Kingdom PlantaeDescended from Chlorophyta

Green AlgaePlant-like Protists

Generalized Phylogenetic Relationship:

Chlorophyta Bryophyta Seedless Vascular Plants

Gymnosperms Angiospems

NOTE:You should be acutely aware of the phylogenetic

progression from water to land in plants.Green Algae – live in freshwaterBryophyta – non-vascular plants so they are very

small in size & live in moist environments Seedless vascular plants – ferns

Still reside in moist, cooler environmentsWaxy covering protects from desiccation

Gymnosperms (naked seeds) – Confers bear cones

Angiosperms (Covered seeds) – fruits & flowers

Chlorophytes

Chlorophyta Life Cycle

Chlorophyta Life Cycle NotesNote the long time spent in the Haploid

portion of the life cycle

Mature cells are HAPLOID

Gametes develop from mature cells when conditions are less desirable

Opposite mating types pair off & cling together causing gamete fusion (syngamy)

BryophytesFirst terrestrial autotrophs

BryophytesFirst land plants – evolved from ChlorophytesConcerned with water loss since not living in

water anymore2 Adaptations to deal with water retention

Waxy cuticle coverGametes packaged in structures called gametangia Male gametangia called antheridia Female gametangia called archegonium Gametangia provide a protected structure for

fertilization and development of the zygote

Bryophytes (page 2)Nonvascular plant

The lack of vascularity & flagellated sperm = dependence on water

Bryophytes live in damp areasMosses, liverworts, and hornwortsSpend the majority of their life in the haploid

gametophyte stage

Rhizoids anchor the gametophyteLong single tubular cellsDoes not absorb water or nutrients like roots

do

Bryophyte Life Cycle

QuestionsWhat is the phylogenetic progression in

plants?

Chlorophyta is in which Kingdom?

What is the male gametangia called?

What is the female gametangia called?

Seedless Vascular PlantsKeep in Mind the transition from water to

land as we progress through the rest of the phylogenetic relationships in plants.

Xylem & Phloem – Plant vascularityXylem transports water throughout the plant

and takes minerals from the soil to the photosynthetic areas of plants

Phloem transports sugar and nutrients to the various plant structures

Vascularity developed as plants needed to be tall for photosynthesis, but also needed to uptake water & nutrients from the soil

Evolutionary Changes1. Gametophyte Sporophyte as the

dominant generation of the life cycle2. Development of branched sporophytes –

increases the number of spores produced3. The dominant generation is the sporophyte

in seedless vascular plants (Have I said this enough?)

Hetero vs. HomoMajor Seedless plants are ferns

Ferns are homosporousHomosporous means single spore production

that gives rise to bisexual gametophytesHeterosporous – 2 spore types

Some produce male gametophyte (microspores)

Some produce female gametophytes (macrospores)

Seedless Plants Life Cycle

Seed PantsGymnosperms vs AngiospermsGymnosperms

3 Major evolutionary changes in gymnosperms Further decrease in prominence of the gametophyte

generation Pollination Evolution of the seed (Duh!)

Seed Plants ContinuedSeeds

Package that contains an embryo Provides protection for the developing embryoAlso contains nutrition for the embryo

HeterosporousSperm is transported through pollenNot all have pollen, some have motile sperm

Conifers – produce reproductive structures called conesPine trees, firs, cedars, & redwoodsEvergreens & survive well in dry environments

From Ovule to seed

Gymnosperm Life Cycle

AngiospermsFruits & Flowers (there is a joke here

somewhere!)

Most numerous plant division2 Major classes- Monocots & Dicots

Monocots have 1 cotyledon (structure that nourishes the developing plant)

Dicots have 2 cotyledonsXylem adaptations

Gymnosperms = tracheid cells, but angiosperms have vessel elements (more efficient)

Flowers

Flower structuresMale

Stamen – male structure composed of anther that produces pollen

FemaleCarpel – consists of ovary, style, and stigma

Stigma is the sticky part that receives the pollen Style is the pathway to the ovary

Petals – structures that serve to attract pollinators

Angiosperm Life Cycle

Major Evolutionary trendsDominant sporophyte generation to

gametophyte generationNonvascular VascularSeedless SeedsMotile sperm pollenNaked seeds seeds in flowers

Kingdom FungiHeterotrophic & EukaryoticImportant in the ecosystem as decomposersCell walls composed of chitin

Extracellular digestion of food by hydrolytic enzymes secreted by the fungus, then the nutrients are absorbed into the fungus’s body by diffusion

Yeast, Mold, & Mushrooms

Fungal Morphology

FungiBuilt from filamentous structures called

hyphaeHyphae form meshes of branching

filamentous structures called myceliumMycelium absorbs food for the fungus Two basic types of fungi

Those with septae (divide hyphae filaments into different compartments

Those without septae (coenocytic)

Hyphal septae

Fungal life CyclePredominantly haploid

Questions1. Most fungi are autotrophic – True/False?

2. Most fungi are unicellular or multicellular?

3. What is the different about coenocytic fungi?

4. What is the cell wall component in fungi?

5. Fungus life cycle is predominantly haploid or diploid?

Fugus Amongus1. Zygomycota

-- Coencytic & land-dwelling-- Bread mold-- Reproduce sexually

2. Basidiomycota-- Club-shaped -- Decompose wood

Zygomycota

Basidiomycota-- The mushroom-like structure is the basidiocarp

-- Basidiocarp is an elaborate fruiting body used for sexual reproduction

Fungus Amongus3. Ascomycota

SaprobicPart of lichens – symbiotic association with

green algae or cyanobacteria Fungus provides protection and provides water to

the algae Algae provides the food (sugar from photosynthesis)

AscomycotaLichens

Lichen Anatomy

Molds & YeastsGeneral descriptions of fungi

MoldsAsexual & quick growingDeuteromycota – imperfect fungi

YeastsUnicellular fungiCandida – causes yeast infections in humans

Candidiasis