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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Tourism has great potential worldwide. It is considered as a most environment
friendly and has grown up very fast in the last few decades. Recent achievements
of Middle East Asia and Europe have proved importance of tourism. Nowadays it
is also becoming a great source of revenue generation especially for the countries
facing challenges towards Natural Resource Management like Nepal. Nepal is a
small and beautiful country with snow streams and green vistas. It is a landlocked
country situated in South East Asia between two huge nations India and China. It
is located between latitude of 260 22' North and 300 27' North and longitude
between 860 4' East and 880 12' East with an area of 147181sq km. The country is
about 885km long from east to west and its width average 193 KM from north to
south. Its population is 2,31,51,423 (CBS 2001). Out of total 65.5 percent of
population is living in rural areas and 38 percent people are under poverty line.
The gap between rich and poor is still increasing. Despite the natural beauty, the
social-economic scenario indicates that it is very challenging to develop the
nation.
The small country Nepal have very rich natural beauties with innumerable
Himalayan peaks, mountains suitable for all types of snow sports including
mountaineering and trekking, rich cultural heritages, religious practices, ancient
medieval artistic temples and monuments in most of the places in the valley and
many other things of curiosity and mystery. In the world, Nepal occupies 0.03%
only and in Asia 0.3 % of land. It lies between the altitudinal variants ranging
from 60m to 8848m. Nepal is second richest in its water resources. The technically
viable hydroelectric potential of Nepal is about 48 thousand MW but it comes to
around 1.25 percent only. There is diversity in language and culture. Here people
are in harmony and unity with each other. There are 14 mountain peaks which are
above 8000m in the whole world, out of which 8 of them lies in Nepal. Mt.
Everest is the highest peak in the world and lies in Nepal. Travelers are attracted to
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Nepal by lush terai jungle, the beautiful peaks of Himalayas, terraced from land
shiny rivers wildlife activities and rich cultural heritage.
Today tourism has become a major enterprise in Nepal. Nepal, when opened to
the outside world began to draw the attention of the visitors and tourism flourished
so unseeingly. Now tourism has become the important economic activity of the
people in this agricultural production based country. It is considered to be the
economic backbone of the country. The promotion of tourism in true sense started
more or less only after 1950. The department of tourism was established in 1961.
The concrete steps to promote high level tourism development committee were
formed and Nepal tourism master plan prepared in 1972.
Makawanpur Gadhi, this historic setting in the Makwanpur district is located
just 17.5 km north east of Hetuada on the Kanti highway and lies at an altitude of
1,035 meters above sea level. It is situated in a very strategic offensive battle
position from where enemies can be easily spotted and attacked. In fact, it is
believed that Nepal won the battle in which 1700 soldiers of Mir Kasim’s men
died and the Nepalese army captured 500 rifles, two canons and other military
artillery, because of its tactical location on top of a hill.
Nepalese warriors have been known for their bravery and their courageous
feat, and Makwanpur Gadhi is one of those places from where the Nepalese army
fearlessly stopped foreign invasion and prevented them from reaching the capital.
This was where the gurkha army first fought against a foreign force to save the
entire unified Nepal; it was from this war that the gurkha army transformed into
the national army.
Along with the fort’s historic past, there lies a folk-lore, which says that during
the mythological era lord Krishna would create havoc here by stealing butter for
fun. The locals one day caught him and tied him up where the fort is located now a
day. The statue of Bansagopal is believed to be far older than the fort itself and is
only temple where one can see Lord Krishna tied to the walls. Devotees from
neighbouring regions come to the fort in every Krishna Janma Asthhami to
worship in the temple.
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There are other places of historical importance around the Gadhi area like
Sano Gadhi, Dhunge Gadhi, Junge Durbar and Ratomate Gadhi which would also
come into limelight after the fort is promoted.
Despite its glorious past, this celebrated site does not look as mighty as it was
supposed to be. There are gaps in its walls, the entire structure looks like it is
slowly decaying with time and it is losing its charm. Its rich stone architecture,
which is symbol of our civilization, looks fragile and if it goes like this then one
day this glorious fort will only remain in the pages of history. Though late, the
locals realized its importance and established a Gadhi Tourism Board but
ironically, it collapsed, as it could not function properly.
After the collapse of the board, a development committee was born. Now there
are lots of organizations working for development in the tourism sector in Gadhi.
These are district development committee Makawanpur, Makawanpur Tourism
Board, Gadhi Development Committee, Makawanpur Gadhi paryatan bikash
samanwoye samiti-2067, Hem Karna Ban Upabhokta Samiti (women) etc are
working for the development and promotion of the historic site.
1.2 Statement of the problem
Tourism is main source of national economy in Nepal. Tourism is an ever
growing and also the fastest growing industry, which has so many possibilities in
Nepal. It can provide employment opportunities for various people as tour guide
operator and hotel owners etc which are directly and indirectly benefited. It has
been considered as a major product on globalization. It is multidimensional and
multidisciplinary in terms of nature in itself but closely with culture and increase
to per capita income.
Tourism is a key resource for the sustainable socio-economic development. It
helps to increase economic status by increasing opportunities. Similarly, it helps to
uplift the lifestyle of the locals.
Many eco-tourism destination of the country are located in wilderness areas
where indigenous and marginalized people are living. So it is a newest opportunity
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to people involved in travel trade industry to local entrepreneurship. It is one of
the most possible sources of alternative income generation from natural resources.
Makawanpur district has the highest potential of eco-tourism where people can
enjoy with various types of flora and fauna, wild animals birds, friendly people
and their socio cultural diversity etc.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of the study area is to know the status and potentiality of
the tourism development in Makawanpur Gadhi area however the following are
the specific objectives.
1. To explore the socio-cultural and economic aspects of respondents.
2. To find out the major tourist attraction in the study area.
3. To analyze the prospects and problems of ecotourism in the study area.
1.4 Significance of the Study
Mostly the assumptions as regards to the eco tourism and home stay are made
on hypothetical basis. Because of the lack of the adequate information most of the
papers prepared on the topic do not represent completely the real picture of the eco
tourism in Nepal.
Tourism is an important source to collect revenue for both national and local
levels. The first appearance of tourism in the world had a cultural motivation and
tourism has always stood as unique vehicle for cultural propagation that is
necessary to a deeper understanding of peoples.
Eco-tourism is an important niche market in the world tourism industry. It is
becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to mass tourism. The concept of
ecotourism emerged to address lithe problem created by environmental damage
associated with mass tourism.
Ecotourism can play an important role in the ecological and economic
development of a nation. It is necessary to explore the way, which can help to
integrate ecotourism with poverty reduction and natural resources management.
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Nepal is a synonymous to tourism and is viewed as alternative source of
economic development. In the country Nepal there are many places that attract the
internal and international visitors. The present study is intended to cover one of the
places in middle Nepal. Makawanpur Gadhi is a touristic area and is famous for its
historical importance. It holds good potential for short trekking route and is in
practice. It can be developed as a spot for eco-tourism, historical fort.
Tourism itself can seek the market of domestic products like handicrafts and
other local materials. Thus the scope of ecotourism is optimistic there.
Implementation of ecotourism program in Makawanpur Gadhi would be beneficial
for the historical conservation and community development as well. In this contest
my study will be dealing with the impact of tourism as well as natural resources of
the area and potentiality for ecotourism development would be of greater
significance. This study will also be helpful for planners and policy makers to set
out necessary program for preventing further degradation of existing historical
resources, their upliftment and sustainable utilization with ecotourism
implementation. It may also contribute to future researchers working in this area.
1.5 Limitation of the Study
Any kinds of project works are done with in certain area of limitation. It
determines its nature, needs, situation and area of study. This study also limits
within certain limits within certain scope and limitation.
So the conclusion drawn from this study was more indicative rather than
conclusive. The conclusion might not been generalized for the whole. But,
inference might be valid to some extent to those areas, which have similar
geographical and environmental settings. The study will represent the whole
geographical area and socio economic settings.
The objective of the study is not to evaluate the impact of the project rather to
give the descriptive outline of the projects. Its implementation is to identify the
problems and on the basis of their analysis to draw out the recommendations.
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1.6 Organization of the study
This study is divided into six chapters which are included as follows:
Chapter I describes about general background, statement of the problem,
objective of the study, significance of the study, limitation of the study and the
organization of the study.
Chapter III provides the research methodology adopted for the study to be
carried out.
Chapter II deals with review of literature. It explains about Nepalese tourism
and ecotourism attractions. There is also literature review related to the study area
Makawanpur Gadhi.
Chapter IV setting of the study area related to survey of the secondary data
analyzed of tourism in the study area. Furthermore, it analyzes the natural
resources potentiality.
Chapter V presentations and analysis of tabulated data and interpret all the data
collected from the study area with the help of questionnaire, interviews, field visit
and observations.
Chapter VI summarizes the research work performed. It develops a clear view
about the study in the form of conclusions and recommendations so as to know the
ecotourism development in the study area.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter deals with definition of various concepts regarding
tourism/ecotourism reviews all the available literature, journals, books and other
available materials related to tourist, tourism, ecotourism, sustainable development
and carrying capacity.
Different people inside and outside the country have conducted many studies
in this field. Many studies about the tourism came into studies which are made on
different way and facts of tourism in Nepal. In order to make the study more
reliable, some of the important studies are reviewed. In addition to that, the
various tourism-related magazines, booklets, newspapers, published and
unpublished reports, information and publications also are reviewed.
2.1 Conceptual Review
The term "tourist", according to the Oxford English Dictionary, was used
before the year 1800. According to the Universal Dictionary, the tourist is a person
who makes a journey for the sake of curiosity, for the fun of traveling; or just to
tell others that he has traveled. The 19th century dictionary defines 'tourist' as "a
person who travels for pleasure of traveling, out of curiosity and because he has
nothing better to do."
Nepal Tourism Board (NTB, 2007) newsletter has presented that tourism has
become not only a major force in world trade but also a vital factor in a country's
economic, cultural and social development. The faster rate of expansion of
international tourism is a result of increasing leisure, higher standards of living,
technological advancements and emergence of the new patterns. In today’s world
tourist flows due to different psychological and socio- economic factors and also
due to efforts by many countries in the marketing of tourist’s product.
Tourism has emerged as the fastest growing industry in the world and it is said
to be the third largest industry after oil and automobile. Direct employment
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through tourism industry in the world is believed to be maximum. Many people in
the world are engaged in tourism and travel industry for livelihood.
Development of tourism in Nepal is a recent phenomenon. The country was
opened only after the rise of democracy in 1950. Another milestone in Nepalese
tourism development was the successful attainment of Mt. Everest on 29 July
1953. There are several cultural sites from Nepal, which are included in the world
heritage list of UNESCO 1979. These are Bhaktapur, Patan, and Hanuman dhoka
durbar squares, Swyambunath, Boudhanath, Pashupatinath and Changunarayan.
Recently, Lumbini also has been included in the world heritage list. More than
1250 heritage sites have been identified and documented from 72 districts outside
from Katmandu valley. Most of these heritage sites are located in the rural areas
which is core attraction for the tourists visiting those areas. Similarly, the different
protected areas are also gradually listed and going to be included in the list of
world heritage sites. Pilgrimages are also famous in Nepal where different shrines,
temples and monuments are concentrated. Nepal is attracting thousands of tourists
every year by its outstanding landscape, altitude, topography, climate vegetation
and life zones of the Himalayan region.
Sustainable tourism gives emphasis on public participation. It does the
carrying capacity of the region, multiple uses of resources and local conflict and
stress in society. It emphasizes on the eco-friendly tourism so that the industry will
survive for long term. The sustainable tourism believes that the tourism activities
should support the tourism industry so that the economy will be re-generated and
the industry will never come to the end.
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, revealed Ecotourism is a form of
tourism involving fragile, pristine, and usually protected areas intended as a low
impact and often small scale alternative to standard commercial (Mass) tourism.
Its purpose may be to educate the traveler, to provide funds for ecological
conservation, to directly benefit the economic development and political
empowerment of local communities, or to foster respect for different cultures and
for human rights. Since the 1980s ecotourism has been considered a critical
endeavor by environmentalists, so that future generations may experience
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destinations relatively untouched by human intervention. Several university
programs use this description as the working definition of ecotourism.
The International Ecotourism Society (1990) introduced Ecotourism as
"responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves
the well-being of local people."
World Tourism Organization (WTO, 1994) defined ecotourism as "tourism
that involves traveling to relatively undistributed natural areas with the specified
object of studying, admiring and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and
animal as well as any exciting cultural aspects (both of the past and present)
found in the areas.
2.1.1 Development of Tourism
Man has been traveling throughout the ages. Traveling is a human character
but tourism is a new phenomenon. Since the beginning of human civilization man
is traveling. Travel has always been a fascination to man. Travel in the past was
not under taken for the purpose of pleasure and it was not taken during the leisure
time. At that time the motive of their travel was not to seek holiday from the
working situation. It was undertaken as a part of profession or job. So traveling is
a human nature whereas tourism is a recent phenomenon.
Before the development of transport, travel was limited to certain places.
Mechanized transport has made it possible for more number of people travel to
different places. Transport is the necessary precondition of tourism. But the
precondition of travel is movement and movement asks for transport. Tourist and
tourism is so much connected with transport system that historical study of tourist
will be concerned with the development of modern transport.
In the past, tourism was limited to limited countries and destinations. Now
every country is directly or indirectly involved in tourism. All countries compete
with each other to attract tourists.
Now moving towards Ecotourism, the increasing criticism on the negative
impact of tourism began in 1980s, as a consequence the concept of soft tourism
was developed as an opposite to mass tourism. After the world summit on
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environmental development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, the concept of sustainable
development is more and more completing the contents of soft tourism.
The increasing environmental awareness in society caused an eco-boom in
tourism and the term "ecotourism" became very popular for promoting
destinations, mostly without trying to implement the basic principles.
2.1.2 History of Tourism in Nepal
Systematic tourism in Nepal started from 1966 with the establishment of a few
hotels. The industry was farther strengthened and established after the formation
of tourism master plan in 1972. The master plan gave emphasis of tourism marked
development, sight seeing, trekking, ecotourism, recreational and adventure
tourism. Following this different support services such as accommodation
facilities and resort centers in different important tourist sites were also
established.
Nepal tourism development program has incorporated various aspects of
tourism and Nepalese economy product development programs. Also the
marketing strategy, environmental impact, importance of education and training,
institutional framework for the development of tourism, incentives to be given to
tourism industry has been dealt with the report.
2.1.3 Concept of Ecotourism
The term 'ecotourism' is defined as traveling to relatively undisturbed or
uncontaminated natural areas with specific objectives such as studying, admiring
and enjoying the scenery with its flora and fauna, as well as any existing cultural
manifestations found in these areas.
Kunwar (1997) described the concept of ecotourism is also rooted in the
environmental concerns raised by industrial development in Europe during the
sixties. The unprecedented industrial development essentially raised awareness
regarding environmental conservation and conservation organizations that came
into being demanded that government's send aside a landmass not just for tourism
10
purpose but also for preservation of ecosystem integrity. The while conservation
movement during the second half of the sixties was an example of such campaign
and this period mark the birth of ecotourism. However, actual tourism began in
Costa Rica in the early Eighties. A Costa Rican tour operator while registering his
business first coined the word ‘ecotourism’, which soon become a popular word
and frequently appeared in the literatures in Costa Rica.
Pradhan (2006) has mentioned ecotourism is a nature based travel to relatively
undisturbed areas with focus on education. The term ecotourism is defined as
traveling to relatively undisturbed natural areas with such objects as studying,
admiring and enjoying the scenery with its flora and fauna as well as the people
who live nearby, their needs, their culture and relationship to the land.
Ecotourism focuses on local cultures, wilderness adventures, volunteering
personal growth and learning new ways to live on our vulnerable planet. It is
typically defined as travel to destination where the flora, fauna and cultural
heritage are primary attractions. Responsible Ecotourism includes program that
minimize the adverse effects of traditional tourism on the natural environment, and
enhance the cultural integrity of local people. Therefore, in addition to evaluating
environmental and cultural actors, initiatives by hospitality providers to promote,
re-cycling, and energy efficiency water reuse and the creation of economic
opportunities for local communities are an integral part of ecotourism.
The ecotourism society defines ecotourism as responsible travel to natural
areas that conserve the environment and improver the welfare of the people. A
new concept, called Ecotourism, has emerged as a placement to mass tourism as a
way to reduce adverse impact of nature, ecotourism is a response to the negative
effect that mass tourism has had on the culture ant geography of countries. In
reality, ecotourism is culturally and environmentally sensitive travel that
contributes to conservation and management of nature for sustainable economic
development.
Ecotourism is a complex and multidisciplinary phenomenon. There are many
facts that must be addressed if it is to be successful for those involved: consumers,
managers, native people and suppliers. Detailed and systematic inventories of the
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ecotourism attraction of country, a region or aside should be elaborated, bearing in
mind that these inventories are different features listed.
Ecotourism must be predicated upon a system perspective that includes
sustainability and involve participation of local, rural people in those areas where
the greatest potential for ecotourism development can be found. Ecotourism must
be seen as a collaborative effort between local people and concerned, informed
visitors to preserve wild lands and their biological and cultural assets through
support of local community development. By community development, we mean
the empowerment of existing local groups in ways that only sustain the resources
but also meet the social, cultural and economic needs of the group.
Eco-tourism in other words, incorporates both a strong commitment to nature
and a sense of social responsibility. That responsibility extends to the sensitivity of
the travelers. The term "responsible travel" another aphorism for ecotourism,
encapsulates its aims. The ecotourism society gives slightly in-depth definition:
Ecotourism is responsible tackle to natural areas which conserves the environment
and improves the welfare of local people".
2.1.4 Principles of Ecotourism
Ecotourism is about uniting conservation, communities, and sustainable travel.
This means that those who implement and participate in ecotourism activities
should follow the ecotourism principle of minimize impact on the natural
resources. It is necessary to Built environmental and cultural awareness and
respect for ecotourism. Ecotourism provides positive experiences for both visitors
and hosts and direct financial benefits for conservation. It deals with financial
benefits and empowerment for local people. Ecotourism raise sensitivity to host
countries' political, environmental and social climate.
2.2 Review of Related Study
Kanel (2003) has defined the origin of the word "tourist" evidenced to be dated
back to 1292 BS. It was derived from the word "tour", a deviation of the Latin
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word "tornus" meaning a tool for describing a circle or a turner's wheel. In the first
half of the seventeenth century, this term was used for traveling from place to
place, a journey, an excursion and a circuitous journey touching the principal parts
of a country or region.
Baral (1998) mentioned Natural beauty, local life of indigenous people and the
tradition culture have become the must valuable wealth. An American geographer
JR has noted that for meeting one's basics requirements trading of cultural
important becomes necessary and here is no alternatives to tourism. In fact this can
surely be a thing of benefit as long as the mountains don’t become smaller of
tourists will keep on growing, judging from the stand point of tourism, the
Himalayan region can ensure more advantage. The experts in planning and people
have to improve management as well as preserve the opulence of the Himalayas.
In many places especially in the delicate environment of the Himalayan region the
unrestricted entrance of tourists has become a threat. The mountain treks where
nearly with the useless articles, plastic bags, cans, and other materials. In Khumbu
of the mid mountain region of Nepal, due to trekking on foot the adjoining dense
forests have been badly damaged.
Gautam (2011) described traveling is very ancient phenomenon. Travel has
existed since the beginning of time when primitive man set out. No records are
available to explain how it went on during the course of past centuries except of
new inscriptions that tells about the historic visits of some monks from friendly
countries of north and south after traveling great distances in search of game
provided the food and clothing necessary for his survival. Throughout the course
of history, people have traveled for purpose of trade, religious convection,
economic gain and other equally compelling motivation. Thus in ancient time,
great motivations for travel were political or commercial interest, curiosity to
know the custom and the habits of other people and finally religious sentiments.
According to Nepal Tourism Statistics, Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation
(MoTCA, 2011), tourism being the mainstay of Nepal ease of economy. The
decline in tourist arrivals consequently has definitely a direct impact on the overall
economic activity. According to estimation, tourism has provided the direct
employment to about 80000 people by the end of 2001. A sum of 1 million tourist
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have visited Nepal in the Nepal Tourism Year 2011, which yield in foreign
currency of gross 550 million US$.
World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC, 2010) reported that, the
contribution of travel and tourism industry to employment is expected to rise from
5.8 per cent (614,000) in 2010 to 6.4 per cent of total employment to 914,000 by
2020.
The increase in number of employment will help in poverty reduction. Also,
the Three Year Interim Plan (TYIP) has targeted to reduce poverty level to 15 per
cent by 2015.
Since the travel and tourism industry touches all sectors of economy, its real
impact is even greater. According to WTTC, Nepal’s travel and tourism industry
directly and indirectly accounts for Rs 81 billion equivalent to 7.4 per cent of the
gross domestic product (GDP) and represents 5.8 per cent to 614,00 jobs of the
total employment in the country.
According to Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS, 2008), the gross foreign
exchange earnings from foreign tourists in 2008 stood at $ 351.96 million whereas
Nepal has earned $230.61 million in 2007. The contribution of Travel and
Tourism economy to GDP is expected to rise 7.4 per cent (Rs 80.9 billion) in 2010
to 8.1 per cent (Rs 182.1 billion) in 2020, according to the WTTC that has
expected real GDP growth for the Travel and Tourism economy to rise 4.4 per
cent per annum.
2.2.1 Tourist Arrival in Nepal
As already been mentioned the tourist stated visiting Nepal freely soon after
the event of democracy in 1950. But rapid progress of tourist arrivals in Nepal
seems after the restoration of democracy 1990. Table 1 Presents trends of tourist
arrivals from 1962 to 2010.
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Table 1
Arrivals of tourists in Nepal
Total By Air By Land
Year Number
Annual
Growth
Rate
Number Percent Number Percent
Average
Length
Stay
1963 7,275 17.7 - - - - -
1964 9,526 30.9 8,435 88.5 1,091 11.5 -
1965 9,388 -1.4 8,303 88.4 1,085 11.6 -
1966 12,567 33.9 11,206 89.2 1,361 10.8 -
1967 18,093 44.0 15,064 83.3 3,029 16.7 -
1968 24,209 33.8 19,717 81.4 4,492 18.6 -
1969 34,901 44.2 28,130 80.6 6,771 19.4 -
1970 45,970 31.7 36,508 79.4 9,462 20.6 -
1971 49,914 8.6 40,369 80.9 9,545 19.1 -
1972 52,930 6.0 42,484 80.3 10,446 19.7 -
1973 68,047 28.6 55,791 82.0 12,256 18.0 -
1974 89,838 32.0 74,170 82.6 15,668 17.4 13.
1975 92,440 2.9 78,995 85.5 13,445 14.5 13.
1976 105,108 13.7 90,498 86.1 14,610 13.9 12.
1977 129,329 23.0 110,180 85.2 19,149 14.8 11.
1978 156,123 20.7 130,034 83.3 26,089 16.7 11.
1979 162,276 3.9 137,865 85.0 24,411 15.0 12.
1980 162,897 0.4 139,387 85.6 23,510 14.4 11.
1981 161,669 -0.8 142,084 87.9 19,585 12.1 10.
1982 175,448 8.5 153,509 87.5 21,939 12.5 13.
1983 179,405 2.3 152,470 85.0 26,935 15.0 11.
1984 176,634 -1.5 149,920 84.9 26,714 15.1 10.
1985 180,989 2.5 151,870 83.9 29,119 16.1 11.30
1986 223331 23.4 182745 81.8 40586 18.2 11.16
1987 248,080 11.1 205,611 82.9 42,469 17.1 11.98
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1988 265,943 7.2 234,945 88.3 30,998 11.7 12.00
1989 239,945 -9.8 207,907 86.6 32,038 13.4 12.00
1990 254,885 6.2 226,421 88.8 28,464 11.2 12.00
1991 292,995 15.0 267,932 91.4 25,063 8.6 9.25
1992 334,353 14.1 300,496 89.9 33,857 10.1 10.14
1993 293,567 -12.2 254,140 86.6 39,427 13.4 11.94
1994 326,531 11.2 289,381 88.6 37,150 11.4 10.00
1995 363,395 11.3 325,035 89.4 38,360 10.6 11.27
1996 393,613 8.3 343,246 87.2 50,367 12.8 13.50
1997 421,857 7.2 371,145 88.0 50,712 12.0 10.49
1998 463,684 9.9 398,008 85.8 65,676 14.2 10.76
1999 491,504 6.0 421,243 85.7 70,261 14.3 12.28
2000 463,646 -5.7 376,914 81.3 86,732 18.7 11.88
2001 361,237 -22.1 299,514 82.9 61,723 17.1 11.93
2002 275,468 -23.7 218,660 79.4 56,808 20.6 7.92
2003 338,132 22.7 275,438 81.5 62,694 18.5 9.60
2004 385,297 13.9 297,335 77.2 87,962 22.8 13.51
2005 375,398 -2.6 277,346 73.9 98,052 26.1 9.09
2006 383,926 2.3 283,819 73.9 100,107 26.1 10.20
2007 526,705 37.2 360,713 68.5 165,992 31.5 11.96
2008 500,277 -5.0 374,661 74.9 125,616 25.1 11.78
2009 509,956 1.9 379,322 74.4 130,634 25.6 11.32
2010 602,867 18.2 448,800 74.4 154,067 25.6 12.67
Source: Nepal Tourism Board
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Figure 1
Tourist Arrival in Nepal 1962-2010
Here, tourist arrival ratio is growing year by year. Tourist annual growth rate
was 10 times during 1962-2010. According to NTB, the tourist arrival in Nepal is
increased by 18.2 percent in the year 2010, than in the year 2009.
Average length of stay of tourist's is also increasing by the year 2010 than
previous years. In that year, every tourist visited in Nepal 12.67 days on average.
This is positive indication of development of tourism sectors. It also helps
ecotourism in Nepal.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOY
Research methodology is the most important aspect of research work. Reliable
and relevant study can be made possible only by applying scientific methods.
Hence, the primary purpose of this chapter is to discuss and design the framework
for the research. In this study, the research is designed to analyze the condition of
ecotourism in Makawanpur Gadhi of Makawanpur District. Thus, the research has
followed descriptive and explorative research method.
3.1 Research design
For the fulfillment of the study, on the basis of exploratory research and case
study various types of research designs was focused on to investigate the impact of
tourism activities on sustainable management of natural environment. Thus, this
study was both descriptive and exploratory.
3.2 Rationale for the Selection of the study Area
Makawanpur Gadhi area lies in the Mahabharat Range of Central development
region with in 27°42'N and 85°17'E longitude. Makawanpur Gadhi is bordered by
Thingan and Chhattiwan VDC in the east, Hetauda Municipality, Hatiya and
Harnamadi VDC in the south, Hetauda Municipality and Basamadi VDC in the
west and Aambhanjyang and sukaura VDC in the north side. Around 18000
people live in this area (VDC).
Though the tourism activities are continuous in and around the Makawanpur
Gadhi, but the concept of ecotourism is not implemented well or or put into
operation in this area. Not only are the tourism activities very important but also
the environment of particular area. The main concern of today is to make any
industry sustainable and beneficial for the people. So, this study tried to explore
minutely the environmental aspects consistence with degradation. Moreover, this
18
study tried to find out the causes and hidden facts of the degradation of natural
environment. Therefore, this study contained the great significance in social
science to minimize the problems related to the environment of this study area.
3.3 Sampling procedure
Non-Probability sampling was used for the selection of sampling. Under non-
probability sampling, the purposive sampling was used to select the samples from
local people, hotel owners and tourist. So purposive and convenient sampling was
used to select the 40 samples from 35 local people, 20 hotel owners and 5 tourists
visited in the area.
3.4 Natures and Sources of Data
In this study both primary and secondary data were used. Secondary data in
accordance with tools and techniques was collected from the books, papers and
magazines as requirement. Primary data were collected and interpreted as
necessary for study by data collection tools.
3.4.1 Primary Data
This study was mainly based on primary data. Primary data were collected by
using different data collection techniques such as structure and semi structure
questionnaire, key informant interviews, local tourism business entrepreneur,
observation and focus group discussion etc.
3.4.2 Secondary Data
Secondary data was collected from different tourism concerned agencies and
organizations such as tourist service center, DDC Makawanpur, Nepal Tourism
Board (NTB), Eco Nepal, Trekking Agencies Association of Nepal (TAAN) and
19
various reports, Journals, relates articles, pervious published and unpublished
researches etc.
3.5 Tools and Techniques of Data Collection
For the primary data, structured and semi structured guidelines of interviews
were used in the field; some cases, illiterate respondent researcher himself were
noted down whatever the respondent responses. The other tools were used for the
primary data collection were mainly structure questionnaire, key informant
interview, field observation and focused group discussion.
3.5.1 Interview
The primary data was collected from key informants like local people, DDC
Makawanpur Officials, Makawanpur Gadhi Tourism Related organizations
officials and tourists using the semi or unstructured interview methods. The
interview have been a cross checking for data obtained from questionnaire. The
informants were interviewed on the impact of tourism on environment, sanitation,
vegetation, socio-cultural impact etc.
3.5.2 Observation
The field visits of the study area have been done based on the participatory
observation, which helps to enrich the qualitative and quantitative data collection.
In this, researcher observed the daily life of people by watching and listening to
their conversation. This was done during interviewing people. This was done to
know the actual condition of respondents, the condition of landscape, kind of flora
and fauna, awareness of people, roads, income from tourism, economic status of
the local people, condition of tourism, socio cultural impact of tourism etc.
20
3.5.2 Focus Group Discussion
The focus group discussion was held in separate group with the participation of
women and men. The discussion was focused more on women and poor group
member who were not benefited well from tourism but affected from the
degradation of surrounding environment.
3.6 Data Analysis
The quantitative data obtained from questionnaires were analyzed using
statistical tools. The collected qualitative information is presented in descriptive
way. The various information obtained is presented in appropriate tables and
figures. They are categorized and tabulated according to the objective of the
research.
21
CHAPTER IV
SETTING OF THE STUDY AREA
This chapter mainly aims at giving brief idea about the tourism potentiality,
demographic situation and physical study of the Makawanpur Gadhi.
4.1 General Introduction of the Study Area
Makawanpur Gadhi area is situated at the western part of district headquarter
Hetauda with in 27°42'N and 85°17'E longitude. It is bordered by Thingan and
Chhattiwan VDC in the east, Hetauda Municipality, Hatiya and Harnamadi VDC
in the south, Hetauda Municipality and Basamadi VDC in the west and
Aambhanjyang and sukaura VDC in the north side. Makawanpur Gadhi of
Makawanpur district lies in the central Nepal.
It has a great cultural, religious and historical diversity and natural scenario as
well. It has sub-tropical temperate environment, different forest types (Dominant
trees: Sal, Salla, Chilaune and Katush etc). Such historical background and natural
heredities has made the region a potential place for the promotion of ecotourism
and historical tourism. Recently, Tara Gaon Development Board with the
collaboration of Ministry of Tourism and Culture has prepared the master plan for
the development of rural tourism in this region. Some works such as local
communities' capacitiy enhancement activities supporting tourism has been
initiated in the region to promote village based tourism by developing 'home-stay
tourism'.
The economy of the Makawanpur Gadhi region is mainly based on agriculture
and farming. One half of the households in the region are estimated to be unable to
meet their food requirement from own production for more than six months in a
year. Almost all household is based on farming, cows, buffalo and goats. More
than one quarter of the forest in the region is being managed by local communities
as community forest.
22
4.2 Infrastructure Setting
Facilities and services play vital role in facilitating by bringing them to the
attractions and allowing them to use the attractions. The facilities and services also
contribute largely to magnify the value of attractions. Makawanpur Gadhi needs
investment in infrastructure development such as water supply, road construction,
electricity, communication etc.
4.3 Ecology
Nepal has been divided into three ecological zones: tropical (Terai) in the
south, the high mountains (Himal) in the north, and middle hills (Pahad) in
between. Because of variation in the ecological zone ranging from less than 100m
to 8,848m, the country is rich in the diversity of flora and fauna.
The Makawanpur Gadhi area is around 1,000 meters altitude from sea level
with sub-tropical evergreen forest. It has recorded precious orchids, Laligurans
(Rhododendron arboretum), different types of herbs and trees including cultivated
fodder and grasses in the Makawanpur Gadhi area which is considered very rich in
plant diversity. Species richness is most widely used to measure biodiversity.
Similarly, other species are Champ (Michelia champaca), Kharsu (Quereus
semecarpefolia), Salla (Taxus wallichiana) and sal (Shorea robusta).
4.4 Demographic structure of the Study Area
The Age structure of the population is the most widely used component of the
Census. It is an indicator of an area’s residential role and function and how it is
likely to change in the future. The age structure of a population is usually
indicative of an area’s era of settlement and provides key insights into the level of
demand for services and facilities.
23
Table 2
Total Population of Makawanpur Gadhi
Name of VDC Population No of households Household size
Makawanpur Gadhi 12651 2488 5.0
Age Group Male Female Population
0-4 767 796 1563
5-9 973 966 1939
10-14 892 923 1815
15-19 644 703 1347
20-24 472 577 1049
25-29 443 521 964
30-34 417 393 810
35-39 348 340 688
40-44 310 264 574
45-49 196 199 395
50-54 221 188 409
55-59 148 135 283
60-64 149 141 290
65-69 122 102 224
70-74 64 60 124
75over 99 78 177
Total 6265 6386 12651
Percent 49.52 % 50.48 % 100 %
(Source: population census, 2001)
There are equal ratio between male and female of the total population in the
Makawanpur Gadhi VDC. This proportion is same as national scene. The
proportion of male and female at the national level is 49.95% and 50.05%,
respectively.
24
4.5 Socio-cultural Condition
Religion in systemic movements seek either the removal or destruction of what
they believe is an immoral culture, a withdrawal from it, or the forceful or
voluntary adoption of people of a new way of life. Most of the problems faced by
countries in the periphery, such as poverty, hunger, and environmental destruction,
are the consequences of excessive population growth.
4.5.1 Religion, cultural practices
Nepal is rich in cultural which are one of the potential resources to attract
tourists. People in this region practice different culture along with different
religion where each God and Goddess holds distinct importance. There are number
of temples in the region and they are important for the touristic point of view as
well. Such cultural resources would give a new flavor to international and regional
tourists.
Table 3
Religion Composition of Makawanpur Gadhi VDC
Religion Total Population Percent
Hindu 5756 45.55
Bouddha 6847 54.13
Christian 37 0.31
Islam 11 0.01
Other 0 0
Total 12651 100
Source: (Population Census, 2001)
25
Figure 2
Religion Composition of Makawanpur Gadhi VDC
Religion Composition of Makawanpur Gadhi VDC
45.5554.13
0.31 0.010
1020
30
4050
60
Hindu Bouddha Christian Islam
Religion
Perc
ent
Buddhism and Hinduism are the two main religions that are being practiced in
the Makawanpur Gadhi VDC region. A few people practice other religions in the
region as well such as Islam and Christianity. Nearly 55 percent of the residents
are Buddhist. Although, people practice different religions in the region they are
living in harmony and are showing common concern for the development of this
region. In the study area, we found Hindu 45.55 %, Christine Islam.
4.5.2 Agriculture
Crop production, livestock farming and forestry are main source of
livelihood of people in this region. The crops grown in the area are rice, maize,
millet, paddy, wheat, potato, mustard and vegetables. People have intensified their
farming along with the access to chemical fertilizer.
26
CHAPTER V
ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter basically deals with the analysis of the primary data collected in
the field and attempts to fulfill the objectives of the study.
To collect primary data of tourism in Makawanpur Gadhi, mainly interview
guidelines were used.
5.1 Socio-cultural & Economic Background of the Respondents
The socio-cultural dimension of villagers shows their living standard along
with age, economic status, profession, education etc. It helps to find out the overall
development of study area.
5.1.1 Age Structure
Table 4
Age composition of respondents
Age group No. of Respondents Percentage
Up to 20 8 20
21-40 15 37.5
>40 17 42.5
Total 40 100
Source Field survey, 2011
Respondents' age covered three age group. Above 40 years age group
represented more (42.5%) compared to a middle age group between 21-40 years
(37.5%) and the age group below 20 years (20%). This can be related to the
selection of respondents. Here we can say, most of youngest household member
are outside from village for studying or foreign employ.
27
Figure 3
Age compositing of study area
Age Composition of Study Area
21-40 year37.5%
> 40 year42.5%
< 20 year20.0%
5.1.2 Type of House Holds of Respondents
Mainly two types of households have been found, which are indicated in the
table. The table shows that 30%of the respondent household type is nuclear and
70% are in joint family.
Table 5
Household types of sample house holds
Family Type Number Percentage
Nuclear 12 30
Joint 28 70
Total 40 100.00
Source Field survey, 2011
28
5.1.3 Education Level of Local People and Hotel Owners
All sorts of respondents were taken into consideration for the study purpose.
Following table shows different educational level of the respondents:
Table 6
Educational Levels of the Respondents (Local people and Hotel owners)
Education Attainment Numbers Percentage
Illiterates 22 55
Primary Level 4 10
Secondary Level 6 15
Intermediate Level 5 12.5
Bachelor Level 3 7.5
Master Level 0 0
Total 40 100
Source Field survey, 2011
Figure 4
Educational level of study area
Education Label of Study Area
55.0%
10.0%
15.0%
12.5%
7.5%
IlliteratesPrimary Level Secondary LevelIntermediate LevelBachelor Level
29
The literacy level of the respondents was found to be 45% only. The above
table shows that maximum number of people (55%) isn’t educated. Here primary
level (10%), Secondary Level (15%), Intermediate Level (12.5%), Bachelor
(7.5%). Therefore, the findings are the literacy rate of people of this area is not so
good.
5.1.4 Occupation
Survey respondents were asked about their occupation. The response is shown
as follows:
Table 7
Occupational distribution of the respondents
S.N Primary Occupation Number Percentage
1 Agriculture 23 57.5
2 Teaching 2 5
3 Small business 3 7.5
4 Hotel/Teashops 5 12.5
5 Labor 2 5
6 Civil Services 3 7.5
7 Social Worker 2 5
8 Total 40 100
Source: Field survey, 2011
The table indicates that most of the respondents 57.5% had agriculture as their
occupation. Rest of the respondents (42.5%) had other occupations as the sources
of income. They were teachers 5%, Business 7.5%, small hotel 12.5%, Labor 5%,
Civil service 7.5% and Social worker 5%. Moreover, jobs directly related to
tourism are mostly hotel/home stay business. Partially tourism related job include
other shops and few agricultural activities. There are Home Stay provision is
available almost 15 household even though Taragaun Development Committee in
Makawanpur Gadhi.
30
5.1.5 Economic Status of Respondents
Given table shows that different income level. 50% of respondents have below
1 lakh, 30% respondents have 1lakh to 2 lakh, 12.5% respondents earn 2 lakh to 3
lakh, 7.5%of respondents have 3 lakh to 4 lakh.
Table 8
Economic Status of Respondents
Income level (In NRs.) Number Percentage
Below 1 lakh 20 50
1 lakh- 2 lakh 12 30
2 lakh – 3 lakh 5 12.5
3 lakh- 4 lakh 3 7.5
Total 40 100.00
Source: Field survey, 2011
Figure 5
Economic status of respondent (in Percent)
50
30
12.5 7.50
10
20
30
40
50
Below 1 lakh 1 lakh- 2 lakh 2 lakh – 3 lakh 3 lakh- 4 lakh
Economic Status of Respondents
5.2 Main Attraction of the Study Area
Huge mountains, rolling hills, lavish flora and fauna, diverse wildlife are some
of popular tourist attraction of our country. These are ideal location for ecotourism
31
also. Ecotourism is the main form of tourism in Nepal. Historical place like
Makawanpur Gadhi is also a best destination for historical place.
Gadhi Durbar: Makawanpur Gadhi lies east of Hetauda, districts headquarter of
Makawanpur. It is a fort of historic importance dating back to the unification
process of Nepal. Prithvi Narayan Shah, the king who led the unification of the
country into a greater Nepal, was married to the princess of Makawanpur whose
father was a king of the Sen dynasty, who ruled Makawanpur.
Bansha Gopal (Krishna) Temple: The temple is very old. It is 4 X 4 meters long
and breadth and height is 2.60 meters. The image of Standing Bansha Gopal in
chains is there. The image is most probably chained to prevent theft but people
believed that Bansha Gopal is a real god and he used to visit around Makawanpur
and Chitawon valley and was lost for several days. However he always came back
in the same position. While he went outside, he used to destroy much public
property for fun.
Sano Gadhi: Sano Gadhi lies in Gadhi village, Ward No. 3 of Makawanpur Gadhi
VDC. It has historical and tactical relation with Gadhi Durbar (big). It is about 800
meters down of the western part of the big fort. The area is a small plateau on
mountainous ridgeline and runs in an east to west direction. The southern part has
a vertical and gentle slope to its northern area. Some houses lie to its western and
northern sides. It is a cultivated area and Tamangs are the main inhabitants of the
area.
Mahadev Temple: The temple is also very old one, and lies in the southwest
corner of the Fort. It is 3.35 X 2.25 metres in length and breadth and 2.30 metres
height.
32
5.2.1 Other Attraction of nearby Study Area
Markhu Lake (Indrasarowar): It is a reservoir (cistern) for Kulekhani Hydro
Electricity project that currently producing 92 Megawatt and estimated Kulekhani
3rd which capacity will be 14 megawatt of electricity. The reservoir is 7 km long
and 100 meters deep. The biggest artificial lake surrounded by high hill in three
sides and a big man made dam in one side is very suitable for entertainment by
boating. It lies on the way to Hetauda from Kathmandu by Madan Bhandari
Marga, a newly constructed lokpath (highway).
To provide good hospitality and guidance to the tourists, all the entrepreneurs
and labors are being trained. Likewise, the establishment of home stay and other
beautiful tourism places are under construction in Makawanpur Gadhi. In the
above part of the Nepal's famous dam, Kulekhani dam there is the good facility of
boating and also roads are constructed where we can see the facility of home stay
also. In the northern part of this district i.e. Tistung, many houses of Japanese style
building are built for home stay.
Hetauda Industrial District: Hetauda Industrial District lies at the southern part
of Hetauda. It is about 18 KM far from Makawanpur Gadhi. It is the largest
industrial district of Nepal with national and multi-national companies. These
industries are the main sources of employment for the people of Makawanpur.
Everest View Tower: The Everest view tower lies in Daman which is on the way
to Hetauda from Kathmandu. The view from this tower is incredibly
comprehensive: all the five Annapurna peaks, the impressive form of Himalchuli,
Ganesh Himal, the rarely seen Shishapangma (Gosainthan) in Tibet, Langtang, the
Jugal Himal, and the many peaks of Khumbu Himal, including an excellent view
of Everest.
Martyr Memorial Park: This actually is the unique establishment by the local
bodies in honour of the great people of the history who offered their life for
nationality, soveregnty and establishment of democracy in the country. As one of
33
the major component of this place, there is fascinating image of twelve martyrs in
a single stone carving. This spot has attractive garden, view tower, mini zoo,
Madan Batika and the children park. It is rapidly emerging as one of the
recreational venue not only for the people of neighboring district but also for the
people from different part of country and neighboring cities of India as well. The
increasing number of visitors clearly indicates the bright future of this beautiful
place. It is about 22 KM far from Makawanpur Gadhi and 5 KM far from Hetauda.
Puspalal Park: Puspalal Park, one of the pleasant sites to visit, lies at the central
part of Hetauda. One can enjoy the park by observing beautiful flowers and herbal
plants in peace, healthy and family environment. Surrounded by
Ashok trees, the park have a pond at the centre where one can enjoy boating. The
park is established in memory of late Puspa Lal Shrestha, founder of Nepal
Communist Party. Inside the park area there is Puspalal Memorial Library.
Bhutandevi Temple: Bhutandevi lies in the midst of Hetauda. It is regarded as
one of the major temple of the Hindus. Sacrifices are performed here once a week
and during the annual festival of Dashain.
Pashupati Temple: Pashupati (Bhubaneshwor) temple is one of the religious
places of the district that lies in the central part of the Hetauda city. Surrounded by
high walls and roads the temple is popular for its religious purpose.
Churiyamai Temple: It is situated in the Mahendra highway, 8 KM east of
Hetauda, is one of the famous temples of Makawanpur and is specially
worshipped by the vehicle owners and drivers. Besides being the site of the first
tunnel of Nepal, although now broken and out of use, adds the importance of the
area.
Besides this there are more pilgrimage sites in Hetauda like Banaskhandi
temple, Punyakshetra, Rajdevi Temple, Trikhandi, Krishna Temple, Bhimsen
Temple, Narayan temple of Sisneri, Dhaneshor Mahadev of Kulekhani etc.
34
Buddhist stupas and Lama's monasteries are found in many places of study
area where devotees visit and pray in devotion. 'Urgen Yangkhel Lenga Bauddha
Gumba' at Bhainse is newly established Buddhist monastery to teach Buddhism.
5.2.2 Transportation and communication
Transportation is considered to be the backbone of the tourism industry. It has
vital role in tourism business. It is a primary service needed for the tourism in
order to reach their destination. In any area tourist products would be of little
importance if the locations were inaccessible. The destination should be accessible
by means of conductive transport system.
At the tourists are away from their home, they want to communicate their
family, friends and relatives by easy means of communication. Though English is
an international language, most of the people in the study area cannot understand
different other language. The tourists visit from different countries not just from
the English speaking countries. So, the language is the main problem for the local
people in the society.
5.2.3 Information center and Publicity
Information is an important aspect of any business activity. In the context of
tourism business, they also play an important role to develop and promote the
tourism industry. There is no tourist information center in Makawanpur Gadhi.
There is no system to show and communicate about the facts of Makawanpur
Gadhi such as culture, religion, history, trekking routes, hotel facilities and their
prices etc.
5.3 Problems and Prospects of Ecotourism in the Study Area
Eco-tourism is an advanced thought on development of tourism in the natural
surroundings of forests, wild animals, local population preserving the scenic
beauty of the area and also the cultural background of human population. It may
35
be mentioned here that farming and forests are the two main planks of the cultural
philosophy of the ethnic people of Makawanpur Gadhi and may be regarded as a
positive and helpful human factor. The beauty of this concept is the active
participation of people inhabiting the area for promoting tourism without
degrading the natural environment.
5.3.1 Problems of Ecotourism in Study Area
The respondents were asked about the problems which couldn't promote
Makawanpur Gadhi as ecotourist destinations. Most of the respondents agreed
with the infrastructure problems. Although, there was an accessible road but no
public vehicle is running. There is lots of potentiality of tourism but shortage of
tourists based infrastructure, such as: hotels, tourist information centre, tourist
guides etc. They have also considered water supply and sanitation as a major
issue.
The Makawanpur Gadhi area is rich in historical milieu, but the ancient
materials are damaged or stolen. Villagers argued there is lack of security
management for this historical place.
5.3.2 Respondent's View to develop the Study Area
The respondents were asked about how could be developed of that area. 37.5%
respondents gave emphasis on tourism development and modernization in
agriculture, 20% respondents gave emphasis on tourism development and
environmental conservation and same as respondents on tourism development and
transportation. Likewise 7.5% equal respondent's emphasis on tourism
development and education/ transportation. Rest of the respondent emphasized on
Environmental conservation, employment and health as well. The following table
shows:
36
Table 9
Respondents view to develop the study area
S.N. Emphasis on Number %
1 Tourism development and modernization in agriculture 15 37.5
2 Tourism development and environment conservation 8 20
3 Tourism development and employment 8 20
4 Tourism development and education 3 7.5
5 Tourism development and transportation 3 7.5
6 Environmental conservation and employment 2 5
7 Employment and health 1 2.5
Total 40 100
Source Field survey, 2011
Likewise, a considerable number of respondents gave emphasis on
environmental, education and employment, which are directly related with eco-
tourism. Such response indicates the high potentiality of ecotourism on
Makawanpur Gadhi.
37
CHAPTER VI
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1 Summary
Tourism industry in its direct and service oriented sector has been developed
into a biggest and single most important industry in the world. It is one of the most
important industries in Nepal too. Tourism can balance economic, social, cultural
and environmental aspects of the destination area.
The past few decades have seen a steady expansion of tourism activity all over
the world. There has been considerable growth in international tourism. The
amazing changes in technology, transportation and communication in recent years
throughout the world have started the development of tourism industry. Many
countries have chosen, consciously or otherwise, path of developing large scale
tourism as a major national activity.
The present status of tourism is analysis in terms of its general impacts on the
economy, environment and the socio-economic aspects. The potential of the area
is evaluated on the basis on number of tourists visiting the area, their purpose of
visit and other natural as well as cultural assets of the area . Thus, the
Makawanpur Gadhi area is rich in historical milieu along with biological diversity.
Nepal is synonymous to tourism and is viewed as alternative source of
economic development. The sunrise view, accessible trekking route for all age
people, several religious spots, the panoramic view of the Terai belt of Nepal and
the Mahabharat Mountain range are a part of it. Makawanpur Gadhi holds good
potential for short trekking route also. It can be developed as a spot of eco tourism,
orchid sanctuary and as natural research laboratory due to its diverse vegetation
and climate. Tourism itself can seek the market of domestic products like
handicraft and other local materials.
Due to the high diversity in the ethnicity, Nepal is rich in indigenous
knowledge. Major ethnic composition around Makawanpur Gadhi is Tamang and
38
Brahmins. They acquire a wide knowledge on the use of natural resources. New
generations of Makawanpur Gadhi are mostly out of village for survival.
These above mentioned ecotourism activities could have significant impact on
employment, education and culture, agriculture and income level of local people.
It increases living standard of those people as a whole. Accessibility, pleasant
climate, richness of natural beauty, suitable place for view point, religious places,
historical places, high stock of biodiversity and native culture of simple and
friendly people make Makawanpur Gadhi unique eco-tourism destination.
Ecotourism principally concerns experiencing the nature of cultural
environment without threatening it. In this point, the natural beauty and cultural
purity of this area are still much undisturbed. Moreover, peoples interest in
increasing towards ecotourism development for their well being. They are curious
towards tourist's oriented activities. They are eager to increase their economic
condition and wealth. The field survey reflects that the local people are
economically not so strong to invest in tourism.
The increase in the infrastructure development such as construction of roads,
shops, home stay, animals pasturing, fuel wood etc in the area are found to create
impact upon the environment such as change in the scenic beauty of the green
forest hills, enhancement of soil waste and sewages disposal problem etc. Thus
immediate initiation is needed for careful planning for further development of the
area so as to ensure that these are in harmony with the natural and cultural
environment.
It is seen that Makawanpur Gadhi is inhabited mostly by Tamang and Brahmin
along with other various caste and ethic groups. The place is characterized with
endemic as well as common culture. The topography of the study area is
undulating; the people are still suffering form lack of drinking water, electricity
and health centre and eco tourist orientation activities. Most of the respondents
preferred ecotourism related occupations and they were willing and interested in
participation in ecotourism development so respondents provided a pretty good
indication of the ecotourism potentiality, future development of the Makawanpur
Gadhi area.
39
It has been attempted to alleviate the existing poverty by providing income and
employment opportunities for small farmers and marginalized people and hence to
conserve the ecosystem and biodiversity for the proper management of the forest
resources.
6.2 Conclusion
Tourism has its own specific characteristics according to its topological nature.
Tourism industry is a growing phenomenon of economic, social and cultural
activities. Ecotourism is the best type of tourism industry. Rich nature and culture
are major assets for ecotourism development. Through ecotourism it is possible to
create link between local communities and tourists. Similarly local people
participation in planning, implementation and management of own socio culture
and economic development and benefits sharing are one of the basic of
ecotourism.
Makawanpur Gadhi is well suited place to promote and expand ecotourism. So
ecotourism development shows its status to be brighter. Tourists can come to this
place for sight seeing, trekking, recreational historical study, observation and
investigation etc.
Education and awareness is lacking in the case of ecotourism and their own
natural and cultural assets. There are also the fewer positive social and historical
impacts.
Anthropology of tourism is a way of cross cultural and the systematic methods
of the interaction between the hosts and guests. Ecotourism activities bring change
in land use pattern. So, households should be switched from traditional crops to
high value cash crops that are demanded by tourists. In this context the scope for
generating more income in rural area is enormous. Tourism development shall be
better for the poverty reduction. In this way, tourists and local people both will be
benefited.
There are various potential of ecotourism but some of the problems exist in the
area such as lack of information center facilities, trained manpower, transportation
and easy communication and Internet problems. All the stakeholders need to be
40
united to solve the problem regarding tourism development and making the area as
an ecotourism and historical tourism destination.
6.3 Recommendations
Long term management and preservation of biological diversity by the
sustainable utilization of bio resource with the active participation of local people
is essential in Makawanpur Gadhi. Following recommendation has been suggested
for the overall sustainable ecotourism development in this area.
Tourism information center should be opened to provide the information of
this region to the tourist visitors.
The condition of the road has to be improved by proper repair and
maintenance.
Efforts should be made to develop trained and skilled manpower at local
level to provide efficient services for the satisfaction of tourists.
Registration of tourists visited in Makawanpur Gadhi should be conducted
at check post both domestic and foreign.
Education level of local people should be enhanced for tourism related
services.
Basic physical infrastructures such as street lights, sanitation, and health
post should be maintained.
Cultural heritages should be preserved.
Sound coordination is needed among the local bodies and concerned
authority.
Effective and strong participation should be needed among the
organization.
Guest and host relationship should be established and promoted.
Cultural and natural heritage awareness through the different program
should be done.
Reforestation program on bare land, marginal land and degraded forestland
around village is recommended.
41
Fire wood as a sole source of fuel should be restricted. For these supply
alternative sources such as micro hydropower and biogas seems important
to minimize the possible pressure on natural resources.
Several human interference activities due to lack of ownership feelings
among community people has resulted in the rapid destruction of natural
forest. Thus, step should be taken towards the establishment of community
forest near the settlements in order to conserve the valuable resources of
Makawanpur Gadhi.
Lastly, this research has not covered the wide range of economic impact,
natural resource, and socio-cultural impact to the local who are involved in
handicraft business, shops and short trekking in villages. Similarly research can be
done in the field of tourism promotional activities use of natural resources and
conserve the ecotourism as well. Hence the future researchers can make their
studies in these areas.
42
APPENDICES
REFERENCES
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of R.D., Tri-Chandra Campus, Kathmandu.
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Baral, I.K. (1998). The propects of ecotourism in the Begnas and Rupa lake
Watershed are in Nepal. A Dissertation Submitted to the Central
Department of Sociology/Anthropology, T.U., Kathmandu.
Uprety, S.R. (2008). Project Proposal Writing, Report Writing and Report
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Central Bureau of Statistics (2001). Statistical year book of Nepal. Kathmandu:
HMG/N CBS.
Central Bureau of statistics (2002). ‘Population of Nepal’. Kathmandu: HMG/N
CBS
Chauhan, Y.S. (2004). Ecotourism in Nepal. India: Kalong Publications Delhi.
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Kunwar, R.R. (1997). Tourism and Development. Kathmandu:N.P. Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation (MoTCA), Nepal Tourism Statistics 2010.
Kathmandu: MoTCA
Nepal Tourism Board, (2007-2011). Newsletters. Kathmandu: NTB
Nepal Tourism Board, (2001). National ecotourism strategy and marketing
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Pandey, R.J. (2003). Rural Tourism Embraces Sustainability and the poor
Sustainability. Kathmandu: N.P.
43
Pradhan, P. and Pradhan, B. (2006). Environment and Natural Resources:
Concepts, Methods and Planning & Mangement. Kathandu: Quest
Publication UNEP, (2001). Industry and Environment: ecotourism and Sustainability.
Kathmandu: UNEP
Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Online Edition
World Tourism Organization, (1994). Guidelines: Development of National Parks
and Protected Areas for Tourism. Madrid: WTO
Ziffer, Karen A. (1998). Eco-tourism: The uneasy Alliance Conservation
International. Washington DC: N.P.
44
ANNEX – I
Interview Guideline for the Respondents
1. Name of the respondent:
2. Age (……) 15-20, (………) 21-30, (…..) 31-40, (……..) 41 and above.
3. Sex: (……….) Male, (……) Female
4. Native place (…..), Native urban (……….). If migration, migrated from?
District……… Country…………..
5. What things do you think, to attract the tourism?
(…..) View, (……..)Forest, (……….) Historical Forts, (…..) Local culture,
(……) Peaceful environment, (…….) All things /whole.
6. What type of environment is created in this area by tourism?
(…) suitable, (…..) unsuitable, (……) like previous, (….) Don't know.
7. What sorts of role does the environment play for the development of
tourism in your opinion? (….) Good, (……) Bad, (……), Has not played
any role,
(…….) Don't know.
8. What can we do for the development of the tourism profession in future?
(…….) Save the culture, (…….) Preservation of forest, (…..) Preservation
Gadhi fort, (……) Preservation of infrastructure
9. Do you have any expectations from tourism? If yes what are they?
…………………………………………………………………………
10. In your opinion, can ecotourism contribute to the ecology and future
economy of the place? And how?
……………………………………………………………………….
11. What do you feel about the number of tourist visiting in this area?
Sufficient (…..), Insufficient (….), don't know (…..)
12. Have you done anything for tourism?
(…….) Trekking, (…..) Administration of hotel, (……) Establishment of
any institution on tourism development, (……) Hand made goods, (…..)
Work on preserving / protecting the environment, (…….) Nothing
45
13. Have you noted any adverse impact or negative effect of tourism to the
local residents? If yes, what are they?
………………………………………………………………………………
14. How do you evaluate the following facilities in Makawanpur Gadhi?
S.N. Factors Excellent Good Bad Very bad Don't know
1 Cleanness of the place
2 Road condition to Gadhi
3 Sanitation
4 Security
5 Communication
facilities
6 Water supply
7 Electricity
15. Do you have any suggestion to the concerned agencies to grow the
tourism activities?
………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
16. Existing activities for the development of ecotourism?
………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
17. What is your contribution in this respect?
………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
18. What can be done for future development?
………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
46
ANNEX-II
Interview Guideline for the Hotel/Home Stay Owners
Name of the Hotel:
1. When the hotel/home stay was established? (20 / / )
2. How many hotels/home stay were there when you established yours?
...........................
3. What are the peak months and off-season period of tourist visit?
Peak months………….to ………and off – season………to………..
4. What is the average number of tourist visiting your hotel?
Normally………per day, Peak season……..per day and off-
season……..per day
5. Generally, how long do the tourists stay in your hotel/Home stay?
a. Few hours( ), One night ( ), Two nights( )
b. Three nights ( ), More than three nights( )
6. How many tourists have visited this area?
Domestic (...............), SAARC (..............), Others (...............)
7. How much a tourist normally spends per night (expect room charge)?
............................
8. Are you satisfied with your income from the hotel? yes( ) , No ( )
9. Is your business in profit at present? Yes( ), No( )
10. How many employees are there in your hotel/home stay? ( )
11. How much do you charge for the room? Rs……. for single bedroom and
Rs ……….for doubles bed room.
12. What is your plan in upgrading the business? ..........................
13. What is your opinion about the satisfaction of tourists after visiting this
place? a. Fully satisfied ( ), b. satisfied( ),
c. Dissatisfied ( ) and d. don't know ( )
14. Have you reported any complaints from tourists after visiting this place and
what are they? ............................
What are your suggestions for increasing the number of tourists and increasing benefits from tourism in this area? ....................
47
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
Study Area Makawanpur Gadhi VDC Political Map.
Tourist map of Makawanpur District
48
Ruins History: Main fort of Makawanpur Gadhi
Sky view map of Makawanpur Gadhi.
49
Way to Makawanpur Gadhi from Hetauda
Krishna Mandir
Statue of Bansha Gopal (Krishna)
50
