Karns-Evolution of United Nations Peacekeeping

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World SecurityCHALLENGES FOR A

NEW CENTURYTHIRD EDITION

A Project of the Fiue College Program

in Peace and World Security Studies

Michael T. Klare

HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE

Yogesh Chandrani

HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE

THOrvtSol\l--*---'"Vr/ADSVVORTH

Australia.

Canada

.

Mexico 'Singapore 'Spain

United Kingdom. United States

1998



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228 wonrr sECURrry: cHALLENGES FoR A NEw cENTURy

22. United Nations Security Council, "Letter Dated 29 November 1992 from theSecretary-General Addressed to the President of the Security Council" (November 30,1992)(5t24868), p.2.

23. "The UN war on Aidid put UNOSOM in the worst of all possible worlds, which past

peacekeepers had scrupulously avoided . . . [and] made it one of the players in the conflict."

Richard Conroy, "Peacekeeping and Peace Enforcement in Somalia" (Paper presented at theAnnual Meeting of the International Studies Association,

'Washington,D.C., March 30-April 2,

1994),p. 12.

24. For further discussion, see Walter Clarke and Jeffrey Herbst, "Somaiia and the Future

o{ Humanitarian Intervention," Foreign Affairs, Yol.75, No. 2 (March/April 1.996), pp.70-85; E. Agnelli and C. Murphg "Lessons of Somalia for Future Multilateral HumanitarianAssistance Operations," Global Gouernance,Yol. 1, No. 3 (SeptemberlDecember 1995), pp.

339-56.25. Then UN Undersecretary-General for Peacekeeping Kofi Annan (now Secretary-

General Annan) commented presciently: "I don't think the member states have the stomach forthis type of operation." Quoted in John L. Hirsch and Robert B. Oakley Somalia andOperation Restore Hope: Reflections on Peacemaking and Peacekeeping (Washington: U.S.

Institute for Peace, 1995), p. 150.

26. For one perspective, see Alain Destexhe, "The Third Genocide," Foreign Pollcy, No.97 (Ifinter 1,994/9 5),, pp. 3-17.

27. Thts, the UN involvement in Yugoslavia came to represent "a microcosm of all theproblems that this body faces today: what to do about peacekeeping; when and if to turn toenforcementl where decisions should be taken; how human rights abuses should be dealt with;and who will pay." Rosalyn Higgins, "The New United Nations and Former Yugoslavia,"

International Affairs,Yol. 69, No. 3 (1.993), p. 455.

28. For an early assessment of these problems, see ibid.29 . The problem of matching capabilities and resources to mandates was particularly evi-

dent in the repeated Security Council resolutions authorizing UNPROFOR to deter attacks

against six tN "safe areas" in Bosnia. Sfhere the UN force commander called for 34,000

troops, the Security Council authorized 7,000 and only 3,500 were actually deployed to two ofthe six areas, This "mismatch of commitments and resources" undermined bothUNPROFOR's effectiveness and the UN's credibility. Susan R. Lamb, "The UN Protection

Force in Former Yugoslavia," in Ramesh Thakur and Carlyle A. Thayer, eds., A Crisis ofExpectations: UN Peacekeeping in the 1990s (Boulder: Westview Press, 1995), p. 74.

30. The small contingent of troops (seven hundred), including three hundred U.S. soldiers,

that had been deployed to Macedonia in December 1,992to forestall the expansion of conflictto that province remained as a sign of the UN's commitment to ensuring that tensions there notescalate into armed conflict.

31. Weiss and Chopra, United Nations Peacekeeping, p. 31..

32. Ibid., p. 32. The discussion onpp.32-35 regarding legal issues provides an excellent

summary o{ the literature. For discussion of the bases for humanitarian intervention, see JaratChopra and Thomas G. Weiss, "Sovereignty Is No Longer Sacrosanct: Codifying Humani-tarian Intervention," Ethics and International Affairs,Vol. 6 (1992), pp. 9 5-1.1.7; and James A.

R. Nafziger, "Self-Determination and Humanitarian Intervention in a Community of Power,"

DenuerJournal

of International Lau,, and Policy,Yol.20, No. 1 (Fa1l 1,991,), pp.940.33. Weiss and Chopra, United Nations Peacekeeping, p. 40.

34. Address by the Secretary-General, "From Peace-Keeping to Peace-Building," p. 11.

Boutros-Gha1i discusses various proposals {or reform in peacekeeping financing arrangements.

35. For a discussion, see Robert C. Johansen, "Reconciling National and InternationalInterests in UN Peacekeeping," in Ramesh Thakur and Carlyle A. Thayer, eds., A Crisis ofExp e ctations, pp. 281,-302.

35. For a discussion of the problem of U.S. support for the UN, see Margaret P. Karns and

Karen A. Mingst, "The Past As Prologue: The United States and the Future of the UN System,"

in Gene M. Lyons, Chadwick R. Alger, and John E. Trent, eds., The United Nations and the

Policies of Member Statas (Tokyo: UN University Press, 1995).

37. Quoted in "Kofi Annan: The International Civil Servant," United Nations Chronicle,

Vol.33, No. 3 (1996), pp.5,7.

Documents

Karns-Evolution of United Nations Peacekeeping