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SORAN UNIVERSTYSCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

Linear Heatconduction

Transort P!eno"ena La#

Prepared by: Reband Azad Raza

Dyar Abdullah

Mohammed muhsin

Supervised by: Dr.Rebwar koyi

Date 12!"2!1#

1



$

$ontentsAi" o% t!is reort&''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' (

Introduction'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''(

T!eor) &''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' *

Readin+s to #e ta,en &'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''*

Procedure&''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' -

E.ui"ent and co"onents used&''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''/

Ta#0e o% Readin+&'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Ca0cu0ation&''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2

3iscussion&'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 1$

Conc0usion&''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1*

Re%erences &'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 14

Aim o% this report:

The aim of this experiment is to measurement linear thermal along z direction conductivity andto investigate and verify Fourier’s Law for linear heat conduction along z direction.

(William,!"#$

$



(

&ntrodu'tion

The heat conduction unit consist of electrically heated module mounted on a %ench support

frame. The module contains a cylindrical metal %ar arrangement for a variety of linear

conduction experiments. Test section is e&uipped with an array of temperature sensors. 'ooling

water, to %e supplied from a standart la%oratory tap, is fed to one side of the test pieces in order

to maintain a steady gradient. The instrumentation permits accurate measurement of temperature

and power supply. Fast response temperature pro%es, with a resolution of .)', give direct

digital readout in )'. The power control circuit provides continuously varia%le electrical output

of * Watts with direct readout, 'onduction is defined as the transfer of energy from more

energetic particles to ad+acent less energetic particles as a result of interactions %etween the

particles. n solids, conduction is the com%ined result of molecular vi%rations and free electron

mo%ility. -etals typically have high free electron mo%ility, which explains why they are good

heat conductors. 'onduction can %e easily understood if we imagine two %locs, one very hot

and the other cold. f we put these %locs in contact with one another %ut insulate them from the

surroundings, thermal energy will %e transferred from the hot to the cold %loc, as evidenced %y

the increase in temperature of the cold %loc. This mode of heat transfer %etween the two solid

%locs is termed /conduction.

(heory :

f a plane wall of thicness (0x$ and area (1$ supports a temperature difference (0T$ then the

heat transfer rate per unit time (2$ %y conduction through the wall is found to %e 3

(





4

it is necessary to find the temperature distri%ution through the solid and how the distri%ution

varies with time. 8sing the e&uipment set*up descri%ed a%ove, it is a simple matter of monitoring

the temperature profile variation during either a heating or cooling cycle thus

Facilitating the study of unsteady state conduction. 9:;

Fig. 2.3: Layout for Linear Heat Conduction Test Specimen (tafan,2010)

Fig. 2.4: Module for Linear Heat Conduction Test Specimen (M. Tirumales!ar )

Te rate of linear conduction eat transfer for tis system ("i#. $.1):

%ere,

& ' Termal conductiity

4

( ) B At

t x T T L

Ak

dx

dT Ak q −=−=



-

' Cylindrical area of specimen

L ' Heat traelin# distance

T ' Temperature near eater

T* ' Temperature furter eater

Pro'edure:

• Turn on t!e 9ater su0) and ensure t!at 9ater is :o9in+ %ro" t!e %ree

end o% t!e 9ater iet o drain' T!is s!ou0d #e c!ec,ed at inter;a0s'

• Rotate t!e !eater o9er contro0 on t!e e0ectrica0 conso0e to t!e %u00)

anti<c0oc,9ise osition'

• Set t!e "ains ON=OFF s9itc! ON osition 9!en t!e di+ita0 readouts 9i00

#e i00u"inated'

• T!e te"erature 9i00 #e indicated on t!e te"erature readout

•

Set t!e !eater o9er on t!e 9att"eter

• Se0ect te"erature 1 on se0ector s9itc!

• T!e te"erature 9i00 no9 increase as t!e end o% t!e 0inear "odu0e is

!eated

• Se0ect te"erature $ on se0ector s9itc! and note t!at t!e indicated

te"erature decreases to9ards t!e 9ater<coo0ed end' Reeat unti0

nine te"eratures !a;e #een se0ected'

• Te"eratures s!ou0d #e c!ec,ed at re+u0ar inter;a0s unti0 reac!in+

stead) state'

-



$

1

(

* 4 -

/

2

1>>

14

1*

1$

1(

11

/

• Co"issionin+ is ne9 co"0ete'

+,uipment and 'omponents used:

{3}

Fi+ure 1' &0inear !eat e.ui"ent?s @en+ineerin+

too0s$>11B

(able o% Readin*:

/

No. Ite No. Item

1. Linear !eat conduction "odu0e 2' ON = OFF s9itc!

2. Co0d 9ater in0et out0et ort 1>' $$>VAC %use

3. T!er"ocou0e orts 11' Linear=Radia0 "odu0e se0ector s9itc!

4. Te"erature se0ector s9itc! 1$' Modu0e c0i

5. Te"erature "eter 1(' Radia0 !eat conduction "odu0e

6. Heater su0) 1*' T!er"ocou0es

7. Po9er "eter 14' T!er"ocou0e orts

8. Po9er contro00er



Temperature of barrel is 23.

8 T1 T$ T( T* T4 T- T/ T

(> >1>>'- 2/'2 7 2'$ '2 7 /('$

-> > 21'$ 2'- 7 -'1 4'/ 7 /*'

8 T1 T$ T( T* T4 T- T/ T

(> >

1>>'- 2/'2 2('- 2'$ '2 1'1 /('$

-> > 21'$ 2'- /'2 -'1 4'/ >'( /*'



2

$al'ulation:

No' 57 T 5T D @"B @ B @ B

@ '

B

1 <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<<<$ >'>1> (/('- $'/ $$-'/4

( >'>$> (/>'2 *'( 1*$'(

* >'>(> (--'- *'* 1(2'1*

4 >'>*> (-$'$ >'( $>*>'

- >'>4> (-1'2 /' /'*2

/ >'>-> (4*'1 /'2 //'*2 >'>/> (*-'$ <<<<<< <<<<<<<

2



1>

1>



11

11



1$

Dis'ussion:

1-

Here are t!e %actors t!at aect t!e rate o% conductionAB Te"erature dierence

B Cross<sectiona0 area

CB Len+t! @distance !eat "ust tra;e0B

3B Ti"e

2-

T!e t!er"a0 conducti;it) o% an o#ect is deendent on itsco"osition and di"ensions @cross<sectiona0 area and0en+t!B'

For t9o connected o#ects o% t!e sa"e di"ensionconnected to !ot and co0d reser;oirs t!e !i+!er t!ete"erature dro t!e 0o9er t!e t!er"a0 conducti;it)

-

In contact oint 9i00 "a,e error #ecause 9!en 9e oin t!e eace o% "ateria0 9i00 "a,e a sace t!atcause to !eat 0osses'

/-

To "easure t!e te"erature distri#ution %or stead)<stateconduction o% ener+) t!rou+! a co"osite 0ane 9a00 anddeter"ine t!e O;era00 Heat Trans%er Coecient %or t!e:o9 o% !eat t!rou+! a co"#ination o% dierent "ateria0s

1$



1(

in series

#-

) increasin+ area and JT t!er"a0 conducti;it) decrease&

ut #) increasin+ J7 t!er"a0 conducti;it) increase

"-

K!) 9e ne+0ect t!e rst rate o% te"'

ecause o% t!e distance is ero and read te"'as "inus'

0-

K!at is t!e ad;anta+e o% coo0in+9ater To "a,e t!e dierence#et9een t!e te"'

1(



1*

$on'lusion:

Fro" t!is 0a# session 9e !a;e de"onstrate !o9 t!e e.uation can #e used to

re0ate t!e te"erature dierence !eat :o9 and distance in so0id "ateria0 o%

constant cross sectiona0 area and t!er"a0 conducti;it)' Increased o% !eat :o9

roduces an increased te"erature +radient' Ke a0so can see %or one<di"ensiona0

stead)<state conduction in a 0ane 9a00 9it! no !eat +eneration t!e !eat :u is a

constant indeendent o% ' 9e !a;e 0earnt !o9 to in;esti+ate t!e t!er"a0

conducti;it) and t!er"a0 contact resistance o% dierent t)es o% "ateria0 #) usin+

%or"u0a' At t!e sa"e ti"e 9e !a;e stud) on t!e dierent "et!od o% insu0ation o%

t!e s)ste" 9it! t!at 9e ,ne9 "ateria0s t!at !a;e 0o9 t!er"a0 conducti;it) suc! as

#ric, cor, +0ass +ranite 0i"estone 9oo0 aer ru##er and sand stone' An) o%

t!ese "ateria0 is a0ied as insu0ator ut in #et9een a !i+! t!er"a0 conducti;it)

"ateria0s t!e rate o% !eat trans%er 9i00 #e 0ess do9n ' T!en %or t!e a0ication o%

t!is eeri"ent t!is concet can #e a0) in a desi+n o% a !eat sin,' A !eat sin, is

desi+ned to increase t!e sur%ace area in contact 9it! t!e coo0in+ "ediu"

surroundin+ it suc! as t!e air' Aroac! air ;e0ocit) c!oice o% "ateria0 n or ot!er

rotrusion desi+n and sur%ace treat"ent are so"e o% t!e %actors 9!ic! aect t!e

t!er"a0 er%or"ance o% a !eat sin,' Heat sin, attac!"ent "et!ods and t!er"a0

inter%ace "ateria0s a0so aect t!e e;entua0 die te"erature o% t!e inte+rated

1*

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_(integrated_circuit)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_(integrated_circuit)



14

circuit' So t!is eeri"ent is a +ood eosure to student to 0earn and ,no9 t!e

concet o% !eat trans%er in conducti;it) "ec!anis" "ore #etter' As conc0usion 9e

can see t!at t!e o#ecti;es o% t!e eeri"ent !a;e ac!ie;ed and #een co"0eted '

@)ounis'A$>>1B

Re%eren'es :

Website

+1 ttp:--en.!i&ipedia.or#-!i&i-Heattransfer

+2 ttp:--!!!.taftan.com-termodynamics-"/3.HTM

+$ ttp:--en.!i&ipedia.or#-!i&i-Heatsin&4Heattransferprinciple

+5 ttp:--!!!.en#ineerin#tool6o7.com-conductie'eat'transfer'd528.tml

Books

14

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer

http://www.taftan.com/thermodynamics/FOURIER.HTM

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_sink#Heat_transfer_principle

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/conductive-heat-transfer-d_428.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer

http://www.taftan.com/thermodynamics/FOURIER.HTM

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_sink#Heat_transfer_principle

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/conductive-heat-transfer-d_428.html



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