is ac-uired for the project.

)stimated number of different building structures is summaried in the table below. "s the

buildings along the trace are already removed either by %(" or owners themselves, it was

not possible to estimate the real value of the structures that are to be removed. :ollowing

table summaries different buildings which were demolished or to be demolished along the

trace. "ppendix &B.7 shows more detail of building structures.

Ta4le 3.17 Res#'ent#al an' 4us#ness structures alon& the trace to 4e remove'

/!



Section3otal

number of 8ouses#usiness premises

Semi permanent

structures

3emporary

structures

;#+& section ?/0 07 A0 7

"(# section !@1 01 ?A 7?

'alle "ccess A0 @ B 10

3otal 1A1? 1?1 /B BB

+t should be noted that in the ;#+& section, especially in 6aharagama (S division, average

sie of the houses is the largest along the entire trace which was 777@ s-uare feet per house.

$umber of houses to be removed is highest in #andaragama followed by 8omagama and

(odangoda divisions which was 11, 0 and 111 respectively as the trace is running through

semiurbanied areas in the ;#+& section. #usiness premises reported the highest number in

6aharagama (S division 4A5 followed by 8omagama division 41@5 in ;#+& section

+n %(" section, 9arandeniya 4175, +maduwa 415, #addegama 41A5, "kmeemana 41A5 and

2elipitiya are the main centers with a large number of business places and houses.4"nnex75.

"s the 'alle access road is running through a populated semiurban area, the number of

houses and business premises were A0 although the length of the trace is only B.A km.

+n %(" section, semipermanent and temporary houses were found as many people had built

such houses in their lands in order re-uest compensations as they were aware about the trace.

$umber of temporary and semipermanent houses in +maduwa (S division was B which

was the highest followed by 7 in "kmeemana and 1 in 2elipitiya.

"long the 'alle access road also 71 buildings were temporary structures with an average sie

of @ s-uare feet.

%oad (evelopment "uthority has estimated the average replacement costs of structures

irrespective to the -uality of the buildings as %s. 1F ft 7, %s 17? F ft7 and %s BF ft7 for

houses, other structures and business premises respectively. "ccordingly the estimated

replacement costs of structures in the proposed trace are given in the table below.

Ta4le 3.1< +st#mate' replacement costs o* structures (Rs. =#ll#on)

;#+& section

3ype of building "rea 4ft75 &ost per ft7 %eplacement cost4%s5

8ouses B/AB! 1 B/A,B!

Other buildings 17?

#usiness premises !110! B 7BB,0B

3otal of ;#+& Section0A0.0?

%(" Section

3ype of building "rea 4ft75 &ost per ft7 %eplacement cost

8ouses B1/! 1 B1,/!

Other buildings /@0 17? 11,A?/

#usiness premises A1A B 17,B17

3otal of %(" Section?A7,@!0

'alle access road

3ype of building "rea 4ft75 &ost per ft7 %eplacement cost8ouses 0A@? 1 0,A@?

/0



Other buildings 1? 17? ,1@@

#usiness premises 0?? B A,7

3otal of 'alle access roadA0,00A

"long the entire trace

3ype of building "rea 4ft75 &ost per ft7 %eplacement cost

8ouses /1?70 1 /1,?70Other buildings /7A0 17? 11,?B!

#usiness premises /@@7/ B A/?,A1!

3otal of entire trace1A@,A@/

6ost of the structures under the road trace are of the permanent type with tiled rooves. 3he

total value of the structures worked out to be approximately %s million [email protected]. +t should be

noted that these values are based on the cost price of material that go into the construction

process rather than the market values which are highly influenced by the location. 3he above

figure represents the loss of value to the society of demolishing structures for road

construction. 8owever, with information from relevant sources it was found that ? D of the

materials used for the construction of temporary houses 4planks, rafters.. etc5 , !D of materials used for the construction of semi permanent house, and 7?D of the materials used

for the construction of a permanent house can be reused and therefore, it should be deducted

from the social cost. 3herefore the total cost of the above structured can be estimated as %s.

6illion /@1.7/.

(ue to the fact that markets are imperfect, shadow prices will have to be used to convert the

market prices into economic prices. Since an array of inputs go into the construction of

houses, the market prices are multiplied by the average conversion factor for the economy,

which is .0@?. 3he economic loss arising from demolishing structures was estimated as %s.

6illion 00.A7.

+n addition to direct losses of structures due to ac-uisition for the road, steep slopes created in

hilly areas along the trace 49okmaduwa, (eegoda, 9abaragala, *innaduwa would reduce the

values of structures and make damages. ibrations due to use of heavy vehicles and

machineries, rock blasting also would damage the existing structures along the trace. (ust

formation, water lodging in low line areas and earth embankments also damage the structures

although it is very difficult to estimate the real value of such damages.

3././.< $us#ness Bolumes an' Ta, Revenues

+t is envisaged that the construction of the proposed highway will induce the development of

industries, residential areas, markets and associated infrastructure facilities, which fall under positive externalities of the project. Such a wave of development activities are likely to take

place in the neighborhood of the interchange points rather than in other places from where the

road can not be accessed.

"t the time of construction phase, providing employment opportunities for different

categories of labor force in the area will improve their purchasing power and demand for

commodities. 8ence, the business volume of Southern cities will rise. +n adition to that new

businesses will start to cater demand for food and other utilities of the large workforce

involved in construction activities.

"fter construction of the road it is envisaged that the tourist industry, and 'alle harbour

would be developed with improved access. +nterchanges proposed in the ;#+& section,

9ottawa, 9ahathuduwa, and (odangoda are already partially developed areas. 8owever,

/@





7. +nconveniences and delays for school children and office workers due to clogging of roads

by vehicles and machineries of the highway. 3his problem persist in #ogahagoda and

*innaduwa in %(" section.

A. Loss of business in small retail shops in rural areas due to severance of the customers as a

conse-uence of proposed road.

!. (eteriorating and groundwater -uality and deepening of the wells in hilly areas along the

trace.

0. "ccidents for animals and children in the areas which created steep sloes due to earth

work.

@. +nconvenience due to dust formation and water lodging.

/. (ifficult to feed animals 4especially ranching buffaloes5 due to loss and deteriorating of

gracing land and also due to severance of gracing lands with limited access highway.

1. %educing the water levels of wells for drinking water, drying up of drinking wells due to

deep excavating. 4(eegoda, 9okmaduwa in "(# section5

11. (eteriorating of -uality of groundwater due to silt, dust, disturbed groundwater flows and

oxidiation of iron minerals in law line areas of in #oth ;#+& and "(# sections.

=#t#&atar =easures

1. "gricultural *roductivity of the lands bordering the proposed road, especially the

paddy lands, is likely to fall during the construction period due to soil erosion.

3herefore, the contractor should be asked to adopt measures that minimies soil

erosion during the construction period in order to prevent any loss of value due to

reduced agricultural productivity. Otherwise the farmers should pay a substantial

amount for their damages. 4%s. 1?. per perch of complete loss of cultivated paddy

land and %s. ?. per perch for not sowing 4#ut land preparation has been done5 due

to problems occurred with construction activities of highway.

7. Since tea is particularly vulnerable to dust which may cause degradation of -uality,

the contractor should ensure that dust emerging from various operations and moving

vehicles that carry soil is kept to a minimum by taking proper precautions in handling

cut and fill operations within the vicinity of tea lands.

A. *rovision of drainage facilities becomes very important in low lying lands because

water logging, especially in paddy lands bordering the proposed road may cause

serious losses in yields. 3herefore, proper drainage structures should be constructed

to avoid any losses in agricultural output.

B. 2henever the construction of the proposed road lead to division of fertile agricultural

land, it is necessary to adopt measures that preserve the productivity of of blocks of

divided land. One of the strategies that can be adopted to preserve the productivity of

the divided blocks of fertile agricultural land is to provide access to such lands from

closeby overpasses or underpasses 4by constructing small access roads5 if investmenton such means of access is unlikely to exceed the expected social benefits.

1



?. +t is of paramount importance to provide the people with access to agricultural lands,

work places and markets by constructing overpasses or underpasses across the

proposed road 4which will help preserve the existing road net work too5. Met, people

may still find problems of access during the construction period. 3herefore, the

contractor must make sure that he provides the people with temporary means of access to land and work places in order to avoid such short term negative impacts on

the society.

!. 2hen ac-uisition of land leads to displacement of people belonging to various

employment categories, precautions will have to be taken in relocating them once

relocation sites are identified. %elocation may bring in additional benefits to some

employees and additional costs to the others, depending on factors such as the status

of factor markets, product markets, infrastructure facilities, access to work places, etc.

3herefore, in relocating people, it is necessary to get the proper consent of the people

affected in order to avoid any unforeseen social costs imposed on some employees.

0. "s a measure of e-uity, those who lost employment due to the project and seek

employment should be given additional weights when various vacancies for

employment are filled within the affected areas.

@. Cse of contractors own access roads for transporting materials instead of using

existing rural roads in the area.

/. "void rainy seasons in earth work closer to paddy lands and water bodies in order

prevent from moving soil through run off water

1 "ppropriate soil conserving structures to prevent movement of soil to adjoining

lands.

11. )xcavated peat and boggy soils should not be dumped closer to paddy fields and

water bodies as acidic conditions created due to oxidiation of peat may be harmful

to paddy cultivations and a-uatic resources.

3./.3. esthet#c espect

3./.3.1 B#sual Intrus#on an' lan'scape

3he ;#+& Section of the highway has been initiated now. 3he project itself

caused negative or positive impacts on the aesthetic appearance of the new

structures appearing in the area. "ttention to aesthetic appearance of the new

structures and surface of the earth cuts are important in order to maintain the

-uality of the environment, avoiding loss of rural F countryside F wilderness

-uality of the existing environment.

(uring the construction activities, the following impacts are anticipated.

K (amage to egetation

K (amage to topsoil.K )rosion of sites due to excavation.

11



K (ust, "coustics, ibrations

K Storage of material in the roadsides.

K (isturb the existing circulation of the villages

K (isturb the animal behavior 4#irds and &ows5

K &hanged the environmental sensitivity near the water bodies due to bridgeconstruction egI #entota 'anga river crossing at *anape.

K (uring operational activities, the following activities could be anticipated.

K )ncroachment of historic F cultural monuments

K "coustics

K &irculation to sites H pedestrian and vehicular

K isual intrusion by structures and billboards that may come by the road

side

K (isturbance to the landscape charactor F -uality of the rural living pattern.

K (isturbance the roadside lights to the rural natural landscape.

K (ust, "coustics, ibrationsK Storage of material in the roadsides.

K (isturb the existing circulation of the villages

3./.3.! "#stor#c an' rcheolo&#cal =onuments

"s mentioned in chapter A sections B.7 all historic and archeological

monuments in the ;#+& Section are found in temples, (ewala and churches.

"s such this section is covered under section B.A

3./.3./. Places o* -orsh#p an' Rel#&#ous Interest.

3he anticipated environmental impacts on the places of worship and religious

interest would be

K (ust, acoustics and vibration during construction period

K "coustics during the operational stage

K &hanges in -uality and charactor of the religious environment.

K (isturb the naturally forming worshiping places 4%oad side trees5 near the8ighway and access roads.

K (isturb the contextual dominancy of the worshiping places due to huge

road Structures.

#ut following remedial actions can be considered during the construction and after

construction of the road to realiation of the unified and harmonious appearance of the

highway.

• %oute H 3he route of the highway and newly proposed access road to be

selected in sympathy with the landform. +t should look as much a part of the

elements of the natural environment as possible.

17





7. BISITS@ =++TINS ND CONSUTTIONS

7.1 =eet#n&s

3his section refers to formal meetings between Study 3eam representatives, %(", "(#

and 6&S3(*.

Ta4le 7.1 Deta#ls o* =eet#n&s 4et-een Stu' Team@ RD@ D$ an' =CSTDP

Date ocat#on Part#c#pants

1 September, 7B %(" CO6, %(" and 6&S3(*

10 September, 7B "(# CO6, %(", 6&S3(* and "(#

? October, 7B %(" CO6, %(" and 6&S3(*

@ October, 7B "(# CO6, "(#

1B October, 7B %(" CO6, %(", S3(*6&

7 ;uly 7? %(" CO6, %(" H S3(*, 6&S3(*, SecyV6inistry of 8ighways

7.! B#s#ts

:ield work was mainly carried out in order to get a better understanding about the

environmental impacts caused by the construction of the highway on the deviated trace

and any significant changes that had taken place in the undeviated trace since the

previous environmental assessment in 1///. 3ables ?.7 summarie the details of field

visits carried out by each specialist staff member of the study team.

Ta4le 7.! Deta#ls o* #el' B#s#ts

Date o* B#s#t #el' 9or% Carr#e' Out

B September 7? &arried out a preliminary visit of selected locations in the trace withseveral members of study team and %(" officials.

&arried out a preliminary reconnaissance visit in selected locations of "(# E ;#+& trace with several study team members.

7?F/F11 *reliminary site Observation +dentify important places to be furtherstudied

7?F/F10 &overed the :ield work from 9urundugaha to *anape illage

7?F/F1@ &overed the :ield work from 6alapalla to *anape illage

7 September 7? " reconnaissance survey was done throughout the entire road trace

7B September 7? :ield reconnaissance of ;#+& section deviations with %(" officials.7? September 7? :ield reconnaissance of ;#+& section deviations with %(" officials.

7@ September 7? to

A September 7?

%econnaissance survey 4 visit5 along the road trace of "(# and part

of ;#+& funded sections

1 October 7? :ield reconnaissance of ;#+& section deviations with %(" officials.

? October 7? 6eetings with %(" officers of ;#+& section

7?F1F/ Studied and collected data on "rcheological sites at 2idagama E

*elpola

111 October 7B (etailed site reconnaissance of main trace with %(" officials.

1 October 7? to 77October 7?

%apid assessment surveys in both sections of the road

11 October 7? :ield surveys in (odangoda and #ombuwela

1B



October 17 , 1A, 1B, 1?,7?

:ield studies in ;#+& Section and 6eetings with :armers, 'rama $iladaris, Officers of :armer Organiations and 2elfare "ssociationsat #rahmanagama, 9irigampamunuwa, %ilawala and 2eniwelkola'$ (ivisions in 8omagama (S division. %addegoda, *aragastota and

*elpola '$ divisions in 6illaniya (S division 2eedagama '$division in #adaragama (S (ivision

10 October, 7B &arried out a reconnaissance visit of selected locations of ;#+&section of the highway with %(" officials.

October 1@ 7? :ield visit to collect information from %(" offices at (odangoda and9urundugahahetekma.

October 1/ 7? :ield visit to collect information from %(" *6s office#andaragama.

7?F1F7@ Ste isit to 9ahatuduwa E (iscussed religious background with thecommunity

7./ Consultat#ons

3he specialist staff of the study team had many consultations with officers of the%("FS3(* other organiations and various individuals during their field visits and other

visits made for the purpose of information collection. 3he details of these consultations

are given in 3able ?.A.

Ta4le 7./ Deta#ls o* Consultat#ons

Date o*

=eet#n&EConsultat#on

Personnel =et Deta#ls o* '#scuss#ons "el'

B September 7? 6r. 2ijedasa, %esident )ngineer at

the %(" office at #andaragama,

(iscussions regarding important

aspects involved in alignment of :inal3race.

7?F/F0 "rcheological (epartment &ol0 "rcheological sites E the boundary7?F/F10 Site engineers

;#+& H Sections%oad trace E intersections

7B September 7? 6r. 2ijedasa, %esident )ngineer atthe %(" office at #andaragama,

(iscussions regarding alignment ofdeviations of the :inal 3race.

7? September 7? 6r. 2ijedasa, %esident )ngineer atthe %(" office at #andaragama,

(iscussions regarding importanthydrological aspects involved inalignment of :inal 3race.

? October 7? *roject manager and other staff of

%(" involved in social impactmonitoring 4 ;#+& section 5

3o obtain data and information on

social impact and mitigatory measuresso far carried out

7?F1F/ &hief %ev. %enuka (ammajothi %eligious &eremony E periods7?F1F/ illage &ommunity 2eedagama %eligious +mpact

11 October 7? S * "luthge, Senior %esearch Officer %egional %ice %esearch +nstitute#ombuwela;agath )dirisinghe and 2asana2ijesooriya 4%esearch Officers5%ubber %esearch +nstitute,

(artonfield, "galawatta.

(iscussions regarding socioeconomicimpacts of proposed highway andrelevant data collection

17 October 7? 6r. 2ijedasa, %esident )ngineer atthe %(" office at #andaragama

*otential sites along the trace whereecological impacts would besignificant

*erception of the residents in thevicinity about the potential impacts

1?





<. PROR+SS O 9OR6 ND UTUR+ 9OR6 PN

<.1 Pro&ress o* 9or%

3he study team has completed their assessment of existing environment and impact

assessment based on their field visits, data collections, consultations and review of availableliterature. 3he major focus was on the deviations of the final trace from the combined trace

and %(" 3race, while any changes in combined trace since the 1/// )+" were carefully

noted. 3he impacts already visible as a result of ongoing construction work was noted and

based on conditions anticipated during operational phase operational impacts were identified.

3he intensity of impacts was categoried as =Significant 4S5> or 6arginal 465 and

accordingly an impact matrix was developed for ;#+& section. 3he specialist team members

are already in the process of formulating the mitigatory maeasures and are reviewing the (raft

)nvironmental 6anagement *lan. " detailed scoping session is scheduled to be conducted

immediately following submission of this report prior to finaliing the :inal %eport.

<.! 6e #n'#n&s an' Conclus#ons

1. " large -uantity of rock exceeding about ?, mA in total is re-uired from -uarries

out side the road trace. 3herefore, extraction of large -uantity of rock from outside the

road trace will cause significant impact on the environment.

7. (uring the construction phase large -uantities of asphalt and concrete will be re-uired

for strengthening and surfacing of the highway. 3herefore wash water arising during

the cleaning of the machines involved in asphalt and concrete plant operations could

also lead to significant color and turbidity problems in waterbodies. :urther any

significant oil spills from machinery and other e-uipment used for construction worksmay lead to contamination of water bodies with oil particularly during heavy rainy

periods.

A. (uring the operational phase of the highway, with the generated and diverted traffic,

spillage of oil, grease and petroleum products may contribute hydrocarbons, oils and

trace metals such as *b and Pn into runoff. 3his could result in pollution of

freshwater and marine water bodies with adverse impacts on a-uatic fauna.

B. 3he field observations indicate the groundwater -uality at certain localities is at risk

during construction phase. 3he main construction activities that could result in

groundwater -uality deterioration includes spoil disposal activities, problems

associated with construction of bridges and culverts, application of weedicides for

landscaping pollution and problems associated with the improper planning and setting

up of housing and services for the persons involved in construction and resettlement of

persons affected by the project.

?. "ccording to present noise legislation, maximum permissible noise levels at

boundaries of the land in which the construction activities are undertaken are

stipulated as 0? d#4"5 and ? d#4"5 during daytime 4defined as !. am H 0. pm5

and night time 4from 0. pm H !. am on the following day5, respectively. 3he

identified noise levels of various construction e-uipment and machinery that will be inoperation at a distance of 0 m exceeds these limits. &onstant exposure to very high

10





>. $I$IORP"

1. )nvironmental +mapct "ssessment %eport of the *roposed $ew Southern 8ighway H

olume + (ecember 1//!.

7. )nvironmental +mapct "ssessment %eport of the *roposed $ew Southern 8ighway H

olume ++ (ecember 1//!.A. )nvironmental +mapct "ssessment %eport of the *roposed $ew Southern 8ighway H

6ain 3ext olume + 6arch 1///.

B. Southern 3ransport &orridor *roject 3" 7@/7 H :inal (raft %eport olume + )xecutive

Summary H (ecember 1//@.

?. (rainage %eport on Southern 3ransport (evelopment *roject H :inal %eport H "pril

77.

!. Southern 3ransport &orridor *roject 3" 7@/7 S%+ +nception %eport V 2ilbur Smith

"ssociation H 6ay 1//@.

0. )nvironmental 6anagement *lan for Southern 3ransport development *roject H

Second (raft 7B.

@. )nvironmental :indings %eport for Southern 3ransport (evelopment *roject H *reliminary )ngineering (esign and (etail )ngineering (esign H

9urudugahahaetekma to 6atara.

/. "ddendum to the %esettlement +mplementation *lan Southern 3ransport (evelopment

*roject 9ottawa to 6atara H ;une 77.

1. (esign %eport 41@5 8ydrolgy ad (rainage %eport H 9ottawa to 9urudugahahaetekma

H 6arch 7.

11. Social +mpact "ssessment Cpdated %eport H 9urudugahahaetekma to 6atara H

$ovember 7.

17. *reliminary )ngineering (esign and (etailed )ngineering (esign H

9urudugahahaetekma to 6atara H :inal (esign %eport H :ebruary 71.

1A. *reliminary )ngineering (esign and (etailed )ngineering (esign H 9ottawa to

9urudugahahaetekma H :inal (esign %eport.

1B. Social +mpact "ssessment H :inal %eport H 6arch 1///.

1?. 8ydrology and (rainage %eport 4(raft5 H 9ottawa to 9urudugahahaetekma H

$ovember 7.

1!. (raft %esettlement +mplementation *lan H 9urudugahahaetekma to 6atara H

$ovember 7.

10. Southern 3ransport (evelopment *roject H 8ighway Station from

9urudugahahaetekma to 6atara H olume ? H Section W H (rawings H ;anuary 71.

1@. Southern 3ransport (evelopment *roject H ;#+& :unded Section H 9ottawa to

9urudugahahaetekma H 3ender (ocuments.1/. "S36 (1/01/1, 1//. "S36 Standards 'uide for 'ood Laboratory *ractices in

Laboratories )ngaged in Sampling and "nalysis of 2ater. "merican Society for

3esting 6aterials, 2ashington (&, CS"

7. #ell, ;.$.#. and ;.8. 3allis, 1/0B. 3he response of Empetrum nigrum L. to different

mire water regimes, with special reference to 2ybunbury 6oss, &heshire and

:eatherbed 6oss, (erbyshire. ;ournal of )cology, !7I 0?/?.

71. &ocker, 9.6., (.). )vans and 6.;. 8odson, 1//@. 3he amelioration of aluminium

toxicity by silicon in higher plantsI solution chemistry or an in planta mechanismX

*hysiologia *lantarum, 1BI !@!1B.

77. :alconer, +.%., 1///. "n overview of problems caused by toxic bluegreen algae

4cyanobactreia5 in drinking and recreational water. )nvironmental 3oxicology, 1BI ?17.

1/



7A. :itgerald, ).;., ;.6. &affrey, S.3. $esaratnam and *. 6cLoughlin, 7A. &opper and

lead concentrations in salt marsh plants on the Suir )stuary, +reland. )nvironmental

*ollution, 17AI !00B.

7B. 'arg, S.9., 1/0/. Sewage (isposal and "ir *ollution )ngineering H )nvironmental

)ngineering 4ol. ++5. 9hanna *ublishers, (ehli11!, +ndia

7?. 'reger, 6., L. 9autsky and 3. Sandberg, 1//?. " tentative model of &d uptake in Potamogeton pectinatus in relation to salinity. )nvironmental and )xperimental

#otany, A?I 71?77?.

7!. 6eagher, %.#., 7. *hytoremediation of toxic elemental and organic pollutants.

&urrent Opinion in *lant #iology, AI 1?A1!7.

70. 6etcalf, )ddy, 1//?. 2astewater )ngineering H 3reatment, (isposal and %euse. 3hird

)dition, 3ata 6c'raw8ill *ublishing &ompany Limited, $ew (elhi, +ndia.

7@. OSullivan, ".(., #.6. 6oran and 6.L. Otte, 7B. "ccumulation and fate of

contaminants 4Pn, *b, :e and S5 in substrates of wetlands constructed for treating

mine wastewater. 2ater, "ir, and Soil *ollution, 1?0I AB?A!B.

7/. *arkplan, *., S.3. Leong, *. Laortanakul and ;.L. 3orotoro, 77. +nfluence of salinity

and acidity on bioavailability of sludgeborne heavy metals. " case study of #angkokmunicipal sludge. 2ater, "ir, and Soil *ollution, 1A/I BA!.

A. %ajala, %.L. and 8. 8einonen3anski, 1//@. Survival and transfer of feacal indicator

organisms of wastewater effluents in receiving lake waters. 2ater Science and

3echnology, A@I 1/11/B.

A1. Standard 6ethods for the )xamination of 2ater and 2astewater 41//?5. 1/th edn.,

"merican *ublic 8ealth "ssociationF"merican 2ater 2orks "ssociationF2ater

)nvironment :ederation, 2ashington (&, CS"

Documents

JBIC SHway_Final Draft Report