SULIT4551/2Section ABahagian A[60 marks][60 markah]Answer all questions from this section.Jawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini.

1. Diagram 1 shows the structures and organelles found in a plant cell. Rajah 1 menunjukkan struktur dan organel yang terdapat dalam sel tumbuhan.

(a) (i) Name P, Q and R. Namakan P, Q dan R [3 markah]

(ii) Explain the function of P in maintaining the shape of a cell. Terangkan fungsi P dalam mengekalkan bentuk sel.

[2 markah]

Rajah 2 menunjukkan perbezaan tahap dalam organisasi sel tumbuhan berkayu. Figure 2 shows different levels of cell organization in a woody plant.

(b) i) Nyatakantahaporganisasisel yang ditunjukkandalam P, Q dan R State the level of cell organization represented by P ,Q and R [3 markah]

(ii) Nyatakan fungsi yang spesifik bagi xylem. State the specific function of the xylem.

(iii) Nyatakan dua struktur penyesuaian bagi xylem dan bagaimana ia membantu menjalankan fungsi dengan berkesan Give two structural adaptations of xylem and how helps in carry out its function effectively.

[2 markah]

(iv) Berikan pendapat anda,mengapa S berbeza daripada sel K berdasarkan struktur dan fungsinya. Give your opinion why is S different from cell K based on the structure and its function.

[1 markah]

2.Diagram 3.1 shows the example of the cell undergoing the division of cell. Rajah 3.1 di bawah menunjukkan contoh sel yang mengalami pembahagian sel

Diagram 3.1 // Rajah 3.1a) How many chromosomes are there in the cell?Berapakah bilangan kromosom di dalam sel tersebut?

Able to state number of chromosomes in the cellAnswer: 6 chromosomes[1 mark]

b) Draw one daughter cell at the end of the cell division through;Lukis satu sel anak yang dihasilkan melalui pembahagian sel secara; i. Mitosis

[2 markah]i. Meiosis

[2 markah]

Able to draw one daughter cell of mitosis and meiosis

Answer:(i) mitosisNumber of chromosomes are 6Same pattern and same size of chromosomes as parent cell

(ii) meiosisNumber of chromosomes are 3Pattern and size of chromosomes is different compare to parent cell(c)Explain why the chromosomes numbers are different in daughter cells of mitosis and meiosis. Terangkan mengapa bilangan kromosom berbeza pada sel anak antara mitosis dan meiosis.

Able to explain why the chromosomes numbers are different Suggested Answer:In mitosis:- (During anaphase) chromosome / sister chromatids separated and move to the opposite poles (cause the number of chromosome in daughter cell remain the same) In meiosis:- (During anaphase I) homologous chromosomes separated and move to the oppoeite poles (cause the number of chromosome in daughter cell become half form the parent cell) [2 marks]

(d) Explain one difference of importance of mitosis and meiosis to organisms.Terangkan satu perbezaan kepentingan mitosis dan meiosis kepada organisma hidup.

Able to explain one difference of importance of mitosis and meiosisSuggested Answer:F1: Mitosis produce no variation, while meiosis produce variationP1: caused by crossing over during Prophase I in meiosis[2 marks]

(e) In a population of buffaloes, there are normal buffaloes and white buffaloes or known as kerbau balar. Why it is happen?Dalam satu populasi kerbau, terdapat kerbau yang normal dan kerbau yang berwarna putih atau dikenali sebagai kerbau balar. Mengapakah keadaan ini terjadi?

Able to explain why buffalo is white colour

Answer:P1: albino buffaloes caused by gene mutation which control the production of skin pigmentationP2: in autosomesP2: controlled by recessive allelesP3: skin cells unable to synthesis (melanin) pigment // no (melanin) pigment [3 markah]

3.a) Diagram 3.2 shows two types of vertebrae in human backbone. Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan dua jenis vertebrae dalam tulang belakang manusia.

Rajah 3.2

State two differences in structure between the vertebra P and vertebra Q. Nyatakan dua perbezaan struktur bagi vertebra P dan vertebra Q.

[2 marks]

b) A man has swollen ankle and is painful during movement after having a habit of taking high protein diet. Explain the relationship between the diet and the disease he suffers.Seorang lelaki mengalami bengkak buku lali dan berasa sakit ketika bergerak setelah mengamalkan pengambilan diet yang tinggi kandungan protein. Terangkan hubungkait antara diet dan penyakit yang dialaminya. [2 marks]

c) Rajah 5.1 dan Rajah 5.2 menunjukkan kedudukan yang berbeza bagi pergerakan lengan.Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2 show different positions of a forearm during a movement.

Rajah 5.1 Rajah 5.2i) Lengkapkan Rajah 5.1 dengan melukis otot triceps dan biseps di mana ianya melibatkan pergerakan lengan.

* Otot Trisep adalah lebih nipis dan panjang berbanding bisep *Triceps muscle is thinner & longer than biceps *Sekurang-kurangnya 3 tendon melekat ke tulang scapula, humerus dan ulna *At least 3 tendons attached to the bones to scapula, to humerus and to ulna(1 markah)c)Explain why biseps and triceps muscles must work in pair to produce the movement.Terangkan mengapa otot biseps dan triseps mesti bekerja dalam pasangan bagi menghasilkan pergerakan.E1 :Tindakan berantagonis, //otot trisep mengecut, bisep mengendur Antagonistic action // triceps contract, biceps relax (1M) E2 :Pengecutan otot trisep memindahkan daya kepada ulna/ lengan oleh tendon Triceps contract transmitted a force to the ulna / forearm / arm by tendon (1M) E3 :Menarik tulang ulna/ lengan/ lengan ke bawah/ tangan turun ke bawah/ lengan lurus Pull ulna / forearm / arm down // the forearm straightens (1M)

[2 marks]ii) Cadangkan satu ciri penyesuaian oleh tisu P yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 5.1 di mana ianya membantu di dalam pergerakan lengan.Suggest one adaptive characteristic of tissue P shown in Diagram 5.1 which helps in the movement of the forearm.kuat // tidak kenyal//liat Strong // inelastic//tough` (1M) Kuat- memindahkan daya tarikan yang dihasilkan oleh pengecutan otot ke tulang. Strong transfer the pulling force from the contraction of muscle to the bone. Tidak kenyal membantu semasa pengecutan otot ,menarik tulang dan menyebabkan pergerakan. Inelastic it help muscle contraction to pull the bone and move the forearm. (1M)

[2markah]

d) Rajah menunjukkan sendi pada lutut. Diagram shows a joint at the knee.

Terangkan masalah kesihatan yang biasa dihadapi oleh orang tua apabila tisu Xsudah terjejas.Explain the health problem normally faced by an old person when tissue X is impaired.E1 : Susah untuk bergerak/ berjalan Difficulty in movement / walking E2 :Sakit/ membengkak/ pada sendi/lutut Pain / swelling / stiffness at the joints / knee E3 :Menyebabkan X akan haus/ tulang rawan// tulang rawan menjadi nipis/ rosak/ menyusut Due to excessive wear and tear of X / cartilage //cartilage X becomes thinner / breaks down / degeneration of X E4 :Athritis /Osteoarthritis ( MANA-MANA 2M) [3markah]

SULIT4551/2

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4.Diagram shows a type of organelle found in muscle cells.A biochemical reaction occurs in the organelle.Rajah menunjukkan sejenis organel yang terdapat dalam sel otot.Tindak balas biokimia berlaku dalam organel tersebut.

(a) (i)Name this organelle.Namakan organel ini.

.[1markah]

(ii)Explain why membrane X is in the form of numerous folded layers.Terangkan mengapa membranXadalah dalam bentuk lapisan yang berlipat-lipat.

[2markah]

(b)The biochemical reaction that occurs in this organelle is summarised as follows:Tindak balas biokimia yang berlaku dalam organel ini diringkaskan seperti berikut:

Glucose + P Q + carbon dioxide + energyGlukosa+ P Q +karbon dioksida+tenaga

(i) Name gas P.Namakan gasP.

[1markah]

(ii)Name product Q.Namakan hasilQ.

[1markah]

(iii)Explain why the muscle cell has a large number of these organelles.Terangkan mengapa sel otot mengandungi banyak bilangan organel ini.

[2markah]

(iv)If the blood sugar level is lower than the normal range, the biochemical reaction in this organelle can still occur.Explain how.Jika aras gula dalam darah adalah rendah daripada julat normal, tindak balas biokimia dalam organel ini masih boleh berlaku.Terangkan bagaimana. [3markah]

(c)Statetwodifferences on the biochemical reaction occurring between muscle cell and yeast cell in the absence of gas P.Nyatakanduaperbezaan ke atas tindak balas biokimia yang berlaku antara sel otot dan sel yis tanpa kehadiran gasP.

[2markah]

5

Diagram 4 shows the flow of blood and lymph in human body.Rajah 4 menunjukkan pengaliran darah dan cecair limfa dalam badan manusia.

5.

a)Name R and S.Namakan R dan S

[2 markah]

(b)Explain the formation of lymph in R.Terangkan pembentukan cecair limfa dalam R.

.

[3 markah]

(c)(i)State the disease when vessels R in the leg are blocked by filarialworms.Nyatakan penyakit apabila salur-salur R pada kaki tersumbat oleh cacing filaria.

[1 markah]I( ii)Explain your answer in c (i).Terangkan jawapan anda di c (i).

(d)Explain one difference between the composition of interstitial fluid and lymph.Terangkan satu perbezaan antara kandungan cecair interstis dan cecair limfa.

[2 markah]

e)Explain the importance of lymphatic system in human.Terangkan kepentingan sistem limfa kepada manusia.

Bahagian B

[40 marks][40 markah]

Answer any two questions from this section.Jawab mana-mana dua soalan daripada bahagian ini.

6. The following information is about plasma membrane.Maklumat berikut adalah berkaitan dengan membran plasma.

The plasma membrane is semi-permeable and allows certain substances to move across.Membran plasma adalah separa telap dan membenarkan sesetengah bahan melaluinya.

(a) Based on the above statement, describe how an amino acid molecule is transported across the plasma membrane into the cell.Berdasarkan pernyataaan di atas, huraikan bagaimana amino asid diangkut merentasi membran plasma ke dalam sel. [5 marks ] Amino acid is a large water soluble molecule It requires carrier protein to move across the membrane Amino acid will bind to the carrier protein which is specific to it Carrier protein will change its shape to bring the amino acid molecule across the membrane Lastly the carrier protein will release the amino acid and returns to its original shape

(b) Discuss why the uses of excessive fertilizers can cause wilting in plants. Bincangkan kenapa penggunaan baja berlebihan boleh menyebabkan kelayuan kepada tumbuhan.[ 5 marks ] Fertilizers which are added to the soil dissolve in soil water The soil water become hypertonic to the cell sap of plant roots Water diffuse from the cell sap into the soil by osmosis The cells become plasmolysed Wilting occurs and the plants eventually die

(c) Diagram 3.2 shows human erythrocytes after being immersed in distilled water and 20% sodium chloride solution.Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan eritrosit manusia selepas direndam di dalam air suling dan larutan natrium klorida 20%.

Diagram 3.2 / Rajah 3.2 Explain what had happened to the erythrocytes.Terangkan apa yang telah terjadi kepada eritrosit tersebut.[ 6 marks ] 20% salt solution is hypertonic to red blood cell Water diffuse out of cell by osmosis Cell become shrink Crenation occur ANY 3

Distilled water is hypotonic to red blood cell Water diffuse into the cell by osmosis Cell swell up and eventually burst * Haemolysis occur ANY 3

(d) Explain the situation occur when a potato strip is transferred from 30% sucrose solution into distilled water.Terangkan situasi yang berlaku apabila jalur kentang dipindahkan dari larutan sukrosa 30% ke dalam air suling.[ 4 marks ] 30% sucrose solution is hypertonic to potato strip Potato cell become plasmolysed Distilled water is hypotonic to potato strip Water diffuse into cell sap of potato strip by osmosis Cell becomes turgid again The cell is said to have undergone deplasmolysis ANY 4

7(a)Diagram shows the negative feedback mechanism in regulating the waterbalance in human blood.Rajah menunjukkan mekanisme suapbalik negatif dalam mengawalatur keseimbangan air di dalam darah manusia.

Explain the corrective mechanism when the osmotic pressure of the blood increases. Terangkan mekanisme pembetulan apabila tekanan osmotik darah meningkat. [6 markah](b)Diagram shows the sequence of organs and tissue that responded when a manwas attacked by a robber.Rajah menunjukkan urutan organ-organ dan tisu yang bergerak balas apabila seorang lelaki diserang oleh perompak.

Explain the involvement of nervous system and endocrine system in this situation. Bincangkan penglibatan sistem saraf dan sistem endokrin dalam situasi ini. [8 markah](c)Diagram 7.3 shows transmission of impulse through a synapse.Rajah 7.3 menunjukkan penghantaran impuls melalui satu sinaps.

Explain the effect of a pain killer drug on the transmission of nerve impulses.Terangkan kesan ubat tahan sakit ke atas penghantaran impuls saraf.

[6 markah]8.Diagram shows some organs of human digestive system. Rajah menunjukkan beberapa organ sistem pencernaan manusia.

(a) Syarifah eats too many mangoes with vinegar. Explain the effect of eating too much of this kind of mangoes on the digestion of food in Y. Syarifah makan terlalu banyak mangga berserta cuka.Terangkan kesan memakan terlalu banyak mangga jenis ini terhadap pencernaan makanan di Y.Able to explain the effect of eating too much of this kind of mangoes on the digestion of food in Y.Sample answers

1 - mangoes with vinegar contain much acid, so its reduces the pH value/ increases acidity in the duodenum2 - Acid medium is less suitable for the action of enzyme lipase, amylase and trypsin3 - less/ no lipid is digested/hydrolysed to fatty acid and glycerol by lipase4 - less/ no starch is digested/hydrolysed to maltose by amylase5 - less/ no polypeptide is digested/hydrolysed to peptides by trypsin[5 markah]

(b) A man is suffering from cancer, his organ Z need to be removed. What should he do to handle health problems that may arise from the removal of organ Z? Seorang lelaki mengidap kanser, organ Z beliau perlu dibuang. Apakah yang patut dilakukan untuk mengawal masalah kesihatannya yang mungkin timbul kesan pembuangan organ Z? Able to state what he should do to handle health problems that may arise from the removal of organ Z. Sample answers

1 - Reduce the intake of high carbohydrate food / protein /fatty food.2 - Get insuline injection when needed / if glucose level too high.3 - Get glucagons injection when needed / if glucose level too low.4 - Pancreas transplant.5 - Eat more vegetables / fruits. [5 marks](c) (i) State the functions of X. Nyatakan fungsi X.Able to state the functions of X. Sample answers

Functions of Y/liver1 - Maintenance of blood glucose level under the influence of insulin and glucagons. 2 - Synthesis plasma protein such as fibrinogen / prothrombin from amino acids.3 - Synthesis bile.4 - Storage of nutrients such as fat-soluble vitamins (A & D)/ B12/ ferum/ copper/ potassium. 5 - Detoxification of poisonous substances such as alcohols/drugs/ toxins/ pesticides/carcinogens /poisons.6 - Deamination of amino acids.7 - Produce heat.(ii) Explain the process of assimilation of amino acids and glucose in X.Terangkan proses asimilasi asid amino dan glukosa di X.Able to explain the process of assimilation of amino acids and glucose in X.Sample answers

The process of assimilation amino acids and glucose in Y

Amino acids 1 - Excess amino acids cannot be stored and are broken down into urea by a process called deamination before being excreted by the kidneys Excess amino acid urea 2 - When there is a short supply of glucose and glycogen, the liver converts amino acids into glucose. 3 - Plasma protein can be synthesized from amino acids and is used for blood clotting and osmoregulation.

Glucose 4 - Excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver. Excess glucose glycogen 5 - When the blood sugar level falls, glycogen is converted back to glucose. 6 - Glucose in the liver is used for cellular respiration. Glucose + Oxygen Energy + Carbon dioxide + water

[10 marks]9.Diagram 9. 1.1 shows evidences of development, urbanization and industrial practices. It is needed to develop the rises of human population.Diagram 9.1.1 menunjukkan bukti-bukti pembangunan, urbanisasi dan aktiviti-aktiviti perkilangan. Ia merupakan keperluan apabila populasi manusia meningkat.

Diagram 9.1.1 / Rajah 9.1.

i)Justify the effects of unplanned development into the ecosystem. Justifikasikan kesan pembangunan yang tidak terancang kepada ekosistem.- Industries/ factories/ vehicle contribute to air pollution.- Smoke/ fine solid particles can cause respiratory problem.- oxides of nitrogen/ sulphur dioxide dissolve in rain to produce acid rain.- (acid rain) causing the soil become acidic/ unsuitable for cultivation of crops/ leaching of mineral/ corrosion of metal.- Increase Carbon dioxide in atmosphere causes the greenhouse / global warming.- Industrial/ domestic/ agricultural activities produce waste to contribute water pollution.- Agrochemical / pesticides/ insecticides used by farmer flow into the river/ lead to the poisoning of aquatic organism.- Agricultural run-offs contain excess nitrates/ phosphates lead to eutrophication.- (eutrophication) causes the BOD value will increase thus may harm the aquatic organisms.- Effluents from electronics factories contain heavy metals/ mercury/ cadmium kill the aquatic organism/ disturb food chain.- Discharged of hot water from industries / glass building cause thermal pollution.- Increase the water temperature in the river causing died aquatic organisms- Increase the atmosphere temperature.(10 marks) ii)Diagram 2.1 shows one phenomenon in the ecosystem due to an unplanned development.Rajah 9.2.1 menunjukkan satu fenomena dalam ekosistem yang disebabkan oleh pembangunan yang tidak terancang.

Diagram 9.2.1Rajah 9.2. 1

Based on diagram 9. 2.1, explain the phenomenon and its effects to the environment.Berdasarkan rajah 9.2.1, terangkan fenomena ini dan kesan-kesannya terhadap alam sekitar. - The phenomenon is acid rain.- Factories / motor vehicles released large amount of oxides of nitrogen to the atmosphere.- and sulphur dioxide.- oxides of nitrogen combines with water vapour (in the atmosphere) to form nitric acid.- Sulphur dioxide combines with water vapour (in the atmosphere) to form sulphuric acid.- The rain falls as acid rain.Effects:- May corrode buildings.- Aquatic lives may die due to acidic water/ low pH- Minerals in soil will be dissolved/ washed into rivers.- Soil becomes infertile / not suitable for agriculture.- Plants may die due to infertile soil/ acidic soil.- The ecological balance of ecosystem disrupted. ANY 41

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SELAMAT BERJAYA

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Puan Faizah Bt. JohariKetua Panitia Biologi SMKTR

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