Wear 266 (2009) 490–497

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Obituary

Kenneth J. Stout 1941–2006: A memorial

a r t i c l e i n f o

Keywords:RoughnessSurface characterisationTopography3D measurementWavelets

a b s t r a c t

Kenneth J. Stout was an important figure in the development of surface metrology, and in particularof roughness measurement and characterisation, during the last decades of the twentieth century. Hemade substantial contributions to the statistical characterisation of rough surfaces and the applicationof this work to tribological measurements. Later he was instrumental in developing and popularisingpractical techniques for three-dimensional description of surface roughness, including the well known“Birmingham 14” set of roughness parameters. Finally he was one of the first to promote the application

of wavelet transforms to surface metrology.

This memorial discusses his personal contribution to the subject and attempts to set it in the context ofhistorical developments in the field. It includes what is hoped to be a definitive bibliography of his journal

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. Biographical details

Kenneth John Stout was born in London in 1941. He left schoolt 16 and served his time for 6 years as an apprentice at Standardelephones & Cables, becoming a planning engineer there beforeoving to Ford at Dagenham in a similar role in 1965. Looking for

etter professional qualifications, in 1967 he enrolled for a 2-yearaster’s degree at Cranfield Institute of Technology. His academic

areer started in 1969, when he became a lecturer at Henley Tech-ical College in Coventry, moving the following year to Lanchesterolytechnic (now the University of Coventry). In 1972 he moved toeicester Polytechnic (now De Montfort University) as Senior Lec-urer, then successively Principal Lecturer and Reader. He returnedo Coventry in 1981 as Head of the Manufacturing Systems Depart-

ent. In 1988 he was appointed to the Lucas Chair of Manufacturingngineering at the University of Birmingham and also became Deanf the School of Engineering till 1995. From 1995 till his retirementn 2002 he was Dean of the School of Engineering at the Universityf Huddersfield.

His research interests began with externally pressurised bear-ngs, the subject of his Master’s dissertation at Cranfield andater his doctorate under the supervision of Prof. W.B. Rowe.etween 1972 and 1998 he published 25 papers on bearing design1–3,6,7,9,13,15–20,22–26,29,32,34,36,41,42,44,48,71], many of thearlier ones in collaboration with Prof. Rowe. Based on this sub-tantial body of work, he developed a postgraduate course on theesign of aerostatic bearings which he presented over the years at aumber of international venues. He also made contributions to theevelopment of coordinate measuring machines [62,65–67]. The

resent memorial, however, is intended to address only his con-ribution to the theory and practice of surface roughness, whichtarted during his time at Leicester.

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. Leicester 1972–1981

Let us begin by reminding ourselves of the state of the art ofurface roughness measurement and characterisation in the early970s [80]. The only available instruments for making quantita-ive measurements of surface roughness were stylus instruments.omputers, the smallest of which was still the size of a large filingabinet, were available only to the handful of researchers who couldfford them. These researchers had to write their own code, as noroprietary software packages were available. The huge installedase of stylus instruments in engineering industry was limited tohe analogue estimation and display of the average roughness Ra,hich was the only roughness parameter at all widely understood.ational and international standards were written exclusively in

erms of this and one or two other amplitude parameters such ast and Rz. The possibility of three-dimensional (3D) surface mea-urement by raster scanning had been demonstrated in academicaboratories as a painfully slow and labour-intensive process, spec-acular but of little practical use for anything beyond the productionf PhDs [81]. On top of all this, Prof. Whitehouse had just plungedhe metrology community into disarray by demonstrating that the

easured values of all roughness parameters were not intrinsicroperties of a surface but artefacts of the measurement process

tself [82]. Tribology, however, had recently been launched as a seri-us discipline, and tribologists were quickly coming to realise thato get to grips with their new subject they needed to know much

ore about the topography of technical surfaces [83].

nough to have as neighbour Rank Taylor Hobson, as it then was,t that time probably the world’s leading manufacturer of sur-ace metrology equipment and the employer of the legendary

Obituary / Wear 266 (2009) 490–497 491

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ig. 1. Running-in experiments: (a) profiles and their height distributions from a p8]. (b) Evolution of relocated profiles of pin and ring after sliding distances up to 20

.E. Reason and his successor David Whitehouse. In collaborationith Whitehouse and others he carried out a good deal of work

n changes in surface topography during the running-in processFig. 1) [8,10,14,15].

His attention was particularly drawn by the current difficultiesn characterising profiles of run-in surfaces, which did not seemo be represented well by the rather simple statistical descrip-ions then in use. He investigated the possibilities of using higher

oments of the height distribution to classify worn surfaces, par-icularly Pearson distributions (Fig. 2).

. Coventry 1981–1988

At the beginning of the 1980s cheap microcomputers began to beffered commercially. At first these were relatively crude and slow,ith tiny memories. Users still had to write their own code, often on

n individual basis, as machine-independent software packages didot yet exist. But these new microcomputers could be connected tostylus instrument and programmed to produce statistical analysisf its output in real time. Stout soon began to explore the possi-ilities of the new technology, and also its limitations, continuinghe work which he had begun at Leicester on the application ofigher moments to the description of amplitude frequencies (Fig. 3)30,39,40]. At the same time he was continuing to investigate tri-ological applications of this work, to cylinder bores [33,37,43,56]nd rolling of steel sheet [45,46].

. Birmingham 1988–1995

By the time of Stout’s move to Birmingham the subject hadoved on again. A number of researchers had realised the pos-

ibilities for 3D measurement offered by computer analysis ofringe patterns obtained by optical interferometry. The stringent

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or bronze pin after lubricated sliding over various distances against a harder ring10].

nspection requirements of the new microcomputer componentndustry opened a market for such instruments and in 1986 therst commercial scanning interferometers began to become avail-ble [84]. As the newly installed Lucas Professor of Manufacturingngineering, Stout was in an excellent position to attract sub-tantial financial support to realise his ambition of a dedicatedurface metrology laboratory. Soon the Centre for Metrology, withuites of environmentally controlled workrooms, was establishednd he began to furnish it with the latest measuring equip-ent and, more important, a dedicated team of talented young

esearchers, some brought with him from Coventry and some newlyired.

A serious current problem was the gap which had suddenlypened up between measurement and characterisation. Devel-pment of 3D instrumentation had far outstripped the progressf roughness characterisation. Existing roughness standards wereritten exclusively in terms of traditional 2D parameters derived

rom profiles measured by stylus instruments, and their updatingas proceeding at its usual glacial pace. There was not even an

cademic consensus on how surfaces in three dimensions shoulde described; powerful methods had been developed [85] buthey were controversial and in any case highly mathematical andnsuited to modifying for the shop floor. Against an industrial back-round where new scanning interferometers were being installedt a rate of one a week, the situation seemed likely to descend slowlynto chaos.

With characteristic energy Stout threw himself into the struggle.ith the help of a generous grant from the European Commis-

ion, he set his team to producing a fundamental evaluation of

he 3D field which would result in a practical and workable setf parameters and a complementary set of protocols for theirmplementation. This included studies of parameters and their cal-ulation and sources of uncertainty, [47,49,51,53,54,57,59,60,64],ncluding inter alia an in-depth investigation of the novel problems

492 Obituary / Wear 266 (2009) 490–497

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ig. 2. The Pearson family of distributions: (left) equations of the nine types of freq

f separating roughness from waviness and errors of form in 3DFig. 4).

The final result of this project was a set of 14 parameters toescribe the 3D properties of a surface (Fig. 5a). The amplitude and

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curve; (right) some of these types applied to common machined surfaces [27].

patial properties of the surface were described by four parame-ers each. Another three “hybrid” parameters described propertiesf the surface which lay partly in the amplitude domain and partlyn the wavelength domain. Finally there were three “functional”

Obituary / Wear 266 (2009) 490–497 493

Fig. 3. Skewness and kurtosis (a) varying with measurement for a ground surface [33] and (b) in the evolution of wear [37]. Crosses: unworn; circles: partly worn; triangles:fully worn.

Fig. 4. Gaussian filtering of an EDM surface. Upper row, low-pass output; lower row, high-pass output, for various cutoffs of wavelength decreasing from left to right [86].

Fig. 5. (a) The set of 3D roughness parameters known as the Birmingham 14 [86] and (b) surface classification by functional parameters: variation of valley fluid retentionindex Svi with surface bearing index Sbi for various machined surfaces [53].

494 Obituary / Wear 266 (2009) 490–497

Fig. 6. Wavelet transform developed for surface roughness [78].

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arameters which were intended to characterise aspects of the sur-ace’s engineering behaviour (Fig. 5b), making 14 parameters inll.

The so-called Birmingham 14 (since augmented to 25) haveecome the basis of all subsequent work in the field. The param-

ters, and the massive body of research and scholarship on whichhey were based, were publicised in a report of the European Com-

ission [86] which is one of the most frequently cited works in theeld.

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Fig. 8. (a) The ballising process and (b) effect of ballising with increasing interfer

ured and (b) after applying wavelet transform [78].

. Huddersfield 1995–2002

Developments in instrumentation in the late 1990s brought newechniques for 3D surface imaging to the marketplace. Improvedesigns of scanning interferometer were now available. The atomic

orce microscope (AFM) had become established as the technique ofhoice for roughness measurement at a sub-nanometre scale [87],nd a number of AFM systems were being offered by instrumentanufacturers. Also available at the other end of the measurement

ence (from right to left) on three bores of increasing initial roughness [75].

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Obituary / Wear

cale were commercial versions of 3D scanning stylus instruments,till the “gold standard” against which all other systems wereudged in spite of their relatively slow speed and other disadvan-ages.

At Huddersfield Stout began to create, with the help of his Birm-ngham experience, an even better-equipped metrology centre, thisime purpose-built. His political skills helped once more to gather

assive financial resources to realise his plans for a Centre ofrecision Technologies. Environmentally controlled, isolated fromxternal mechanical vibration, the new labs were filled with state-f-the-art instrumentation. Key members of his Birmingham teamrought their hard-won experience to the task of setting up the newnterprise, and his contacts in China, where he was a visiting pro-essor at Huazhong University, attracted many graduate studentsrom the Far East.

Three-dimensional surface measurement was by now aell-established and routine exercise, but problems of data trans-

ormation remained. Existing methods of filtering, for instanceourier transforms, were able to isolate wavelengths in the fre-uency domain but not in the spatial domain. This is a problemn dealing with surfaces which may contain isolated artefacts suchs deep scratches or cavities, the effect of which is to “smear” theirssociated high frequencies across the whole surface, thus losingharpness. In the 1990s wavelet transforms were developed to dealith this problem [88]. In wavelet analysis the use of a fully scalableodulated window solves the signal-cutting problem. The window

s shifted along the signal and for every position the spectrum is cal-ulated. Then this process is repeated many times with a slightlyhorter (or longer) window for every new cycle. In the end the resultill be a collection of position-frequency representations of the

ignal, all with different resolutions. By using wavelets, individualrequencies can be located in space (Fig. 6). This new technique waspplied to surfaces for the first time by Stout’s team with impressiveesults (Fig. 7). The interest this excited in the metrology commu-ity resulted in one of the team, Xiangqian Jiang (now herself arofessor at Huddersfield), being awarded a prestigious Wolfsonesearch Merit Award by the Royal Society in 2006.

One of the last topics on which Stout published [69,75] revivedn ancient controversy. Ballising is a final finishing process forores. A hard smooth sphere of slightly larger diameter is forcedown the bore (Fig. 8a) and smoothens it in so doing by plasticallyattening the asperities. Profiles before and after seem to showlearly that not only have the asperity summits flattened, but alsohat the valleys have risen (Fig. 8b), as claimed in a classic papery Pullen and Williamson [89]. Or have they? Certainly they areloser to the zero-height line, but this itself is not a physical refer-nce but merely a mean line, an artefact of computation. If summitsre flattened then the recomputed mean line will be closer to theottoms of the original valleys, but this is not physical evidence ofhe valleys lifting. Without the establishment of an absolute datumhe jury must remain out on this intriguing question, to which head no time to return.

. Summary

Ken Stout died suddenly at his home near Beverly in East York-hire on 26th February 2006. In his lifetime he published morehan 80 technical papers and presented more than 90 papers atational and international conferences; his journal publications

re listed below. The many graduate students he trained over theears have gone on to occupy posts of academic and technical dis-inction throughout the world; three of them currently occupyhairs at British universities. He developed not one but two greatnternational centres for surface metrology: firstly the Centre for

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etrology at the University of Birmingham, and subsequently theentre for Precision Technologies at Huddersfield University. Hisreatest technical achievement was perhaps to turn the 3D mea-urement of surfaces from a laboratory curiosity to an everydayool of engineering metrology, by developing the standards and

easurement protocols which have now been generally adoptednd on which most subsequent work has been based.

His pivotal role in the development of the new technologynvolved him in a number of peripheral enterprises. He sat onarious government and academic bodies which helped to shapeational policies on precision engineering. In 1988 he founded a

ournal, Surface Topography, which for a while offered a unique plat-orm for specialist papers. More fruitful was the important part helayed in launching the journal Precision Engineering, on whose edi-orial board he subsequently sat for many years [90]. He dischargedhe office of external examiner, both for higher degrees and foraught courses, with distinction at various institutions in the UKnd overseas.

Finally, of course, he co-founded and helped to organise theuccessful series of international conferences on Metrology androperties of Engineering Surfaces: a series, to which this memo-ial itself is a contribution, which has continued up to the presentay, and may be his most enduring legacy. This is the only confer-nce in the field which has regularly changed its venue and to dateas been held in France, Sweden and the United States as well as

n the UK. Over the years these meetings have provided a platformor many new and important developments in the field, and haveffered an opportunity for the international community of surfaceetrologists to keep in touch to share ideas and techniques, andshowcase for graduate students to present their first work to a

ympathetic and appreciative audience.The subject of surface roughness will continue to progress in his

bsence on the basis of the foundations which he helped to lay, ando doubt in the future will produce methods and results which willurpass his own achievements, but for many of those who knewim and worked with him it may never be such fun again!

eferences

[1] K.J. Stout, W.B. Rowe, Analysis of externally-pressurized spherical gas bearingsemploying slot restrictors, Tribology (London) 5 (3) (1972) 121–127.

[2] W.B. Rowe, K.J. Stout, Viscosity variation in hydrostatic bearings, Tribology(London) 5 (6) (1972) 262–264.

[3] W.B. Rowe, K.J. Stout, Design of externally pressurized gas-fed journal bearingsemploying slot restrictors, Tribology (London) 6 (4) (1973) 140–144.

[6] W.B. Rowe, D. Koshal, K.J. Stout, Slot-entry bearings for hybrid hydrodynamicand hydrostatic operation, Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 18 (2)(1976) 73–78.

[7] K.J. Stout, M. Tawfik, Design data for externally pressurised spherical gas bear-ings, Tribology International 10 (1977) 163–169.

[8] K.J. Stout, T.G. King, D.J. Whitehouse, Analytical techniques in surface topog-raphy and their application to a running-in experiment, Wear 43 (1) (1977)99–115.

[9] W.B. Rowe, D. Koshal, K.J. Stout, Investigation of recessed hydrostatic and slot-entry journal bearings for hybrid hydrodynamic and hydrostatic operation,Wear 43 (1) (1977) 55–69.

10] T.G. King, D.J. Whitehouse, K.J. S Stout, Some topographic features of the wearprocess—theory and experiment, in: Proceedings of the 27th General Assemblyof CIRP, Annals of the CIRP v 26 n 1–2 Manufacture’s Technology, 1977, pp.351–356.

13] K.J. Stout, M. Tawfik, E.G. Pink, Design of externally-pressurised fluid-film bear-ings. 2. Design of hydrostatic thrust bearings, Engineering (London) 218 (11)(1978) 1170–1173.

14] K.J. Stout, T.G. King, W. Watson, Topography of “running-in” of plain bearings.,Mecanique-Materiaux-Electricite (337) (1978) 45–52.

15] D.J. Whitehouse, T. King, K.J. Stout, Surface metrology: its relevance tomarginally lubricated bearing performance, Surface Technology 6 (4) (1978)

259–270.

16] E.G. Pink, K.J. Stout, Design procedures for orifice compensated gas journalbearings based on experimental data, Tribology International 11 (1) (1978)63–75.

17] K.J. Stout, M. Tawfik, E.G. Pink, Design of externally-pressurised fluid-film bear-ings, Engineering (London) 218 (12) (1978) 1311–1314.

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18] K.J. Stout, E.G. Pink, M. Tawfik, Comparison of slot-entry and orifice-compensated gas journal bearings, Wear 51 (1) (1978) 137–145.

19] K.J. Stout, M. Tawfik, E.G. Pink, Design of externally-pressurised fluid-film bear-ings, Engineering (London) 218 (10) (1978) 1046–1049.

20] E.G. Pink, K.J. Stout, Applications of air bearings to manufacturing engineering,Assembly Engineering (1979) 65–71.

22] D. Koshal, W.B. Rowe, K.J. Stout, Hydrodynamic load contribution in hybridhydrodynamic and hydrostatic journal bearings by accurate and approximatemethods, Assembly Engineering (1979) 42–49.

23] E.G. Pink, K.J. Stout, Orifice restrictor losses in journal bearings, Proceedings ofthe Institution of Mechanical Engineers (London) 193 (1979) 47–52.

24] K.J. Stout, M. Tawfik, E.G. Pink, Design of externally-pressurised fluid-film bear-ings. 5. Design of aerostatic journal bearings, Engineering (London) 219 (2)(1979) 143–147.

25] K.J. Stout, M. Tawfik, E.G. Pink, Selection of bearings, Engineering (London) 219(3) (1979) 280–283.

26] K.J. Stout, E.G. Pink, Orifice compensated ep gas bearings: the significance oferrors of manufacture, Tribology International 13 (3) (1980) 105–111.

27] T.A. Spedding, T.G. King, W. Watson, K.J. Stout, Pearson system of distribu-tions: its application to non-Gaussian surface metrology and a simple wearmodel, Journal of Lubrication Technology, Transactions ASME 102 (4) (1980)495–500.

29] K.J. Stout, Characteristics of rolling bearings. 2. Lubrication, installation anddevelopments, Engineering 220 (1980) 296–297.

30] K.J. Stout, Surface roughness-measurement, interpretation and significance ofdata. 1. Statistical parameters, Materials in Engineering (Surrey, England) 2 (5)(1981) 260–265.

32] M. Tawfik, K.J. Stout, Optimisation of slot entry hybrid gas bearings, TribologyInternational 15 (1) (1982) 31–36.

33] K.J. Stout, T.A. Spedding, Characterization of internal combustion engine bores,Wear 83 (2) (1982) 311–326.

34] K.J. Stout, M. Tawfik, Graphical design procedures for slot entry hybrid gasjournal bearings, Wear 87 (1) (1983) 51–68.

36] K.J. Stout, F. Sweeney, Design of aerostatic flat pad bearings using pocketedorifice restrictors, Tribology International 17 (4) (1984) 191–198.

37] K.J. Stout, E.J. Davis, Surface topography of cylinder bores—the relationshipbetween manufacture, characterization and function, Wear 95 (2) (1984)111–125.

39] A.R. Mileham, S.J. Harvey, K.J. Stout, Characterization of electrochemicallymachined surfaces, Wear 109 (1–4) (1985) 207–214.

40] K.J. Stout, J. Davis, Specification of surface finish tolerance for the control ofmanufacture of engineering surfaces, Wear 109 (1–4) (1985) 181–193.

41] K.J. Stout, Design of aerostatic flat pad bearings using annular orifice restrictors,Tribology International 18 (1985) 209–214.

42] K.J. Stout, Effect of manufacturing variations on the performance of externallypressurized gas-lubricated journal bearings, Proceedings of the Institution ofMechanical Engineers, Part C: Mechanical Engineering Science 199 (C4) (1985)299–309.

43] F. Sweeney, E.J. Davis, T.A. Spedding, K.J. Stout, Application of optical surfaceassessment to engine preparation techniques, Proceedings of SPIE—The Inter-national Society for Optical Engineering 802 (1987) 112–123.

44] M. Tawfik, K.J. Stout, Design of high efficiency flat pad aerostatic bearings usinglaminar restrictions, Tribology International 22 (4) (1989) 273–281.

45] K.J. Stout, P.J. Sullivan, P.A. McKeown, Use of 3-D topographic analysis to deter-mine the microgeometric transfer characteristics of textured sheet surfacesthrough rolling, CIRP Annals 41 (1) (1992) 621–624.

46] D.K. Aspinwall, M.L.H. Wisc, K.J. Stout, T.H.A. Goh, F.L. Zhao, M.F. El-Menshawy,Electrical discharge texturing, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manu-facture 32 (1/2) (1992) 183–193.

47] W.P. Dong, P.J. Sullivan, K.J. Stout, Comprehensive study of parameters for char-acterizing three-dimensional surface topography. I. Some inherent propertiesof parameter variation, Wear 159 (2) (1992) 161–171.

48] K.J. Stout, S. El-Ashkar, V. Ghasi, M. Tawfik, Theoretical analysis of two configura-tions of aerostatic flat pad bearings using pocketed orifice restrictors, TribologyInternational 26 (4) (1993) 265–273.

49] T.Y. Lin, L. Blunt, K.J. Stout, Determination of proper frequency bandwidth for3D topography measurement using spectral analysis. Part I. isotropic surfaces,Wear 166 (2) (1993) 221–232.

51] W.P. Dong, P.J. Sullivan, K.J. Stout, Comprehensive study of parameters for char-acterizing three-dimensional surface topography. II. Statistical properties ofparameter variation, Wear 167 (1) (1993) 9–21.

53] W.P. Dong, P.J. Sullivan, K.J. Stout, Comprehensive study of parameters forcharacterising three-dimensional surface topography. III. Parameters for char-acterising amplitude and some functional properties, Wear 178 (1/2) (1994)29–43.

54] W.P. Dong, P.J. Sullivan, K.J. Stout, Comprehensive study of parameters forcharacterising three-dimensional surface topography. IV. Parameters for char-acterising spatial and hybrid properties, Wear 178 (1/2) (1994) 45–60.

56] W.P. Dong, E.J. Davis, D.L. Butler, K.J. Stout, Topographic features of cylinder

liners—an application of three-dimensional characterization techniques, Tri-bology International 28 (7) (1995) 453–463.

57] W.P. Dong, K.J. Stout, Two-dimensional fast Fourier transform and power spec-trum for surface roughness in three dimensions, Proceedings of the Institutionof Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 209 (B5)(1995) 381–391.

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59] W.P. Dong, E. Mainsah, K.J. Stout, Reference planes for the assessment of sur-face roughness in three dimensions, International Journal of Machine Tools &Manufacture 35 (2) (1995) 263–271.

60] T.Y. Lin, S.H. Lu, K.J. Stout, Model-based topography characterisation ofmachined surfaces in three dimensions, International Journal of Machine Tools& Manufacture 35 (2) (1995) 239–245.

62] F.M.M. Chan, T.G. King, K.J. Stout, Influence of sampling strategy on a circularfeature in coordinate measurements, Journal of the International MeasurementConfederation 19 (2) (1996) 73–81.

64] W.P. Dong, E. Mainsah, K.J. Stout, Determination of appropriate sampling con-ditions for three-dimensional microtopography measurement, InternationalJournal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 36 (12) (1996) 1347–1362.

65] F.M.M. Chan, E.J. Davis, T.G. King, K.J. Stout, Some performance characteristicsof a multi-axis touch trigger probe, Measurement Science & Technology 8 (8)(1997) 837–848.

66] R.A.E. Aston, J. Davis, K.J. Stout, Probing question: a customer’s investigationinto the directional variability of a coordinate measuring machine touch triggerprobe, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 37 (10) (1997)1375–1382.

67] R.A.E. Aston, J. Davis, K.J. Stout, Forced touch-down: a customer’s further exam-ination of a touch trigger probe, International Journal of Machine Tools &Manufacture 37 (10) (1997) 1383–1392.

69] K.H. Wang, L.A. Blunt, K.J. Stout, 3-D characterization of the surface topographyof the ballizing process, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture38 (5/6) (1998) 437–444.

71] M. Tawfik, S. El-Ashkar, K.J. Stout, Stiffness of flat pad aerostatic bearings, Jour-nal of Engineering and Applied Science 45 (5) (1998) 721–739.

75] K.H. Wang, L. Blunt, L.T. Mao, C.C. Chao, K.J. Stout, The effects of operationalparameters on surface characteristics of the ballised material, InternationalJournal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 41 (13/14) (2001) 2071–2078.

78] X.Q. Jiang, L. Blunt, K.J. Stout, Lifting wavelet for three-dimensional surface anal-ysis, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 41 (13/14) (2001)2163–2169.

80] H. Dagnall, Exploring Surface Texture, Rank Taylor Hobson, Leicester, 1980.81] J.B.P. Williamson, The microtopography of surfaces, Proceedings of the Institu-

tion of Mechanical Engineers Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering(Part 3K) 182 (1967) 21–30.

82] D.J. Whitehouse, J.F. Archard, The properties of random surfaces of significancein their contact, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A316 (1970) 97–121.

83] D. Summers-Smith, An Introduction to Tribology in Industry, Machinery Pub-lishing Co., London, 1969.

84] J.C. Wyant, C.L. Koliopoulos, B. Bhushan, D. Basila, Development of a three-dimensional noncontact digital optical profiler, Transaction of ASME: Journalof Tribology 108 (1986) 1–8.

85] P.R. Nayak, Random process model of rough surfaces, Transactions of ASMESeries F: Journal of Lubrication Technology 93 (1971) 398–407.

86] K.J. Stout, P.J. Sullivan, W.P. Dong, E. Mainsah, N. Luo, T. Mathia, H. Zahouani, Thedevelopment of methods for the characterisation of roughness in 3 dimensions,EC Contract No. 3374/1/0/170/90/2, Phase II Report, vol. 1, March, 1993.

87] G. Binnig, C.F. Quate, Atomic force microscope, Physical Review Letters 56(1986) 930–933.

88] C.S. Burrus, R.A. Gopinath, H. Guo, Introduction to Wavelets and Wavelet Trans-forms a Primer, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ (USA), 1998.

89] J. Pullen, J.B.P. Williamson, On the plastic contact of rough surfaces”, Proceed-ings of Royal Society London A327 (1972) 159–173.

90] L. Blunt, Professor Kenneth John Stout, Tribology International 40 (2007)421–422.

urther reading

[4] K.J. Stout, C.J. Charnley, W.B. Rowe, Effect of quality on the performance andeconomics of mechanised assembly machines, Production Engineer (London)52 (4) (1973) 119–126.

[5] K.J. Stout, L.A. Garrett, Comparison of the economics of various assembly pro-cesses, Quality Assurance 2 (1976) 89–94.

11] G. Halevi, K.J. Stout, Computerised planning procedure for machined compo-nents, Production Engineer 56 (1977) 37–42.

12] K.J. Stout, Acceptable quality level: a misleading basis for sampling schemeselection, Quality Assurance 3 (1977) 53–55.

21] W. Watson, T.G. King, T.A. Spedding, K.J. Stout, Machined surface-time seriesmodelling, Wear 57 (1979) 195–205.

28] A.F. Thomas, K.J. Stout, Robot vision, Engineering (London) 220 (5) (1980)533–537.

31] E.J. Davis, K.J. Stout, Stylus measurement techniques: a contribution to theproblem of parameter variation, Wear 83 (1) (1982) 49–60.

35] K.J. Stout, Optical assessment of surface roughness: the effectiveness of a low-cost, commercially-available instrument, Precision Engineering 6 (1) (1984)

35–39.

38] K.J. Stout, C. Obray, J. Jungles, Specification and control of surface finish: empiri-cism versus dogmatism, Optical Engineering 24 (3) (1985) 414–418.

50] E. Mainsah, K.J. Stout, Signal processing unit for laser tracer providingsubmicron-accuracy diameter measurement, Electronics & CommunicationEngineering Journal 5 (2) (1993) 95–102.

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SE-30118 Halmstad, Sweden

Obituary / Wear

52] E. Mainsah, P.J. Sullivan, K.J. Stout, Calibration of translational tables for usein three-dimensional surface topography measurement systems, InternationalJournal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 34 (2) (1994) 211–224.

58] W.P. Dong, K.J. Stout, Integrated approach to the characterization of surfacewear. I. Qualitative characterization, Wear 181–183 (2) (1995) 700–716.

61] K.J. Stout, L. Blunt, Nanometres to micrometres: three-dimensional surfacemeasurement in bio-engineering, Surface & Coatings Technology 71 (2) (1995)69–81.

63] E. Mainsah, W.P. Dong, K.J. Stout, Problems associated with the calibrationof optical probe based topography instruments, Journal of the InternationalMeasurement Confederation 17 (3) (1996) 173–181.

68] W. Li, L. Blunt, K.J. Stout, Analysis and design of adhesive-bonded Teejoints, International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 17 (4) (1997)303–312.

70] K.J. Stout, Engineering surfaces—a philosophy of manufacture (a proposalfor good manufacturing practice), Proceedings of the Institution of Mechan-ical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 212 (B3) (1998)

169–174.

72] W. Li, L. Blunt, K.J. Stout, Stiffness analysis of adhesive bonded Tee joints, Inter-national Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 19 (4) (1999) 315–320.

73] X.Q. Jiang, L. Blunt, K.J. Stout, Three-dimensional surface characterization fororthopaedic joint prostheses, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engi-neers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 213 (1) (1999) 49–68.

2009) 490–497 497

74] K.J. Stout, S.M. Barrans, Design of aerostatic bearings for application to nanome-tre resolution manufacturing machine systems, Tribology International 33 (12)(2000) 803–809.

76] K.J. Stout, L. Blunt, A contribution to the debate on surfaceclassifications—random, systematic, unstructured, structured and engi-neered, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 41 (13/14)(2001) 2039–2044.

77] X.Q. Jiang, L. Blunt, K.J. Stout, Application of the lifting wavelet to rough surfaces,Precision Engineering 25 (2) (2001) 83–89.

79] D.L. Butler, L.A. Blunt, B.K. See, J.A. Webster, K.J. Stout, The characterisation ofgrinding wheels using 3D surface measurement techniques, Journal of Materi-als Processing Technology 127 (2) (2002) 234–237.

T.R. ThomasSchool of Business & Engineering, Halmstad University, Box 823,

E-mail address: capaximp@gmail.com

13 April 2007Available online 20 August 2008