nYn-eXOn

dMeNIreqõaHeTATisxaglic

nig

²Nëècink~¬gq~S 2000

[ saklºg ]

karp§ayrbs'G~kniBnì rk§asiTì

eVHBumõelIkTI 1 cMnYn 2, 000 cºab'

tmûl'Tuktamelx 1162 cuH«c©TI 9 vciÏka q~S1970

eVHenA¨kumhußneragBumõExµr

Bùsù 2514 Kùsù 1970

k

Garmkfa

v^PaKTand*v^essv^salEdlCnCatiExµrm~ak'@ Gacp¶l'cMeJHmatu¨b-

eTsrbs'xÂçn edImºI[Catirbs'xÂçnenAKg'vg§Cév^tk~¬gbN¶aPUmiPaKmYyEdl¨b

kbedaye¨KaHf~ak'enaH KWkarsðal't«mÂvbºFmá Gar´Fmá nigCaBiess¨bvti¶

saås¶CatixÂçnenHäg .

¨bvti¶saås¶kt'¨taTuk¨Kb'kMhus EdldUntaeyIgVn¨b¨Bwt¶rYcmkehIy

k~¬gGtItkal ¨BmTSgPaBfû¬÷efûégrugerOgEdlVneFÃI[vasna¨bCaCatiExµr nig

vbºFmáExµrGEN¶t¨tEstxõg'xõs' k~¬gBBk«nBnÂW¨tcH¨tcg'. GMeBIɨBwt¶ikarN_

TSgenHeTaHCap¶l'dl'¨bCaCatieyIgnUvekr¶i_eQµaHrnæWsuHsayk¶I Ék*PaBGamas

muxBn'¨bmaNk¶I EdlmanEcgenAelI¨Kb'TMB&r«nBg§avtarCati k*GMeBITSgLay

enaHägCaekr¶i_mrtk²tkat't«mÂVnEdleyIgTTYlGMBIdUntaeyIgmk .

KWGMeBI ɨBwti¶karN_TSgenHehIy EdlbegûItnUvsmºCJï:Exµr. CnCati

Exµrsm&yenH CalTìpl«nGtItkal ÉCalTìpl«nsmºCJï:ExµrenHäg .

BitEmnehIyEdlfak~¬g¨bvti¶saås¶«n¨beTseyIg eyIgVnqÂgkat'nUv

PaBGamasmuxy"age¨cIn cab'tSgBIstvt§TI13 rhUtdl'sm&ybcͬbºn~kal

enH e¨kayBIVnsðal'PaBrugerOgGs'ry:eBld*yUr (BIstvt§TI8 mk

stvt§TI13) k¶I, Et¨bCaCatieyIg, BUCsasn_eyIg, vbºFmánigGar´FmáeyIg

minVnrlaysUn´ Vt'¨semalBIsaklelakeLIy. Gar´FmáCae¨cInk~¬g

elakenH EdlFÂab'Vnsðal'PaBrugerOg¨tcH¨tcg'k~¬gGtItkal xÂH¨tèvTTYl

vasnaGa¨kk'FÂak'cuHeTAk~¬gBiPBggwt«nkarePÂcPÂSgrbs'mnus§ Ék*rlayVt'

¨semalsUn´sugBIsmºCJï:mnus§Cati dUcmanGar´Fmákaled (Chaldée),

Gas§¬IrI (Assyrie), ¨kik (Grèce), É rU"m (Rome) .l.

dUec~H ¨bCaCatieyIg Gar´FmáeyIg EdlVntsUßTb'Tl'nwgkarQÂanJn

²tQb'QrGMBIG~kC^txag²tsbº¬rsFmá tSgBICag 6 stvt§rYcmkehIy

Etmin¨BmcuHcaj' min¨BmTmÂak'GavuFcuHj"mvasnaGP&BÃrbs'xÂçnenaH enHCa

x vasnad*Ót¶¬gðÓt¶mmYyNas'eTAehIy . enAstvt§TI19, ¨bCaCatiExµreyIg

manbN¶aCnminVndl'mYylannak'pg ( ¨bEhlCa 800, 000 nak' ebItam

Gs'elakG~k¨VCÆVrSg EdlVnmkTs§nanigsik§a¨beTseyIgCaelIkd÷-

bUg ) sm&yenaH eyIgsµanEteyIgVnsðal'TIbMput«nCév^trbs'¨bCaCatieyIg

rYceTAehIy EteyIgEbrCars'ranmanCév^teLIgv^j. ehIymin¨twmEtrs'eLIg

v^jbu"eNöaHeT EfmTSgVnerobcMrd½eyIgGnuelameTAtamsm&yTMenIbv^T´a-

saås¶eTotpg. ehIyfµé@enHeTot rbbsk¶iPUmiraCaniymp¶ac'karEdlCaTm©n'

mYyF©n'Bn'¨bmaNmkelIvasnaExµr¨Kb'@rUb nigCa¨bPB«nPaBeGanfyrbs'

¨bCaCatieyIgenaHeTot, ²LèveyIgVnvaykMeTcbMpÂajrbbc«¨genH ykC&y

CMnHCae¨scelIrbbenaHrYceTAehIy .

m¶genH eyIgnwgsðal'Cafµém¶geTot nUvBnÂW«nesck¶I«fÂf~èr «nesck¶IkÂahan

nigesrIPaB. eyIgGs'ÓbsKðGÃImkrarSgk~¬gdMeNIreyIgeTAkan'karcab'kMeNIt

rs'eLIgv^j «n¨bCaCatieyIgeTotehIy .

mYycMENkeTot, ¨bCaCneyIgk~¬gsm&yenHmanrhUtdl' 8 lannak',

enaHebIeyIgminrab'ExµrenAeyokNamxagtºèg nigenA«fLg' EdlmancMnYnBI 3

eTA 4 laneTotpg . k~¬g 30 q~SeTot ¨bCaCnenAk~¬gEdndIkmõ¬CasBëf©enH

nwgekIneTAdl' 15 lannak'ehIy. ebIy"agdUec~H, etIs¨tèvNa G~kC^txag

äNa ÉmhaGMNacäNak~¬gelaknwgGackab'smÂab' bMpÂicbMpÂajCatiExµrBI 8

eTA 15 lanGs'VnEdrÉ ?

vasnarbs'¨bCaCatieyIgk~¬gGnaKtkal KWeyIg¨tèvEtrs'. Et¨tg'

cMNucfars'EbbNa@ enaH KW \rs'¨Kan'Etrs'| Érs'k~¬gesck¶IcMerInk~¬gPaB«fÂ

f~èrenaH enHCabJúamYyeTotd*FMEdleyIgral'K~a¨tèvEtKitedaH¨say e¨JHebI

\rs'¨Kan'Etrs'| eday¨tehb¨thb esæIrrs'esIærsÂab' rs'k~¬gbN¶akarxÃH

esck¶I«fÂf~èr Gyuti¶Fmá evTnafyefakùùù bu"eNöaHeT, enaHsÂab'eTAva¨besIrCag

edImºIkuM[esck¶IlMVkevTna QWcab'exÂacp§a EdlFÂab'manGs'ry:Cag 6

stvt§eTAehIyenaHecHEtbn¶eTAeTot .

K

karerobcM¨bCaCatiExµr rd½ExµreLIgv^j ¨sbeTAtameKalkar«nlTiì¨bCa

Fibety´ tampÂèvneyaVy (Démocratie Politique) nigtampÂèvsgðm (Démocratie

sociale) KWCakarcSVc'CamUld½an «n¨beTskmõ¬Casm&yfµé .

G~kniBnì«nesovePAd*tUcenHyl'fa drabNaKMnit¨bCaFibety´ esrI

PaB sÄitenAEtelI¨kdas min¨BmkÂayeTACakarBitCak'Es¶gk~¬gkicÍkar¨btibt¶i

k~¬gCévPaBral'«f©rbs'raås¶Exµr¨Kb'rUb ÉenAtamPUmiCnbTeTenaH drabenaH

eyIgminGacrMedaHCnCatiExµr ɨbCaCatiExµrBIPaBVk'sºattk's¬t cuHj"mmun

¨byuTì esck¶Il©g'exÂA ÉkarKµanCMenOeTAelIxÂçnägenaHVneLIy .

KµanGÃIBiVkCagkarpÂas'b¶èr eVHbg'p~t'KMnitcas'mYyEdlmanGayurab'

stvt§rYcmkehIyenaHeT. EtenaHk*minEmnkicÍmYyEdleKminGacse¨mcVn

enaHk*eTEdr . esck¶IkÂahan bUknigkarbuin¨bsb'rbs'G~kneyaVyExµr k~¬g

¨kbxNë«nyuTìv^FImYy Edlt¨mèvnwgcit¶KMnitExµr sgðmExµrBit¨VkdCakarBi-

VkNas' EtCakarcSVc'CabzmedImºIsMercnUvbd^vt¶n_Exµr . X X X

KMnitEdlelakG~kGannwgeXIjk~¬gesovePAd*tUcenH ¨bEhlCaelOn

eBk Ék*hßaneBk ÉmYyk*GacbN¶al[mankar¨sgakcit¶xÂHk*swgman . G~k

GanxÂHGacecaTG~kniBnìfa CaG~kmanKMnitTuTid½^niym .l.

G~kniBnìTMB&rTSgenH CaExµrmYyrUbmankMeNItenAcm©ay 6 KILèEm"¨tBI

Ggðrvt¶ VnTTYlkarGb'rMminq©aybu"nµanBIGgðrvt¶ Vnsðal'ehIy¨sLaj'Ggðr

vt¶dUcCa¨TB´smºti¶rbs'xÂçnpæal' VnFMeBjv&ycMeNammha¨Vgðsila Ca

kMNb'«nvbºFmá Gar´Fmá ¨bvti¶saås¶Exµr suTìswgCaekr¶i_mták«nPaBrugerOg

sm&yedImmhanKr . CakarFmµta karsðal'nigkar¨sLaj'¨bPB«nGar´Fmá

Exµr nig¨bCaCatiExµrenH C¨mujcit¶[mankarnwk¨seNaHdl'GtItkal cg'

eXIj¨bCaCatiExµrkÂayeTACaBiPBmYyrugerOg¨tcH¨tcg'dUcEdlExµrFÂab'sðal'

k~¬gGtItkalsm&y \mhanKr| dUec~aHEdr .

X

k~¬gKMnitenH G~kniBnìKµan¨beyaCn_GÃI nwgkarJrÓt¶mKtiäNaEdlpæ¬y

nwg¨beyaCn_xõg'xõs'rbs'CatipgxÂçnenaHeLIy .

KW BIe¨JHEtCakarmYyEdlTak'Tgdl'GnaKtCati dl'GnaKtBUCGmºèr

ExµrenHehIy EdlG~kniBnìGtÄbTenHminxÂacGÃInwglat¨tdagnUvKMnit Éeya-

bl'rbs'xÂçnEdlCalTìpl«nkar¨tiHriH¨sav¨Cavrbs'xÂçnsuTìsaF CUndl'mti

saFarNCnCati¨Kan'CakarBicarNa. äkarBitscÍ:enaH e¨scEtkarv^nicÏ&y

yl'eXIjrbs'mtisaFarNCnCaticuH .

G~kniBnìesovePAd*tUcenH manC÷enOy"agmSfa ¨bsinebIkarGanesovePA

enH bN¶al[mankarBicarNa eFÃIkarv^nicÏ&yEmnenaH enaHeKaledAbMNgG~k

niBnìVnsMercehIy . eKaledAFMrbs'G~kniBnì KWelIkykbJúaGnaKtExµr

ykmkecaTcMeJHsmºCJï:Exµr KWbegûIt[manCabJúaeLIgedImºIKit kuM[ePÂc

xÂçn k~¬gzan:xÂçnCaExµrrs'enAelIEdndIsuvNöPUmienH .

sUmelakG~kGanemt¶aGP&yeTas ¨bsinebIenAelITMB&rTSgenH mankar

GFibºayedaymanlaytNúaxÂH e¨JHeyIgminGacbMePÂc[sUn´QwgnUvmena

seJÍtnarbs'eyIg cMeJHvasnaCatiVneLIy. KWCakarFmµtaeT EdlebHdUg

mnus§m~ak'¨sJb'¨seJn kalebI¨semal«nGtItkal EdlCa¨semal«n

karQWcab'rbs'CatixÂçn elceFÂamkk~¬gsmºCJï:mnus§enH bUkbJÍèlCamYy

nwgPaBrnìt'jab'j&renAcMeJH muxGnaKtkalxÃHTIedA .

cMeJHvasnaExµrk~¬gGnaKt, G~kniBnìesovePAd*tUcenHEtgEtEckrMElk

CamYypgEdrnUvesck¶Isgôwm EdldUntaeyIgBIe¨BgnayrEmgVnciJÍwmTuk

k~¬gsn¶ancit¶Exµr . esck¶IsgôwmnigC÷enOenH sÄitk~¬gJk´esÂak É Jk´TMnay

mYyXÂa EdldUntaeyIgFÂab'VneJlt@K~amkfaÐ \ ¨sukExµrminEdlsUn´! |

( Le Pays Khmèr ne périra jamais ! )

P~MeBj Ex F~è 1970

nùXù

g

"Qu'il soit du Nord ou du Sud, il n'est pas un Vietnamien qui ne se sente solidaire du frère dont on l'a arbitrairement séparé, singulier couronnement de l'indépendence recouvrée alors que le « colonialisme » français avait poursuivi le rêve d'hégémonie de l'empereur Gia-Long et que tout son effort avait tendu vers la mise en commun de richesses inégalement réparties mais complémentaires les unes des autres. Comment nourrir la population du Nord-Vietnam sans les réserves alimentaires du Sud et comment mettre en valeur les terrains du Sud sans l'excédent de main d'œuvre du Nord? Pour comprendre le problème, imaginons, une ligne de démarcation qui couperait en France le grenier à blé de la Beauce et les paturages normands, des houillères du Nord et de la métallurgie de l'Est. Pour une superficie de rizières trois fois moindre, le Tonkin a deux fois plus de bouches à nourrir, mais il détient le charbon, le fer, les matières et les sources d'énergie nécessaires à la grande industrie. Que l'on n'objecte pas les tendances particularistes du Nord et du Sud, maintes fois relevées au cours de l'histoire. Ce serait oublier que l'Allemagne et l'Italie ont connu les mêmes dissensions intérieures et que leur unification aux XIXe siècle a conditionné leur accession au rang de grande puissance. Le problème se pose dans les mêmes termes pour l’avenir du Vietnam". André MASSON in « Histoire du Vietnam » P.U.F, Paris, 1960

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nYn-eXOn

dMeNIreqõaHeTATisxaglic

nig

²Nëècink~¬gq~S 2000

ekItenA«f©TI 29 Exmkra q~S 1944 enAesomrab-Ggðrvt¶, elak nYn eXOn Vn

bMeBjv^CØamF´mPUmienAv^T´al&y«nTIrYmext¶ rYceTAbn¶karsik§aenAmhav^T´al&yKruekasl´

nig enAmhav^T´al&yGk§rsaås¶ nig mnus§saås¶«nsaklvT´al&y¨kugP~MeBjeTot .

Vn¨bLgCab'Casis§salaKruekasl´Can'xõs' ( Ecole Normale Supérieure ) CMnan'TI1

k~¬gq~S 1965 rYcCab'briJïab&¨txag¨bvti¶saås¶enAq~S 1968 . sBëf©Casaås¶acar´

¨bvti¶saås¶ .

k~¬gBiPBelakmYyEdlxÃHesck¶IBit nigxÃHesÄrPaBCaGci«ån¶y_pgenaH sÄanPaBPUmi-

saås¶«n¨beTskmõ¬Ca Ca¨beTsmYytUcruMB&TìCMuv^jeday¨beTsC^txagFM @ manbN¶aCne¨cIn

elIslb'EbbenH KWBitCasÄanPaBmYy¨bkbedaye¨KaHf~ak'Cak'Es¶g ehIyCakarKMramkMEhg

mYyd*sahaveTAelICév^t«n¨beTseyIgeTotpg . Ga¨s&yehtuenH bJúakarKg'vg§Cév^t«nrd½

Exµrk~¬gPUmiPaK²temt¶aenH ¨tèvEtCnCatiExµrm~ak'@cab'GarmµN_elIsGÃI@TSgGs'k~¬gqakCév^t

rbs'xÂçn .

edayVneXIjcºas'nUvmhn¶rayEdlXÂScS¨bl&yCév^t¨bCaCatiExµr elak nYn

eXOn VnsresrGtÄbTenHk~¬gbMNgEtmYy KWp¶l'karriHrkeXIjCaKMnitpæal'rbs'elakCUn

dl'smºCJï:CatiExµr edImºIkarBicarNaelIvasnamatu¨beTsExµrterogeTA .

1

- esck¶Iep¶ém -

etI¨beTseyokNam nwgkÂayeTACa¨beTsGalWÂm"ajÉCb"unTI 2 k~¬gPUmi

PaKGasIuEb"kGeK~y_ k~¬gGnaKtenHÉ? k~¬gzan:xƬMCaCnCatiExµrmYyrUb ekItrs'sÂab'enAelImatuPUmiExµr nigk~¬g

zan:CaG~ksik§a¨bvti¶v^T´a xƬMsUmÓTæisGtÄbTenH dl'karPÆak'r®k«nsmºCJï:

«nCnCatiExµr nigdl'esck¶IcMerInlUtlas' «nkareyaKyl'rvagCatinigCati

EdlCakt¶aEtmYyKt' «nkarrYmrs'edaysn¶iPaBk~¬gPUmiPaKeyIgenH«nBiPB

elak .

etICneyokNam nwgkÂayeTACaCnCatiGalWÂm"gd_k~¬gPUmiPaKGasIuEb"k

GeK~y_ ehIyCaBiess cMeJHkmõ¬CaeyIgÉ? xƬMBuMGacnwgecaTnUvbJúaenHeLIg edayxÃHkarQWcab'exÂacp§ak~¬gsmº

CJï:rbs'xƬMVneLIy .

menaseJÍtnalnÂg'lenÂac¨segH¨segac s¶IBuMecj EtgEtekIteLIg

k~¬gsmºCJï:xƬM kalebIyUr@m¶g xƬMnwkKiteTAdl'bJúad*FMeFgnigsµ¬KsµajenH

CaBiessKWbJúa«nkarKg'vg§Cév^trbs'kmõ¬CaeyIg k~¬gzan:Ca¨bCaCatimYy

(Nation) k~¬gPUmiPaKGasuIEb"kGeK~y_enH . m´"ageTot, enHCabJúa«nGnaKt

kal EdlBiVknwg¨bemIlemIledayBit¨VkdTukCamun ehIymYycMENk

eTot ¨bvti¶saås¶GacmankrNIelIkElgEdrù ù ù ù .

EtebITukCay"agdUcem¶cm¶ak¶I eyIgGac¨tiHriHVncMeJHbJúaenH edayGag

eTAelIFmµPaB«n¨bvti¶saås¶mnus§Cati P&s¶¬tag¨bvti¶saås¶ EdlknÂgrYcmk

ehIy nigehtukarN_Casarvn¶xÂH@ EdleyIgVneXIjk~¬g{kasfµé@ Ék~¬g

bcͬbºn~kalenH .l.

2

emeron«n¨bvti¶saås¶KWGÃI?

eyIgBuMmanbMNgykTMB&renHmkbe¨gonGMBI Ts§nv^CØa«n¨bvti¶saås ¶ (Philo-

sophie de l'Histoire) eT EtKbºIeyIgeFÃIkarrM®kxÂH EdlmanGtĨbeyaCn_ cMeJH

karyl'rbs'eyIg eyIg¨tèvecosvagnUv kareJledaymWugm"at' (le dogmatisme)

EteyIg¨tèvEtCa G~k¨Vkdniym . Ts§nv^TUCae¨cInVnecaTsYrcMeJHemeron«n

¨bvti¶saås¶enHfa Ð

etI¨bvti¶saås¶manemeronp¶l'mk[eyIgeT? Ék*¨bvti¶saås¶man¨beyaCn_eT? . ebI

e¨sceTAtamelak EhßEhðl (Hegel) É b"Ul vaeLrI (Paul Valéry) ¨bvti¶saås¶Gac

manÉKµan¨beyaCn_GÃITal'EtesaH. cMeJHeyIg eyIgyl'fa¨bvti¶saås¶man

¨beyaCn_pg ehIyKµan¨beyaCn_pg ¨bvti¶saås¶EdlKµan¨beyaCn_ Edl

hßanGHGagy"agenH KWedayehtufa KµanVtuPUt¨Bwt¶ikarN_¨bvti¶saås¶äNa

(Phènomènes ou évènements historiques) GacekIteLIgv^jBIrdg ehIyman

lkÅN_dUcK~aeLIy (Les évènements historiques ne se répètent pas, ou tout du moins

de la même façon) .

karBn´l'enH Ga¨s&yedayehtufa k~¬gsm&ymYy mansÄanPaB É

lkÅn¶ik: (Conditions) sgðmkicÍneyaVy vbºFmáesd½kicÍù ù ù ù EbÂkBIsm&y

mYyeTot . dUec~HehIy eyIgBuMGacrkBIsÄanPaBBIr [manlkÅN:dUcK~aVneT

ya"gNamij eyIgk*BuMGacTajnUvemeronGÃImYy[¨Vkd¨bCaGacykGÃICaKMrU

VneLIy .

KYreyIgykÓTahrN_mkBn´l' :

sågðamelakelIkTI1 TukNaCaTmÂak'karxus¨tèvd*F©n'eTA¨beTsGalÂW-

m"ajk¶I k*mUlehtuEdlbN¶alenHsµ¬KsµajNas' minEmnEt¨beTsGalÂW-

m"ajm~ak'ägeT KWTÃIbGWrubenHägCaG~kTTYlxus¨tèv, edaybegûIt[mannUvkar

¨bNSg¨bECg (Rivalités) xagpÂèvesd½kicÍ Ós§ahkmµ JNiCØkmµ, ehIycug

3

e¨kaybgís' kar¨bNSg¨bECgpÂèvneyaVyTUtnigeyaFa ehIyTSgGs'k*Ca

plv^Vk«nkarlUtlas'Év^vDón_ «nrbbmUlFnGn¶rCatiEdr (développement du

capitalisme International) . dl's¨gðamelakelIkTIBIrpæ¬HeLIg BiPBelak

hak'dUcCayl'fa ¨bvti¶saås¶fye¨kayvj¨cMEdl (se répéter) .

¨beTsGalÂWma"jbgûsågðamelakeTotehIy EtebItamkarBiteTA,

sågðamelakelIkTIBIrenH KWbN¶almYyPaKd*FMGMBIkarqûçtlIla (la folie) «n

mnus§m~ak' KW hIuEt (Hitler) enHäg . rIäsgðmGalÂWm"gd_v^j BIsm&y hðIeyam

TI2 (Guillaume II) mksm&y hIuEtÂr KWmankarE¨b¨bYle¨cInNas'eTAehIy. ä

cMENksÄankarN_Gn¶rCatiEp~kesd½kicÍneyaVy v^T´asaås¶k*dUec~aHEdr .

etITSgenHÉ EdleKsn~id½anfa¨bvti¶saås¶Kµan¨beyaCn_? enHKWCamti É

CaniekÅbbT(Thèse) mYyEdr. EtebIeyIgBicarNa[e¨CA¨CHedayykFmµPaK«n

karv^vDón_enHCaTIGag, eyIgBuMGackat'p¶ac'¨bvti¶saås¶Cakg'duM@(Morceaux)ecj

BIK~aeLIy . bcͬbºn~kaleyIgenHCalTìpl«nGtItkalsm&yburaN.l.

ehIyeKfyeTAe¨kayrhUteTAdl'kMeNIt«nBiPBelakù ù ù . CakarBitNas'

vtĬk~¬gelakenH GÃI@k*edaymankarTak'TgK~ay"agC^ts~iTì (Tout est lié à tout) .

y"agNamij eyIgBuMGacp¶ac'GtItkalfµé@ ÉburaNnigbcͬbºn~kal nig

GnaKtkalVneLIy . dUec~H ¨bvti¶saås¶¨VkdCaBnÂWbJÍSgmkelIbcͬbºn~

kalnigGnaKtkal .

KWk~¬gn&yenHehIy

EdleyIgKYrelIkykbJúaedImrbs'eyIgmkedaH¨say KWbJúa«nkarKg'vg§

Cév^t¨bCaCatieyIgk~¬gPUmiPaKenH«nBiPBelak, bMPÂWdl'smºCJï:eyIgral'K~a.

X

X X

4

¨beTseyokNamnigeyIgk~¬gGtItkal

k~¬g¨bvti¶saås¶«nmnus§Cati manclna eTsn¶r¨bevsn_ (Migration)

mYyEdlmanlkÅN:CaTUeTA ehIyeKsegûtmanmkehIy k~¬gsm&yGtIt

kalbUraN nigfµé@enH KW \dMeNIreTATisxagtºèg| (La marche vers le sud) «nCn

CatiTSgLay Edlrs'enAEp~kxageCIg«nEpndI (Hémisphère Nord) .

dUcenH enATÃIbGWrub CnxageCIgdUc n&rm"g' (Normands) Eh§rma"nIk

(Germaniques) Vnruj¨cancuHmkxage¨kam cab'tSgBIstvt§TI5-6 rhUtmk

dl'stvt§TI11-12 . enATÃIb²Nëa CnCati Gayin (Aryens) smº¬rs VncuH

mkBIEb"kxagtºèg«n¨beTsrus§I mktSgenAxagtºèg«nCYr P~MhimJn¶ k~¬gTIval

«n TenÂsinì¬ nig TenÂKgða (Plaine indo gangetique) ehIyruj¨canCati ²Nëa edIm

smº¬rexµA (Les dravidiens) [cuHmkenAEp~kxagtºèg (Le Dekkan) .

enAxageCIg nigxaglic«n¨beTs kmõ¬Ca CnCatiesom EdlmankMeNIt

enAk~¬gGaNaEx¨t yUNan (Yunnan) «n¨beTscin, Vncab'ep¶Ims¨mukcuHmk

xagtºèg tSgBIstvt§TI12 mkemÂ"H edayVnmktSgenAk~¬gGaNaEx¨tExµrTSg

Lay xaglic¨beTs kmõ¬Ca sm&ybcͬbºn~ ehIyruj¨canrhUtdl'eTA

m"aLayU rYctSgTIenAelIext¶ ma"LayU enHpg. k~¬gÓbTIÃb ²Nëècin dEdlenH Cn

Cati eyokNam EdlmanedImkMeNIt enAPUmiPaK tugkwg (Tonkin) k*VneFÃIkar

s¨mukcuHmke¨kamEdrÐ mkdl'cugstvt§TI14 CnCatieyokNam Vnvay

deN¶ImehIytSgTIrbs'xÂçnk~¬gGaNaext¶xageCIgTSgLay «nnKr cam

(Champa) manext¶ kÃagbßéj (Quang Binh) kÃag¨TI (Quang Try) ev" (Hué) ehIyrhUt

mkdl' TUr"an (Tourane) sBëf© . BIstvt§TI15 mkdl'stvt§TI17 nKr cam

TSgmUl rhUtmkdl' bßIjfaj' (Binh Thuan) Eb"kxagtºègbMput ¨tèvrlay

Vt'eQµaHBIEpnTI«nBiPBelak (1696) .

5

karvatTItSgenAk~¬gnKr cmº"a minTan'TSgcb'e¨scVc'ehIypg, niKm

Cn \ yYn | k*cab'ep¶ImrulsMrukcuHmke¨kameTot edImºImkdl'Tl'Edn kmõ¬Ca

e¨kam Etm¶g . EdndId*manCéCati smºèNáeTAedayFnFanxagksikmµ man

¨sUv ¨tI nigdMNS¨Kb'Ebby"agenAEdndIsN¶ (Delta) «nTenÂemKgð nigbN¶a

CnCatiExµrEdlmancMnYnticenAeLIy (tamsiÄtiEdlmannacugstvt§TI 17

manCnCatiExµr¨bEhl 40, 000 ¨KYsar KW¨bEhl 200 000 nak' Et

bu"eNöaH elI«pædICag 60, 000 Km2)(1) ehtuTSgenHäg VnTak'TajGarmµN_

dl'GaNaniKmyYnCaxÂSg EdlCae¨cInstvt§mkehIy VnXÂatkan'Etq©ay

eTAGMBIEdndIsN¶«nTen¨khm (Delta du Fleuve Rouge) CaPUmiPaKkMeNItrbs'

xÂçn ¨bkbedayFnFanksikmµ dUcCaEdndIsN¶TenÂemKgðEdr .

Ga¨s&yehtuenHehIy eKalbMNgykPUmiPaKxagtºèg«nkmõ¬Ca ¨tèv

cat'CaKMeragkarEdl¨tèvGnuvt¶PÂam@ «nCnCatievotNam cab'tSgBIstvt§TI

17 mkemÂ"H. enAedImstvt§TI17 eKk*cab'ep¶ImcUlmktSgenAedayes©¿ms©at'

CaFmµta k~¬gcMeNamGaNaext¶Exµr Eb"kxagekIt«nEdndI kmõ¬Cae¨kam KWPUmiPaK

Vero (Baria) ebonhÃa (Bien Hoa) , «¨BnKr sBëf©enH. kartSgTIenH eFÃIeTAVnk*

edaysarEtkareFÃs¨bEhs «nraCkarExµreyIgk~¬gext¶TSgLayenaH, ehIy

Ga¨s&ym "ageTot mkGMBIsågðamk~¬g¨sukrvagK~aäg k~¬gkarv^vaTdeN¶ImblÂ&gû

raC´«nk§¨tExµr. k~¬gq~S 1651 CnCatiExµrVneTAsUmC÷nYyGMBIes¶c egÿg ev¯g

(Hien Vuong) edImºITb'Tl'nwgk§¨tdeN¶ImraC´mYyGgð . egÿg ev¯g k*¨bjab'

¨bjal'bJØènkgT&BmYyBlFMeTACYy ehIyeq¿t{kasenaH eFÃIkarbgÅMdeN¶Im

ykGaNaext¶Vero nigebonhÃaEtm¶geTA TukCasKuN«nC÷nYyenaH. neya-

VyGn¶raKmn_«pæk~¬g«nCnCatiyYn ecHEtmanbn¶eTAeTot¨sbtamclacl

Edlmanjy@ k~¬g¨beTs kmõ¬Ca . ehtuenHehIy k~¬gq~S 1696 GaNaext¶«¨B

(1) eyageTAtamesovePArbs' (Lế Thánh Khōi, Le Viet-Nam, Editions de Minuit, Paris, 1955.)

6

nKr k*¨tèvFÂak'eTAk~¬gkN¶ab'«dCnCatiyYn ehIymkdl'edImstvt§TI18 kar

vatTItSgenH Vnmkdl'TenÂemKgðCae¨sc. naedImstvt§TI18 edaysMGag

eTAelIkicÍkarJrrbs'xÂçn¨bqSgnwgesom eTAelIGaNaext¶ExµrEb"kxaglic «n

kmõ¬Cae¨kam ext¶ Jm (Ha Tien) raCa (Rach Gia) sBëf©enH CnCatiyYnk*mkeFÃI

Gn¶raKmn_fµéeTot eTAelIext¶TSgenaH . q~S 1739 ¨BHmhak§¨tExµr¨Tg'VneFÃI

sågðamykext¶Jmmkv^j EtBuMVnse¨mcdUcbMNg . tBIenHeTA GaNaext¶

Eb"kkN¶al«nkmõ¬Cae¨kam manext¶ ems (My Tho) v^jL¬g (Vinh Long) (1731)

p§arEdk (Sa Dec) nig mat'¨Cèk (Chau Doc) (1757) k*rebHBImatuPUmiExµrm¶gmYy@

FÂak'eTAk~¬gkN¶ab'«d«nCnCatiyYn, GaNaniKmB¨gIkTwkdI fÃIebImankartva" nig

tsUßGMBIraCblÂ&gû¨kugÓt¶¬gðk*eday . naq~S 1765 EdndIkmõ¬Cae¨kamTSgmUl

FÂak'eTACaEdndIGaNaniKmyYn elIkElgEtext¶¨TSg (Soc Trang) nig e¨Cay

TwkexµA (Camau) EdlTal'EtCtmYystvt§eTot KWq~S 1840 eTIbFÂak'eTAk~¬g

GMNacyYnCadac'e¨sc .

ù ù ù BIeBlenaHmk ¨bvti¶saås¶«n kmõ¬Cae¨kam dUcCa¨bvti¶saås¶«n nKrcmºa" Edr

k*rlaycUlCamYynwg¨bvti¶saås¶«n¨bCaCatievotNamrhUtmkTl'«f©enH .

X

X X

7

GaNaniKmniymTSg3 b"HTgðicK~aenA²Nëècin

karEdleyIgykGtItkald*CUrct'enH mkrM®kk~¬gTIenHeqÂIynwgeKal

bMNgmYycºas'las'Nas' KWedImºIbMPÂWdl'karv^vDón_«n¨bvti¶saås¶k~¬gPUmi

PaK«nBiPBenHEtbu"eNöaH ¨Kan'CaBnÂWdl'smºCJï: «neyIgral'K~a. karv^nicÏ&y

[t«mÂÉdak'eTas eTAelICnNam~ak' ¨bCaCatiNamYy Épæ¬yeTAv^j kar

sresrk¶I ÉkarjSug[mankarsíb'exõIm rvagCatimYynigCatimYyeTotùùù TSg

Gs'enHminEmnCaeKaledA«n¨bvti¶v^TUeT. dUcenH karrM®kCakarcSVc'xagpÂèv

bJïa (Besoins de l'intelligence) edImºIBn´l'Etb"ueNöaH .

tSgBIedImerogmk GaNaniKmniymnigkarB¨gIkTwkdIniym «n esom

ehIynig yYn CakarKMramkMEhgd*e¨KaHf~ak'bMput dl'GayuCév^t«n¨beTs kmõ¬Ca

nig lav . munkarmkdl'«nCnCatiEsºksk~¬gPUmiPaKenH enAedImstvt§TI 19

kmõ¬Ca nig lav swgEtsðal'nUvvasnaGP&Bën cmº"a nig¨beTsd*e¨cIneTot«n

BiPBelakeTAehIy. EteBlenaH ¨bvti¶saås¶hak'dUcCaedIrelOn, ¨sbeTA

tamelº¯n«n¨bvti¶saås¶ nigbecÍkeTs«nbcÍwm¨beTs.

k~¬graC´¨BHVT mij m"ag (Minh Mang) (1820-1841) ¨beTskmõ¬Ca

TSgmUl¨tèvEbgEckCaBIrPaK EdlmanTl'EdnenA¨tg'Ex§bnæat'x&NëEx¨teJFi

sat'nigVt'dMbg ehIyEx§enHqÂgbwgTenÂsabeLIgeTAdl'mÂ諨B munnwgt¨mg'

eqõaHeTAsæwgE¨tg eTAdl'¨BM¨beTsExµr-evotNamsBëf©enH. dUcenH dI1PaK3

«nkmõ¬CaPaKxageCIgTenÂsabkÂayeTACaGaNaEx¨tesom. 2PaK3 «nEpndI

Exµr e¨kamEx§bnæat'dEdlenaHkÂayeTACaGaNaEx¨tyYn eQµaH ¨tan tay faj'

(Tran Tay Thanh) EdlmanemT&B e¨TOg mij y"ag (Truong Minh Giang) Caes¶c

¨taj'manFanIenA NSy"ag (P~MeBj) .

enH¨VkdCa dMeNIreqõaHmkTisxaglic v^j edayehtu dMeNIrsMrukcuHmke¨kam

Vnse¨mcdl'eKaledA e¨JHeday TwkexµA (Camau) CaEdndIxagtºègbMput«n

8

²Nëècin Vn¨tèvFÂak'eTAk~¬gkN¶ab'«dyYnrYceTAehIy. EtGaNaEx¨tfµé ¨tan

tay faj' enHBuMmanGayuyWnyUreT e¨JHkarGnuvt¶n_neyaVytwgruwg bJÍèl

Exµr[eTACayYn (politique d'assimilation forcée) bN¶al[man¨btikmµy"agxÂSg

BIsMNak'mhaCnExµr. karbHeVr¨bqSgbMVt'yYnC^HCan'dwknSeday ¨BHGgðdYg

edaymanCMnYyesompg VneFÃI[GMNacyYnmankarxUcxaty"age¨cIn ehIy

e¨TOg mij y"ag k*dkxÂçnfyeTAenA Gan y"ag k~¬gq~S 1841 . neyaVyeFÃI Exµr

[eTACa yYn k*¨tèvTTYlbraC&yy"agCak'Es¶g . CamYyK~aenH karmkdl'«n

BYkVrSgcab'BIq~S 1858 eTA, enAEdndIkUsSgsIunVnebIkyuKfµémYyeTot k~¬g

¨bvti¶saås¶«n²Nëècin. GaNaniKmniymyYn k*¨tèvQb'esÂHmYyGenÂIsinùùùù,

e¨JH¨beTsyYnxÂçnäg ¨tèvkÂayeTACaEdndIGaNaniKmVrSgm¶gv^j .

cMENkäPUmiPaKesom«n kmõ¬Ca manVt'dMbg esomrab mÂ諨B TenÂreBA

nigsæwgE¨tg esom¨tçt¨tarhUtdl'q~S 1907 eTIb¨bKl'mk[Exµrv^j eday

sarkarsgût'sgû^nxagpÂèvTUtnigpÂèveyaFa«n¨beTsVrSgGaNaniKm Edlb¶èr

EdndITSgenaHCamYynwgEx¨t¨tatnigcnætabßun CaGaNaEx¨tesom Tl'muxnwg

Ex¨tekaHkugbcͬbºn~enH .

cMeJHälavv^j k*sÄankarN_minxusBIkmõ¬CaEdr . BITl'Edncinmkdl'

Exµr ¨beTslav¨tèvEbgEckenAedImstvt§TI19 eTACaGaNaext¶esom nig

yYn ehIyenAsl'EtraCaNac¨ktUc «n hÂçg¨BHVg nig cMV""sak' EdlenArg'cS

karEbgEckbn¶eTAeTotbu"eNöaH . k*bu"En¶dUc kmõ¬Ca Edr karmkdl'«nGaNaniKm

niymVrSgVne¨sac¨sg' lav [putBImhn¶rayù ù ù .

enHCakarBit, GaNaniKmniymVrSg KWCa¨hÃSgd*sk¶isiTìi Tb'GaNa

niKm B¨gIkTwkdIesomnigyYnenAstvt§TI19 min[elbEdndIExµrniglavteTA

eTotVn .

X

X X

9

äNae¨KaHf~ak' ?

etIe¨KaHf~ak'eyIgenAäNa ? yYnÉesom ? etI¨beTsesomCamhae¨KaH

f~ak'dl'GnaKt«n kmõ¬Ca EmnÉ ? ¨beTsesomsm&ybcͬbºn~enH Ca¨bCaCati

mYyFM ( Cag 30 lannak' ) EdlmanTItSgenAkN¶al«nÓbTÃIbGasuIGeK~y_dI

eKak elIEdndImYyEdlmanTenÂemNam (= emTwk) hUrkat'CakN¶al ehIy

Edl¨bkbeTAedayCICati ehIynigFnFanksikmµy"agFMeFg . TItSgenA

kN¶aly"agenH «n¨beTsesomelIvalTMnabs¶¬ks¶m¸ (au milieu d'une plaine

riche) Gacp¶l'[¨beTsesomnUvnaTImYyy"agFM k~¬gPUmiPaKenH«nBiPBelak .

EtkarBit hak'dUcmindUec~HesaH . ¨beTsesommanlkÅN:CaEdndI mYy

EdlmankarlatsnìwgCaGtibrmaeTAehIy BIxageCég KWTl'Ednesom lav-

PUma mkdl'xagtºègTl'Ednesom-ma"LayU mancm©ay¨bEhl 2000

KILèEm"¨t ehIy¨beTsenHxÃHäkPaBxagPUmisaås¶ (absence de l'unité

géographique) neyaVynigesd½kicÍpg . PUmiPaK¨bkbedayFnFanKWdIsN¶

«nTenÂemNam EdlmanbeN¶ay¨bEhl 460 Kùmù nigTTwg 200 Kùmù .

dIenH KWCaC¨guk¨sUv«n¨beTsesom, CaebHdUgesd½kicÍCati .

PUmiPaKep§gBIenH CaPUmiPaKbnæab'bn§M cMeJHCnCatiesomehIyG~k

Edlrs'enAenaH minEmnCaCnCatiesomsuTìsaFpg- tMbn'xageCIg KWBBYkCn

CatiPaKtic kaern, cam, lav xageCIgeqogxagekIt KW lav nig Exµr xagtºègeqog

xagekIt KW Exµr yYn nig cin äxagtºègmanCnCati ma"LayU kan'sasna²sÂam .

CnCatibreTsTSgenHEdlrs'enACuMv^jTenÂemNam mankarGak'Gn'cit¶CaxÂSg

edayCnCatiesomTukBYkTSgenH Ca \Blrd½bnæab'bn§M (Citoyens de second

zone) | ehIykarlUtlas'xagesd½kicÍeTotesat k*yWtyUrfyefakCae¨cIn

ebIe¨bobeFobnwgPUmiPaK¨kugVgkk nigtam«dTenÂemNam EdlCnCatiesom

nigcinrs'enAedaykkkuj . ehtukarN_TSgenaHbN¶al[manclnaG~kCati

niym (Mouvements Séparatistes) enAtamEdndITSgenaH Cae¨KaHf~ak'mYyy"agFM

cMeJHäkPaBxagneyaVy«n¨beTs .

10

bJúaFM EdlecaTsBëf© KWkarekInd*qab'rh&s (une démographie

galopante) «nCnCatiesom . EdndIsN¶«nTenÂemNamnwgBuMGacTb'Tl'dl'

Tm©n'd*kan'EtF©n'eLIg@enHeT . dUec~H edImIºedaH¨saybJúaenH eK¨tèvB¨gIknUv

FnFanksikmµ ädIEdlenACuMv^jEdndIsN¶ CadI¨kTSgGs' . enHehIyEdl

eFÃI[CnCatiesomnwkKiteTAdl'TIvalTMnab«nTenÂemKgð nigTenÂsabmanEx¨t

Vt'dMbgExµrCaedIm EdlsmºèreTAedayFnFanksikmµ GacciJÍwmmnus§e¨cIn

lannak' . fÃIebIsm&ybcͬbºn~enH Ke¨magEpnkarenHhak'dUcGnuvt¶minse¨mc

edayehtufa esommanbJúa«pæk~¬gù ù ù k*bu"En¶eTAGnaKteT ebIesd½kicÍesom

minVnlUtlas'[¨sbeTAtamkarekIny"agqab'rh&s«nbN¶aCneT karvay

deN¶ImykEb"kxaglic«n¨beTskmõ¬Ca GaceTACakarBitVn .

enHe¨sceTAelIkarv^vDón_«n¨bvti¶sa¨s¶ . k~¬gbcͬbºn~enH esomenATn'

ex§ayxag«pæk~¬g BuMGaclatsnìwgVneToteT ebImindUec~aHeT äkPaBesom

cºas'Ca¨tèvTTYlkarKMramkMEhg BICnCatiPaKticy"agF©n'F©rminElgeLIy .

karlatsnìwghYsmaD nwgnSmk[esomnUvPaBTn'ex§ayv^jeT . Ga¨s&y

ehtuenHehIy ebItameyabl'rbs'eyIg e¨KaHf~ak'rbs'eyIgminEmnenATis

xaglic KWxagekItCa¨Vkd .

¨beTseyokNamrYbrYmK~aùùù e¨KaHf~ak'dl'kmõ¬Ca ! ebI¨beTseyokNamxageCég nigxagtºègrYbrYmK~av^j ¨beTsenHnwgeTA

Ca¨beTsCatiy"agFM«nGasuIPaKGeK~y_ (40 lannak') .

ebI¨bsinNaCacMnYnbN¶aCnCakt¶amYybnæab'bn§M cMeJHmhiTiìriTìneya

Vy (la puissance politique) «nrd½nImYy@ KuNsmºti¶«n¨bCara¨s¶ (les qualités

d'un peuple) nigkarv^vDón_«nbN¶aCn (L'évolution de la population) ¨VkdCakt¶a

EdlsMxan'CageKbMput . cMENkäkt¶aTSg3enH CnCatievotNammanTSg

Gs' eday²t¨bEkkVn -TI1 bN¶aCne¨cInGacelb²NëècineTAGnaKtVn,

TI2 karekInd*elOnrh&s«nbN¶aCnenH, nigTI3 sMxan'bMputKWKuNsmºti¶Ca

Biess«n¨bCaraås¶evotNamenHäg . cMeJHkrNIxage¨kayenH ebImanCn

CatiäNa EdleKGac¨bdUcVnCamYynwgCnCatiyYn KWCnCatiCb"unnigGalÂW-

m"g'enHäg . CnCatieyokNam Ca¨bCaraås¶mYy¨bkbeday¨VCÆafamBl

11

esck¶IkÂahannigBiessbMputcit¶tsUß .l. ¨bvti¶saås¶«nCnCatieyokNamenH Ca

¨bvti¶saås¶«nsågðamEdl¨bCaraås¶eyokNamVneFÃIeday²t¨sak¨san¶CamYynwgbreTs

enACitxag man cin cmº"a lav esom ExµrnigrvagK~anigK~axageCIgTl'nwgxag

tºèg . karenHekItmaneLIgCae¨cInstvt§mkehIy ehIyhak'dUcCaKµansJïa

äNabJØak'fa sågðamenHnwgQb'esÂHehIy eTaHCae¨kaykarbJÎb'sågðam

enAeyokNamsBëf©enHk¶I . vasna«n¨beTseyokNamCavasna«n¨bCaCatimYyEdl

B¨gIkTwkdIedaysågðam ehIyEdl¨tèveKeFÃIsågðameTAGnaKteTot . sågðamjwkjy

y"agenH Vnse¨mceFÃI[CnCatieyokNammancritrwgbwug ecHGt'Fµt'esck¶I

lMVk mankartsUßedaysÃitsÃaj KWlkÅN:TSgenHäg EdlCaPaBGnue¨KaH

dl'kar¨byuTìedayv^FIhig§a . enHCakt¶axagpÂèvcit¶saås¶ Edlsar:sMxan'

cMeJHkaryl'rbs'eyIg .

cUreyIgnwkKiteTAdl'¨bvti¶saås¶ etICn¨bePTNaEdlmkvatTItSgenA

cmº"a nigenA kmõ¬Cae¨kam? KWCnGanafa¨klMVketaky"ak G~keTasEdleKedj

BIEb"kxagelI [cuHmkrkTItSgdIfµéenAPUmiPaKxage¨kam G~kTSgenHmkCa

Tahanpg CaniKmCn (Colons) pg .

mundMbUgmktSgenAedayes©¿ms©at' rYcehIyk*tSgbgûerOgehtuTal'Et

mÍas'dIdkxÂçnecjBITIenaHeTAùùù. ²LèvenH¨Bwti¶karN_enHcab'manCafµéeLIgv^j

ehIy sBëf©enHenAkmõ¬CaeyIg, y"agenHKYrEteyIgmanbuBÃehtu«nesck¶I¨Bçy

Vrm¸rbs'eyIg(1) .

(1)-GtÄbTenHsresrk~¬gq~S1969 KWmunGn¶raKmn_«nkgT&BeyokNamxagtºègk~¬g¨beTskmõ¬Cae¨kay

«f©TI18mIna1970

12

GaNaniKmniymB¨gIkTwkdI É GaNaniKmniymesd½kicÍ ( Colonialisme territorial ou Colonialisme économique ? )

karQÂanJnvaydeN¶ImykTwkdI edaykmÂSgT&Bk~¬gsm&ystvt§TI

20 enH hak'dUcCahYssm&yniymeTAehIy . nabcͬbºn~kalenH sÄab&nCa

e¨cIn«nmnus§Cati manGgðkarsh¨bCaCati, mtisaFarNCnGn¶rCati Ggðkar

karJrsn¶iPaB neyaVysmõnìmit¶ .l. suTìswgEtCakmÂSgxagpÂèvcit¶ Ca

ÓbsKðdl'karrMelaPdeN¶ImykTwkdIeday¨sYl GMBIsMNak'CatimYy eTAelI

CatimYyeTot .

k*bu"En¶GaNaniKmniymsm&yfµé EdleyIgKYrVrm KWGaNaniKmtam

ry:esd½kicÍ . eyokNamxageCég ¨bkbedayÓs§ahkmµd*xÂSgkÂa nig eyok

NamxagtºègsmºèrN_FnFanksikmµ GacbMeBjK~aeTAv^jeTAmk ehIykÂay

eTACaesd½kicÍmYylUtlas'elOn«nGasIuPaKGeK~y_ . PaBsmºèNáeTAeday

vtĬFatuedImCatiEr" nigfamBl PaBcMerInlUtlas'«nv^T´asaås¶ p§ard*FMeFg

KuNsmºti¶rbs'ksikmµ .l. EdleKsegûteXIjmanenA¨beTseyokNam

sBëf©enH suTìswgCakt¶a«nkarrIkcMerInlUtlas'«nÓs§ahkmµCati «n¨beTs

enH . fÃIebIb"unµanq~SenH ¨beTseyokNam¨tèvxUcxatexæcxæIswgEtTSgGs' nUv

sgÅarN:¨Kb'Ebby"agk¶I shrd½GaemrikminGaccakecjBIeyokName¨kay

Edlsågðamcb' ehIyedayTuk[¨beTsenHsÄitk~¬gsÄanPaBdundabdUec~H

eLIy . sùrùGaù ¨VkdCasÄabnaeyokNameLIgv^j edImºIlublagxÂçn

cMeJH¨bvti¶saås¶mnus§Cati . dUec~HehIy esd½kicÍeyokNammuxCaelb

esd½kicÍ«n¨beTsd«T@ CitxagminElgeLIy . enHCaCMhaneTAkan'karVt'

bg'nUväkraCPaB«neyIg .

KWeBlenHehIy Edl¨bvti¶saås¶nwgEcgnUv \dMeNIreqõaHmkkan'Tisxag

lic| «n¨bCaraås¶eyokNamCaBit¨Vkd . X

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13

neyaVy Çmha¨beTseyokNamÈ ? La politique du Grand Vietnam?

eyIgBuMhßansn~id½anGÃITukCamun [¨Vkd¨bCa nwgGacykCakºçnt¨ma

¨twm¨tèv cMeJHGnaKt«nvasnaCatieyIg enaHvaBitEmnehIy EteyIg¨tèvEt

mankatBÃkicÍeBjeljk~¬gbJúaenH edImºITajnUvemeronxÂH@ Edl¨bvti¶sa¨s¶

VnFÂab'sðal' mankarBiesaFn_rYcmkehIy . ÓTahrN_ EdlmanlkÅN:

Casarvn¶enaH minxÃHeTk~¬g¨bvti¶saås¶ «nBiPBelakeyIgnasm&yGtItkal

fµé@enH . eyIgenAcSy"agCak'Es¶g k~¬gsµartIeyIgm~ak'@ enAeLIyfa k~¬g

sm&ymunsågðamelakelIkTI2 ¨beTsGalÂWma"j (Allemagne) Vnp¶l'cMeJH

mnus§CatinUvemeronmYyCadMNM.

karGÃIEdleKsµanfaBuMGacekItmaneLIgesaH CYnkalk*GacekItman

eLIgVnEdr ehIykarenHvae¨sceTAelIeTs:kal:nakalsm&ypg e¨sc

eTAelIqnæ:«nG~kneyaVyCatienaHpg . ¨beTsGalÂWm"aj VnGnuvt¶nUv¨Tws¶I

neyaVyrbs'G~kdwknSeQµaHhIuEtÂr (Hitler) TamTar[¨bCaCatiGalÂWm"gð man

siTìirs'enAelIEdndImYyFM ehIyEdleKcat'EdndIenH CaGayuCév^trbs'eK

(Théorie de l'Espace Vital) .

clna«nkarTamTarB¨gékTwkdéenH CnCatiGalÂWm"gðeKVneFÃIeLIg eday

GageTAelIKMnitxusmYyEdlEcgfa ¨bCaCatiGalÂWm"gð Ca¨bCaCatixÂSgBUEkxõg'

xõs'dac'eKäg eTAelICnCatid«TeTot manCnCatisÂav (Slaves) nigLatSg

(Latins) TSgLayEdlrs'enAk~¬gTÃIbGWr"ubEb"kxagekIt nigGWr"ubEb"kxaglicCa

edémenH . ebI¨bsinCaCnCatiGalÂWm"gð CaCatixÂSgBUEky"agenHehIy FmµCati

¨tèvEt¨bKl'eTA[¨bCaCatiGalÂWm"gðnUvEdndémYyFMlµm Gac[¨bCaCatirs'

eday¨sçl (Lebensraum)! . kt¶aCasarvn¶mYyeTot KWkarcMerInlUtlas'd*

GsÍar´ nigmhiTìiòTì «nÓs§hkmµnigesd½kicÍTUeTA «n¨beTsGalÂWm"gðenHäg

ehIyCamYynwgkmÂSgesd½kicÍenH kmÂSgeyaFaKYr[¨BWxÂac«n¨beTsenHeTot

pg EdlC÷ruj[G~kdwknSneyaVyGalÂWm"gðsm&yNasuIs¶ Gnuvt¶edayKµan

14

xÂacrEGg nUv¨Tws¶I B¨gékTwkdéniym d*c«¨gGBmgðlenH . edémºIse¨mcnUveKal

bMNgGP&BÃenH G~kneyaVyGalÂWm"gð cab'ep¶ém¨bkasTamTart¨mèv[v^l

cUlmkk~¬gmha¨KçsarGalÂWm"gð nUvEdndIbreTs naGWr"ubEb"kkN¶alnigxag

ekItTSgLayNa EdlmanCnCatiPaKticGalÂWm"gðrs'enA ehIyEdlniyay

PasaGalÂWm"gðpg . KWk~¬gKMnitd*exµAggwtenHäg EdlG~kneyaVyGalÂWm"gð

bMbHbMeVrbgûbegûétCaclacl ÉKNbk§GalÂWm"gðNasIu k~¬gcMeNamBBYk

GalÂWm"gðTSgLay EdlenAäbreTs KWk~¬g¨beTsC^txagenHEtm¶g . kalebI

manCaGgðkarTamTarsÃ&yt (Mouvements autonomistes) ÉclnaTamTarkarp¶ac'

ecj (Mouvements séparatistes) EdlmansJØatiGalÂWm"gð ehIyclnaTSgenH

EtgVnGMJvnav[matu¨beTsGalÂWm"aj CYye¨CamE¨CgGgðkarxÂçnedayeFÃI

Gn¶raKmn_pÂèvswk neyaVyÉTUtCaedém .

KWeTs:kal:enHägehIy Edlhuc{kaslí[G~kdwknSGalÂWm"gðsMerc

nUvbMNgd*Ga¨kk'«n¨Tws¶Irbs'xÂçn . k~¬gn&yenH ¨beTsGU¨TIsTSgmUl

(l'Autriche) ¨tèvFÂak'eTAk~¬gkN¶ab'«d«nBYkNasuIs¶niymk~¬gq~S 1936 . Edndé

Eb"kxaglic«n¨beTseqkUsÂèva"KI KWtMbn'sußyEdt (La région des Sudètes) Edl

manCnCatiGalÂWm"gðrs'enA BIcMnYnCag 3 lannak' ¨tèvkÂayeTACaGaNaEx¨t

GalÂWm"gð . e¨kaymk KW¨beTseqkUsÂèva"KITSgmUleTot k*¨tèvkÂayeTACaEdndé

GaNaB´aVlGalÂWm"gðeTot .l.

ÓTahrN_enH manlkÅN:Cak'Es¶gNas'ehIy. etIeyIgGacsYrfa

etI¨Bwti¶karN_d*exµAggwtenH EbbGacekIteLIgsafµéeTot É k~¬g¨bvti¶saås¶«n

mnus§Cati . CakarBitNas' CYnkal¨bvti¶saås¶v^lcuHv^leLIg ¨tLb'mk

e¨kayv^jk*manù ù ù ù . karEdleyIg¨Kan'Et¨keLkemIleTACnCatiGasIu Eb"k

kN¶al (Les Peuples de l'Asie Centrale) EdlsBëf©enH sÄitenAe¨kamkar¨Kb'

¨KgTSg¨sug«n¨kugmU"sðè (Moscou) b"ueNöaHeyIgk*GacmanKMnitxÂHEdrehIy GMBI

ehtu«nkmÂSgesd½kicÍneyaVynigeyaFa «nmha¨beTsmYyeTAelI¨bCaCati

tUctac .

cuHenAÓbTÃIb²Nëècinv^j etIÓTahrN_ \GalÂWm"gð|GacmaneLIgsaCafµéeT enAk~¬g

tMbn'eyIgenH ? karenHe¨sceTAelI¨bvti¶saås¶¨Vb'eyIgk~¬gGnaKtcuHù ù ù eyIg

15

¨Kan'EtsUmp¶l'nUv v^PaK «nsÄankarN_neyaVynigesd½kicÍk~¬ge¨Cay²Nëècin

Etb"ueNaH edImIºCakarBicarNateTA Ð

¨bCaCati É ¨bCaraås¶eyokNam Ca¨bCaCatimYyEdleKGaccat'Tuk

edayKµanlak'elomfa man famBl (dynamisme) manKuNsmºti¶xagpÂèvbJïa

(les qualités Intellectuelles) ¨Kb'¨Kan' .l. esd½kicͨbeTsevotName¨kaysågðam Ca

esd½kicÍEdlnwgmankmÂSgek¿vkÂa ¨sbCamYynwgkMritxõg'xõs'xagkarGb'rMv^T´a

saås¶ nigbecÍkeTs«nCnCatienH . m´"ageTot xagpÂèveyaFa, ¨beTseyok-

NamnwgmankgT&Bd*xÂSgBUEk k~¬gcMeNam¨bCaCatiTSgLay enAe¨Cay²Nëè

cinnigk~¬gGasuIPaKGeK~y_enH . k*bu"En¶ehtukarN_mYyeTot EdleyIgmankar

Vrm¸Bn'eBkenaH KWCakarEdlmanGaNaniKmCnCatiyYn (les colonies

vietnamiennes) y"agsMxan' k~¬g¨beTsC^txagTSgLay :

enA¨beTskmõ¬Ca - Cag 500 000 nak' (1)

¨beTslav-Cag50 000nak' (ebIbUkrYmnwgTahaneyokNamxageCég)

¨beTsesom - Cag 50 000 nak' .

enA¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg ¨Kan'EtcMnYn«nCnbreTsyYnenH eFÃI[eyIgman

karVrm¸enaHBn'eBkNas'eTAehIy . ehIy¨bsinebIkarlYccUlmkkan'Et

e¨cInbn¶eTAeTot eKBiVknwgsn~id½anNas'cMeJHplv^Vk xagpÂèvesd½kicÍk*

dUcCaxagpÂèvneyaVyEdl¨beTseyIg¨tèvTTYlrge¨KaH . CaBiessNas'

eTAeTot CnCatiyYnTSgenHBuMgaynwgrlaycUleTAk~¬gsgðmCatinanaTSgenaH

eLIy eKenAEfrk§a¨b«BNI TMenomTmÂab'yYn nwgbMNgxagpÂèvcit¶ÉneyaVy

CamYynwgmatu¨beTsedémkMeNIt . KWk~¬gKMnitenHehIy EdleK¨tèvcat'TukCn

CatiyYnfaCa e¨KaHf~ak'y"agFM mYyxagEp~kneyaVy .

karEdl¨beTsev¿tNam nwg¨tèvlUtlas'duHdale¨kaysm&y

sågðamenHeTA nwgGaceFÃI[bMNgpÂèvcit¶nigpÂèvneyaVy«nCnCatiyYnTSgenH

rwtEtmanlkÅN:mSTSxÂSgeLIgCaBuMxan . äcMeJHbJúaCnCaticink~¬g¨beTs

(1) e¨kay«f©18 mIna1970, CnCatiyYnCag 100 000 nak' ¨tLb'eTA eyokNamxagtºègv^j .

16

eyIg manlkÅN:ep§g edaysarsÄanPaBPUmisaås¶neyaVy«n¨beTs

eyIg (La situation géo-politique) nigedaysarCnCaticinTSgenaH yUrÉqab'Gac

¨Cçt¨CabrlaycUlnwgsgðmCatieyIgbn¶icm¶g@ . ehtudUec~HehIy VnCa

eyIgGacGHGagedayKµanrEGgfa mhae¨KaHf~ak'dl'GayuCév^t¨bCaCatiExµr

eyIgk~¬gGnaKtxagmux BIkarlUtlas'duHdalCasafµéeLIgv^j «n¨bCaCatieyok

NamenHäg ( la renaissance nationale vietnamienne ) ehIyCabzm, k~¬gbcͬbºn~

kal k*dUck~¬gGnaKtkalCt@enH, snæ¬H«nesd½kicÍ nigkareXasnap§BÃp§ay

«nmenaKmvCØabd^vt¶enHEtm¶g .

X

X X

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etIeyIg¨tèveFÃIdUcem¶c ?

karEdleyIgelIkyke¨KaHf~ak'd*FMeFgenH mkBicarNaBn´l'bMPÂWdl'smº-

CJï:«neyIgral'K~ay"agdUec~H minEmnVnesck¶Ifa eyIgcat'¨bCaCatieyokNam

Cas¨tèvBIdUntaGs'mYyCév^tCatieyIgeLIy (Ennemi hériditaire) . äeyIgv^j k*

dUec~aHEdr eyIgmin[¨bCaraås¶yYndEdlenH cat'eyIgTukCas¨tèvGs'mYyCév^t

dUcK~aEdr . GtItkalKWGtItkal eyIgmin¨tèv¨cLMGtItkal CamYynwgbcͬbºn~

kalÉGnaKtkalesaHeLIy . Ót¶mKtieyIg k*dUcCaÓt¶mKtiCnCati manGar´-

Fmánanak~¬gelakEdr eyIgedAeTArkkarksag GnaKtmYyEdlPÂWsÃag Edllí

¨b«B edayBwgEpíkeTAelIkareyaKyl'K~aeTAv^jeTAmkrvagCatinigCati . kar

TSgenHnwg¨tèvse¨mceLIgedayeyageTAtamemeron¨bvti¶saås¶ EdleyIgmin

cg'[¨bvti¶saås¶enH vilfye¨kayesaHeLIy . eyIghak'dUcCaVnTTYlkar

kk'ek¶Ae¨cInNas' GMBIsMNak'G~kneyaVy¨beTsyYnsm&yenH edayeK

Vnsn´afanwgmineFÃI \GukL¬k| dl'¨beTseyIgeLIy(1) eKnwgeKarBTTYl

sðal'GFibety´PaBnigbUrNPaBTwkdIeyIg . eyIgk*yl'EdrnUvsn¶ancit¶«n

G~kC^txageyIgenH . EtKYrKbIºeyIgyl'faenHCa bcͬbºn~kal cuHdl'

GnaKtkal yUreTA ? etIyuvCnɨbCaraås¶yYnenH enAEtrk§anUvesck¶IeKarB

nigkarTTYlsðal'enHteTAeTot ? sm&ymYyxussm&ymYyeTot ehIykar

edaH¨saybJúak*sMerceTAelI karvivt¶n_ enHEdr . k*bu"En¶CakarBitNas' Tuk

NaCaG~kdwknSyYnTSgLayenHmansn¶ancit¶lídUcem¶cm¶ak¶I cMeJHeyIg k*G~kTSgenH

BuMGacrarSgXat'XSg min[e¨KaHf~ak'enHmancMeJHmatu¨beTseyIgVneLIy e¨JHenH

Cacºab'FmµCati CalTìpl«nkarvivt¶n_Gar´FmáBIr Edlmant«mÂmindUcK~a (Ce serait l'aboutissement logique d'un long processus d'évolution de deux civilisations voisines de valeur inégale). (1)- GtÄbTenHsresrmun«f©18mIna1970

18

ehtudUec~H ¨bsinebIe¨KaHf~ak'enHmanPaBCak'Es¶g ehIyEdlGackÂay

eTAfakarKMramkMEhgd*kacsahavcMeJHvasnaCatieyIg eyIg¨tèvEtykbJúa

enH mkcgcSp¶^tCab'k~¬gsµartInigk~¬gsmºCJï:«n¨bCaCatieyIg . GavuFEdl

v^essv^saläNa BuMGaceFÃI[eKalbMNgmnus§se¨mceCaKC&yVneLIy

ebImnus§Edlkan'GavuFenHxÃH smºCJï: ¨Kb'¨Kan' cMeJHe¨KaHf~ak'EdlGac

¨bl&yCév^txÂçnnigcMeJH katBÃkic Í Casarvn¶rbs'xÂçnägy"agenH . dUec~HehIy

cMeJH¨bCaCatieyIg GavuFEdlsk¶isiT ì bMputGacCYyeyIg[putBImhn¶rayVn

KW \ smºCJï:Cati | enHägehIy (la conscience nationale) . mansmºCJï:Cati

KW sðal't«mÂd*v^essv^sal«nCatixagpÂèvvbºFmák*dUcCaxagpÂèvsgðm (la valeurs

socio-culturelles) . m "ageTot mansmºCJï:Cati KWmin¨Kan'EtB¨géknUvkar

es~haCati (le patriotisme) b"ueNöaHeT EfmTSgB¨géknUvlTìi Catiniym (le

nationalisme) enHeTot .

lTiìCatiniymxagpÂèvneyaVy nigpÂèvesd½kicÍCaGavuF«nkarKg'vg§Cév^t

«n¨bCaCatieyIg (le nationalisme politique et économique constitue l'unique arme de notre survie en tant que nation dans cette partie du monde)

lTiì CatiniymCa¨Tws¶I neyaVy minEmn¨Kan'EtVnesck¶Ifa kars~haCati

Edl¨Kan'EtCamenaseJÍtnamYy k~¬gcMeNammenaseJÍtnaTSgLay «n

mnus§m~ak'@eLIy . lTiìCatiniym CalTiìEdledAeTAelIkar elIkt«mÂxõg'xõs'«n

lkÅNCati «nmenaKmv^CØaCat i nigGÃI@TSgLayEdlTak'TgcMeJH¨bCaCati . TSg

Gs'enH KWeFÃI[se¨mcnUv Ót¶mKtid*xõg'xõs'rbs'CatidUcCakar lUtlas' karrIk

duHdal«nkmÂSgrbs'Cati xagpÂçvneyaVydUcCaxagpÂèvesd½kicÍÉeyaFaEdr .

KWk~¬gÓt¶mKtienHehIy EdlkatBÃkicÍCabzmrbs'eyIg KW karB¨gwg«n

lTiìCatiniymrbs'eyIg (Renforcer notre nationalisme) eFÃI[lTiìenHman¨KwHmSmYn

(Fondements solides) GackÂayeTACamenaKmvCØaCati¨bkbeday¨bsiTìiPaBCak'

Es¶g . KWebIniyay[xÂé KWeFÃI[Jk´ ÇCatiniymÈ man n&yeBjelj .

m´"ageTot lTiìenHGaclUtlas'elOneTAmuxVn k*Ga¨s&yeTAelIkarlUt

las' lTiì¨bCaFibety´ (la démocratie) EdlGnuJïat[¨bCara¨s¶GaccUlrYb

rYmBit¨Vkd k~¬gkicÍkarrd½ (la participation réelle et profonde du peuple dans les

19

affaires de l'Etat ) ehIyGa¨s&yeTAelIkarduHdal«nyuti¶FmápÂèvsgðm ( la justice

sociale ) Cak'Es¶g . ebIkt¶aCasarvn¶TSgBIrKµaneT Jk´Catiniym ɨsLaj'

Cati¨Kan'EtCasðrkMEbkEtbu"eNöaH BuMGacykCaduMkMPYnGÃIVneLIy .

kt¶a \mnus§| ( le facteur humain ) Cakt¶aFMbMputku~¬gkicÍkarksagCatieTArk

esck¶IcMerIndl'kMritxõg'xõs'«nGar´FmáCati .

kalebIkt¶amnus§mansPaB«fÂfÂaehIy karsÄabnaesd½kicÍCati CakatBÃkicÍ

cuge¨kaybgís' . eFÃI¨beTskmõ¬Ca[kÂayeTACa¨beTslUtlas' mankmÂSg

esd½kicͨKb'¨Kan' GacQmmuxTb'Tl'nwgkmÂSgp§BÃp§ay«nesd½kicͨbeTs

CitxageyIg enHehIyEdlCaesck¶I¨Vf~acuge¨kay«n¨bCaCatieyIg . eK

niyayfa esd½kicÍdwknSneyaVy ( L'économie dirige la politique ) . ehIyeK

niyayeTotfa ebIesd½kicÍeyIgex§ay eyIgBuMGacnwgse¨mcVnnUv äkraC´

neyaVy VneLIy ( L'indépendance politique ) . Vnesck¶Ifa ebIesd½kicÍ

eyIgex§ay \ Jk´äkraC´neyaVy | enH KW¨Kan'EtJk´TeT Kµansar:

sMxan'GÃIesaH . eyIgkuMniyayeLIydl'eTAcg'se¨mc[man \ äkraC´esd½kicÍ

( L'indépendance économique ) eBjelj BIe¨JHenH¨Kan'EtJk´esÂakEt

bu"eNöaH . sm&yenHminEmnsm&y Edlrs'enABwgEpíkeTAelIxÂçnägTSg¨sug

(L'autarcie) bMVt'karTak'TgxagpÂèvesd½kicÍCamYybreTs ù ù ù . manEtmha

GMNacmYy É BIrbu"eNöaHk~¬gelakenHeT EdlGacse¨mcnUväkraC´esd½kicÍ

enHVn edayGageTAelIePaK¨TB´d*²tKNna EdlFmµCatielakVn¨bTan

mk[¨beTsTSgenH . cuHcMeJH¨beTseyIg EdlKµanFnFanBIFmµCatiGÃIb"unµan

e¨kAGMBI dIlºb'TenÂemKgð ¨bkbeTAeday CICati nig Twkd*bribUNá ²tKNna nig

kMedA¨BHGaTit´ KWeyIgmanEt FnFanTSg 3 bu"eNöaHesaH (dI Twk kMedA) . ehtu

y"agenHehIyVnCa mUld½an«nesd½kicÍCatieyIg KW ksikmµenHäg .

eyIgmanFnFan 3 ehIy xÃHEtmYyeTotbu"eNöaH edImIºse¨mcnUvkar

lUtlas'Vn KWkarGb'rMksikreyIgeTAtambecÍkeTs nigv^T´asa¨s¶TMenIb

(l'information technique des agriculteurs) ¨bsinebIksikmµeyIglUtlas'eBj

TMhwgehIy ¨beTsnwgGackÂayeTACa ÇkMBUlÈ k¬~gPUmiPaKGasuIGeK~y_eyIg

enH ( le Cambodge serait "roi" de l' Asie du Sud-Est ) . etIVtuPUtTSgenHÉ EdlCa

20

mUld½and*v^essv^sal ¨T¨Tg'nUvlTiìCatiniymesd½kicÍrbs'rd½ExµreyIg ?

eyIgman¨Kb'¨Kan'ehIymUld½anTSgenH eyIgenAxÃHEtqnæ: e¨bobVnnwgEdk É

kareb¶CÆacit¶TSg¨sugEtbu"eNöaHeToteT Edlesd½kicÍksikmµeyIgnwg¨tèvcab'

ep¶émedIreTAmux . 10 É 20 q~SeTot neyaVyenH¨VkdCa[plCak'Es¶gCa

Bit¨Vkd .

m´"ageTot 30q~SeTot bN¶aCneyIgekIndl'eTA 15lannak' ¨beTs

eyIgnwgkÂayeTACa¨beTsFMsmºèrsbºaymYy Camha¨beTsmYyk~¬gPUmiPaK

GasuIEb"kxagtºègminElgeLIy .

eBlenaHehIy Edl¨bCaCatieyIgQb'mane¨Bob eGanfyCageK

(Complexe d'infériorité) manmuxmat'Ca¨beTsmYy EdlmanC&yCMnHeTAelIPaB

x§t'ex§ay VnerIb¨mHecjBInwm«n¨bvit¶sa¨s¶ e¨kaysm&ymhanKr ( Ce sera la libération définitive de notre peuple de tant de siècles de décadence et d'écrasement physique et moral ) .

eFÃIy"agenH KW¨VkdCaeyIg¨bKl'eTA[¨bCaCatieyIgv^jnUvesck¶IkÂa

han famBl nigesck¶I«fÂf~èrEdlVt'bg'Gs'ry:eBlCag 6 stvt§rYc

mkehIy .

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esck¶IbJÍb'

enAk~¬gBiPBmYyEdlkmÂSgesd½kicÍ E¨bkÂayeTACakmÂSgelIslb'k~¬g

kar¨T¨Tg'nUvkarKg'vg§Cév^t ( la survie ) Cati, ehIym "ageTot enAk~¬gPUmiPaKenH

EdlsPaBrMeBItrMeBInxÃHesÄrPaBCaGci«ån¶y_ eFÃI[eyIgBiVk¨bemIlnUvGna-

Ktkal ¨beTskmõ¬CasÄitenAk~¬gsÄanPaBPUmisa¨s¶nigneyaVymYy Edl

manlkÅN:sµ¬Ksµaj rkGÃI¨bdUcminVneLIy . sÄanPaBenH BitCae¨KaHf~ak'

mYyEdlKMramkMEhg¨beTseyIgral'CMhan «nkarv^vt¶n_«n¨beTs . edImIºnwg

karJrmatu¨beTs¨bqSgnwge¨KaHf~ak'enH eyIg¨tèvEt¨bmUlnUvkmÂSgcit¶kmÂSg

kay edImIºsÄabna¨beTskmõ¬Ca[kÂayeTACa ¨beTsmYylUtlas' mankmÂSg

esd½kicͨKb'¨Kan' GacTb'Tl'nwgkarp§BÃp§ay«nkmÂSgesd½kicÍrbs'¨beTs

Citxag EdlsuTìswgEtCa¨beTsFM@ mankmÂSgesd½kicÍnigneyaVyKYr[

eyIgmankar¨BYyVrm¸ .

karKg'vg§Cév^t«n¨bCaCatieyIg k~¬gsÄankarN_d*lMVkenH vae¨scTSg

¨sugeTAelImUld½anEdlmanlkÅN:¨Vkdniym ehIymSTSrwgbuwgeTotpg .

ämUld½anenaH eyIgrM®km¶gehIym¶geTotcuH KWKµanGÃIe¨kABIFnFanksikm µ eLIy.

ksikmµeyIglUtlas' Vnesck¶Ifaesd½kicÍCatieyIglUtlas' Vnesck¶I

eTotfa eyIgmanGavuF¨Kb'¨Kan' edImIº¨byuTì¨bqSg niwg karsgût'sgûin xag

pÂèvesd½kicÍGMBIsMNak' «nc¨kBti¶niym nig GaNaniKmsm&yfµé nigGMBI

sMNak'«nG~kC^txageyIg .

eyIgsUmdk¨sg'Jk´bNëitenru ( Nehru ) edImIºbJÍb'GtÄbTenH Ð

22

Ç drabNaesd½kicÍeyIgenATn'ex§ay drabenaH eyIgrs'enA hak'bIdUcCaKµan

neyaVye¨kA¨beTseLIy e¨JHeyIgminTan'tSgxÂçnCaecAhÃayelIxÂçneyIgVnenA

eLIy . ä \äkraC´neyaVy| enaHesateTot ¨Kan'EtCaÓt¶mKtienAeLIys¨mab'

lYgcit¶eyIg kuM[eyIgxkcit¶Etb"ueNöaH È .

nYn eXOn

P~MeBj «f©TI 24 kJïa 1969

dMeNIreq<a¼ eTATisxaglic(1)

23

k~¬gelxe¨kaybgís'«nTs§navd¶é (Etude Cambodgienne) EdlVneVHBumõ

eLIgeday¨ksYgeXasnakarCati, elak súal Emeyor ( Charles Meyer ) k~¬g

TMB&rv^carNkfaVnsresrk~¬g¨kbx&Në «nkarTak'Tg Exµr eyokNam Ca

GaTidUcteTAenH : Ç vt¶man«nCnCatiyYn eTAelITwkdIExµrCae¨KaHf~ak'xagpÂèv

neyaVy ehIyplv^Vk«nehtukarN_enHVnelceFÂa [eXIjrYcmkehIy

enAtamtMbn'xÂH@ . eKVnsegûteXIjfaBBYkG~keFÃIkareXasnayYnmanskmµ

PaBy"agsMxan' enAtamPUmiCnbTExµrnana ehIyEfmTSgVn ENnSnigdwknS

dl'BBYkbHeVrEdl¨bkan'menaKmvCØaEbbyYnenHeTotpgù ù ù È . q©aymk

eTot G~kniBnìdEdlenH VnsresreTotfa Ð Ç lkÅN:d*F©n'F©rmYyeTot «n

bJúa Exµr-yYn KWkarmktSgenAedayes©¿ms©at' «nCnCatiyYnenAelITwkdI«n

kmõ¬Ca ( L'implantation pacifique des émigrés Vietnamiens en territoire Khmer ) È

Ç ¨Kçsarrab'ry¨Kç edaysarkarTmÂak'¨Kab'Ebk«nyn¶ehaHGaemrikSg

bgÅ÷[eKcakecallMenAkMeNItrbs'xÂçn, Vnmks~ak'Ga¨s&yenA¨beTs

kmõ¬Ca . mYyPaKFM«nG~kTSgLayenH VnxitxMvatTItSg enAe¨kaykarbJÍb'

sågðameTot ehIykarEdlKYr¨bhak'¨bEhlmYyeTot KWfanwgmanCnCatiyYn

xÂH EdlFÂab'Vn¨tèvr"UvCamYynwgGaemrikSg nigGaCÆaFr«n¨kug«¨BnKr kal

sågðamcb'ehIy nwgqÂgkat'¨BMEdnmk¨CkenAelIEdndIExµreTotù ù ù ehIykar

TSgenHnwg¨VkdCabegûét[mannUvesck¶I¨BçyVrmmYyy"agFMeFg k~¬gbN¶a

¨bCara¨s¶ExµrenAtam¨BM¨bTl'Edn È .

esck¶IEtbu"eNöH eyIgGacyl'Vne¨sceTAehIyfa etIe¨KaHf~ak'PÂam@

nigeTAGnaKtrd½ExµreyIgKW¨tg'Na ? dUceyIgFÂab'VnykbJúa«ndMeNIreqõaH

mkTisxaglic «nCnCatiyYnenHmkecaTrYcmkehIy clnamkTisxaglic

enH min¨twmEtmanlkÅN:neyVy nigmenaKmvCØaeT KWEfmTSgCalTìpl

y"agCak'Es¶g «nkarv^vd¶«n¨bvti¶sa¨s¶«nEpndIGtIt²NëècinVrSgess . mun (1) GtÄbTenHVncuHp§ayk¬~gsarBátman ÇnKrFMÈ BI«f© 20 eTA 28 F~è 1969 - KW 5 ExmunsågðamekIt

eLIgk~¬g¨beTseyIg . nùXù

24

dMbUg CnCatiyYnTSgenHVneFÃIdMeNIrmkBITisxagtºègCahUrEh tamCYrP~M

GNöam ( Les Cordilières annamitiques ) ehIyk~¬gdMeNIrenH EdlmanGayue¨cIn

stvt§ VnelbVt'eTAehIy nKrcmº"a¨BmTSgEdndIkmõ¬Cae¨kameTotpg enA

edImstvt§TI19 (k~¬grvagq~S1840) . ehtuy"agenHehIy VnCae¨CayTwkexµA

( Camau ) CadIxagtºègbMput«n²Nëècin ¨tèvCnCatiyYnmkvatTItSgenA .

dUec~HebI«f©mux mankarvatTItSgeTot KWdMeNIreqõaHeTATisxaglic ehIy

mkb"Hnwg¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIgEtm¶g . ²Lèv¨Bwti¶karN_enH edaysarmansågðam

enAeyokNam tSgBIq~S1945 rhUtmkdl'bcͬbºn~kalenH Cakt¶ay"agFM,

VnmanrYcmkehIy ehIy¨VkdCanwgmankan'EtFMeLIg@ eTA«f©muxeTot ebI

vFankarEdlnwgcat'BuMman¨bsiTìPaB¨Kb'¨Kan'eTenaH .

lkÅN:F©n'F©rmYyeTot«nbJúasµ¬KsµajenH KWkarEdlbN¶aCnyYnenH

mankarbegûéncMnYnmYyy"agelOnKYr[¨beTsC^txag mankar¨BçyVrmCacS

Vc' . ebI¨bsinCaeyIgyksÄiti EdleKVneFÃIeLIgedayv^FIv^T´asaås¶mk

Binit´karN_enH rwtEtKYr[eyIgeXIjCak'Es¶gNas'eTAeTot Ð PaKry«n

kMeNIncMnYn¨bCaCnExµreyIg man¨twmEt 2,5 eTA 2,6 PaKryEtb"ueNöaH ( le

taux d'accroissement démographique ), äcMENkyYn ebItamG~kCMnajkar PaKry

enHeLIgdl'eTA 3 PaKryelIseyIgeTAeTot . m´"ageTotdl'e¨kaysågðam

cb' PaKry«nkarbegûInenH¨bhak'¨bEhlCanwgeLIghYsBI 3 PaKryenHeTA

eTot . ehtukarN_enH Gacmanplv^VkCaF©n'F©rBn'eBk mkelI¨beTseyIg

nig¨beTsC^txag : m´"ageTotk~¬g¨beTsyYn karekInd*elOn«nbN¶aCnenH

GacecaT[manCabJúadIFÂI ( problèmes agraires ) Edl¨tèv[manTMhM¨Kb'¨Kan'

edImIºGacciJÍwmmnus§kan'Ete¨cIneLIg@ . ¨Kan'EtsBëf©enH cMnYn¨bCaCn

xageCIgnigxagtºègbJÍèlK~a Cag 40 lannak'eTAehIy ehIybJúadIFÂImanecaT

xÂH@rYcmkehIy, cuHdl' 20 É 30 q~SeTot ¨bCaCnenH¨tèvKuNnwgBIr BI 70

eTA 80 lannak' ! etIbJúaenHnwgmanTMhMFMdl'NaeTA ? elIkElgEtGnaKt

esd½kicÍyYn kÂayeTAeTACaesd½kicÍÓs§ahkmµy"aglUtlas'xÂSgNas' eTIb

GacedaH¨saybJúaenHVn ebIminy"agenHeT CnCatiyYnTSgenHnwg¨tèvcak

ecjBI¨beTsxÂçnmkenAelIdITSgLayEdlenATMenr ehIydIEdlenATMenrTSgenaH

25

KWEdndIExµreyIgEtm¶g . äcMENkEdndI¨beTslavCadIP~M ehIyebItam¨bvti¶

saås¶eTot CnCatieyokNamenH Camnus§EdlcUlcit¶rs'enAelIvalTMnab

( l'homme de la plaine ) KWEdndIsN¶«nTenÂemKgðEtm¶g ( le Delta ou la vallée du

Mékong ) . m "agv^jeTot cUreyIgkuMePÂcfa ebIdl'q~S 2000 ¨bCaCnExµreyIgekIn

dl'eTA15 lannak' enHebItamkarsµantamkmµv^FIv^T´asaås¶, ä¨beTseyok

Nam nwgekIndl'BI70eTA80lannak'eTAehIy . m´"ageTot ebIkar¨saybJúa¨bCa

CnenHBMuVn¨sçleT enaHeyIgVrmxÂacE¨kgEtnwgmankarbegûétk~¬gcMeNam

bJïavn¶yYnEdlmanKMnitCatiniymhYsehtu ( l'ultra-nationalisme ) nUv¨Tws¶I

B¨gIkTwkdIniym edImIº[¨bCaraås¶eKGacrs'enAVn ( une nouvelle théorie de

l'Espace Vital ) . ehIyebI¨Tws¶IenHekIteLIgEmnenaH, plv^VknwgmanlkÅN:

F©n'F©r«¨kElg mkelIGnaKt¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg .

m´"agv^jeTot äk~¬g¨beTseyIg CnCatiyYnEdlrs'k~¬g¨sukExµr eyIg

k*ekIneLIgmindac'Edr .

sBëf©enH GaNikCnCatiyYnTSgenaH mancMnYnBI 450,000 eTA 500,000 nak'

eTAehIy(1) KWCiteTA 7 PaKry«nbN¶aCnExµreyIgTSgmUl . ehIyPaKry«n

karekIncMnYn¨bCaCnyYnenAk~¬g¨sukeyIgeTot k*elIsPaKry«nkMeNIt¨bCa

CneyIgEdr dUec~HehIy karekInenH¨tèvEtelOneTAmuxCadrab edaybUkbJÍèlCa

mYypgnUvkarlblYccUlmkenA elIdIExµreyIg eday²tcºab'TmÂab'enaHeTot. eyIg

VnsegûteXIjCaTUeTAfa CnCatiyYnEdlenA¨sukExµreyIg PaKe¨cInCaG~k¨kI

¨k ehIyPaB¨kI¨kenH GacbegûéteLIgnUvbJúaxagpÂèvsgðmy"agF©n'F©r manecar

kmµ Xatkmµ PaB²tkareFÃI ElºgsIusg karlk'sm¹s§xÂçnedImIºrs' .l.

ehIyedayehtufaExµrnigyYnrs'enAC^t@K~a CYnkalmankarTak'TgK~aeTAv^j

eTAmkpgk*man plv^VkenH nwg¨tèvFÂak'mkelIsgðmExµreyIg²tebI¨bEkk

VneLIy. enHCabJúaxagsgðmv^T´a ( un problème sociologique ) KbIºEteyIg

cab'GarmµN_edImIº[sgðmExµrrk§anUvPaBsíatsíMPaBbrisuTì .

¨Bwti¶karN_mYyeTot EdleyIgKYrcab'GarmµN_CaBiess karbegûéncMnYn

kan'Ete¨cIn «nGaNikCnbreTsyYnelIEpndIeyIg ehIyebIeyIgbUkbJÍèl (1) mun 18mIna 1970 .

26

TSgGaNikCnbreTscinmkeTotpg nwgGacmanplv^VkmYyeTotF©n'F©r«¨k

Elg k~¬gGnaKtkal. ¨Kan'EtsBëf©enH CnbreTsTSgLayenH mancMnYn

C^t ÉCagmYylannak'eTAehIy k~¬gcMnYnbN¶aCneyIgTSgGs'Cag8lannak' . ebIeyIg

niyay[Vncºas'eTAeTot KWk~¬gExµrTSgGs' 7 nak' manbreTscin-yYn 1

nak' . ehtukarN_enH GacnwgbN¶al[maneLIgCa bJúasasn_ ( un problème

racial ) ehIyEdlnwgmanlkÅN:CabJúapÂèvsgðmeTotpg . enA¨beTs

ma"LayUfµé @ enH manpæ¬HerOgsasn_enH bN¶al[mankarvwkvr xUcxatnUvesÄr

PaBxagpÂèvneyaVy ehIysBëf©enHk¶I bJúaenHk*minTan'cb'sBèKb'eTA

ehIyEdr . GaNikCnbreTsCatiyYn enA¨sukeyIgsBëf©enH BuMEmnenA

es©¿ms©at'bu"nµaneLIy eKmanGgðkarsm©at'¨Kb'Ebby"ag xagpÂèvsasna k*dUc

CaxagpÂèvneyaVy . erOgGs'enHnrNak*dwg¨Kb'@ K~aehIyEdr .

sBëf©enH eKeXIjBYkeK enAhak'dUcCaes©¿ms©at' BIe¨JHeBlenH yYn

kMBugCab'eFÃIsågðam enA¨beTsev¿tNam ehIyCa ¨beyaCn_rbs'eKFMNas' Edlt¨mUv

[eKmankarTak'Tgy"ag¨b«B CamYyGaCÆaFrExµreyIg . cuHdl'eKcb'sågðameTA

¨beTseKrYbrYmK~avjÉeT ?

ebIminrYbrYmxagpÂèvneyaVyk*xagpÂèvesd½kicÍ vbºFmáEdr ehIy¨beTs

eKnwgkÂayeTACamhaGMNacGasIumYy EdlBiPBelakVnTayrYcmkehIy

enaH CnCatiev¿tNamenA¨sukExµr cºas'CanwgmansmºCJï: cMeJHkmÂSgrbs'

xÂçnminElgeLIy ( La prise de conscience de leur force en tant que minorité

ethniquement et politiquement dominante ) ehIynigmankarTamTarGÃIep§g@ xag

pÂèvsgðm ÉpÂèvneyaVyminElgeLIy .

enHCae¨KaHf~ak'mYyFMGenk BIe¨JHnwgGacbN¶al[karlík' k~¬gkarTak'

TgExµr-yYn eTAGnaKtkalminecHcb' minecHehIy. VnCaeyIghßanGHGag

y"agenH minEmnedayeyIgmanKMnitsíb'CnCatiyYnBIdUnta ( une haine hérédi-

taire ) enaHmkeT KWmkGMBIkarEdleyIgeFÃIv^PaKk~¬gbJúaExµr-yYnenHEtm¶g. enH

Cakarv^vt¶imYy EdlmanlkÅN:CakarcSVc' e¨JH¨bvti¶saås¶mnus§Cati Vn

¨bTHbJúaEbbenHe¨cInNas'mkehIy k~¬gstvt§TI 20 enHEtm¶g .

27

äNakaredaH¨say ?

karedaH¨sayEdl¨b«B minEmnkare¨bI ÇFmáek¶AÈ enaHeT e¨JHfaebI

e¨bIFmáek¶A nwgbN¶al[man¨btikmµlkÅN:Ca ÇFmáek¶AÈ tbmkvj mincb'

minehIy nigeFÃI[e¨CaHrvag ExµrnigyYn kan'EtmanTMhMFMeLIg@ Gs'man

esÄrPaBneyaVy k~¬g²NëècinCa¨Vkd . eyIgniyay ÇFmáek¶AÈ enH KWcg'

niyaydl'karbgÅM[GaNikCnyYnTSgenH v^l¨tLb'eTA¨sukkMeNItv^j (le

rapatriement forcé) . . v^FankarenH bN¶al[manplvVkGa¨kk'eTAelIesd½kicÍ

Cati Ð eyIgnwgVt'bg'nUv¨kbxNëesd½kicÍ nigbecÍkeTse¨cIn, EfmTSgp§ar

k~¬g¨beTseyIgy"agsMxan'eTot EdlCakarcSVc'cMeJHGnaKt karlUtlas'

Ós§ahkmµnigesd½kicͨbeTskmõ¬CaeyIg . ehIyeTaHbIkarbgÅM[v^leTA¨suk

kMeNItv^j GaceFÃIeTAekItvanwgbN¶al[manbJúad*FM EdlnwghYssmtÄPaB

rbs'eyIgeTotpg. dUec~H v^FankarEdleyIgGacGnuvt¶eTAVn edayminbegûét

CabJúaF©n'F©reBkeT KWkar¨tçt¨ta[Vnditdl' dl'skmµPaB¨Kb'Ebby"ag

xagpÂèv sasna k¶I xag pÂèvsgðm É neyaVy k¶I EdlGaNikCnCatiyYnTSgGs'

mank~¬g¨beTseyIg edImIºGac[eyIgrMgab'Tan' ( neutraliser ) nUv¨Kb'bMNg

Ga¨kk'TSgLay EdlnwgGaccab'p¶çcep¶émeLIg .

ehIysMxan'CagenHeTAeTot KWkarbiTTl'Edn[Vnrwgbwug KYr[mankar

Tukcit¶ Qb'[mankarlYcnScUlbreTsmktamvFIJNiCØkmµ É edaykarsuß÷

¨KlMxÃHsmºCJï: . eyIgKYryl'fa ebImankarlblYccUlmkm¶gmYykal

(Temporaire) enaHminEmnCae¨KaHf~ak'xÂSgkÂabu"nµaneT e¨KaHf~ak'EdlFM KWkarmk

tSgTIlMenACanicÍkal ( Implantations permanentes ) edaymankarsg'pæHsEmºg

cab'¨bkbksikmµ ÉmuxrbrGÃIep§g@eTot e¨JHCn¨bePTenH Edlman ÇòsÈ

Cab'nwgdIeyIgehIy nwgmankUnecA mit¶Pk¶i mingay¨tLb'eTAv^jäg@ eLIy.

ehIyebIy"agenHeTA Tl'EdneyIgnwg¨tèvbreTsyYnmktSgenAkkkuj rYc

ehIyk*bN¶al[manCemÂaH rkerOgehtuCamYynigbgbíènExµreyIg begûét[

mankarBiVkrs'enA äExµreyIgCaCatisÂèt¨tg' minCaG~krkerOgehtueK k*¨tèv

28

eVHbg'ecalTIenaH rt'mkenAq©ay@eTot .l. enH¨VkdCakardeN¶ImTwkdI

edayvFIes©¿ms©at' EdleyIgKYrcab'GarmµN_[VnCak'cºas' .

dUceyIgVneFÃIkarEvkEjkrYcmkehIy esck¶IsgwômeyIgTSg¨sugsÄit

enAelIrd½aPiVle¨sac¨sg' Cati EdlnwgmansmºCJï:cºas'las' cMeJHe¨KaHf~ak'd*

FMeFgenH dl'matu¨beTskmõ¬Carbs'eyIg . ebIbJúaTSgenHminVnTTYlkaredaH¨say KYrCa

TIkk'ek¶AeT GnaKtrbs'eyIgnwgmanBBkexµAggwtmkVMgminxaneLIy k~¬g¨kbxNë«nkarv^vt¶i

neyaVyTUeTA k~¬gPUmiPaK²Nëècind*rMeCIbrMCYlenH .

sù m"anI

P~MeBj «f©TI23 F~è 1969

29

}NÚÐcin kñúgqñaM2000¿¿¿

30

KMnit ɨTws¶IEdlEcgfa bN¶aCn ( la population ) nigkarv^vt¶n_«nbN¶aCn

enHman naTId*sMxan' mYyenAk~¬gCévPaB neyaVyCati nigGn¶rCatienHminEmn

CaKMnit ɨTwsI¶efµagfµéeT . CakarBitEmnehIy EdleKeJlfa Çmnus§È

CamUld½ansarvn¶«n¨Kb'rbb¨Kb'¨KgneyaVy«n¨bCaCati Ésgðmmnus§TSg

Lay . ehtudUec~HVnCacMnYnmnus§eJlKWbN¶aCnk~¬g¨beTsnimYy@ Ék~¬g

tMbn'PUmiPaKnimYy@, ¨tèvEtman²TiìBlCakarcSVc'eTAelIsÄanPaB ÉkicÍdwknS

neyaVy k~¬g¨beTsÉk~¬gPUmiPaKEdl¨bmUlp¶¬÷¨beTsTSgenaH . dUec~H ebI

eyaleTAtam¨Tws¶IenH cMnYnbN¶aCnnigkardwknSneyaVy BuMGac¨tèveKGar

kat'p¶ac'ecjBIK~aVneLIy .

bN¶aCne¨cInhYsmaD La surpopulation

edayeyageTAtam¨Tws¶IxagelIenH ¨bvti¶v^TUnigsgðmv^TU ( Sociologue )

PaKe¨cInVnBn´l'GMBIbuBÃehtu«nsågðamrvagCatinigCati ( Causes des guerres )

nig clnabd^vt¶n_ (mouvements révolutionnaires) EdlVncab'kMeNIteLIgk~¬g

¨beTsÉPUmiPaKnimYy@ «nBiPBelak edayBwgEpíkeTAelIsÄanPaBnigclna

«nkarv^vt¶n_«nbN¶aCnenHEtm¶g . ¨bvti¶saås¶rbs'mnus§Cati hak'dUcCaVn

kt'sMKal'nUv¨Bwt¶ikarN_ CaKMrUxÂHrYcmkehIy EdlGac[eyIgykmkbJØak'

bk¨sayBn´l'nUv¨Tws¶IxagelIenH Ð k~¬grvagq~S 1930, ¨beTsGalÂWm"aj

sm&yhuIEtÂr enATÃIbGWru"b, nig¨beTsCb"unsm&yeyaFaniymenATIÃbGasuI, Vn

eFÃIneyaVyeyaFaniymd*eXareXA bgûbegûIt[mansågðamk~¬gBiPBelak

¨BmTSgVnp§BÃp§aynUvesck¶Ie¨kom¨kM nigkarexÂacp§aGs'ry:Cae¨cInq~S mk

elImnus§Cati .

¨beTsTSgBIrenH k¬~gsm&yenaH suTìswgCa¨beTsEdlmanbN¶aCn

e¨cInhYsmaDhYssmtÄPaB«nkaredaH¨saysamJï«n¨beTsTSgBIr Ð ä

31

neyaVyB¨gIkTwkdIniym nigsågðamQÂanJneTAelI¨bCaCatiCitxag Edl

¨beTsTSgenHVnbgûbegûéteLIg KWBitCaenAk~¬geKalbMNgneyaVymYy

y"agcºas'las' KWvaydeN¶ImykTwkdIbreTsmkeFÃICarbs'xÂçn edImIºCa

meF´aVyGac[¨beTsxÂçnmanEdndI¨Kb'¨Kan' ( Espace vital ) sMrab'ciJÍwm

bN¶aCnrbs'¨beTseK Edlkan'EtekIncMnYne¨cIneLIg@CalMdab'erogral'q~S@

KWk¬~geKalbMNgenHehIy EdldMbUgeLIg¨beTs Cbu"n VncºSgvaydeN¶Im

ykEdndI kUer" ( Corée ) nig m"g'CUrI ( Mandchourie ) na¨beTscinEb"kxageCIg,

¨BmTSgKMramkMEhgdl'GaNaext¶xÂH«nshPaBsUevotpg ehIybN¶al[

ekItmansågðamy"agyUr BIq~S 1936 eTATl'nwgq~S 1945 rvagcinnigCb"un .

ä¨beTsGalÂWm"ajv^j k*VnGnuvt¶neyaVyQÂanJnTwkdItSgBIq~S

1938 mkdl'q~S 1945 edayVnvaydeN¶Imyk¨beTs GU¨TIs, b"ULèj

nig1PaKFM«nmha¨beTs rus§I .l. CaBiesseTAeTot eKVnkt'sMKal'fa

mankMeNIncMnYnbN¶aCneTÃk~¬g TIÃbGWru"bBIq~S 1814 mkdl'q~S 1914 ehIy¨sab'EtenA

edImstvt§r_TI20enHEtm¶g TÃIbGWru"bVnqÂgkat'nUvsm&ymYyd*rMeCIbrMCYl ehIy

¨bTHnUvmhasågðamdl'eTABIrelIk ¨Kan'Etk~¬gry:Jk'kN¶al«n stvt§r_TI20

Etb"ueNöaH .

CaTIbMputeKsegûteXIjm "ageTotfa k~¬gsm&ybcͬbºn~enH ¨Kb'¨beTs

x§t'ex§ayTSgLay«nttiyelak ( les pays sous développés ) EdleTIbnwg

Vnsðal'nUvkMeNIncMnYnbN¶aCn d*elOnhak'bIdUcCasnæ¬H¨Bçj kMBugEtCYb

¨bTHnUv clnabd^vt¶n_ mYyEdlkMBugEtraldalp§BÃp§ay¨Kb'TisTI edayman

Ggðkar kumµ¬ynis¶niymGn¶rCat i CYye¨CamE¨Cgpg . ehIyclnarMeBItrMeBInTSg

enH ¨tèvVneKerobcMeLIgk~¬geKalbMNgnwgrMlMrbb neyaVyesd½kicÍ sgðm

cas'TamTar[manrbbfµé ¨bkbedaylkÅN:bdivt¶n_ EdleKyl'fanwgGac

edaH¨saybJúasgðmmnus§Vneday¨bsiTìPaB Biess bJúaEdlTak'Tg

eTAnwgkMeNInd*elOnhYs¨bmaN «nbN¶aCnenHäg . KWk~¬g¨kbxNë«n¨Tws¶I

enHägeTot EdlmanG~k¨VCÆxÂHmanelak kúass¶¬gbßUFul ( Gaston Bouthoul )

Casgðmv^TUnig¨bvti¶v^TUCatiVrSg Vncat'Tuk ÇsågðamÈ CaVtuPUtmYyd*sMxan'

32

mannaTICaG~keFÃI[sMerceLIgnUvsmta ( l'équilibre ) k~¬gsgðmmnus§TSgLay

«nBiPBelak .

enA²Nëècin bN¶aCnExµrGacTb'

nwgbN¶aCnyYnnigesomVnÉeT ?

edImIºyl'[Vncºas'las' nUvTMhM«ne¨KaHf~ak'CaGci«ån¶y_ EdlKMram

kMEhg¨beTskmõ¬Ca k~¬gGnaKtkalxagmuxenH KbIºeyIgrM®kdl'sÄankarN_

¨bvti¶saås¶Cak'Es¶g (Situation de fait ) xÂHTukCaeKaledACabzm . k~¬gkar

v^vt¶n_CahUrEhmkehIy k~¬g¨bvti¶saås¶«n¨beTsTSgbI Exµr esom yYn

TMnas'Exµr esom, rYcTMnas'Exµr-yYn ehIycuge¨kaybMput KWTMnas'esom-yYn

Ca¨Bwti¶karN_mYymanlkÅN:CaGci«ån¶y_ ( Une permanence historique ) k~¬g

¨bvti¶saås¶«n¨bCaCati²Nëècin Gs'kale¨cInstvt§r_rYcmkehIy . ¨beTs

esomCa¨bCaCatimYy¨bkbedayyuvPaB ( ¨beTsesomcab'kMeNIteLIgna

stvt§r_TI 14 ) e¨kayBIVnvatTItSgelIEdndIExµr mYyPaKy"agFMenAEb"kxag

eCIg nigxaglic¨beTskmõ¬Cabcͬbºn~ rYcehIyk*VnxitxMeFÃIneyaVy¨bTak'

¨bTaj¨beTsExµr [cUleTAk~¬gkar¨Kb'¨KgpÂèvneyaVyrbs'esom KWeFÃI

¨beTsExµr[eTACaGaNaB´aVlesomEtm¶g ( Faire du Cambodge un

protectorat Siamois ) edImIºTukEdndIenHCa¨Tnab'Tb'Tl' nwgkarvatTItSgrbs'

s¨tèvfµémYy«nxÂçn KWyYnenHäg . dUec~HTMnas'esom-Exµr manlkÅN:CaCemÂaH

rvag¨bCaCatiekµg nig¨bCaCatiburaNmYy ehIyCakarFmµtaGar´FmáEdlman

yuvPaBEtgEtmanfamBl e¨bobeTAelIGar´FmámYyeTotEdlmanv&ycas' .

ehtuenHehIyVnCaeyIgVt'bg'Gs'GaNaext¶Cae¨cIn . pæ¬yeTAv^j CnCati

yYnk~¬gdMeNIrrbs'xÂçncuHmkTisxagtºègtambeN¶ayeq~rsmu¨Tcam nigkmõ¬Ca

e¨kam maneKalbMNgnwgvatTItSgykEdndI¨tg'@Etm¶g KWminEmn¨Kan'Etcg'

33

ykGaNac¨kExµr eFÃICaEdndIGaNaext¶yYneT EtmanbMNgbMVt'sasn_Exµr

Gar´FmáExµr, eJlKWeFÃI¨beTsExµr[kÂayeTACaEdndIfµérbs'yYnenHEtm¶g .

enHehIyCaehtukarN_ EdlGacBn´l'eyIg[yl'nUvneyaVyyYn

EdlVn¨b¨Bwti¶mkelICnCatiExµr enAstvt§r_TI 18-19 nigenAstvt§r_TI 20

k~¬gEdndIkmõ¬Cae¨kamsBëf©enH . buBÃehtuCaCe¨mA «nneyaVyB¨gIkTwkdI

yYn enAEdndI²Nëècin KWkMeNIncMnYnbN¶aCnyYn ehIynigkgÃHxatEdndIEdl

manCICatis¨mab'ciJÍwmbN¶aCnEdlrIkcMerIny"agqab'rh&s. KYr[kt'sMKal'

pgEdrfa k~¬gkar ÇEhkdIExµrEckK~aÈ enHehIyEdlesomnigyYnb"HTgðicK~a ä

karb"HTgðicK~aenHk*manCahUrEhmkehIyEdrelIEdndIlav. CnCatiesomk*kan'

EtmankarminTukcit¶xÂSgeLIgcMeJHKUs¨tèvfµé KWyYnenHäg . k~¬gkrNIenH k~¬g

GnaKtkal ebIesomnigyYnmanCemÂaHK~a KWenAelITwkdIExµr ÉlavenHEtm¶g .

X

X X

34

15ù000ù000 nak'dl' Kùsù 2000 !

eyIgVnniyayCa¨tçs@rYcmkehIy GMBIEdndIPUmiPaKxÂHk~¬gBiPBelak

eyIgenH EdlVnsðal'nUvkMeNInbN¶aCnCaGtibrma ¨BmTSgplvVk«n

¨Bwti¶karN_enHeTotpg. eyIgk*GacBicarNadl'plv^VkEbbenHEdlnwgGac

ekItmaneLIg enAelIPUmiPaK²Nëècin ebI¨bsinCakarv^vt¶n_bN¶aCnenAelIEdndI

enHmanlkÅNCaFmµta ( un évolution normale ) KWfaebIKµansågðamÉGsn¶isux

ɨBwti¶karN_d«TeTot mkeFÃI[sÄankaB«nkarv^vt¶n_enHpÂas'b¶èreT .

EdleyIgrM®kdl'bJúaenH minEmneyIgyl'sb¶ienaHeT, KWeyIgniyay

k~¬gzan:Camnus§ EdlmansmºCJï:¨Kb'¨Kan'Camnus§ ÇFmµtaÈ Edl

BicarNarkehtupl .

eyIgGacKn'KUreFÃIelxrkcMnYnbN¶aCnExµreyIg k~¬grvagq~S 2000 Vn

edayykG¨ta«nkMeNInbN¶aCn ( le taux d'accroissement démographique ) 2,5

É 2,6 PaKry(1) mkeFÃImUld½an. ehtudUec~HeyIgGacsµantamvFIv^T´asaås¶

fa rvagq~S 2000 bN¶aCneyIgnwgeLIgeTAdl' 14 É 15 lannak'ehIy enH

¨bsinebIKµansågðamelak ÉGsn¶isuxNamYymkrMxankarv^vt¶n_enHeTenaH. ä

cMnYnbN¶aCneyIgnwgeLIgeTAdl'80nak'k~¬g 1 Kùmù eTÃKuN . ebIy"agenHEmn

eyIgGacsn~id½anVnfa k~¬g30q~SeTotEdndIeyIgmincegí¿tcgíl'enAeLIyeT.

m´"ageTotEdndIeyIgCavalTMnab smºèreTAedayClFa manTenÂemKgðCaedIm,

eyIgnwgGaceFÃIrebobGaCévkmµksikmµ( méthodes d'exploitation agricole ) rwtEt

¨besIreLIg edayeFÃI[se¨mcnUvkarVcTwkbJÍèlE¨s ( l'irrigation ) ädIdS

dMNSeyIgenAesssl'e¨cIn . sBëf©enH dIdSdMNSeyIgmanEt 18% «n«pæ (1) eyageTAtamsÄitiq~S 1962, G¨taenHman 2,3% Etb"ueNöaH EtebItamG~kC÷najkar G¨taEdl¨twm

¨tèvCag KW 2,5% É 2,6% enHäg sUmemIl ( Les facteurs de croissance démographique au Cambodge thèse de

doctorat de 3e cycle, Sorbonne Paris 1967.)

35

¨kLaTSgGs'Etb"ueNöaH . eyIgnwgGacbegûéneTAeTot ebIbN¶aCneyIgekIn

e¨cIneLIg@ .

ehtudUec~HeyIgsgwômfa EdndIeyIgminTan'cegí¿tcgíl'eT k~¬g 30 q~S É

50 q~SxagmuxenH, eyIgnwgGacB¨gIkplitplksikmµEfmeTot . e¨JHfa k~¬g

GnaKtkal meF´aVybecÍkeTseyIgk*kan'EtmanlkÅN:¨besIreLIgCahUr

EhEdr . eyIgnwgminrnìt'cMeJHGnaKteyIg e¨JH¨beTseyIgnwgGacciJÍwm

eday¨Kb'¨Kan'nUvbN¶aCnrbs'eyIgVnCa¨Vkd . ¨beTseyIgmincSVc'

nwgGnuvt¶n_ neyaVyB¨gIkTwkdIniymeTAelI¨beTsC^txageLIy .

EtkarEdleyIgKYrP&yVrm KWeyIgecaTsYrxÂçneyIgfa : etIG~kC^txag

eyIg, xagekIteyIgk¶I xagliceyIgk¶I, nwgTuk[eyIgsðal'sn¶iPaBCaerogdrab

É ? ebI 30 É 50 q~SeTot EdndIrbs'eKnwgeBje¨Bob, e¨bobhak'dUcCaTwk

EdleBjlíageTAehIy @ hUrehorecjmke¨kA t¨mg'eTArkTITMnabd«TeTot.

etIeyIgKYrcat'Tukfa TITMnabEdlminTan'dk'TwkTSgenH man valTMnabTenÂemKgð

nigTenÂsab ( la vallée du Mékong ) eJlKW¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg GaceCosputBI

e¨KaHf~ak'enHÉ ?

X

X X

36

37

e¨KaHf~ak'rbs'eyIgenATisxagekIt

Cag 80ù000ù000 nak'rs'enAelIEpndImYyy"agcegí¿tcgíl'

enATisxagekItnigxagtºèg¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg CnCatiyYnVncuHs¨muk

mkBITisxageCég tameq~rsmu¨TGtItnKrcmº"a ehIyVneFÃIkarTånæanluk

luydeN¶ImdIFÂIBIdUntaeyIg tSgBIcugstvt§r_TI 17 mkemÂ"H ¨Kan'Etk~¬gry:

150 q~SVÂyEtb"ueNöaH yYnVnmkvatTItSg ¨BmTSgkÂayxÂçneTACamÍas'TwkdI

kmõ¬Cae¨kam eBjTICae¨sc (k~¬g Kùsù 1840). KYrEteyIgrM®kEdrfa CnCati

yYnTSgenHEdlVnelbsIuTwkdIeyIgmYyPaKy"agFM manTMhM 64ù000 Kùmù

eTÃKuNKWesµInwg¨beTslgûa (Ceylan) TSgmUlenHVn k*edaysarsm&yenaH

bN¶aCneyIgenAkmõ¬Cae¨kam mancMnYnticBn'eBkNas' fÃIebIEdndItMENldUn

taeyIgenH CaEdndImYyEdl¨bkbeTAedayCICatid*v^essv^sal rkdIäNa

mk¨bdUcBuMVneLIyk*eday .

cMENkäkarEdlyYns¨mukcuHmkxagtºègenaH bN¶almkBIbuBÃehtufa

bN¶aCnekIte¨cIneBk yYnBuMGacmandIlí¨Kb'¨Kan's¨mab'ciJÍwmK~aeKVn

eLIy . ehtuenHehIyVnCayYnVneFÃIneyaVyB¨gIkTwkdIniym mkelI

raCaNac¨kExµr²tQb'Qr rhUtdl'sm&ybcͬbºn~kalenHeTot k*yYnBuM¨Bm

bJÎb'GMeBIlYccUlmktSgenAelIdIEdlTMenrrbs'eyIgeLIy .

sBëf©enH ¨beTsevotNamman«pæ¨kLa¨bEhl 330ù000 Kùm2 KWFM

Cag¨beTseyIgcMnYnC^t2dg. KWCa¨beTsmYyEdlmanbeN¶ayd*EvgcMgay

BIxageCIgmktºègC^tEt 2ù000 Kùmù . naq~S 1970 bN¶aCnTSgGs'«n¨b

eTsenH mancMnYnC^teTA 40ù000ù000 nak' KW 20 lan Eb"kxageCIg nig 18

lan Eb"kxagtºèg . ¨beTsevotNam CaEdndImYysmºèreTAeday«¨B¨Bwk§a

nigP~M. «¨BnigP~MenH¨KbdN¶b'elI«pædI 80% «n«pæ¨kLaTSgGs' KWesµInwg«pæ

¨kLa 260ù000 Kùmù eTÃKuN . ehtudUec~HehIyVnCa, mnus§TSg 38 lan

nak'enHrs'enAelI«pædIEt 20% Etb"ueNöaH KWesµInwg«pæ¨kLa 60ù000 Kùm

38

eTÃKuN . k~¬gkrNIe¨kayenH dg'suIet ( densité ) eLIgeTAdl' 600 nak' k~¬g 1

Kùm2 . dUceyIgeXIj¨sab' sBëf©enH dI¨beTseyokNamenHcegí¿tcgíl'

Nas'eTAehIy. cMENkplitpl¨sèvGgûr k*swgEtmin¨Kb'¨Kan'pg . C¨guk

¨sèvd*FM«n¨beTsenHKWEdndIsN¶ ( le Delta ) «nTenÂemKgð nigdIsN¶TenÂ

sug«k ( le Delta du Fleuve Rouge ) . EdndIsN¶TenÂemKgðGacp¶l'¨sèvGgûrCa

mF´m 6 lanetank~¬gmYyq~S ehIydIsN¶TenÂsug«kp¶l'[ 4 lanetanCa

mF´mEdr . bUkeTAVn¨twmEt 10 lanb"ueNöaH, dUec~HeTA «f©mux¨sèvGgûrenH

¨VkdCaminGacbMeBjesck¶I¨tèvkarrbs'bN¶aCnyYn EdlkMBugekIncMnYn

y"agelOnesaHeLIy .

k~¬gcMeNam¨beTsGasIuTSgLay yYnmanG¨ta«nkMeNIn¨bCaCn

(taux d'accroisement démographique) xõs'CageKäg(1) KWmanrhUtdl'eTACag3% .

ebIeyageTAtamPaKryenH k~¬gq~S 1970 bN¶aCnyYnrYmTSgxageCégnigxag

tºèg nwgeLIgdl'eTA 40ù000ù000 nak' .

k~¬glkÅN:enH ¨bsinebIkarv^vt¶n_rbs'¨bCaCnenH manelº¯neTAmux

eTotedayKµan¨Bwti¶karN_FMduMGÃImkrMxaneT bN¶aCn¨beTseyokNamnwgeLIg

rhUteTA Cag 80ù000ù000 nak' k~¬g 30 q~SeTot . äkmõ¬CaeyIg dl'q~S

2000 man¨twmEt 15 lannak'b"ueNöaH .

X

X X

(1)-eyageTAtamesovePA :- Ç Les Deux Viet-Nam, Bernard Fall, Payot Paris, 1967.È

ebItamelak B. Fall, G¨ta«nkMeNInenH eLIgdl'eTA 3,5% ebItamsÄitip¶l'BIkarCMerOn¨bCaCnq~S1960

enA¨beTseyokNamxageCIg. cMeJHeyokNamxagtºèg elak B. Fall niyay¨twmEt 3 PaKryEt

b"ueNöaH .

39

etInwgmanplviVkF©n'F©rGÃIxÂH

- eyIgKYrecaTsYredayq©l'fa Ð etIdI 20 PaKry«n«pæ¨kLaTSgGs'

330ù009 Kùm2 Ék*dI¨twmEt 60ù000 Kùm2 b"ueNöaH Gacp¶l'Gahar¨Kb'

¨Kan'[dl'mnus§Cag 80 lannak'VnÉeT ?

eqÂIyv^jPÂamfaÐ ¨twmEtsBëf© 40 lannak'b"ueNöaH BiVknwgciJÍwm [

Vnrs'k~¬gPaB¨Kb'¨Kan'eTAehIy cuHdl'eTA 80ù000ù000 etInwgekItCabJúa

FMy"agNaeTA ?

etI¨beTseyokNamnwgkÂayeTACa ÇCb"unÈ TI2 k~¬gTÃIbGasIu ÉGalÂWm"ajTÃIbGasIuÉ ?

eqÂIy Ð

¡ TI 1 ÉmYyk*¨beTseyokNam nwgB¨gIkkmÂSgÓs§ahkmµnigesd½-

kicÍCaGtibrma e¨bob¨bdUcVneTAnwgCb"unTI 2 k~¬gGasIuPaKGeK~y_ . KMnitenH

¨tèvVnG~ksegûûtkarN_Gn¶rCatinana ykmkKitrYcCamuneTAehIy KWmunkal

bJÍb'sågðameyokNamenHeTAeTot . CaBit¨VkdEmnehIy enHKWv^Fankar

¨b«BNas' . ¨beTseyokNamsmºèreTAedayFnFanEr" elahFatu Efm

TSg¨kbxNëv^T´asaås¶ nigbecÍkeTs ( techniciens, ingénieurs, chercheurs...)

¨bkbedaycMnYne¨cIn¨Kb'¨Kan' ehIymanfamBleTotpg bUkrYmnwgp§ark~¬g

GnaKtd*FMeFg (Cag 80 lannak'), nwgGackÂayeTABit¨Vkd CamhaGMNac

Ós§ahkmµy"agsMxan'k~¬gBiPBelakeyIgxagmuxenH . kalebIeyokNam

kÂayeTACaÓs§ahkmµehIy ¨beTsenHGaclk'ecjeTAbreTs nUvplitpl

Ós§ahkmµ edImIºGacTijcUlmkvjnUvplitplksikmµ edImIºkar¨tèvkarxag

cMNIGaharenAk~¬g¨beTs . KWTal'EteFÃIy"agh~wg eTIbbN¶aCn¨beTsenHGac

rs'enAVn edayecos[putGMBIbJúasgðm nigneyaVyEdlnwgritEtman

lkÅN:sµ¬KsµajeLIg .

40

cUreyIgnwkKitdl'¨beTsCb"un Edlk~¬gbcͬbºn~kalenH man«pæ¨kLa

¨bhak'¨bEhlnigeyokNamEdr ( 370ù000Kùm2 ) ehIymanmnus§rs'enA

cMnYnCag 100 lannak'eTAehIy . sÄanPaB«n¨beTsenH BMuxusBI¨beTs

eyokNamb"unµaneLIy Ð k~¬gdI 370ù000Kùm2 dI¨twmEt 16 PaKryb"ueNöaH

EdleKGacdSdMNS ehIyrs'enAVn . e¨kABIenH KWsuTìswgEtP~Me¨CaH¨Clg

¨kMfµBuMGac[mnus§rs'VneLIy . kalBIrvagq~S 1930 Cb"unVnsðal'nUv

kMeNIn¨bCaCnmYyy"agelOn ehIyedImIºnwgedaH¨saybJúaxÃHdIFÂIenH Cb"un

VnGnuvt¶nUvneyaVyB¨gIkTwkdIniym eyaFaniymQÂanJnvaydeNI¶m

EdndIBI¨beTscin, ¨beTskUer" .l. b"uEn¶neyaVyenHVn¨tèvTTYlbraC&y

e¨kaysågðamelakelIkTI 2 Cae¨scrYceTAehIy . ehtuenHehIy VnCa

Cb"unt¨mg'neyaVyrbs'xÂçnmkv^j rhUtdl'kÂayeTACamhaGMNacesd½kicÍ

TI 3 k~¬gBiPBelak ( 3ème puissance économique modiale ) e¨kay sùsùs

(sUevot) .

dUceyIgeXIj¨sab'ehIy lkÅN:TwkdI nigPUmisaås¶eyokNam nig

Cb"unmansPaB¨bhak'¨bEhlK~a . dUec~H¨bEhlCaKµankmÂSgGÃIGacmkrarSg

min[¨beTseyokNamkÂayeTACamha¨beTsesd½kicÍVneLIy, ehIyp§ar

d*sMxan'«nesd½kicÍÓs§ahkmµenH KWEdndIGasuIEb"kGeK~y_Etm¶g .l.

ebI¨bsiny"agenHEmnenaH ¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIgnwg¨tèvTTYlrge¨KaHCa

dMNM nwgminGaceKcputVneLIg GMBIkmÂSgeyokNamenH e¨JHkarvvt¶n_va

¨tèvEty"agdUec~aH ! cMeJHeyIg ebIesd½kicÍenAEteGanfy eyIgnwgkÂayeTACa

p§aresd½kicÍyYnEtm¶g. enHehIyCaTid½PaBfµémYyeTot«nlTìiGaNaniKmniym

sm&yfµé EdlmanPaBsahav minxusBIGaNaniKmniymneyaVy ÉTwkdI

enaHesaHeLIy. enHk*rebobm "agEdlnwgnS¨beTseyIg[eFÃIdMeNIreqõaHeTA

rkkarVt'bg'äkraC´pgEdr .

Etk~¬gry:evlasBëf©enHk*edaycuH k*KYrEteyIg¨BYyVrmTuk[ehIy

e¨JH¨Kan'EteyokNamxagtºègb"ueNöaH eKbJØènnis§iteKeTAbreTsk~¬g mYy

q~Srab'Jn' (1) nak' [eTAsik§aÓt¶mv^CØaenAGWr"ubÉGaemrik. äeyokNamxageCIg (1) eyageTAtamesovePAelak B. Fall, <Les deux Vietnam>, Payot, 1967, Paris, TMB&r ( 361 )

41

v^j nis§itbecÍkeTs v^sÃkrrab'Jn'nak'¨tèvbJØèneTAeronenAshPaBsUev¿tÉ

GWru"bEb"kxagekItnigenA¨beTscin .l. TSg¨kum@ Etm¶g. luHdl'sågðamcb'

PÂam ¨beTskumµ¬ynis¶TSgLay rgcSEtCYyksagesd½kicÍ, Ós§ahkmµ,

ksikmµ ¨beTsenHeLIgv^j . karCYyenHCakatBÃkicÍsMxan'Nas' e¨JH

¨beTskumµ¬ynis¶TSgLay rEmgEtgmanesck¶IsamKðIK~ay"agC^tsi~Tìk~¬gKMnit

Gn¶rCatiniym¨bCaBlkr ( dans l'intérêt de l'internationalisme prolétarien ) .

m´"ageTot sågðamenAeyokNamxagtºèg minTan'cb'e¨scVc'pg

¨sab'EtmUlFnbreTs manCb"unedImeK rYcmkhugkug Gaemrik swgðburI cUl

mkeFÃIv^nieyaK ( investissements ) y"agK¨KwkKe¨Kgk~¬g¨beTsenHeTAehIy cuH

TMrSsågðamcb'eTA etImUlFnbreTsnwghUrcUlmky"agNaeToteTA ? cuH

cMENkGaemrikSgv^j ¨VkdCaminEmncakecjBI¨beTseyokNam edayTuk

[¨beTsenHVk'EbkexæcxæIy"agdUec~HeT, ebIBuMenaHesat sùrùGaù enHnwg¨tèv

Gamasmuxy"agGaeNacGaFmµ cMeJHmtisaFarNCnBiPBelak . Gaemrik

¨tèvEtlublagkiti¶ysrbs'xÂçn . k~¬gq~S 1969 knÂgeTAehIyenHsPa

GaemrikSgVnTSge¨Kagfv^kacMnYn 2ù000ù000ù000 dulÂar ( KW¨tèvCa¨Vk'

erolCag 100 ekadi ) sMrab'sÄabna¨beTseyokNameLIgv^j .

ehtudUcxagelIenHehIy VnCamtiG~ksegûtkarNGn¶rCatixÂHVnTay

fa Ð karrYbrYmK~aeLIgv^j«n¨beTseyokNam Camhn¶ray²tGÃI¨bdUcVn cMeJHP&BÃ

vasna«nmatu¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg .

ebI¨bsinCay"agenHEmn etIeyIgnwgGacmanGÃIGacTb'Tl'rMgab'kmÂSg

esd½kicÍyYn kuM[vacUlmkelbesd½kicÍeyIgVneT ? ebIminVneTenaH, etI

rvag 30 q~SeTot eyIgnwgKg'vg§Cév^tbn¶eTAeTotVnÉeT ?

cMeJHkmõ¬CaeyIg maKáamanEtmYyKt' s¨mab'karedaH¨say[VnKg'

vg§Cév^t . maKáaenaH KWkarB¨gIkkmÂSgesd½kicÍeyIg[VnelOnqab'rh&sTan'kal

sm&y E¨kgGacrMgab'VnxÂHnUvkmÂSgesd½kicÍyYnenH . karbgíg'[yWtya"vteTAeTot

KWCaGMeBIGt¶Xatkmµ KWCakMhusFMNas'cMeJH¨bvti¶saås¶ rbs'matuPUmiCaTIes~ha«n

eyIgral'K~a . ¨bvti¶saås¶manEP~k . ¨bvti¶saås¶nwgdak'eTasmkelIeyIgral'K~aEdl

eFÃs¨bEhsk~¬gbJúaenH .

42

TI 2 - ÉmYyk*¨beTseyokNam nwgGnuvt¶neyaVybnÄycMnYnekµgkuM

[ekIte¨cIneBk ( limiter les naissances ) karenHGacnwgse¨mcVn k*e¨sceTA

elIkaryl'eXIj«nG~kneyaVyyYnk~¬gGnaKtEtb"ueNöaH . ebITukNaCa

neyaVyCayfaehtuEbbenH Gnuvt¶eTA¨bkbedayeCaKC&yk¶I, k*cMnYnbN¶a

CnenAe¨cInCadrab. ¨beTseyokNamenAEtB¨gIkkmÂSgesd½kicÍ Ós§ahkmµ

dEdl e¨JHenHCakatBÃkicÍxanBuMVn . ehtudUec~aH e¨KaHf~ak'enAEtmanlkÅN:

F©n'F©rdEdl mkelIvasna«nkmõ¬CaeyIgeTAGnaKt .

TI 3 - Et¨bsinCapæ¬yeTAv^j kmÂSgesd½kicÍrd½eyokNamBuMVnlUtlas'[

¨Kb'¨Kan'eTenaH ehIyneyaVybnÄykMeNItkUnekµg k*BuM¨tèvVnGnuvt¶eTot

enHmhn¶rayrwtEtmanTMhMKuNBIrdgùùù db'dg .l. xÂSgNas'eTAeTot mk

elIGnaKt¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg .

ehtudUcem¶cVnCakarenHvaeTACay"agdUec~aHvj ?

ÇsågðamÈ nwg ÇGacÈ pæ¬HeLIgrvagExµrnigyYn BiVknwgecosvagVn

e¨JHbN¶aCnyYnkan'EtekIneLIgCalMdab'lMeday 50 60 70 80 90 lan

nak'k~¬g30q~SeTot. äFnFanxagesd½kicÍ nigxagksikmµenAdEdlÉlUtlas'

yWteBk CaehtuBuMGacnwgGnuJïat¶[ciJÍwmmnus§Vnk~¬gPaB¨Kb'¨Kan'eLIy .

karenHnwgbegûIt[manv^bti¶pÂèvsgðm rYcv^bti¶pÂèvneyaVy bgûbegûéteLIg

edayesck¶Iminsbºaycit¶ ÉPaB¨kevTnarbs'CnCatiyYnenaHäg. eBlenaH

ehIy nwgmanG~kneyaVyyYnxÂH EdlCaG~kCatiniymhYsehtu ( Les

Vietnamiens Ultra-nationalistes ) bgûbegûét[man¨Tws¶IB¨gékTwkdIniym tam

rebobGalÂWm"ajC÷nan' hIuEtÂr ( Hitler ) TamTarnUvTwkdImYyEdleKnwgsnµtfa

¨Kb'¨Kan' s¨mab'karrs'enArbs'¨bCaCneK ( une nouvelle théorie de l'Espace

Vital ) . ehIyEdndIEdleK¨tèvkarenaH KWmanEtkmõ¬Ca-lav Éesom(?) Et

b"ueNöaH . edImIºnwgse¨mcnUvKe¨magkarenHVn neyaVyQÂanJnbgûerOg

ehtu [ekIteTACasågðam²Nëècin ÇTI 3È(?) eKBuMgaynwgecosvagVneLIy.

ebIy"agenHEmn enAäeCIgemX«nGnaKtEdndI²NëècinnwgmanBBkexµA

ggwt mkbiTVMgesck¶Isgwômrbs'eyIgrlt'esaHsUn´ KYr[¨seNaHGa

eNacGaFmµ«¨keBk.

43

¨bsinebIneyaVyB¨gIkTwkdIniym edImIºrs'enH¨tèvGnuvt¶EmnenaH Edn

dIeyIg bN¶aCneyIgnwg¨tèveKelbbn¶icm¶g@ ehIyTIbMputnwgrlayrUbVt'

eQµaHecjBIEpnTI«nBiPBelak dUc¨bvti¶saås¶«nraCaNac¨kcmº"a ÉEdndI

kmõ¬Cae¨kam²tebI¨bEkkVneLIy .

KWeBlenHägehIy Edl¨bvti¶saås¶nwgEcgGMBI Ç dMeNIreqõaHeTATisxag

lic È «n¨bCaCatieyokNam e¨kamsnæ¬H«nkMeNItCaGtibrma«nbN¶aCnmYy

EdlXÂScS{kas¨bl&yCév^teyIg Gs'ry:kale¨cInstvt§mkehIy .

rYmesck¶I Ð EdndI²NëècinCaEdndImYyEdl xÃHesÄrPaBCanirn¶r_ . enAelI

EdndIenH ¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIgk~¬gGnaKtkalxagmuxenH nwg¨tèvqÂgkat'nUve¨KaH

f~ak'd*FMeFge¨cInEbby"ag dUcCakarKMramkMEhgdl'karKg'vg§Cév^t ( la survie )

«n¨bCaCatieyIgeTotpg . ebITukCakarv^vt¶n_enA¨beTseyokNameTACay"ag

Nak*eday, mhn¶ray¨Kb'EbbenAcSXÂSCév^teyIg¨Kb'C÷han . eBlevlaedIr

elOneTAmuxq©ayeTA@ mhn¶rayk*elcrUbragkan'EtFMcºas'eLIg@ CalMdab' .

KWmanEtneyaVy B¨gIkkmÂSgesd½kicÍCati[Vnqab'rh&sb"ueNöaHeT

EdlGac[eyIgmanmeF´aVyTb'Tl'nwgyfaehtu¨Kb'Ebby"agVn . Et

enHKW¨Kan'EtCaniekÅbbT ( des thèses ) Ca¨Tws¶IÉmti ( l'opinion ) rbs'mnus§m~ak'

Etb"ueNöaH dUec~HBuMTan'cat'TukCa¨twm¨tèvVnkareBjeljenAeLIyeT . äkar

BitsÄitenAelI¨bvti¶saås¶k~¬gGnaKtkaläenaHv^jeT EdlGacv^nicÏ&yVnùùù.

k*bu"En¶ eyIgminEmnmanEt ÇyYnÈ eTEdlXÂScS¨bl&y enAäTisxag

lic ÇesomÈ k*cSEt{kaslínwg ǨkejcÈ EdndIeyIgdUcK~aEdr .

X

X X

44

¨beTsesomnwgmanbN¶aCn 70 lannak'

enABIxageCIg nig xaglic¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg bN¶aCn¨beTsmYyeTotnwgGac

kÂayeTACaTm©n'd*F©n'mYyfµéeTotsgût'mkelIEdndIeyIg ù ù ù .

kalebIeyIgVnelIkbJúayYnmkBicarNa Bn´l'bMPÂWdl'smºCJï:

CatieyIgrYcehIy eyIgBuMGacbMePÂcVnesaHeLIyfa e¨KaHf~ak'EdlnwgGac

yayImatu¨beTsExµreyIg minEmnFÂab'manEtmkGMBITisxagekItnigxagtºèg

b"ueNöaHeLIy, enHKW Çs¨tèvÈ cuge¨kayrbs'eyIg EdlVnelbrYcmkehIy

nUvEdndIeyIg Edlman«pæ¨kLaCag 60ù000 Kùm2 esµInwg¨kLa«pæ¨beTs

GuI¨saEGlbIdg. eyIgenAmanG~kC^txagrbs'eyIgmYyeTot EdlCaÇs¨tèvÈ

cas'BIbrmbUraN ehIyEdlVn¨tVk'elbCae¨cInstvt§r_mkehIy nUv

GaNaEx¨trbs'eyIgy"age¨cInGenk Ð Çs¨tèvÈ enH, EdleyIgminTan'Gac

bMePÂcVnfa munq~S 1907 VnmkvatTItSgenAelI 1/3 «nEdndIeyIgsBëf©

enH ehIyEdlkalBIq~S 1941 dl' 1945 VnmkcºSgdeN¶ImtamvFIkmÂSg

VynUvEx¨tesomrab, kMBg'FM, Vt'dMbgCasafµIeTot KW¨beTsesom É «fLgð

enHäg .

ebIenAk~¬gBg§avtaExµreyIg CnCatiyYn CaCnCati¨bkbedaye¨KaHf~ak'

y"agCak'Es¶gcMeJHeyIgy"agNa CnCatiesomk*CaG~kC^txag¨bkbeday

e¨KaHf~ak'EdlmansPaBsahavmincaj'K~ay"agenaHEdr .

dUec~HehIy, karEdleyIgcab'GarmµN_eTAelIe¨KaHf~ak'TSgBIrenH¨BmK~a

CameF´aVyEtmYy Gac[eyIg¨buge¨bobeCIgkarN_TukCamun[ehIy enH

¨VkdCa Ót¶mKtid*¨besIr v^essvsal«¨kElgNas'eTAehIy ¨bvti¶saås¶

BIGtItkalfµé@ enHCaemeron¨sab', karEdl Ç cS[TwkeLIgdl'¨cmuH È sim

¨bevr¨bvarkTIC¨mk nwgkÂayeTACaesck¶Iep¶ém«nkarliclg' ÉTIbMput«nPaB

Gs'sgwômminxaneLIy . X

X X

45

etIbN¶aCnesomGacnwgman²TìiBl

GÃIeTAelIGnaKt«nEdndIrbs'eyIg

cemÂIyk~¬gPaB¨twm¨tèvmYyryPaKry tbeTAsMNYrenHv^j, KµanCnNa

mYyGaceFÃIVneLIy EteKGaceFÃIesck¶Isn~id½ank~¬gPaB¨bhak'¨bEhl man

EbbEpnCaniekÅbbT ( des thèses ) VnxÂH@ .

tamäksarsresredayelak LalUEbßr ( La Loubère ) k~¬grvagq~S

1693 bN¶aCnesomman¨twmEt 1ù900ù000 nak'Etb"ueNöaH . CagmYyst-

vt§r_knÂgmkeTot KWk~¬gKùsù1841, bN¶aCnenHekIndl'eTA 5ù200ù000nak'

(enAry:eBl¨bEhlK~aenaH ExµreyIgman¨bEhl 800ù000 nak'). rYcehIy

bN¶aCnenHk*ekIncMnYneTACa 8ù200ù000 nak'naq~S 1910, rYc 14ù500ù000

nak'naq~S 1937, rYc 22ù800ù000 nak'naq~S 1956 . ¨Kan'Etk~¬gq~S 1965

Etb"ueNöaH bN¶aCnenHekIndl'eTA 30 lannak'e¨sceTAehIy . tamkarKn'

KUrtamrebobv^T´asaås¶ dl'q~S 1975 xagmuxenHnwgeLIgdl'40lannak' (1) .

dUcCaeyIgVneXIjenH¨sab' bN¶aCnesomekInelOnrh&sCaBn'eBk

ehIyCaBiesseTAeTot KWcab'tSgBIe¨kaysågðamelakelIkTIBIrmk .

kMeNInd*elOnenH bN¶almkGMBIkarcuHfyCae¨cIn«ncMnYnmnus§sÂab'

k~¬gmYyq~S@ ehIypæ¬yeTAvj cMnYnmnus§ekItkan'Etmansnæ¬Helº¯neTAmux

²tQb'QresaH . munq~S 1950 eKVncat'Tuk¨beTs«fLgðenH Ca¨bCaCati

Edlsmºèrsbºayrs'k~¬gesck¶I Çs©b's©at'È KµanbJúaecaTesaHeLIy .

²LèvenH, Gs'ehIyPaBsmºèrsbºay Gs'ehIyPaB Çs©b's©at'È bJúad*

e¨cInEsnkMBugEtecaTeLIg KWbuBÃehtu«nbJúaenH KWbN¶almkGMBIkMeNInd*

qab'«nbN¶aCnesomenHäg ¨BmTSgkarv^vt¶n_«nsÄanPaBneyaVyGn¶rCati

k~¬gPUmiPaKGasIuEb"GeK~y_enHmkbUkbEnÄmeTot .

(1) eyageTAtamesovePA <l'Evolution de la Thailande contemporaine> Cahier de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences, Politiques, P. Fistié, Paris, 1967, et " la Thailande", Q.S.J., P.U.F., Paris, 1963.

46

¨beTs«fLgð Ð 70ù000ù000 dl'q~S 2000 !

ebItamsiÄtiEdl¨tèvVneKse¨mceLIg tamEbbbTvT´asaås¶ kMrit

G¨ta«nkMeNInbN¶aCnesomeLIgdl'eTA 3,00%(1) äExµreyIgman¨twmEt

2,6% Etb"ueNöaH .

ehtudUec~HehIy ebI¨bsinCaKµan¨Bwti¶karN_äNamkrMxandl'karv^vt¶n_

enHeT ¨beTsesomnwgGacmanmnus§dl'C^teTA 70 lannak' naedImstvt§

TI 21 xagmuxenH ( äkMeNInbN¶aCnExµreyIgnwgeLIgdl' 15 lannak'Et

b"ueNöaH ) .

ehtuEdlbN¶aCnesomenH ekInk~¬g 30 q~SxagmuxenHdl'eTA 70 lan

nak'enH minEmnCakarmYyKYr[eyIgenAes©¿m¨Begéyken¶IyesaHeLIy. EdndI

²Nëècin nwgkÂayeTACaEdndIEdlmanbN¶aCne¨cInhYsmaD ( Une région

surpeuplée ) . ¨Kan'EtesomnigyYnbUkbJÍèlK~aekIndl'eTACag 150 lannak'

eyIgEdlman¨twmEt 15 lan KW 1 ¨bqSgnwg 10 nwgmanmeF´aVy¨Kb'¨Kan'

GacttSgnwg ( s¨tèv ) eyIgVneT, ebIeKrYmK~aCaF¬gmYyehIyGnuvt¶nUvbMNg

Ga¨kk'mkelI¨beTseyIg . ¨beTseyIgKWCaEdndImYyEdlman sÄanPaBPUmi

saås¶neyaVy ( Une position géo-politique centrale ) enAkN¶aleK, ehIyEdl

eK ( ¨bsinebIeK¨tèvr"UvK~a ) ekobsgût'BI¨Kb'TisTIVnedaygay . ebIeyIgnwg

erIsykÓTahrN_k~¬gelakenHmkBn´l'Vn KWsÄanPaBPUmisaås¶¨beTs

b"ULèj enHEtm¶g . cUreyIgemIlcuH ¨beTsb"ULèjenH, CYnkal¨tèvVt'bg'Edn

dI, Vt'eQµaHBIEpnTI«nBiPBelak, CYnkaleTot ¨beTsGalÂWm"ajBIxaglic

nig¨beTsrusI§BIxagekIt¨suH¨sYlK~a ÇEhkEdndIEckK~aÈ dUckalBIsm&y

sågðamelakelIkTI 2 enH¨sab' .l.

dUec~HehIy, k~¬gGnaKtkalenH bJúaFMEdlecaTmkelI²Nëècin KWbJúacegí¿tcgíl'

«nEdndI EdlbN¶almkBIbN¶aCne¨cInhYsmaDenHägCa¨Vkd .

(1) eyageTAtamesovePA : <L'Evolution de la Thailande Contemporaine> dEdlnig <L'Economie de l'Asie du Sud Est> Lè Thanh Khoi, P.U.F. Paris, 1964.

47

plviVk bN¶almkGMBIkMeNIn

bN¶aCnk~¬g¨beTsesom

etIrd½aPiVlesomnwgedaH¨sayEbbNa cMeJHbJúakMeNIncMnYnbN¶a

CnenH ?

¨Kan'Etk~¬gsBëf©enH EdlbN¶aCnminTan'TSgekIndl' 40 lannak'pg

enaH VnbegûIn[mankar¨BçyVrmmYyy"agFMeFgk~¬gcMeNamG~kdwknSesom.

naq~S 1957-58, tamesck¶IsuMBIrd½aPiVlesom ebskkmµmYy«n FnaKar

BiPBelak ( la B.I.R.D. ) VnmkeFÃIkarsik§anigesck¶IraykarN_mYy GMBI

sÄanPaBesd½kicÍesom . eyabl'rYm«nesck¶IraykarN_enH Vnbgúaj[

eXIjnUvkgÃHxat nig PaBx§t'ex§ayCae¨cIncMeJHGnaKtesd½kicÍesom .

pæ¬yeTAvj, karB¨gékFnFanesd½kicÍ KWbegûénplitplksikmµnig

Ós§ahkmµCakarcSVc' edImIºedaH¨saybJúakMeNInbN¶aCnenH, edImIºrk§akuM

[kMritCévPaB«n¨bCaraås¶FÂak'cuHCalMdab' rhUtdl'PaBevTna¨kx§t' xÃHcMNI

GaharbriePaK .

sm&ybcͬbºn~enH FnFanesd½kicÍxÂH@ EdlBImunGac¨tèveKnSecjeTA

breTsVn k*kan'EtmancMnYneGanfyCalMdab' maneQI«m"sak', sMN,

V"hSg, ekAsUß, ehIyBiesseTAeTot KWGgûrenHEtm¶g .

ehtudUec~HehIy VnCakarB¨gIkesd½kicÍ[VnelOnqab'rh&s Vn

kÂayeTACaGaTiPaBTImYy «nneyaVyesom .

KWk~¬gKMnitenHehIy Edlrd½aPiVlesomsBëf©enH kMBugEtsÄabna

Ke¨magkarN_FM@ Cae¨cIn mansMNg'TMnb'ClaKðIsnI EdlGac[se¨mcCa

mYypg nUvkarVcTwkbJÍèlE¨s ( l'irrigation ) nwgGagGacB¨gIknUv«pædIdS

dMNSfµé@eTot . rIäxagv^s&yÓs§hkmµv^j mUlFnbreTs (les capitaux

étrangers) Cae¨cInVn¨tèveKe¨bI¨Vs'k~¬g¨beTs edImIºse¨mc[mannUvkarcMerIn

lUtlas'. k~¬gcMeNammUlFn¨beTsEdleKVneFÃIv^nieyaKk~¬g¨beTsenH KW

manmUlFnCb"une¨cInCageK, bnæab'mkmUlFncintay-va"n' ehIyTI3 KWmUl

48

FnGaemrikSg . k~¬gneyaVyesd½kicÍenH rd½aPiVlVneFÃIkars¨mçl[Ca

Gtibrma dl'karnScUlmk«nmUlFnbreTsTSgenH .

k*b"uEn¶ bJúaEdlsMxan'CageK KWbJúa¨sUvGgûrenHäg . valTMnab«n

TenÂemNam CamhaC¨guk¨sUv«n¨beTsesom . k~¬gkalsBëf©enH «pæ¨kLa

dIdSdMNS mancMnYnEt 1/4 Etb"ueNöaH «nvalTMnabTenÂemNam EdlsmºèNá

eTAedayClFar . dUec~HbJúa«nkarB¨gékdIdMNSminEmnecaTk~¬glkÅN:F©n'F©r

dUcenA¨beTseyokNamenaHeT . EdndIesomEdlman«pæ¨kLaTSgGs'Cag

500ù000 Kùm2 ehIyEdlmYyPaKy"agFMCadITMnab nwgminTan'kÂayeTACadI

cegí¿tcgíl'enAeLIyeT k~¬gry:kal 30 É 50 q~SeTAxagmuxenH . ¨beTs

enH GacnwgbegûénplitplksikmµVnEfmeTot edImIºGaceqÂIytbeTAnwgesc

k¶I¨tèvkarkan'EtFMeLIg@«n¨bCaraås¶ edaysarneyaVyeFÃI[rwtEt¨besIr

eLIg nUvrebobGaCévkmµksikmµ mankarVcTwkbJÍèlE¨s kare¨bICéKImI É

e¨bIe¨KOgyn¶ksikmµ . KWk~¬gbMNgenHägehIy edayrd½aPiVlesomkMBug

EtGnuvt¶Ke¨magkarFM@ Cae¨cIn xagTMnb'Twk Cék¨bLaybJÍèlE¨s tSgBIq~S

1950 mkemÂ"H edaysarC÷nYyBiPBelak . Ke¨magkarenH GacB¨géknUv

«pæ¨kLadIdSd÷NS ¨BmTSgfamBlGKðIsnIeTotpg .

¨bsinebIKe¨magkarB¨gékplitplksikmµ nigFnFanÓs§ahkmµenH

maneCaKC&yEmn bJúav^bti¶pÂèvsgðmGacnwg¨tèvVnedaH¨say[VnFUr¨sal

xÂH, k*bu"En¶kmÂSgesd½kicÍesom nwgrwtEtmanTMhMFMeLIgCalMdab' Ga¨s&yeTAelI

PaBFMeFg«np§ark~¬g¨beTsesomenHCa¨Vkd (BI 65 eTA 70 lannak' dl'

cugstvt§TI 20) . k~¬gkrNIenH karB¨gékkmÂSgesd½kicÍesomenH k*GackÂay

eTACae¨KaHf~ak'mYyFMEdr eTAelIGnaKt¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg Edlmanp§ark~¬g

¨beTsex§ayenAeLIy . CakarBitEmnehIy kmÂSgesd½kicÍk~¬gtMbn'nimYy@

«nBiPBelak e¨bobVneTAnwgkmÂSgTwkEdlhUrehor BItMbn'mYyxõs'eTAtMbn'

mYyeTotEdlTabCagdUec~HEdr .

ä¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg EdlsÄitenAkN¶al¨beTsTSgBIrenH TukCaeyIg

eFÃIy"agNa @ k¶I k*BuMGacecosputGMBIkarsgût'sgû^nkan'EtF©n'F©reLIgxagpÂèv

esd½kicÍ nigbN¶aCn ( les pressions d'ordre économique et démographique

49

grandissantes ) «n¨beTsTSgsgxagVnrYceLIy edayGa¨s&yeTAelIehtufa

eKBuMGaceFÃI¨BM¨bTl'EdnäNa[biTC^tsUn´QwgVneLIy rvag¨beTsC^t

xagK~a .

etI¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg EdlmanlkÅN:CaEdk¨Tnab'mYytUc Gac¨T¨Tg'

Tb'Tl'nwgjjçrFM@ dl'eTABIrEdlFÂak'mkelIxÂçn¨Bm@ K~aVnÉeT k~¬gGnaKt

xagmuxenH ? vaCakarBitNas'eTAehIy, edImIºnwgGac¨TS¨TVn luH¨taEtEdk

¨Tnab'enH ¨tèveKbEnÄm¨sTab'Edk[Vn¨kas'mSCagmuneTIbVn .

m´"ageTot cMeJHkrNIesomenHeTotesat ebIsinCa¨beTsenHGac

sMercedayeCaKC&yxagkarB¨gékkmÂSgesd½kicÍVn enaHCakar¨besIrehIy .

EtebIpæ¬yeTAv^j, etInwgmankaredaH¨sayäNaeTot ? cºas'CaG~kdwknSesom

enHnwgecalEP~kjy@ mkelI EdndId*manCéCati«next¶Vt'dMbg nigvalTMnab«nbwg

TenÂsab EdlsmºèreTAeday¨tIsac' nig¨sUvGgûrminxaneLIy . cuHebIeKXubXitCa

mYyCnCatiyYneTot edImIºEbgEckEpndIeyIg, dUcenAstvt§r_TI 19 naq~S

1840 etIeyIgnwgQmmuxTb'Tl'nwgKe¨magkarGkuslenHtamv^FINa ?

X

X X

50

esck¶IbJÍb'

TSgGs'enH, KW¨Kan'EtCakarsn~id½an kar¨bDit EdlCalTìpl«n¨VCÆa

nwgkaryl'Etb"ueNöaH minTan'manCakarBit«n¨bvti¶saås¶enaHeLIy . Et, etI

nrNaeLIyEdlGachßanGHGagfa k~¬gGnaKt, kar¨bDitenHminGackÂayCa

dac'xat eTACakarBitk~¬g¨bvti¶saås¶Vn ? ¨bvti¶saås¶Gac[emeronpg min

[emeronpgcMeJHeyIgral'K~a . GnaKtkalKWCarUgggwtmYyEdleKt¨mèv[

eyIgcUleTAk~¬g eday²t¨bEkkVneLIy EtebIeyIgdwgmunfarUgenHmanPin

PaKy"agem"c@ xÂHehIy, eyIgk*Gac¨buge¨bobxÂçneyIgVne¨cInEdr edImIºQm

muxnwgyfaehtu¨Kb'y"ag .

ehtudUcVnGFibºayeday¨tçs@ BIxagelIenH eyIgGacsnµteday

mankarPan'¨cLMCaGbºbrmafa cMeJHGnaKtkal«n¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg, änay

eCégemXäeNaH suTìEt¨bkbeTAedayduMBBkexµA@ e¨cInCaGenk kmÂSg«nkarsgût'sgû^n

xagpÂèvesd½kicÍCamYyK~anwgpÂèvbN¶aCn nigpÂèvneyaVyEfmeTotpg Cakar

KMramkMEhgmYyy"agFM²te¨bobpæwmVn Edl¨beTseyIg¨tèvEtTTYlrge¨KaH

BIsMNak'«nGnaKt¨beTsC^txageyIg .

k~¬glkÅn¶ik:EbbenH, maKáaEdleyIg¨tèvedIr KWeyIg¨tèvmankatBÃkicÍCa

bzm erobcMesd½kicÍCatieyIg[edIrelOnTan'sm&yniym, eFÃIesd½kicÍenH[rIk

cMerInCaGtibrma edImIºGac[mankmÂSg¨Kb'¨Kan' GacQmmuxTb'Tl'Vnnwg

kmÂSgsgût'sgû^nBIG~kC^txageyIg edayeFÃI[karKMramkMEhgdl'karKg'vg§

Cév^teyIgmanTMhMy"agtUcbMput .

ebIesd½kicÍmankmÂSg¨Kb'¨Kan'ehIy, neyaVyk*edIrtamesd½kicÍBIe¨kayx~gEdr sm

nwgJk´Edlfa KWesd½kicÍeTEdlnSneyaVy . KMnitTSgGs'enH KW¨Kan'EtCalTìpl«n

kar¨tiHriHBicarNas¶çces¶Ig«nmnus§m~ak'Etb"ueNöaH dUcenHBMuTan'manlkÅN:CasakleLIy.

ehtudUec~HehIy karPan'¨cLMmincºas'las'EtgmanCakarFmµta .

bMNgrbs'eyIgKW karsaklºgbMPÂWGnaKtkalnigsmºCJï:Etb"ueNöaH .

51

¨tg'bJúaB¨gIkesd½kicÍ[VneC¯nelOnenH e¨scEtsmtÄkicÍbecÍkeTs xagEp~kenH

cuH .

ù ù sUm¨beTskmõ¬Ca CamatuPUmiCaTIes~ha Kg'vg§CanicÍù ù ù k~¬gPaBfû¬Mefûég .

kMBg'cam «f©TI 20 mkra 1970

nYn eXOn

vaysaeLIgv^j nigrcnaGk§r¨kb : XunBImU"c

EksMrYlJk´VrSg nigrUbPaBEpnTIfµé : man'¨Bwk

CYyBinit´GkÅrav^ruTìExµr : cinexµA

sùrùGaù, 7emsa2008ù