Jan Hus

Other names John Hus, John Huss, or Jan Huss

Born 1369Husinec, Kingdom of Bohemia

Died Executed (burned at the stake) 6July 1415 (aged ca. 45) Konstanz,Bishopric of Constance, HolyRoman Empire

Era Renaissance philosophy

Region Western philosophy

School Hussite

Main interests Theology

Jan HusFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jan Hus (Czech pronunciation: [ˈjan ˈɦus] ( ); c. 1369 – 6 July1415), often referred to in English as John Hus or JohnHuss, was a Czech priest, philosopher, reformer, and masterat Charles University in Prague. After John Wycliffe, thetheorist of ecclesiastical Reformation, Hus is considered thefirst Church reformer, as he lived before Luther, Calvin, andZwingli.

He was burned at the stake for heresy against the doctrines ofthe Catholic Church, including those on ecclesiology, theEucharist, and other theological topics. Hus was a keypredecessor to the Protestant movement of the sixteenthcentury, and his teachings had a strong influence on the statesof Europe, most immediately in the approval of a reformistBohemian religious denomination, and, more than a centurylater, on Martin Luther himself.[1]

After his death in 1415, the followers of Hus's religiousteachings (known as Hussites) rebelled against their RomanCatholic rulers and defeated five consecutive papal crusadesbetween 1420 and 1431 in what became known as theHussite Wars.[2] A century later, as many as 90% ofinhabitants of the Czech lands were non-Catholic andfollowed the teachings of Hus and his successors.[3]

Contents

1 Early life2 Career

2.1 Papal schism2.1.1 Kutná Hora Decree2.1.2 Alexander V becomes Antipope2.1.3 Excommunication of Hus2.1.4 Indulgences2.1.5 Crusade against Naples2.1.6 Condemnation of indulgences andCrusade

2.1.6.1 Response

Influenced by

Influenced

2.1.7 Attempts at reconciliation2.1.7.1 Writings of Hus andWycliffe

2.2 Council of Constance2.2.1 Imprisonment and preparations fortrial

2.3 Trial2.3.1 Condemnation2.3.2 Refusals to recant

3 Execution4 Aftermath

4.1 Hussite Wars4.2 Hus's scholarship and teachings4.3 6 July veneration4.4 Legacy

5 Famous followers of Jan Hus6 Gallery7 Works8 See also9 References10 Further reading11 External links

Early lifeHus was born in Husinec, Bohemia, in 1369. At an early age he traveled to Prague, where he supported himselfby singing and serving in churches. His conduct was positive and his commitment to his studies wasremarkable.[4] In 1393, Hus earned the degree of Bachelor of Arts at the University of Prague, and he earned hismaster's degree in 1396. In 1400, he was ordained as a priest. He served as rector of the university in 1402–03.He was appointed a preacher at the newly built Bethlehem chapel around the same time. Hus was a strongadvocate for the Czechs, and therefore the Realists, and he was influenced by the writings of John Wycliffe.Although church authorities proscribed many works of Wycliffe in 1403, Hus translated Trialogus into Czechand helped to distribute it.[4]

Career

Hus tried to reform the church by delineating the moral failings of clergy, bishops, and even the papacy from hispulpit. Archbishop Zbyněk Zajíc tolerated this, and even appointed Hus as preacher to the clergy's biennialsynod. On 24 June 1405, Pope Innocent VII, however, directed the Archbishop to counter Wycliffe's hereticalteachings, especially the doctrine of impanation in the Eucharist. The archbishop complied by issuing a synodaldecree against Wycliffe, as well as forbidding any further attacks on the clergy.[4]

In 1406, two Bohemian students brought a document to Prague bearing the seal of the University of Oxford thatpraised Wycliffe. Hus proudly read the document from his pulpit. Then in 1408, Pope Gregory XII warnedArchbishop Zajic that the Church in Rome had been informed of Wycliffe's heresies and of King Wenceslaus'ssympathies for non-conformists. In response, the king and University ordered all of Wycliffe's writingssurrendered to the archdiocesan chancery for correction. Hus obeyed, declaring that he condemned the errors inthose writings.[4]

Papal schism

At this time (1408) the Charles University in Prague was divided by the Western Schism, in which Gregory XIIin Rome and Benedict XIII in Avignon both claimed the papacy. Wenceslaus felt Gregory XII might interferewith his plans to be crowned Holy Roman Emperor. He denounced Gregory, ordered the clergy in Bohemia toobserve a strict neutrality in the schism, and said that he expected the same of the University. Archbishop Zajícremained faithful to Gregory. At the University, only the scholars of the Bohemian "nation" (one of the fourgoverning sections), with Hus as their leader, vowed neutrality.[citation needed]

Kutná Hora Decree

At the instigation of Hus and other Bohemian leaders, King Wenceslaus decreed (in Kutná Hora) that the"Bohemian nation" would have three votes (instead of one) in University affairs, while the Bavarian, Saxon, andPolish "nations" would have only one vote in total. As a consequence, between five thousand and twentythousand foreign doctors, masters, and students left Prague in 1409. This exodus resulted in the founding of theUniversity of Leipzig, among others. Thus Charles University lost its international importance and became astrictly Czech school. The emigrants also spread news of the Bohemian "heresies" throughout the rest ofEurope. Archbishop Zajíc became isolated and Hus was at the height of his fame. He became Rector of theUniversity, and enjoyed the favor of the court. Wycliffe's doctrines also regained favor in Prague.[citation needed]

Alexander V becomes Antipope

In 1409, the Council of Pisa tried to end the schism by electing Alexander V as Pope, but Gregory and Benedictdid not submit. (Alexander was declared an "antipope" by the Council of Constance in 1418.)

Hus, his followers, and Wenceslaus transferred their allegiance to Alexander V. Under pressure fromWenceslaus, Archbishop Zajíc did the same. Zajíc then lodged an accusation of "ecclesiastical disturbances"against Wycliffites in Prague with Alexander V.

Excommunication of Hus

On 20 December 1409, Alexander V issued a papal bull that empowered the Archbishop to proceed againstWycliffism in Prague. All copies of Wycliffe's writings were to be surrendered and his doctrines repudiated, andfree preaching discontinued. After the publication of the bull in 1410, Hus appealed to Alexander V, but in vain.The Wycliffe books and valuable manuscripts were burned, and Hus and his adherents were excommunicatedby Alexander V.

By this time, Hus's ideas had become widely accepted in Bohemia, and there was broad resentment against theChurch hierarchy. The attack on Hus by the Pope and Archbishop caused riots in parts of Bohemia. Wenceslausand his government took the side of Hus, and the power of his adherents increased from day to day. Huscontinued to preach in the Bethlehem Chapel. The churches of the city were put under the ban, and the interdictwas pronounced against Prague. To protect the city, Hus left and went into the countryside, where he continuedto preach and write.[5]

Indulgences

Archbishop Zajíc died in 1411, and with his death the religious movement in Bohemia entered a new phase,where the disputes concerning indulgences assumed great importance.

Crusade against Naples

Alexander V died in 1410, and was succeeded by John XXIII (also later declared an antipope). In 1411, JohnXXIII proclaimed a crusade against King Ladislaus of Naples, the protector of rival Pope Gregory XII. Thiscrusade was preached in Prague as well. John XXIII also authorized the sale of indulgences to raise money forthe war, and priests selling indulgences urged people to crowd the churches and give their offerings. This trafficin indulgences was to some a sign of the corruption of the church.[citation needed]

Condemnation of indulgences and Crusade

Hus spoke out against indulgences, but he could not carry with him the men of the university. In 1412, a disputetook place, on which occasion Hus delivered his address Quaestio magistri Johannis Hus de indulgentiis. It wastaken literally from the last chapter of Wycliffe's book, De ecclesia, and his treatise, De absolutione a pena etculpa. Hus asserted that no Pope or bishop had the right to take up the sword in the name of the Church; heshould pray for his enemies and bless those that curse him; man obtains forgiveness of sins by true repentance,not money. The doctors of the theological faculty replied, but without success. A few days afterward, some ofHus's followers, led by Vok Voksa z Valdštejna, burnt the Papal bulls. Hus, they said, should be obeyed ratherthan the Church, which they considered a fraudulent mob of adulterers and Simonists.[citation needed]

Response

In response, three men from the lower classes who openly called the indulgences a fraud were beheaded. Theywere later considered the first martyrs of the Hussite Church. In the meantime, the faculty had condemned theforty-five articles and added several other theses, deemed heretical, which had originated with Hus. The kingforbade the teaching of these articles, but neither Hus nor the university complied with the ruling, requestingthat the articles should be first proven to be un-scriptural. The tumults at Prague had stirred up a sensation;papal legates and Archbishop Albik tried to persuade Hus to give up his opposition to the papal bulls, and theking made an unsuccessful attempt to reconcile the two parties.[citation needed]

Attempts at reconciliation

Wenceslaus made efforts to harmonize the opposing parties. In 1412, he convoked the heads of his kingdom fora consultation and, at their suggestion, ordered a synod to be held at Český Brod on 2 February 1412. It did nottake place there, but in the palace of the archbishops at Prague, in order to exclude Hus from participation.Propositions were made to restore peace in the Church. Hus declared that Bohemia should have the samefreedom in regard to ecclesiastical affairs as other countries and that approbation and condemnation shouldtherefore be announced only with the permission of the state power. This was the doctrine of Wycliffe(Sermones, iii. 519, etc.).

There followed treatises from both parties, but no harmony was obtained. "Even if I should stand before thestake which has been prepared for me," Hus wrote at the time, "I would never accept the recommendation of thetheological faculty." The synod did not produce any results, but the King ordered a commission to continue thework of reconciliation. The doctors of the university demanded approval of their conception of the Church,according to which the Pope is the head, the Cardinals are the body of the Church, from Hus and his followers.Hus protested vigorously. The Hussite party seems to have made a great effort toward reconciliation. To thearticle that the Roman Church must be obeyed, they added only "so far as every pious Christian is bound".Stanislav ze Znojma and Štěpán Páleč protested against this addition and left the convention; they were exiledby the king, with two others.

Writings of Hus and Wycliffe

Of the writings occasioned by these controversies, those of Hus on the Church, entitled De Ecclesia, werewritten in 1413 and have been most frequently quoted and admired or criticized, and yet their first ten chaptersare but an epitome of Wycliffe's work of the same title, and the following chapters are but an abstract of anotherof Wycliffe's works (De potentate papae) on the power of the Pope. Wycliffe had written his book to oppose thecommon position that the Church consisted only of the clergy, and Hus now found himself making the samepoint. He wrote his work at the castle of one of his protectors in Kozí Hrádek, and sent it to Prague, where itwas publicly read in the Bethlehem Chapel. It was answered by ze Znojma and Páleč with treatises of the sametitle.

After the most vehement opponents of Hus had left Prague, his adherents occupied the whole ground. Huswrote his treatises and preached in the neighborhood of Kozí Hrádek. Bohemian Wycliffism was carried intoPoland, Hungary, Croatia, and Austria. But in January 1413, a general council in Rome condemned the writingsof Wycliffe and ordered them to be burned.[citation needed]

Council of Constance

Wenceslaus' brother Sigismund of Hungary, who was "King of the Romans" (that is, head of the Holy RomanEmpire, though not then Emperor), and heir to the Bohemian crown, was anxious to put an end to religiousdissension within the Church. To put an end to the papal schism and to take up the long desired reform of theChurch, he arranged for a general council to convene on 1 November 1414, at Konstanz (Constance). TheCouncil of Constance (1414-1418) became the 16th ecumenical council recognized by the Catholic Church.Hus, willing to make an end of all dissensions, agreed to go to Constance, under Sigismund's promise of safeconduct.[citation needed]

Imprisonment and preparations for trial

Spiezer Chronik, 1485

Map of the area where Huswas burnt at the stake

Jan Hus at the stake

It is unknown whether Hus knew what his fate would be, but he madehis will before setting out. He started on his journey on 11 October 1414;on 3 November 1414, he arrived at Constance, and on the following day,the bulletins on the church doors announced that Michal z NěmeckéhoBrodu would be opposing Hus. In the beginning, Hus was at liberty,under his safe-conduct from Sigismund, and lived at the house of awidow. But he continued celebrating Mass and preaching to the people,in violation of restrictions decreed by the Church. After a few weeks, hisopponents succeeded in imprisoning him, on the strength of a rumor thathe intended to flee. He was first brought into the residence of a canonand then, on 8 December 1414, into the dungeon of the Dominicanmonastery. Sigismund was greatly angered, as the guarantor of Hus'ssafety, and threatened the prelates with dismissal; however, the prelatesconvinced him that he could not be bound by promises to aheretic.[citation needed]

On 4 December 1414, John XXIII entrusted a committee of three bishops witha preliminary investigation against Hus. As was common practice, witnessesfor the prosecution were heard, but Hus was not allowed an advocate for hisdefense. His situation became worse after the downfall of John XXIII, whohad left Constance to avoid abdicating. Hus had been the captive of JohnXXIII and in constant communication with his friends, but now he wasdelivered to the Archbishop of Constance and brought to his castle, Gottliebenon the Rhine. Here he remained for 73 days, separated from his friends,chained day and night, poorly fed, and ill.[citation needed]

Trial

On 5 June 1415, he was tried for the first time, and for that purpose wastransferred to a Franciscan monastery, where he spent the last weeks of his life.Extracts from his works were read, and witnesses were heard. He refused allformulae of submission, but declared himself willing to recant if his errorsshould be proven to him from the Bible. Hus conceded his veneration ofWycliffe, and said that he could only wish his soul might some time attain untothat place where Wycliffe's was. On the other hand, he denied having defendedWycliffe's doctrine of The Lord's Supper or the forty-five articles; he had onlyopposed their summary condemnation. King Wenceslaus admonished him todeliver himself up to the mercy of the Council, as he did not desire to protect aheretic.

At the last trial, on 8 June 1415, thirty-nine sentences were read to him,twenty-six of which had been excerpted from his book on the Church, sevenfrom his treatise against Páleč, and six from that against Stanislav ze Znojma.The danger of some of these doctrines to worldly power was explained toSigismund to incite him against Hus. Hus again declared himself willing to submit if he could be convinced oferrors. This declaration was considered an unconditional surrender, and he was asked to confess:

1. that he had erred in the theses which he had hitherto maintained;2. that he renounced them for the future;3. that he recanted them; and4. that he declared the opposite of these sentences.

He asked to be exempted from recanting doctrines which he had never taught; others, which the assemblyconsidered erroneous, he was not willing to revoke; to act differently would be against his conscience. Thesewords found no favorable reception. After the trial on 8 June, several other attempts were purportedly made toinduce him to recant, which he resisted.[citation needed]

Condemnation

The condemnation took place on 6 July 1415, in the presence of the assembly of the Council in the Cathedral.After the High Mass and Liturgy, Hus was led into the church. The Bishop of Lodi delivered an oration on theduty of eradicating heresy; then some theses of Hus and Wycliffe and a report of his trial were read.

Refusals to recant

An Italian prelate pronounced the sentence of condemnation upon Hus and his writings. Hus protested, sayingthat even at this hour he did not wish anything, but to be convinced from Holy Scripture. He fell upon his kneesand asked God with a low voice to forgive all his enemies. Then followed his degradation — he was enrobed inpriestly vestments and again asked to recant; again he refused. With curses his ornaments were taken from him,his priestly tonsure was destroyed, and the sentence was pronounced that the Church had deprived him of allrights and delivered him to the secular powers. Then a high paper hat was put upon his head, with theinscription "Haeresiarcha" (meaning the leader of a heretical movement). Hus was led away to the stake under astrong guard of armed men. At the place of execution he knelt down, spread out his hands, and prayed aloud. Itis said that when he was about to expire, he cried out, "Christ, son of the Living God, have mercy on us!"

ExecutionThe executioner undressed Hus and tied his hands behind his back with ropes, and bound his neck with a chainto a stake around which wood and straw had been piled up so that it covered him to the neck. At the lastmoment, the imperial marshal, Von Pappenheim, in the presence of the Count Palatine, asked him to recant andthus save his own life, but Hus declined with the words "God is my witness that the things charged against me Inever preached. In the same truth of the Gospel which I have written, taught, and preached, drawing upon thesayings and positions of the holy doctors, I am ready to die today."[6] He was then burned at the stake, and hisashes thrown into the Rhine River.

Anecdotally, it has been claimed that the executioners had some problems scaling up the fire. An old womancame closer to the bonfire and threw a relatively small amount of brushwood on it. Hus, seeing it, then said,"Sancta Simplicitas!" (Holy Simplicity!) This sentence's Czech equivalent ("svatá prostota!", or, in vocativeform "svatá prostoto!") is still used to comment upon a stupid action.[citation needed]

Aftermath

Equestrian statue of theHussite leader Jan Žižka inPrague.

Hussite Wars

Main article: Hussite Wars

Responding with horror to the execution of Hus, the people of Bohemia moved even more rapidly away fromPapal teachings, spurring an announced crusade against them. Pope Martin V issued a Papal bull that allsupporters of reformers like Hus and Wycliffe be slaughtered. The crusaders lost, as did the second and thirdcrusades that followed. A century later, as much as ninety percent of the Czech Crown lands still followedHussite teachings.

Hus's scholarship and teachings

Hus left only a few reformatory writings in the proper sense of the word, mostof his works being polemical treatises against Stanislav ze Znojma and ŠtěpánPáleč. He translated Wycliffe's Trialogus, and was very familiar with his workson the body of the Lord, on the Church, on the power of the pope, and especiallywith his sermons. There are reasons to suppose that Wycliffe's doctrine of theLord's Supper (consubstantiation rather than transubstantiation[7]) had spread toPrague as early as 1399, with strong evidence that students returning fromEngland had brought the work back with them. It gained an even widercirculation after it had been prohibited in 1403, and Hus preached and taught it,although it is possible that he simply repeated it without advocating it. But thedoctrine was seized eagerly by the radical party, the Taborites, who made it thecentral point of their system. According to their book, the Church is not thathierarchy which is generally designated as Church; the Church is the entire bodyof those who from eternity have been predestined for salvation. Christ, not thepope, is its head. It is no article of faith that one must obey the pope to be saved.Neither internal membership in the Church nor churchly offices and dignities area surety that the persons in question are members of the true Church.

To some, Hus's efforts were predominantly designed to rid the Church of its ethical abuses, rather than acampaign of sweeping theological change. To others, the seeds of the reformation are clear in Hus's andWycliffe's writings. In explaining the plight of the average Christian in Bohemia, Hus wrote, "One pays forconfession, for mass, for the sacrament, for indulgences, for churching a woman, for a blessing, for burials, forfuneral services and prayers. The very last penny which an old woman has hidden in her bundle for fear ofthieves or robbery will not be saved. The villainous priest will grab it." (Macek, 16) After Hus's death, hisfollowers, then known as Hussites, split off into several groups including the Utraquists, Taborites and Orphans.Nearly six centuries later in 1999, Pope John Paul II expressed "deep regret for the cruel death inflicted" onHus. Cardinal Miloslav Vlk of the Czech Republic was instrumental in crafting John Paul II's statement.[8]

6 July veneration

Jan Hus Day (Den upálení mistra Jana Husa) on 6 July, the anniversary of the martyrdom of JanHus, is a public holiday in the Czech Republic.Hus is honored with a feast day on 6 July in the Unitas Fratrum or Moravian Church. Members of theUnitas Fratrum and Czech Brethren claim Hus as a spiritual forerunner.

Hus is honored with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA). He is also commemorated as a martyr on the Calendar of Saints of the Evangelical Lutheran Church

in America.[9]

Legacy

Jan Hus was a key contributor to Protestantism, whose teachings had a strong influence on the states of Europeand on Martin Luther himself. The Hussite Wars resulted in the Basel Compacts which allowed for a reformedchurch in the Kingdom of Bohemia—almost a century before such developments would take place in theLutheran Reformation. The Unitas Fratrum (or Moravian Church) considers itself a spiritual heir to many ofHus' followers.[10] Hus' extensive writings earn him a prominent place in Czech literary history.

Jan Hus introduced improvements into medieval Czech language diacritic such as the "hook" háček (ě,š,č,ř,ž)and the "dot" above letters for strong accent, in order to represent each sound by a single symbol (á,é,í,ó,ú).Some sources mention documented use of the special symbols in bible translations (1462), the Schaffhausenbible, and handwritten notes in the bible. The symbol "ů" came later. The book Orthographia Bohemica (1406)may have been written by Jan Hus, but it is questionable. Today, the Jan Hus Memorial is located at the PragueOld Town Square (Czech Staroměstské náměstí).

In New York City, a church in Brooklyn (located at 153 Ocean Avenue), and a church and a theatre inManhattan (located at 351 East 74th Street) are named for Hus: respectively the John Hus Moravian Church, theJan Hus Presbyterian Church and the Jan Hus Playhouse. Although the Manhattan's church and theatre share asingle building and management, the Playhouse's productions are usually non-religious or non-denominational.

A statue of Jan Hus was erected at the Union Cemetery in Bohemia, New York (on Long Island) by Czechimmigrants to the New York area in 1893.

On the contrary to the popular perception of Hus as a proto-Protestant, some Eastern Orthodox Christians haveargued that Hus's theology was far closer to Orthodoxy. Jan Hus is considered as a saint martyr in someOrthodox jurisdictions.[11]

Famous followers of Jan Hus

Jerome of Prague, Hus's friend and devoted follower shared his fate and on 30 May 1416 was also burnedat Konstanz

Jan Kardinál z Rejnštejna (1375–1428) (German: Johannes Cardinalis von Bergreichenstein)[12]

Jan Žižka z Trocnova a Kalicha (c. 1360–1424), Czech general and Hussite leaderMatěj z Knína (died 26 March 1410) (in German: Matthäus von Knin)Mikuláš Biskupec z Pelhřimova (1385 Poděbrady – 1460 Poděbrady) (in Latin: Nicolaus Pilgramensis, inGerman: Nikolaus von Pelgrims)John Amos Comenius(1592-1670)(Czech: Jan Amos Komenský) Pastor, Teacher, philosopher, educatorand writer. The last bishop of Unitas Fratrum prior to its renewal, Pastor in the Moravian church. Earlychampion of universal education, and education in ones mother tongue.

Gallery

Painting of Jan Hus atthe Council ofConstance by VáclavBrožík (1883).

Preparing the executionof Jan Hus.

Alfons Mucha: MasterJan Hus Preaching atthe Bethlehem Chapel:Truth prevails, 1916;part of the 20-paintingwork, The Slav Epic.

Ladislav Šaloun: JanHus Memorial on theOld Town Square inPrague, erected in 1915.

Bethlehem Chapel(exterior) in Prague

Bethlehem Chapel(interior) in Prague

Works

De ecclesia. The church (http://books.google.com/books?id=hsSCAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=jan+hus+%22De+ecclesia%22&hl=en&src=bmrr&ei=VlJ8TeziE4Ho0gHMi6HMAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false), Jan Hus; David S. Schaff,translator, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1915.The letters of John Hus (http://books.google.com/books?id=JIgQAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22letters+of+John+Hus%22&hl=en&ei=wVJ8TZDhFaHD0QHVo9XhAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false), Jan Hus; Herbert B. Workman; R. Martin Pope, London, Hodder and Stoughton, 1904.

See also

Orthographia bohemica, a treatise thought to have been written by Jan HusJan Hus Presbyterian Church, a New York City church named after Jan Hus

References1. ^ "Luther: man between God and the Devil (http://books.google.com/books?

id=vuES0JdltfcC&pg=PA54&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false)". Heiko Augustinus Oberman, Eileen Walliser-Schwarzbart (2006). Yale University Press. pp. 54–55; ISBN 0-300-10313-1

2. ^ "Sigismund of Luxembourg" (http://www.radio.cz/en/article/11864). Radio Prague3. ^ Václavík, David (2010). Náboženství a moderní česká společnost (http://books.google.com/books?

id=1A5P3H2gT0sC&lpg=PA2&dq=N%C3%A1bo%C5%BEenstv%C3%AD%20a%20modern%C3%AD%20%C4%8Desk%C3%A1%20spole%C4%8Dnost&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false). Grada Publishing a.s.

4. ^ a b c d Wilhelm, Joseph. "Jan Hus." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910.29 Jun. 2013 (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07584b.htm)

5. ^ "John Huss, Pre-Reformation Reformer" (http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/131christians/martyrs/huss.html).Retrieved 8 November 2013.

6. ^ Schaff, David Schley, John Huss: his life, teachings and death, after five hundred years, (Charles Scribner's Sons,1915), p. 257

7. ^ Gotthard Victor Lechler, John Wycliffe and His English Precursors, (http://books.google.com/books?id=ZHIJAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA381) Religious Tract Society, 1904, p. 381ff

8. ^ http://ncronline.org/news/german-shepherd-bids-farewell-wolf-winter9. ^ (Czech) Český statistický úřad (http://www.czso.cz/sldb/sldb2001.nsf/tabx/CZ0000)

10. ^ http://www.unitasfratrum.org/index.php/origin-growth-of-the-unitas-fratrum/11. ^ "Jan Hus, Jerome of Prague and Orthodoxy in Czechia & Slovakia" (http://journeytoorthodoxy.com/2011/11/19/jan-

hus-jerome-of-prague-and-orthodoxy-in-czechia-slovakia/).12. ^ "Jan Kardinál z Rejnštejna" (http://www.phil.muni.cz/fil/scf/komplet/kardin.html). Phil.muni.cz. Retrieved 5

September 2008.

Further reading

Fudge, Thomas A. Jan Hus: Religious Reform and Social Revolution in Bohemia, I.B. Tauris, London,2010Fudge, Thomas A. The Memory and Morivation of Jan Hus, Medieval Priest and Martyr, Turnhout,Brepols, 2013Fudge, Thomas A. The Trial of Jan Hus: Medieval Heresy and Criminal Procedure, Oxford UniversityPress, New York, 2013Spinka, Matthew (1972), The Letters of John Hus, Totowa, New Jersey: Manchester University Press,

OCLC 590290 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/590290)Spinka, Matthew (1968), John Hus: A Biography, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press,OCLC 441706 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/441706)Spinka, Matthew (1966), John Hus' Concept of the Church, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton UniversityPress, OCLC 390635 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/390635)Matthew Spinka: 'John Hus at the Council of Constance' Columbia University Press, 1965 (Includes theeye-witness account by Peter of Mladonovice)Count Lützow: Life & Times of Master John Hus, E.P. Dutton & Co. London, 1909Josef Macek: The Hussite Movement in Bohemia, Orbis, Prague, 1958Philip Schaff-Herzog: Encyclopedia of ReligionRichard Friedenthal: Jan Hus. Der Ketzer und das Jahrhundert der Revolutionskriege. 2. Auflage 1987,ISBN 3-492-10331-6Wilhelm, J. (1910). Jan Hus. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.Retrieved 16 May 2011 from New Advent: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07584b.htm

External links

John Hus, a movie produced by Faith for Today (1977) (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0124766/)

Jan Hus, a Czechoslovak movie directed by Otakar Vávra (1955) (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0047128/)Hussitism and the heritage of Jan Hus (http://www.czech.cz/en/czech-republic/history/all-about-czech-history/hussitism-and-the-heritage-of-jan-hus/) – Official Website of the Czech RepublicFinal Declaration (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1415janhus.html) written on 1 July 1415 –Modern History Sourcebook, Fordham UniversityLetters of John Huss Written During His Exile and Imprisonment (http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC00802093&id=bU6mxnnH6k0C&printsec=titlepage&dq=inauthor:martin+inauthor:luther+date:1500-1923), with a preface by Martin Luther, by Jan Hus, François Paul Émile Boisnormand deBonnechose, tr. Campbell Mackenzie, Edinburgh, William Whyte & Co., 1846The life and times of John Huss "btm" format (http://www.third-millennium-library.com/readinghall/GalleryofHistory/Huss/HUSS-DOOR.html)Bohemian Reformation and Religious Practice (http://www.brrp.org/) – online translation of a Czechacademic journal

Texts on Wikisource

John Foxe, "Persecution of John Huss" in The Book of Martyrs, Chapter VIII."Huss, John". New International Encyclopedia. 1905."Huss, John". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.

J. Wilhelm (1913). "Jan Hus". Catholic Encyclopedia."Huss, John". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.

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