LA POESÍA ESPAÑOLA A PARTIR DE 1940

7/21/2019 LA POESÍA ESPAÑOLA A PARTIR DE 1940

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-BI[FÔ[VÔ F]UOßHBO - Olo Uugobtf Mojus

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BO UHF]ÊO F]UOßHBO O UO^[I^ KF ?9;5

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>. BH] OßH] ;5 Y UÎLMIUIH] KF BH] 65. BO CFLFÔMIÝL KFB =4.CO^MIBO]I]JH.FQI][FLMIOBI]JH. H[Ô] [FLKFLMIO]

=. BH] OßH] 65. BO UHF]ÊO ]HMIOB

;. BH] OßH] 45. KF BO UHF]ÊO ]HMIOB O VLO LVFTO UHÉ[IMO

6. BH] OßH] 35. BO UHF]ÊO FQUFÎJFL[OB Y BH] ‒LHTÊ]IJH]‚.

4. ×B[IJO UHF]ÊO7 UHF]ÊO KF BO FQUFÎFLMIO Y H[Ô] [FLKFLMIO]

NINBIHCÔDÊO

Fb prfsfltf ortêmubh prftflkf hdrfmfr ul polhrojo kf tflkflmios, outhrfs yhnros kf phfsêo fspoÿhbo kfskf bo phscufrro aosto lufstrhs kêos, torfomhjpbfgo phr bos kidimubtokfs quf fltroÿol bo kivisiýl cflfromihlob, fb fxibih kf

jumahs mrfokhrfs y bo dobto kf pfrspfmtivo poro vobhror bos jolidfstomihlfsjïs rfmifltfs.

Ob fstonbfmfr bos cflfromihlfs kf mrfokhrfs, fs lfmfsorih kistilcuir fltrf bophfsêo kfb fxibih y bo punbimoko fl Fspoÿo (fsto ÷btijo, fl bhs prijfrhskfmflihs, obfgoko phr bh cflfrob kf bos mhrrifltfs fxtrolgfros). Fb prijfrpfrêhkh vo kfskf fb dil kf bo cufrro aosto bhs prijfrhs oÿhs 65 khlkf sf sit÷obo Cflfromiýl kfb =4 poro bo joyhrêo kf bo mrêtimo-‒cflfromiýl fsmilkiko‚(Cubbýl) h ‒kfstruiko‚ (Kêoz-Ubogo)-0 fb sfculkh pfrêhkh onormo kfskf jfkiokhskf bo kémoko kf bhs 65, mhl bo kflhjiloko ‒Uhfsêo ]hmiob‚0 ul tfrmfrh, fl bhs

oÿhs 45, ulo lufvo phétimo jormoko phr fb ochtojiflth prhcrfsivh kf bophfsêo oltfrihr0 fl bhs oÿhs 35, bo phfsêo fxpfrijfltob y bhs ‒lhvêsijhs‚. Flfb ÷btijh muorth kf sicbh QQ mhlvivfl kivfrsos tflkflmios fstétimos mhl mifrthprfkhjilih kfb surrfobisjh, fb iltijisjh y bo rfaujolizomiýl0 o jfkiokhskf bhs oÿhs 15 kfstomorï bo fstétimo rfobisto h kf bo fxpfriflmio, flkftrijflth kf htros0 y kfskf mhjiflzhs kf bhs 95 sf opulto ulo rfmupfromiýlkf bo irromihlobikok kf fltrfcufrros y kf obculhs fstibfjos volcuorkistos.




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?. OL[FMFKFL[F]7 UHF]ÊO KF U^FCVF^Ô Y KF BO CVF^Ô MITIB

O portir kf ?9>3 lufstro phfsêo aonêo ilimiokh ul prhmfsh kf rfaujolizomiýlquf sf iltflsidimorêo mhl bos krojïtimos mirmulstolmios kf bhs oÿhs =5. Bhsphftos, y bos jisjos volcuorkios, sf flmojilorhl aomio fb mhjprhjish mhl bo

rfobikok aujolo fxistflmiob f aistýrimo. Fl fstf prhmfsh iltfrvilh fb]urrfobisjh, quf fxprfsono bo mhlmiflmio kf ilkfdflsiýl fl quf fb ahjnrf sfflmhltrono. O tob fdfmth dufrhl mrumiobfs binrhs mhjh Fspokos mhjh bonihs (?9=>), h Uosiýl kf bo tifrro y Bo kfstrummiýl h fb ojhr (?9=6), kf Timfltf Obfixolkrf0 h Vl rêh, ul ojhr , h Bhs pbomfrfs prhainikhs (fsmriths fltrf ?9>9 y?9=?), kf Buis Mfrluko. Bo rfaujolizomiýl sf aomêo tojniél o trovés kf borfmupfromiýl kf bhs mbïsimhs, mhl Cormibosh o bo monfzo, mhjh jofstrhs kf bofxprfsiýl vitob. Htrh kf bhs aiths fl fb prhmfsh kf rfaujolizomiýl kfprfcufrro bh mhlstituyfl bos hnros kf phfsêo mhjprhjftiko, shmiob h

rfvhbumihlorio7 Vl doltosjo rfmhrrf Furhpo (?9==) y bo rfvisto ‒Hmtunrf‚ kfôdofb Obnfrti0 Olkolkh, olkolkh phr fb julkh (?9=5-?9=6), Lh phkréis (?9=5-?9=>), Fb mobflkorih ilmhjpbfth kfb pol y kfb pfsmokh (?9==-?9=;),Bbolth fl bo solcrf. ^hjolmfs (?9==-?9=4) kf Fjibih Urokhs0 Jilfrh kffstrfbbos (?9==) kf Ghsé Jorêo Jhrýl. Fb kfsfh kf fstonbfmfr mhltomth fltrfviko y phfsêo ko ul posh jïs mhl fb phfto maibflh Uonbh Lfruko y sukirfmmiýl kf ‒Monobbh vfrkf poro bo phfsêo‚ (?9=6), quf rfmbojono bo otflmiýlkf bhs phftos shnrf bos mhsos, phfsêo quf aufbo o hrilo y ozumflo.

Bo phfsêo mhjprhjftiko kf kfrfmaos mhrrfsphlkf o ôjýl kf Nostfrro

(Tirubh. Jhmfkokfs, ?9>3) h Ghsé Jorêo Ufjïl (Fbfcêo kf bo trokimiýl kfFspoÿo, ?9=>).

Jicufb Afrlïlkfz (?9?5-?9;>), dfrvifltf lfrukiolh, orrolmo kf bh loturobiljfkioth, quf lh onolkhlorï lulmo, y vo iltfcrïlkhbh kf jolfro prhcrfsivofl mhldicuromihlfs mubtos. Fltrf ?9=; y ?9=6 fsmrinf Fb royh quf lh mfso khlkf sf hnsfrvo bo mhlmiflmio kf quf bo viko fstï trïcimojfltf ojflozokofl su kijflsiýl shmiob. Fb ojhr oporfmf mhjh ul olafbh vitobisto quf sffstrfbbo mhltro bhs hnstïmubhs kf ulo jhrob mhlvflmihlob y bos mhlmrftosmoromtfrêstimos aistýrimos kf bo Fspoÿo kf su éphmo. Bo crol mhjphsimiýl kfb

binrh fs bo ‒Fbfcêo o ôjýl ]igé‚, muyhs tfrmfths flmokflokhs mhjphlfl ulokf bos jïs ijprfsihloltfs fbfcêos kf bo bêrimo fspoÿhbo y, omosh, fb jïs obthphfjo kf bo ojistok quf sf ao fsmrith.

Fl ?9=4 Guol Cib Obnfrt (?95;-?99;) mhldicuro fl bo rfvisto ‒Lufvo mubturo‚

thko ulo tfhrêo kfb mhjprhjish kfb phfto mhl bo rfobikok shmiob rfvhbumihloriopfrh kfskf fb mojph kf bo sflsinibikok mrfokhro, phr fsh prfdifrf fbsurrfobisjh ob rfobisjh fl Molkfltf ahrrhr (?9=4).

Kuroltf bo Cufrro Mivib surcf ul thrrfltf kf phfsêo fl dhrjo kf dhbbfths y

pbifchs phétimhs sufbths, khlkf sf ulfl vhmfs mhlsocrokos o bos kf shbkokhs




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mosi olobdonfths. Bhs iltfbfmtuobfs rfpunbimolhs mhltrhbol bo joyhrêo kf bospunbimomihlfs mubtos (‒Ahro kf Fspoÿo‚, ‒Muokfrlhs kf Jokrik‚, ‒Fb Jhlh Ozub‚). Fb rhjolmf duf fb jftrh dovhrith kf bhs phfjos nébimhs, gulth mhl fbshlfth, pufs bo fstrumturo kf ojnhs domibito bo hrcolizomiýl fxphsitivo kf bofxpfriflmio. Fl ?9=4 bo ‒Obiolzo kf Iltfbfmtuobfs Oltidosmistos poro kfdflso kfbo mubturo‚ mrfo Fb Jhlh Ozub mhjh ýrcolh sfjolob kf mhjprhjish y mhltomthmhl bhs mhjnotifltfs kf bo mouso phpubor. Fl fsf jisjh oÿh JolufbObthbocuirrf rf÷lf ul ^hjolmfrh kf bo cufrro mivib mhl phfjos kf Obnfrti,Obfixolkrf, Obthbocuirrf, Nfrcojêl, Afrrfro Uftfrf, Jicufb Afrlïlkfz,Fjibih Urokhs, ôdofb Kifstf, Ufkrh Cordios y ]frrolh Ubogo. Htro ojpbiojufstro kf bo prhkummiýl rfpunbimolo bh mhlstituyf fb ^hjolmfrh cflfrob kf bocufrro kf Fspoÿo, rfmhcikh fl ?9=3 phr Fjibih Urokhs y Olthlih ^hkrêcufzJhÿilh. Fl fb nolkh lomihlob flmhltrojhs bo rfmhpibomiýl kf Ghrcf Tibbél, Olthbhcêo kfb obzojiflth (?9=9), jïs obfgoko kfb mhjprhjish kirfmth, mhl

phfjos kf Jolufb Jomaokh, Ghsé Jorêo Ufjïl, Fkuorkh Jorquilo,Ocustêl kf Dhxï y Fucflih k’Hrs.

Fl ojnhs nolkhs sf trotol, kfskf pfrspfmtivos kidfrfltfs, fb obzojiflth mhjhtroimiýl-mruzoko, bo shbikorikok mhl fb pufnbh y bo tifrro mhlmrfto, borfmhlstrummiýl fspirituob, bo bitfroturo mhlvfrtiko fl orjo kf mhjnotf.

Fl bo Fspoÿo bfob, ôdofb Obnfrti sf mhlvifrtf fl prhthtiph kf fsmrithrmhjprhjftikh y omtivisto (Mopitob kf cbhrio, ?9=4-?9=10 Lufstro kiorio pobonro,?9=4). Ufkrh Cordios, omtivh prhtochlisto kf bo volcuorkio bitfrorio fltrf ?9?1

y ?9>=, fsmrinf, kfskf su ikfhbhcêo mhjulisto, Uhfsêos kf cufrro (?9=1,Urfjih Lomihlob kf Uhfsêo), binrh kikïmtimh y kiricisto. ]iftf rhjolmfs kfcufrro (?9=3) y ul phfjo-ahjflogf o bos Nricokos Iltfrlomihlobfs, ‒Fb bourfb ybos tujnos‚, shl bo ÷limo mhltrinumiýl mhl vhbultok kf rfobisjh kf Guol Cib-Obnfrt. Jicufb Afrlïlkfz, ilimio ulo ftopo kf phfsêo mhjprhjftiko (‒Bhs phftos shjhs viflth kfb pufnbh7 lomfjhs poro posor shpbolkh o trovés kf sus phrhs y mhlkumir sus hghs y sus sfltijiflths aomio bos mujnrfs jïsafrjhsos‚) mhl Tiflths kfb pufnbh (?9=3) y Fb shbkokh omfmao (?9=3-?9=9).Fjibih Urokhs colo fb Urfjih Lomihlob kf Bitfroturo mhl Kfstilh difb (?9=3).

Vlh kf bhs binrhs kf joyhr mobikok phétimo kf bo mhltiflko fs Fb ahjnrf y fbtronogh (?9=1), kf Orturh ]frrolh Ubogo. Kf Bfýl Dfbipf kfstomo Bo ilsiclio (?9=4). Mésor Ormhloko, kfskf bo volcuorkio ubtroêsto y mrfomihlisto (Vrnf,?9>1), sf mhlvifrtf ob mhjprhjish shmiob (Tivijhs ulo lhmaf hsmuro, ?9=4) ydrfmuflto fb rhjolmf (^hjolmfs kf cufrro, ?9=3). Outhrfs mhjh Uosmuob Uboy Nfbtrïl sicufl bo bêlfo kf ‒gucborfs kf cufrro‚. Olthlih Jomaokh, mhl suophrtomiýl Fb mrijfl duf fl Croloko, phfjo kf rfmufrkh o Bhrmo0 JolufbObthbocuirrf (Lunf tfjphrob , ?9=9)0 Buis Mfrluko (Bos lunfs, ?9=4-?9=1)0ôjýl kf Cormioshb ( Obno kf ]olcrf, ?9=3)0 Ghsé Afrrfro Uftfrf (Uufltfskf solcrf y ^hjolmfs. Cufrro vivo, ?9=1). Uunbimol fl Fspoÿo bhs

aispolhojfrimolhs Limhbïs Cuibbél (Fspoÿo, phfjo fl muotrh olcustios y




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ulo fspfrolzo, ?9=3)0 Hmtovih Uoz (Nogh tu mboro shjnro y htrhs phfjos shnrf Fspoÿo, ?9=3)0 Mésor Tobbfgh (Fspoÿo, oporto kf jê fstf mïbiz , ?9=3)0Uonbh Lfruko (Fspoÿo fl fb mhrozýl, ?9=4-?9=3).

Fl fb nolkh lomihlob, bo ulidhrjikok tfjïtimo f ikfhbýcimo fs joyhr. Bo phétimo

dobolcisto fldotizo bo kijflsiýl rftýrimo kf bo pobonro y bo mhlvflmihlobtrolsdicuromiýl kfb mhlmfpth kf ommiýl phbêtimo fl ul omth fstétimh. ^fvistosdobolcistos shl ‒Gfrorquêo‚ y ‒Tértimf‚. Jolufb Jomaokh kfkimo o DrolmhAhros kf hrh. Kfvhmihlorih phétimh (?9=1). Fl Bhs trfs binrhs kf Fspoÿo7Fspoÿo fl hmosh, Fspoÿo jibitoltf y Fspoÿo fl Obnos (?9=6-?9=4), FkuorkhJorquilo sf kfmboro lh ul rfvhbumihlorih, silh ul trokimihlobisto lhstïbcimh.Ghsé Jorêo Ufjïl prftflkf ulo fquikistolmio kfb jhkfrlisjh supfrdimiob ykfb prhsoêsjh (Uhfjo kf bo Nfstio y fb Ïlcfb , ?9=1).). Buis ^hsobfs fsmrinfBo vhz kf bhs jufrths (?9=3), quf rfsphlkêo o ul prhyfmth kfb prhpih Bhrmo kf

aomfr ulo mhjphsimiýl shnrf bhs jufrths kf ojnhs nolkhs. Uhfsêo fl orjos (?9;5), kf Kihlisih îkrufgh, prfsflto bo cufrro mhjh obch ilfvitonbf obsfrvimih kf ulo lhnbf mouso. Fs ulo cbhridimomiýl kf bhs gfdfs, fxobtomiýl kfjufrtf y rfvfstijiflth rfbicihsh kf bo fjprfso. [ojniél kfltrh kfb ïjnith kfcufrro punbimo Ocustêl kf Dhxï Molths kf cufrro (?9;5).

Fl muolth o bo ‒phfsêo kfb fxibih‚, hmupo ul bucor prffjilfltf fb tfjo kf bopotrio pfrkiko. Ob prilmipih, sf fvhmo bo bumao, bos ibusihlfs, bo kfrrhto0 khjiloul thlh ojorch, gulth o ijprfmomihlfs mhltro bhs vflmfkhrfs. Bufch, tobfsroschs mfkfl posh o bo lhstobcio, o bhs rfmufrkhs, o bo fvhmomiýl kf bos bfgolos

tifrros fspoÿhbos, ob olsio kf vhbvfr. Y gulth o fbbh, sf ilmrfjfltorï fb mubtivhkf htrhs tfjos, yo sfol ftfrlos prfhmupomihlfs aujolos, yo bos rfobikokfskf bos tifrros quf bhs omhcifrhl. Fl bh rfdfrfltf ob fstibh, bo kispfrsiýl kf susvikos phr Furhpo y Ojérimo aomf quf rfminol ildbughs juy kivfrshs y quf sicolmojilhs juy voriokhs, bh muob lh aomf phsinbf sfÿobor odilikokfs sudimifltfsfltrf bhs phftos. Bo prijfro mhjpibomiýl kf bo phfsêo fl fb fxibih fstuvh omorch kf Drolmismh Cilfr kf bhs ^êhs (Bos mifl jfghrfs phfsêos kfb kfstifrrh,Jégimh, ?9;6) y fl fbbo dicuronol Flriquf Kêfz Molfkh, Guol ôjýlGijélfz, Bfýl Dfbipf, Ghsé Jhrflh Tibbo, Ghrcf Cuibbél, Ufkrh ]obilos,

Guol Ghsé Khjflmailo, Fjibih Urokhs, Mhlmao Jélkfz, Ufkrh Cordios,ôdofb Obnfrti, Guol Cib-Obnfrt, Jolufb Obthbocuirrf, Buis Mfrluko,Frlfstilo kf Maojphurmêl y Guol ^fgolh.

Fl bo mïrmfb Jicufb Afrlïlkfz obmolzorï ulo lufvo mijo phétimo mhl suMolmihlfrh y rhjolmfrh kf ousflmios (?9=1-?9;?), fl khlkf lh onkimo kf susprfhmupomihlfs shmiobfs pfrh sf binfro kfb mhjprhjish prhpocolkêstimh.^fdbfxihlo shnrf fb ahjnrf flmormfbokh y bo binfrtok y fb ojhr ob aigh y fsphsoousfltfs.




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>. BH] OßH] ;5 Y UÎLMIUIH] KF BH] 65. BO CFLFÔMIÝL KFB =4.CO^MIBO]I]JH.FQI][FLMIOBI]JH. H[Ô] [FLKFLMIO]

Fl fsto lufvo kémoko lhs flmhltrojhs o phftos jïs h jflhs mhftïlfhs kfJicufb Afrlïlkfz. Lomikhs fl thrlh o ?9?5, sf bfs sufbf ocrupor nogh fb r÷tubh

kf Cflfromiýl kfb =4 . ]f ao aonbokh tojniél kf ulo ‒cflfromiýl fsmilkiko‚0obculhs kf fbbhs mhltiluorhl su hnro fl fb fxibih. Bhs quf sicufl fl Fspoÿo sfhrifltol phr kivfrshs mojilhs quf Kïjosh Obhlsh rfkugh o khs7 ulo phfsêoorroicoko y ulo phfsêo kfsorroicoko. Ufrh aoy jïs tflkflmios.

Kïjosh Obhlsh kflhjilý phfsêo orroicoko o bo phfsêo kf oqufbbhs outhrfsquf fxprfsol ‒mhl ulo bujilhso y rfcboko mrfflmio fl bo hrcolizomiýl kf borfobikok ‚. Fl su mfltrh aobborêojhs o ul cruph kf phftos quf sf outhkflhjilo guvfltuk mrfokhro y quf sf ocrupol fl thrlh o bo rfvisto ‒Cormibosh‚, dulkokofl ?9;=0 kf oaê quf sf bfs bbojoro tojniél bhs cormibosistos. Tufbvfl sus hghs,fl fdfmth, aomio Cormibosh (muyh mfltflorih fl ?9=4 aonêo qufkokh trulmokhphr bo cufrro) y aomio htrhs ‒phftos kfb Ijpfrih‚. Aol sobikh kf bo mhltiflko mhlul odïl hptijisto kf mborikok, kf pfrdfmmiýl, kf hrkfl. Fl puros dhrjosmbïsimos, flmifrrol ulo visiýl kfb julkh mhafrfltf, hrkfloko y sfrflo (aostobos tristfzos sf fxprfsol mhl sfrflikok y bijpikfz). Vlh kf bhs tfjoskhjiloltfs fs ul dirjf sfltijiflth rfbicihsh, gulth mhl tfjos trokimihlobfs (fbojhr, fb poisogf, bos mhsos nfbbos…). O tobfs moromtfrêstimos rfsphlkf bo phfsêoquf mhjphlfl, phr oqufbbhs oÿhs, Buis ^hsobfs, Bfhphbkh Uolfrh, DfbipfTivolmh, Kihlisih îkrufgh, Ghsé Cormêo Lifth, ôdofb Jhrobfs, Ghsé Buis

Molh, ftm.

Bo phfsêo kf Buis Dfbipf Tivolmh (?953-?936) tiflf mhjh fgfs fb ojhr y borfbiciýl. ]u bflcuogf phétimh fs oustfrh, sflmibbh y fltroÿonbf y bo sijnihsisfltrf fb phfto y bo loturobfzo fs pfrdfmto. Hnros suyos shl Molths kf prijovfro (?9=4), [ifjph kf khbhr (?9=;-?9=3), Mhltiluomiýl kf bo viko (?9;9), ftm.

Buis ^hsobfs (?9?5-?99>) sf kih o mhlhmfr fl ?9=6 mhl Onrib, jhkfbh poro bhs gývflfs mbosimistos, binrh quf sf ao motobhcokh mhjh ojhrhsh pfrh quf vo

jumah jïs obbï, mhl ulo fxpfmtomiýl mosi rfbicihso oltf bo loturobfzo y bo viko. O trovés fb iltijisjh nusmo bo kijflsiýl jïs prhdulko kf bos mhsos. Fs ulophfsêo sflshriob bbflo kf silfstfsios. Fl ?9;9 fvhbumihlorï aomio ulorfsicloko omfptomiýl kf bo rfobikok fl Bo moso flmflkiko, mhlgulth kf borchsphfjos fl vfrsêmubhs y kf bflcuogf pfrshlobêsijh, rfmhlhmikh mhjh ulo kfbos hnros jïs ijphrtoltfs kfb birisjh fspoÿhb mhltfjphrïlfh.

Kfspués kf ulhs ilimihs mrfomihlistos y surrfobistos, Bfhphbkh Uolfrh (?959-?94>) fvhbumihlo aomio bo phfsêo orroicoko7 o sus tifrros, o su dojibio, o Kihs.]u hnro sf moromtfrizo phr su tfrluro y sflmibbfz, tolth fl vfrsh mbïsimh mhjh




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fl vfrsh binrf. ]us binrhs jïs ijphrtoltfs shl Bo fstolmio vomêo (?9;6) yFsmrith o moko ilstoltf (?9;9).

Kihlisih îkrufgh (?9?>-?936) mubtivo fb fstrhdisjh mbïsimh y uso ulo bflcuopuro y mboro7 phsff ulo crol sfrflikok dhrjob prhpio kf bo fstétimo cormibosisto

y fs ul jofstrh fl bo dhrjo kfb shlfth, poro fb muob phsfêo ulo crol domibikok.]us mhjiflzhs phétimhs (Uburob, ?9=60 Urijfr binrh kf ojhr , ?9=9, ]hlfths o bo pifkro, ?9;=, ftm.) kfnfl obch ob jhkfbh jomaokiolh0 sus tfjos prfdfrfltfsshl fb ojhrhsh, bo loturobfzo, bhs sfltijiflths rfbicihshs y potriýtimhs h fb ortfy bo bitfroturo. Fl sus ÷btijhs oÿhs thjo fb rujnh êltijh kf bhs rfmufrkhs.

Fb olkobuz Ghsé Buis Molh (?9?>-?999), shl sus ]hlfths kf bo noaêo (?9;5-?9;>) viflf siflkh mhlsikfrokh mhjh ulo kf bos jufstros jïs mboros kfblfhmbosimisjh cormibosisto. Mhl ulhs vfrshs bbflhs kf mhllhtomihlfsmrhjïtimos, iltflto ijprfclor lufstrhs sfltikhs mhl bo visiýl kf su poisogflotob. Aoy ilkimihs kf lfhnorrhquisjh y lfhrrhjoltimisjh fl Thz kf jufrtf (?9;6) y Bos obos pfrsfcuikos (?9;5-?9;6) phr sus mborhsmurhs y oltêtfsis.

Ghsé Cormêo Lifth (?9?;->55?) fl Têspfro aomio ti (?9;5) okhpto ulo omtitukkf mïltimh phsitivh. Fs ulo mhbfmmiýl kf shlfths y kémijos kf ojhr‒mhrtfsolh‚, quf vf o bo ojoko kfdflkiko phr obths jurhs. Uhfsêo (?9;5-?9;=)fs ulo hnro jismfbïlfo fjpfÿoko fl rfvfbor bos roêmfs kfb prhpih omth mrfokhrfl bo quf sf kfdilf mhjh phfto mhlkimihlokh phr fb ijpubsh kf bh aujolh. Fb^ftonbh kfb ïlcfb, fb ahjnrf y bo posthro (?9;;) fs ul outh sijnýbimh fl vfrsh

quf troto fb tfjo kfb ojhr mhjh posiýl quf mifco, quf joto y quf, sunbijokh,sobvo.

ôdofb Jhrobfs (?9?9->556), outhr kf Uhfjos kfb thrh, rfmaozo fbflmosibbojiflth fl fb lfhmbosimisjh y rfmbojo poro sê fb rfthrlh o bh aujolh.Bhs prilmipihs rfmthrfs kf su phétimo shl bo n÷squfko kf bo nfbbfzo fxprfsivo,bo otrommiýl kf bo rfobikok kfb julkh y fb ojhr. Fs ul iltflth rfaujolizokhrkf bo bêrimo sil jflhsmonh kf bo nfbbfzo. Fb thrh oporfmf trotokh mhjh dufrzofbfjfltob y hsmuro kf bo loturobfzo, mhjh ijpubsh mýsjimh ilquiftoltf filfxpbimonbf, ilstilth mifch f irromihlob. Fl Fb mhrozýl y bo tifrro (?9;?-?9;6), kf

thlh krojïtimh, bos trfs crolkfs bêlfos ikfhbýcimos shl fb khbhr, fb ojhr y bojufrtf.

O bo oltfrihr hphlkrêo Kïjosh Obhlsh bo phfsêo kfsorroicoko, fl bo quf sfilmbuyf7 ‒Uoro htrhs, fb julkh lhs fs ul mohs y ulo olcustio, y bo phfsêo ulodrflétimo n÷squfko kf hrkflomiýl y kf olmbo. ]ê, htrhs fstojhs juy bfghs kfthko orjhlêo y kf thko sfrflikok‚. O fsto kfsozýl krojïtimo rfsphlkiý subinrh Aighs kf bo iro (?9;;), quf prfsikf thko ulo vfto kf bo mrfomiýl phétimo kfoqufb jhjflth. [ojniél fl fstf mosh aoy ulo rfvisto quf omhcf o bhs phftoskf fsto tflkflmio7 ‒Fspokoÿo‚, dulkoko prfmisojfltf fl ?9;;, fl Bfýl, phr

Timthriolh Mréjfr y Fucflih kf Lhro. ]f troto kf ulo phfsêo orrfnotoko, kf




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ocrih thlh trïcimh (quf o vfmfs duf mobidimoko kf ‒trfjflkisto‚, mhjh mifrtolhvfbo kf bo éphmo)0 ulo phfsêo kfsozhloko quf sf fldrflto mhl ul julkhkfsafmah y moýtimh, ilvokikh phr fb sudrijiflth y bo olcustio. Bo rfbicihsikoktojniél fstïl juy prfsfltf fl bhs phftos ‒kfsorroicokhs‚, pfrh okhpto flfbbhs fb thlh kf bo kfsfspfrolzo, kf bo kuko, o vfmfs0 h jolidifsto flkfsojporokos ilvhmomihlfs f ijprfmomihlfs o Kihs shnrf fb jistfrih kfb khbhraujolh. Fstf aujolisjh krojïtimh, kfscorrokh, tiflf ul fvikfltf fltrhlqufmhl bo bêlfo fxistflmiobisto. [obfs shl bhs pfrdibfs quf okhpto, fl fstf jhjflth,bo prfhmupomiýl phr fb ahjnrf (oltfs kf quf kfsfjnhquf mborojfltf fl ulo‒phfsêo shmiob‚). O fsto phfsêo mhrrfsphlkf tojniél ul fstibh juy kistilth obkf, phr fgfjpbh, bhs ‒cormibosistos‚7 ul fstibh nrhlmh, kirfmth, jïs sflmibbh yjflhs prfhmupokh phr bhs prijhrfs fstétimhs. Fl fsto bêlfo sf ilmbuyfl, oportfkf bhs phftos mitokhs, htrhs mhjh Ïlcfbo Dicufro, Ghsé Buis Aikobch (jufrthjuy ghvfl), Morbhs Nhushÿh, Timfltf Cohs, Bfhphbkh kf Buis, Morjfl

Mhlkf, ftm.0 pfrh kfstomol fspfmiobjfltf bhs khs prijfrhs binrhs kf ConrifbMfboyo y Nbos kf Htfrh. Fstf ÷btijh rfsujêo phr flthlmfs fb sfltir kf oqufbbhsphftos fl fsths vfrshs7 ‒Vl julkh mhjh ul ïrnhb kfscogokh. / Vlocflfromiýl kfsorroicoko. / Vlhs ahjnrfs sil jïs kfstilh quf / opultobor bosruilos…‚.

Mhl Aighs kf bo iro (?9;;) kf Kïjosh Obhlsh (?191-?995) qufko iloucurokoulo bêlfo rfaujolizokhro iltflsojfltf dicurotivo y jormokojfltffxprfsihlisto, quf kfspués sf irï kfpurolkh. [ojniél kf ?9;; fs su htrh binrhHsmuro lhtimio, khlkf tojniél aoy trfs l÷mbfhs fstrfmaojfltf rfbomihlokhs7 bohnsfsiýl kf bo jufrtf, quf olukoko o bo viko, ijpikf bo rfobizomiýl kfdilitivokf bo pfrdfmmiýl mrfokhro0 bo olcustio kf lh sonfr y lh tflfr rfspufsto0 y bokhbhrhso mhlmiflmio kf bo ojflozo kf Kihs. Fb ahjnrf-phfto, kfsvfbokh, fljfkih kf bo miukok-mfjfltfrih, fl bo lhmaf, cijf ilshjlf f iltfrrhco o Kihsshnrf bo fstérib ilgustimio kfb julkh y bo thtob kfsibusiýl kf sfr ahjnrf. Bo ÷limovêo kf sobvomiýl fs fb ojhr, kf bo jokrf y kf bo jugfr ojoko. Aoy ul kfsfh kfoportojiflth kf bo phfsêo cormibosisto, mhl fb mubtivh kfb vfrsh binrf0 kf bophfsêo puro, qufriflkh okjitir thkos bos ijpurfzos0 kfb surrfobisjh, mhl ulofxprfsiýl nosoko fl bo romihlobikok iltfrihr y fxtfrihrjfltf mhafsivo.

Ïlcfbo Dicufro (?95>-?91;) fvhbumihlo kfskf ulo prijfro phfsêo sijnhbistomhl ildbughs kf Olthlih Jomaokh y Guol ôjýl Gijélfz (Jugfr kf norrh, ?9;10]hrio puro, ?9;9) o ulo ”sfc÷l fbbo- ‒ftopo prfhmupoko‚, kf dufrtf morïmtfrfxistflmiobisto, fl hnros mhjh Tflmiko phr fb ïlcfb (?96?), Fb crith il÷tib (?96>)h Bhs kêos kurhs (?96=) fl bos quf mhlfmto mhl bhs crolkfs prhnbfjos kf boshmifkok mhltfjphrïlfo7 fb onsurkh kf bo fxistflmio, bo dobto kf binfrtok, bojisfrio, bo cufrro.

[hko bo hnro kf Timthriolh Mréjfr (?954->559) kfstomo phr su mhjprhjish

mhl bh aujolh. Bhs l÷mbfhs kf su phfsêo shl bo miukok mhjh fspomihsijnýbimh kf bo iltrico y fb hkih, y bo lhmaf y bo shjnro mhjh fxprfsiýl kfb




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mhldbimth iltfrihr. ]u trfjflkisjh dhrjob sf noso fl bo sfbfmmiýl kf ul béximhkilïjimh, iltflsidimokhr y kf crol postimikok. ]us hnros shl [omth shlhrh (?9;;), Mojilor kf ji solcrf (?9;3), Bos ahros pfrkikos (?9;9), Bo fspoko ybo porfk (?9;9) y Lufvhs molths kf viko y fspfrolzo (?96>).

Morjfl Mhlkf (?953-?994) fvhbumihlo kfskf ul ilkivikuobisjh oposihlokhkf mhrtf rhjïltimh aomio bo mhlmiflmio kf shbikorikok. ]u kismursh sf ophyo flulo nosf kf df y bo olcustio viflf phrquf Kihs lh prhphrmihlo bos mbovfs kf bofxistflmio. Fs outhro kf Ahlko jfjhrio kf jê (?9;;), ]fo bo buz (?9;3), Ji dilfl fb viflth (?9;3) y Jugfr sil Fkél (?9;3).

Nbos kf Htfrh (?9?4-?939) fl fsto éphmo aomf ulo phfsêo bbflo kfprfhmupomiýl fxistflmiob y rfbicihso. Mïltimh fspirituob (?9;>) fs ul ahjflogf o]ol Guol kf bo Mruz shnrf bo jisfrio aujolo, khlkf hphlf o bo kfcrokoltfviko hrkilorio bo viko supfrihr o bo quf ospiro. ]u mrisis kf df rfbicihso y bomhlmiflmio kf bo prfmorifkok fxistflmiob bf bbfvol o Ïlcfb difrojfltf aujolh (?965), têtubh thjokh kf Cýlchro, y o ^fkhnbf kf mhlmiflmio (?96?). Fskfstomonbf su porfltfsmh fspirituob mhl Vlojulh. Fb béximh fxprfso fbkfsorroich oltf fb onisjh kfb posokh y fb duturh kf jufrtf. Urfkhjilol bosvivflmios kf bo jolh hprfshro kf Kihs y bo prhtfsto phr su hnstilokh sibflmih.

Bfhphbkh kf Buis (?9?1->556) fjpfzý fsmriniflkh ulo phfsêo kf bo mhlkimiýlaujolo, kf dufrtf mhltflikh fxistflmiobisto y shmiob ( Obno kfb aigh, ?9;40Auéspfk kf ul tifjph shjnrêh, ?9;10 Bhs ijphsinbfs pïgorhs, ?9;90 Bhs

ahrizhltfs, ?96?, ftm.)0 o bh borch kf su hnro sf duf odirjolkh ulo ocukomhlmiflmio kfb tifjph y bo jufrtf y ulo phsimiýl fsflmiobjfltf aujolisto.

Bhs fgfs kf bo phétimo kf Timfltf Cohs (?9?9-?915) shl bo ospiromiýl o bosfrflikok kfskf bo tflsiýl y bo olcustio, y bo dulmiýl kfb pflsojiflth mhjhrfobizomiýl sobvokhro. Ormïlcfb kf ji lhmaf7 shlfths oposihlokhs (?9;;) sfflmouzo aomio bo sfrflikok. Bo bitfroturo mhnro bo dulmiýl trosmflkfltfbinfrokhro kfb phfto, mopoz kf aobbor bo mbovf kfb jistfrih y su prhpih y gusthbucor fl bo orjhlêo ulivfrsob. ]hnrf bo tifrro (?9;6) ilsistf fl fb bojflth ykflulmio kf bo fxistflmio aujolo, flcoÿoko phr bhs oisbokhs jhjflths kf

dfbimikok h bhs drocjflths kf nfbbfzo.

Ghsé Buis Aikobch (?9?9-?9;3) fvhbumihlorï bufch kf su tfjprolh mhltomthmhl fb mrfomihlisjh y fb surrfobisjh aomio bo phfsêo kfsorroicoko fl hnrosmhjh Bhs jufrths (?9;3) khlkf prfsfltorï fb Vlivfrsh mhjh ul crolmfjfltfrih, bo rfdbfxiýl shnrf fb kfstilh kf bhs aujolhs y bo rfsiclomiýl.

Fucflih kf Lhro (l.?9>=) sf ilimio mhl Ojhr prhjftikh (?9=9-?9;?) y Molthskfb kfstilh (?9;6), juy kistilths dhrjobjfltf pfrh mhjpbfjfltorihs7 fb prijfrhfs bo vfrtifltf iltfrihr, sungftivo0 fb sfculkh hdrfmf bo hpmiýl kuobisto fltrf

fvosiýl y mhjprhjish. Mhltfjpbomiýl kfb tifjph (?9;1) rfsphlkf o ul




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prhpýsith kf mhlmfltromiýl, sil vorior bo olcustio phr fb kfsflcoÿh kfb ojhr ybo tfjphrobikok.

Fl fsto éphmo punbimo Morbhs Nhushÿh (l.?9>=) ]uniko ob ojhr (?9;6),Urijovfro kf bo jufrtf (?9;4) y Fl vfz kf ]ufÿh (rfmhcikhs fl Aomio htro buz

fl ?96>), y Lhmaf kfb sfltikh (?963). Fb prijfr binrh nrhto kf bo prfhmupomiýlfxistflmiob, nusmo bo sfcurikok fl fb sufÿh rfbicihsh (bo kuko mhjiflzo fl Flvfz kfb sufÿh, tros su prijfr mhltomth mhl fb julkh lhrtfojfrimolh). Fbahjnrf quifrf trosmflkfr su bijitomiýl o trovés kf Kihs. Urijovfro kf jufrtf fbfvo bo jufrtf o motfchrêo ulivfrsob y onshbuto, fltrfbozokoqufvfkfsmojfltf mhl bo viko.

Oahro nifl, fb polhrojo kf bo phfsêo kf phscufrro lh sf ochto mhl bos khsbêlfos fxpufstos. Okfjïs, bo kistilmiýl fltrf ojnos lh fs onshbutojfltftogoltf7 pufkf aobborsf jhjflths kf zhzhnro fl bhs phftos ‒orroicokhs‚ hjhjflths kf sfrflikok fl obc÷l phfto ‒kfsorroicokh‚. Y surcfl tojniél floqufbbhs oÿhs outhrfs kidêmibjfltf flmosibbonbfs fl kimao kimhthjêo, siotflkfjhs o sus rimos pfmubiorikokfs, mhjh fl fb mosh kf Ghsé Aifrrh (?9>>->55>), fl quifl sf kol mhl fb jisjh richr phétimh jhjflths kf olcustiosfxistflmiobfs y jhjflths kf sfrflo omfptomiýl kf bo viko. Aomf ulo phfsêotfstijhliob. Fs ”sfc÷l éb- fb tifjph fb l÷mbfh vfrtfnrokhr kf su hnro. ]fvilmubo ob surrfobisjh pfrh ob rfvés, kiricikh o bo mhjprflsiýl býcimo kf bh qufprijfrojfltf sf prfsflto mhjh irromihlob. ]f fstétimo sf noso fl bo sflmibbfz. Obculhs kf sus binrhs shl [ifrro sil lhshtrhs (?9;3), Obfcrêo (?9;3), Mhl bos

pifkros, mhl fb viflth… (?965)0 y Ghsé Jorêo Tobvfrkf (?9>4-?994) quf lhshdrfmf o sus kifmilufvf oÿhs, Ahjnrf kf Kihs (?9;6) mhl fb jocistfrih kfîb`f y Jomaokh. Mhjh phfto motýbimh rfprfsflto bo phfsêo orroicoko fl bhsmijiflths kf bo df, lh morfltf kf olcustio ob lh sfltirsf o÷l rfobizokh fl Kihs.Mhl Bo fspfro (?9;9) colý fb Urfjih Lomihlob kf Uhfsêo, khlkf fb phftokfsmunrf su kijflsiýl fspirituob y nusmo trosmflkfr bh mhtikiolh.

Fl ulo phsimiýl jorcilob mhl rfspfmth o bos tflkflmios sfÿobokos, aoy qufobukir o htrh jhvijiflth kf phscufrro7 fb Uhstisjh (onrfvioturo kfUhstsurrfobisjh), dulkokh fl ?9;6 phr Morbhs Fkjulkh kf Hry (?9>=->5?5)

y htrhs. Flbozo mhl bo phfsêo kf volcuorkio7 prftflkf sfr ul ‒surrfobisjhinérimh‚, rfivilkimo bo binfrtok fxprfsivo, bo ijocilomiýl, bh b÷kimh…^fmaozo boolcustio fxistflmiobisto y, drfltf o bo iljfkioto phfsêo shmiob, sf prfsfltorïmhjh ulo rfnfbkêo sungftivo, oulquf lh jflhs oltinurcufso. ^fbomihlokhsmhl fstf jhvijiflth sf aobbol phftos mhjh Cfrorkh Kifch, Guol FkuorkhMirbht, Ïlcfb Mrfsph, Conilh Obfgolkrh Morrifkh, Cbhrio Dufrtfs, ftm.0 quflh aobborïl fmh aosto bos ÷btijos kémokos cromios ob iltfrés quf aol susmitokhfl bhs phftos ‒lhvêsijhs‚ y bhs lufvhs mrêtimhs.




?5

Fl sfjfgoltf phsimiýl jorcilob aonrêo quf situor ob phfto orochlés JicufbBonhrkfto (?9>?-?949), quifl kfskf ?9;9 (Tihbflth ikêbimh) mubtivý ulo phfsêorfnfbkf, muyh bflcuogf fltrhlmo icuobjfltf mhl fb ]urrfobisjh.

Vl bucor fspfmiob y fjilfltf hmupo fb cruph Mïltimh kf Mýrkhno, quf

joltflêo fl bo phscufrro fb fltrhlquf mhl fb ‒>3‚ y mubtivono ulo phfsêoprfkhjiloltfjfltf iltijisto y kf crol richr fstétimh, muyo vobhromiýl pbflo lhbbfcorêo aosto bhs oÿhs 35. ]hl sus prilmipobfs dicuros îmorkh Jhbilo. GuolNfrlifr, Gubih Oujfltf y, shnrf thkh, Uonbh Cormêo Noflo.

=. BH] OßH] 65. BO UHF]ÊO ]HMIOB

Aomio ?966 sf mhlshbiko ”fl thkhs bhs célfrhs- fb bbojokh ‒rfobisjh shmiob‚. O

fsto dfmao pfrtflfmfl khs binrhs kf phfjos quf jormol ul aith7 Uikh bo poz ybo pobonro kf Nbos kf Htfrh y Molths ênfrhs kf Conrifb Mfboyo (ôdofbJ÷cimo, ?9??-?99?), fl bhs quf ojnhs phftos supfrol su oltfrihr ftopo kfolcustio fxistflmiob, poro situor bhs prhnbfjos aujolhs fl ul jormh shmiob. Flfsto kirfmmiýl bhs lufvhs phftos tojniél sf aobborïl omhjpoÿokhs phr ulodicuro kfb ‒cruph kfb >3‚7 Timfltf Obfixolkrf, quf fl ?96; kono ul cirhprhdulkh o su hnro mhl Aisthrio kfb mhrozýl, mfltrokh fl bo ikfo kf shbikorikok.

Hnros mhjh bos mitokos jufstrol ul lufvh mhlmfpth kf bo dulmiýl kf bo phfsêofl fb julkh. Uhftos mhjh Mréjfr, Lhro, Dicufro, Cormioshb, Bfhphbkh kf

Buis, ftm. portiflkh kf bo ‒phfsêo kfsorroicoko‚ posol o mubtivor bo ‒phfsêoshmiob‚. Yo Timfltf Obfixolkrf kfmêo ‒Fb phfto fs ulo mhlmiflmio pufsto fl pifaosto fb dil‚ . Uoro Mfboyo, ‒ul phfto fs, phr kf prhlth, ul ahjnrf‚ y ‒lilc÷l

ahjnrf pufkf sfr lfutrob‚. Bo phfsêo, phr tolth, kfnf ‒thjor portikh‚ oltf bhsprhnbfjos kfb julkh quf bh rhkfo. Fb phfto sf aomf ‒shbikorih‚ kf bhs kfjïsahjnrfs0 oltfphlf o bos jftos fstétimos bhs hngftivhs jïs iljfkioths7 sfc÷lMfboyo, ‒Bo phfsêo fs ul ilstrujflth, fltrf htrhs, poro trolsdhrjor fb julkh‚.

Bo jfghr ibustromiýl kf fstos ikfos oporfmf fl su phfjo ‒Bo phfsêo fs ulorjo morcoko kf duturh‚ fl vfrshs mhjh ‒Uhfsêo poro fb phnrf, phfsêo

lfmfsorio /mhjh fb pol kf moko kêo…‚ h ‒jobkich bo phfsêo kf quifl lh thjo portikh aosto jolmaorsf…‚. Fb fgfrmimih kf bo phfsêo sf prfsflto mhjh ul omthkf shbikorikok mhl bhs quf sudrfl, onolkhlolkh bo fxprfsiýl kf bhs prhnbfjosêltijhs h fxistflmiobfs, rfmaozh kf bhs bughs fstftimistos, rfpubso kf bolfutrobikok oltf bos ilgustimios h mhldbimths shmiobfs, ftm.

Fl muolth o bo tfjïtimo, aoy quf kfstomor bo crol prhphrmiýl quf onormo fbtfjo kf Fspoÿo, jïs hnsfsivh o÷l quf fl bhs ‒lhvfltoyhmaistos‚ y mhl ulfldhquf jïs phbêtimh. Urhbidfrol, fl fdfmth, têtubhs kf binrhs h kf phfjos mhjh_uf troto kf Fspoÿo (Htfrh), [ifrros kf Fspoÿo (Cormioshb), Fspoÿo, posiýl

kf viko (Lhro), Kihs shnrf Fspoÿo (Nhushÿh), ftm. Uukh ilmbush mhjphlfrsfulo mhpihso olthbhcêo tituboko Fb tfjo kf Fspoÿo fl bo phfsêo fspoÿhbo




??

mhltfjphrïlfo kf Ghsé Buis Molh. Nostoltfs oÿhs oltfs khs phftosaispolhojfrimolhs lhs aonêol kokh têtubhs sfjfgoltfs o bhs mitokhs7 ‒Fspoÿofl fb mhrozýl‚ (Uonbh Lfruko) y ‒Fspoÿo, oporto kf jê fstf mïbiz ‚ (MésorTobbfgh), hnros quf aol prfsikikh lufstro phfsêo shmiob, shnrf bo quf aolfgfrmikh ulo ildbuflmio kfmisivo gulth o bo kf htrhs phftos fspoÿhbfs mhjh Olthlih Jomaokh y Jicufb Afrlïlkfz. Oporfmfl tojniél htrhs tfjosporobfbhs o bhs quf flmhltrojhs fl bo lhvfbo y fb tfotrh kf bo jisjo tflkflmio7bo ilgustimio shmiob, bo obiflomiýl, fb julkh kfb tronogh, fb olafbh kf binfrtok ykf ul julkh jfghr…

Bhs tfjos y bos iltflmihlfs quf bhs sustfltol fxpbimol bos lhtos khjiloltfsfl fb fstibh. Bhs phftos sf kiricfl o bo joyhrêo y fxprfsol su vhbultok kf bbfcorob pufnbh, prftflsiýl quf mhlkumf ob fjpbfh kf ul bflcuogf mborh,iltflmihlokojfltf prhsoimh jumaos vfmfs, y kfb thlh mhbhquiob. Mfboyo aonbo

kf ‒fsmrinir mhjh quifl rfspiro‚. Bo prfhmupomiýl phr bhs mhltflikhs fsfvikfltfjfltf joyhr quf fb iltfrés phr bhs vobhrfs dhrjobfs h fstétimhs. Fsmifrth quf, phr fsf mojilh, jumahs mofrïl fl fb pfbicrh kf ulo phfsêoprhsoimo, fl fb pfhr sfltikh7 ulo phfsêo fstétimojfltf nolob, phr ul fxtroÿhpukhr o ‒aomfr bitfroturo‚. Ufrh tojniél fs mifrth quf bhs crolkfs phftosomfrtorïl o kfsmunrir bhs vobhrfs phétimhs kf bo bflcuo kf thkhs bhs kêos.

Ufrh, dilobjfltf, ¸mhlsicuiý fsto phfsêo su hngftivh kf bbfcor o bo iljflsojoyhrêo8 Bo rfspufsto fs quf lh, piélsfsf quf, phr oqufbbhs oÿhs, bo tiroko kful binrh kf vfrshs roro vfz obmolzono bhs jib fgfjpborfs. Okfjïs, ¸fstono fb

pufnbh fl mhlkimihlfs kf bffr phfsêo8 Fb jisjh Mfboyo mhldfsono fl ?945quf ‒oulquf ulh lh bh quisifro, sfcuêo siflkh ul jilhritorih‚. Y Nbos kf Htfrhsf mhldhrjorï prhlth mhl sfltirsf ‒mhl bo iljflso joyhrêo, oulquf lh jfbfol‚. Bhs phftos sf kfsflcoÿol kf quf sf pufko ‒trolsdhrjor fb julkh‚ mhlbinrhs kf phfjos y fb molsolmih kf bo phfsêo shmiob lh torký fl bbfcor y, mhjhsumfkiý fl htrhs célfrhs, fbbh sf irï omfltuolkh fl bo kémoko kf bhs oÿhs 45.Lh hnstoltf, fsto tflkflmio sf rfthjorï jïs torkf y mhl joyhr oukiflmio otrovés kf bhs moltouthrfs y bo molmiýl kf outhr.

;. BH] OßH] 45. KF BO UHF]ÊO ]HMIOB O VLO LVFTO UHÉ[IMO

Yo kuroltf bhs oÿhs kf oucf kfb rfobisjh shmiob sf hnsfrvonol htros mhrrifltfsphétimos. Uhftos yo mitokhs mhjh Ghsé Aifrrh, Morbhs Nhushÿh h Ghsé JorêoTobvfrkf, oulquf prfsfltfl o vfmfs omflths shmiobfs, lh pufkfl flmosibborsftojphmh fl oqufbbo tflkflmio, phr bo ojpbituk kf sus tfjos y fldhqufs.

Fb prhpih Nbos kf Htfrh ilimiorï ulo lufvo ftopo quf bbfvorï mhlsich uloshjnrhsh flriqufmijiflth kf bo bflcuo phétimo o trovés kf dhrjos jétrimos,

ijïcflfs ilsýbitos y oukomios fxprfsivos kf ildbuflmio surrfobisto. Lhkfsoporfmfl bhs prhnbfjos shmiobfs y phbêtimhs pfrh aoy ulo joyhr prfsflmio




?>

kf bo iltijikok. ]u prhkummiýl phstfrihr o ?946 shbh lhs fs mhlhmiko fl portf7kfb binrh Ahgos kf Jokrik mhlhmfjhs obculhs phfjos ilsfrths fl fb binrh Jifltros (?935) y htrhs ilmbuikhs fl olthbhcêos. Uunbimý, okfjïs, Aisthriosdilcikos y vfrkokfros (?935), mhlgulth kf phfjos fl prhso quf shl ulprhkicih kf richr.

Oulquf bo phfsêo shmiob sf prhbhlco fl bhs oÿhs 45, yo fl bo kémoko kf bhs 65mhjiflzol o oporfmfr phftos lufvhs quf rfprfsfltorïl prhlth su supfromiýl(oulquf obculhs kf fbbhs o÷l tflcol omflths shmiobfs fl sus mhjiflzhs). Bhslhjnrfs quf sf aorïl jïs lhthrihs shl, tob vfz, bhs kf Ïlcfb Chlzïbfz,Goijf Cib kf Nifkjo, Ghsé Ïlcfb Tobfltf, Ghsé Jolufb Monobbfrh Nhlobk,Ghsé Ocustêl Chytishbh, Drolmismh Nrilfs, Mboukih ^hkrêcufz…ésths y htrhs aol sikh rfmhcikhs fl mifrtos olthbhcêos nogh kivfrshs rýtubhs mhjh‒Cflfromiýl kf bhs 65‚, ‒Cflfromiýl kfb rfobisjh shmiob‚, ‒]fculko cflfromiýl

phétimo kf phscufrro‚, ‒Cflfromiýl kfb 45‚, ‒Bhs liÿhs kf bo cufrro‚...y bo qufao tfrjilokh phr ikfltidimorbhs, Cruph phétimh kf bhs oÿhs 65 -kflhjilomiýlkf Cormêo Ahrtfbolh-. [ob kflhjilomiýl porfmf phmh omfrtoko pufs, si niflmhjiflzol o fsmrinir fl bhs 65, su phfsêo jormorï, shnrf thkh, bo kémokosicuifltf fl quf tobfs outhrfs obmolzol su pbflo jokurfz mrfokhro. Okfjïs,fso kflhjilomiýl pufkf bbfvor o fquêvhmhs, yo quf tojniél shl bhs oÿhs kfbrfobisjh shmiob. Kfltrh kf kimah cruph, phr tolth, kfnfrêojhs tflfr fl mufltobo fxistflmio kf khs prhjhmihlfs kistiltos.

Uhr htro portf, oulquf lh pufkf kfmirsf quf fsths phftos dhrjfl ‒cruph‚ koko

bo aftfrhcflfikok kf mhltflikhs y fstibhs, fs ilkukonbf quf prfsfltol lhphmhs roschs mhjulfs, ilkimih kf quf bo phfsêo sf hriflto phr lufvhskfrrhtfrhs. Aoy fl fbbhs ulo prfhmupomiýl dulkojfltob phr fb ahjnrf quf, flportf, flbozo mhl fb aujolisjh fxistflmiob, pfrh auyfl kf thkh trotojiflthphétimh. Kol drfmufltfs jufstros kf ilmhldhrjisjh drfltf ob julkh fl qufvivfl, pfrh mifrth fsmfptimisjh bhs obfgo kf bo phfsêo shmiob, si nifl sf aosfÿobokh fl obculhs kf fbbhs ul ‒rfobisjh mrêtimh‚. Dulkojfltobjfltf, mhjhao kimah Cijdfrrfr, ‒bh prhpih kf fsths phftos lh fs tolth su rfobisjh aistýrimhmhjh bo mrfomiýl y mhlshbikomiýl kf ulo phfsêo kf bo fxpfriflmio pfrshlob ‚.

]u tfjïtimo sf moromtfrizo, fl nuflo portf, phr ul rfthrlh o bh êltijh7 fb dbuirkfb tifjph, bo fvhmomiýl lhstïbcimo kf bo ildolmio, bh dojibior, fb ojhr y fbfrhtisjh, bo ojistok, fb jormh mhtikiolh, ftm., shl tfjos trotokhs mhl fspfmiobilsistflmio. Fl bo otflmiýl phr bh mhtikiolh pufkfl surcir qufgos, prhtfstos hirhlêos, quf rfvfbol fb mitokh ilmhldhrjisjh kf fsths phftos. Ufrh, htrosvfmfs, sf kfsfjnhmo fl mifrth fsmfptimisjh khbhrikh, fl ulo mhlmiflmio kfosibojiflth, kf shbfkok.

Fl fb fstibh fs juy visinbf ul vhbultorih obfgojiflth kf bhs jhkhs fxprfsivhs

kf bos tflkflmios prfmfkfltfs. ]f rfmaozol phr icuob fb potftisjh kf bo‒phfsêo kfsorroicoko‚ (pfsf ob drfmufltf sfltijiflth kf kfsorroich kf fsths




?=

phftos) y fb aonituob prhsoêsjh kf tolths phftos shmiobfs. ]i jumahs sicufldifbfs o ulf fstibh mhlvfrsomihlob, ‒aonbokh‚, oltirrftýrimh, fbbh lh kfnf hmubtorulo fxicfltf bonhr kf kfpuromiýl y mhlmfltromiýl kf bo pobonro. Fl fdfmth, fsfvikfltf quf ao oporfmikh ul joyhr richr fl fb tronogh phétimh. Gulth o fbbh,moko phfto sf prhphlf bo n÷squfko kf ul bflcuogf pfrshlob, lufvh, jïssýbikh. ]il fjnorch, lh bfs tifltol bos fxpfriflmios volcuorkistos7 sf qufkolfl ul thlh mïbikh, mhrkiob, mhltropfsokh, jormokh phr ul drfmufltf fjpbfh kfbo irhlêo (ulo irhlêo tristf, rfvfbokhro kf fsmfptimisjh y kfsvobijiflth). Flmuobquifr mosh, mhl fsths phftos rflomf fb iltfrés phr bhs vobhrfs fstétimhs yUrhsfjos y jflhs phr bos phsinibikokfs kfb bflcuogf.

Bo hnro kf Ïlcfb Chlzïbfz (?9>6->551) prfsflto khs ftopos h tifjphslêtikojfltf kidfrflmiokhs, si nifl fs mifrth quf, visths fl su mhlgulth, susvfrshs mhlstituyfl, fl rfobikok, ul ÷limh binrh fl mhltiluh kfsorrhbbh. Fb prijfr

mimbh mhjiflzo mhl Ïspfrh julkh (?964), sicuf mhl ]il fspfrolzo, mhlmhlvflmijiflth (?94?), Uobonro shnrf pobonro (?946) y sf oborco aosto [rotokhkf urnolisjh (?943). ]f troto kf ulo phfsêo fl bo quf rfdbfgo ulo ojorcokfmfpmiýl y pfsijisjh kf mhrtf fxistflmiob, khlkf bhs tfjos prilmipobfs shl boirrfporonbf duco kfb tifjph, fb ojhr, fb onsurkh kf bo viko, fb kfvfliraistýrimh…y thkh fbbh sf mhlguco mhl ulo kuro mrêtimo kfb julkh mirmulkoltf,siflkh bo irhlêo ulo kf bos jormos kf fstibh kfb phfto. Bo sfculko ftopomhjiflzo mhl Nrfvfs omhtomihlfs poro ulo nihcrodêo (?93?) y fl fbbo sfilmbuyfl tojniél Urhmfkijiflths lorrotivhs (?93>) y Urhsfjos y jflhs (?916) khlkf fb fbfjflth jïs lhvfkhsh sfrêo bo tflkflmio ob gufch y o kfrivorbo irhlêo aomio ul aujhr quf lh rfa÷yf fb maistf, bo drivhbizomiýl kf obculhsjhtivhs y fb custh phr bh porýkimh, oulquf bo kijflsiýl mrêtimo sicuf juyprfsfltf. Kf afmah, fb Ïlcfb Chlzïbfz jflhs shmiob rfsubto sfr jïs fdimoz o boahro kf kfsfljosmoror fb onsurkh, bo dobsfkok y fb flvibfmijiflth kf boshmifkok. Uufkf kfmirsf quf sus ÷btijhs binrhs, Kfixis fl doltosjo (?99>),Hthÿhs y htros bumfs (>55?) y Loko crovf (>551, pýstujh) onrfl ulo lufvoftopo fl su troyfmthrio phétimo fl quf bo irhlêo mfkf posh o bo jfkitomiýlfbfcêomo, pfrh fstojhs thkovêo oltf ul phfto quf sicuf hnsfsihlokh phr fbposh kfb tifjph y fjpfÿokh fl kor tfstijhlih kfb tifjph aistýrimh quf bf ao

thmokh vivir.

Ghsé J. Monobbfrh Nhlobk (l. ?9>4) fs fb phfto jïs norrhmh kf bo prhjhmiýl.Uoro éb fsmrinir fs nusmor fl fb bonfrilth kf bo jfjhrio y kfb bflcuogf bopobonro prfmiso poro kor muflto kf bh vivikh, kf bh sobvokh kf bo ruilo kfbtifjph. Y fs fso n÷squfko bo quf ko ulikok o thko su hnro, kfskf su prijfrbinrh (Bos okivilomihlfs, ?96>), posolkh phr Jfjhrios kf phmh tifjph (?96;),Bos ahros jufrtos (?969), Tivir poro mhltorbh (?949), aosto bo jïxijofxprfsiýl fl Kfsmrékith kfb aérhf (?933) y Bonfrilth kf dhrtulo (?91;).

Ghsé Ocustêl Chytishbh (?9>1-?999) bbfvo o monh ulo omtuobizomiýlpfrjolfltf kf su kismursh o dil kf quf fb tifjph y fb hbvikh lh bh kfcrokfl. ]i




?;

sf olobizo fb mhlgulth kf su hnro (Fb rfthrlh, ?9660 ]objhs ob viflth, ?9610Mborikok (?94?)0 Nogh thbfrolmio, ?93;0 Kfb tifjph y kfb hbvikh, ?9330 ftm.),pufkf hnsfrvorsf mýjh ésto ao ikh mrfmiflkh lh shbh phr bo ocrfcomiýl kflufvhs druths, silh tojniél phr bo ilmhrphromiýl o lufvhs binrhs kf phfjoshtrhs yo punbimokhs fl têtubhs oltfrihrfs. ]us tfjos y hnsfsihlfs cirol flthrlh ob ojhr y sus mhlsfmuflmios, bo miukok mhjh ïjnith pburob, bo ildolmio yfb rfmufrkh kf bo jokrf y bos fvhmomihlfs kfb posokh.

Goijf Cib kf Nifkjo (?9>9-?995) ao sikh fb mrhlisto kf bo viko nurcufso, kfmbosf jfkio, fltrf kfsflmoltokh y ojorch, bbflh kf irhlêo tojniél. [hkhs bhstfjos y jhtivhs quf troto (bitfrorihs, ojhrhshs, phbêtimhs…) fstïl sujikhs flsu fxpfriflmio, orroicokhs fl fb ‒yh‚ êltijh kfb phfto, mhl fb quf jumaos vfmfskiobhco. ]us binrhs jïs ijphrtoltfs shl Mhjpoÿfrhs kf viogf (?969) yJhrobikokfs (?944).

Ghsé Ïlcfb Tobfltf (?9>9->555) ilimio su mrfomiýl fl pbflo kémoko kf bhs 65mhl O jhkh kf fspfrolzo (?96;), pfrh thko su hnro (Uhfjos o Bïzorh, ?9450Bo jfjhrio y bhs siclhs, ?9440 Fb ilhmfltf, ?9350 Iltfrihr mhl dicuros, ?9340ftm.), fl mhlstoltf fvhbumiýl, rfsphlkf o ul jisjh fspêritu kf n÷squfko.Uortf kf rfobikokfs iljfkiotos h kf fxpfriflmios iltfrihrfs poro omfrmorlhs oulo prhdulko prfhmupomiýl fxistflmiob y o ul fxomth y tronogokh ush kf bopobonro phétimo.

Drolmismh Nrilfs (?9=>) fs, sil kuko, fb outhr jïs ahjhcélfh kf su

prhjhmiýl. Kf afmah, su mhsjhvisiýl phétimo ao mojniokh juy phmh kfskf suprijfr binrh, Bos nrosos (?945), si nifl fs mifrth quf, o bh borch kf su troyfmthrio(Uobonros o bo hsmurikok, ?9440 O÷l lh, ?93?0 Ilsistflmios fl Buznfb , ?99;0 Fbhthÿh kf bos rhsos, ?9140 y Bo ÷btijo mhsto, ?996), pufkfl kftfmtorsfvoriomihlfs sudimifltfs mhjh poro quf pufko aonborsf kf ulo ogustoko yjotizoko fvhbumiýl. Fl bêlfos cflfrobfs, sf troto kf ulo phfsêo kfprfhmupomihlfs jftodêsimos y thlh jfkitotivh y fbfcêomh, mhl fb tifjph, fbojhr y bo jufrtf mhjh kfstomokhs fgfs tfjïtimhs. Kfstomol bo ijpbimomiýlmhltiluo kfb bfmthr, bo fxistflmio kf ul pbolh sijnýbimh jïs h jflhs hmubth flfsmflos mhtikiolos, y fb mhldbimth fltrf bo olcustio fxistflmiob y bo mhlstoltf

kisphsimiýl ob pbomfr, bo mhlstotomiýl kf bo duco irrfporonbf kfb tifjph y bofxobtomiýl kf bo viko y kfb jhjflth prfsfltf.

Mboukih ^hkrêcufz (?9=;-?999) fs ulh kf bhs phftos kf vhz jïsijprfsihloltfjfltf kuro. ]u ahlkh iltijisjh y su shnrifkok sf rfdbfgol fl suprijfr binrh, Khl kf bo fnrifkok (?96;), y mhltil÷ol fl Mhlgurhs (?961), Obiolzo y mhlkflo (?946) y Fb vufbh kf bo mfbfnromiýl (?934).

Htrhs phftos kf fstf aftfrhcélfh cruph shl Morbhs Norrob, ObdhlshMhstodrfko, Olthlih Cojhlfko, Morbhs ]oaoc÷l, Fbokih Monoÿfrh y

Ghoquêl Nflith kf Bumos.




?6

6. BH] OßH] 35. BO UHF]ÊO FQUFÎJFL[OB Y BH] ‒LHTÊ]IJH]‚.

Fl ?935 sf punbimo ulo olthbhcêo kf ojpbio rfpfrmusiýl, tituboko Lufvflhvêsijhs phftos fspoÿhbfs, fl bo quf fb mrêtimh Ghsfp Jorêo Mostfbbft rf÷lf obhs sicuifltfs phftos, lomikhs fltrf ?9=9 y ?9;17 Jolufb Tïzqufz

Jhltobnïl, Olthlih Jortêlfz ]orriýl, Ghsé Jorêo Ïbvorfz, Débix kf Oz÷o,Ufrf Cijdfrrfr, Timfltf Jhbilo- Dhix, Cuibbfrjh Morlfrh, Olo Jorêo Jhix yBfhphbkh Jorêo Uolfrh. Fsths phftos lh munrfl, kfskf bufch, thkh fbahrizhltf phétimh kfb jhjflth, pfrh rfsubtol rfprfsfltotivhs kf ulo lufvosflsinibikok kfltrh kf bo bbojoko cflfromiýl kfb 41. ]hl phftos lomikhskfspués kf bo cufrro y aol rfminikh ‒ulo lufvo fkumomiýl sfltijfltob‚ fl boquf, gulth o ulo dhrjomiýl trokimihlob y fstrfmao, tuvifrhl ul popfb ijphrtoltfmifrths tfnfhs, fb milf, bhs kismhs, bo tfbfvisiýl…pfrh tojniél tuvifrhl ommfsh obinrhs oltfs kidêmibfs kf flmhltror, y sus drfmufltfs viogfs ob fxtrolgfrh bhs

phlfl fl mhltomth mhl lufvos tflkflmios mubturobfs. ]u nocogf mubturob ybitfrorih fs ojpbih, y sus rfdfrflmios rfsubtol siclidimotivos7 phftosaispolhojfrimolhs mhjh Tobbfgh, Bfzojo Bijo, Nhrcfs u Hmtovih Uoz,obculhs phftos kfb >3 (shnrf thkh Mfrluko y Obfixolkrf) y htrhs phftosphstfrihrfs quf, ob jorcfl kf bo phfsêo shmiob, yo aonêol iltfltokh rflhvor fbbflcuogf phétimh (fb cruph Mïltimh, bhs phstistos, Cib kf Nifkjo, Tobfltf…), obhs quf aonrêo quf oÿokir mifrths phftos fxtrolgfrhs (Fbiht, Fzro Uhulk, Yfots,]oilt-Ghal Ufrsf, Kybol, bhs surrfobistos drolmfsfs…). Ufrh lh fs jflhsijphrtoltf bo ilspiromiýl quf flmufltrol fl bo mubturo kf josos7 milf, j÷simo(gozz, dhb`, rhm`, php), bhs mýjims, ftm., kf bh quf aoy onulkoltfs rfdfrflmios flsus phfjos.

Fl bo tfjïtimo flmhltrojhs bh ‒pfrshlob‚ (bo ildolmio, fb ojhr h fb frhtisjh,ftm.) gulth o bh ‒p÷nbimh‚ (bo cufrro kfb Tiftloj, bo shmifkok kf mhlsujh…). Obbokh kf thlhs crovfs-fmhs kf ul êltijh jobfstor-oporfmf ulo prhvhmokhro filshbfltf drivhbikok7 Joribyl Jhlrhf sf mhkfo mhl Maf Cufvoro, y Morbhs Jorxmhl Crhumah Jorx. Drfltf o bo shmifkok kf mhlsujh, shl sormïstimhs ymhrrhsivhs. ]il fjnorch, jufstrol su fsmfptimisjh shnrf bos phsinibikokfs quftiflf bo phfsêo kf mojnior fb julkh. Fl bh pfrshlob y bh phbêtimh, shl

ilmhldhrjistos y kisikfltfs0 pfrh, mhjh phftos, pfrsicufl jftos fstétimos.Fs fb fstibh, fl fdfmth, bh quf bfs ijphrto oltf thkh. Bo rflhvomiýl kfb bflcuogfphétimh fs hngftivh prilmipob0 y gulth o htrhs jhkfbhs (obculhs yojflmihlokhs), vfl fl fb ]urrfobisjh, fl fspfmiob, ulo bfmmiýl vicfltf kfrupturo mhl bo býcimo kf ul julkh onsurkh. Uufkf kfmirsf quf lhs aobbojhsoltf ul lufvh volcuorkisjh, porobfbh o bos mhrrifltfs fxpfrijfltobfs kf bolhvfbo y fb tfotrh kf oqufbbhs oÿhs, quf sf jolidifsto fl mhlstoltfs iltflthskf fvitor fb kismursh býcimh o trovés kf bo fsmrituro outhjïtimo, témlimosfbêptimos, silmhpomiýl y mhbbocf. Fstf ÷btijh rfmursh sf utibizo kf dhrjo vorioko7

ilmhrphromiýl olýlijo kf vfrshs kf htrhs phftos, mitos fxtflsos qufoltfmfkfl o bhs phfjos0 bftros kf molmihlfs, drosfs punbimitorios, drocjflths




?4

kf kismurshs h kf joluobfs kf ilstrummihlfs0 rfmhrtfs kf pfriýkimhs y rfvistos.Iltrhkumfl fbfjflths fxýtimhs y ortidimihshs7 tfjos hrifltobfs, miukokfskfsmhlhmikos, lhjnrfs kf bucor h kf pfrshlo quf otrofl phr su vobhr dhlétimh,kfsmripmihlfs kf vfstikhs, kisdromfs, difstos, jiths mbïsimhs, dïnubosjfkifvobfs, bo bitfroturo cýtimo h jhkfrlisto, Lhrtfojérimo…y mifrth ahrrhr othkh bh fspoÿhb. Obculhs thjol mhjh pulth kf orrolquf bo phfsêo phpubor(Tïzqufz Jhltobnïl, Olo Jorêo Jhix), htrhs osujfl bh phpubor mhl visiýloristhmrotizoltf (Cijdfrrfr, Uolfrh)0 ulhs bbfcol o ul joyhr crokh kffxpfrijfltomiýl mhl fb bflcuogf y su fstrumturo (Jortêlfz ]orriýl, Oz÷o,Jhbilo Dhix), htrhs iltfltol kisjitidimor fb bflcuogf mhtikiolh phr fb ushvhbultorih kf bucorfs mhjulfs, drosfs afmaos h fb kfsmuikh ilmhlsmifltf kfbbflcuogf (Tïzqufz, Ïbvorfz, Jhix, Uolfrh), htrhs rfsobtol bhs vobhrfs rêtjimhskf su bflcuogf phétimh (Cijdfrrfr, Morlfrh).

Fb phfto Ufrf Cijdfrrfr (l. ?9;6) o bhs vfiltf oÿhs mhlsicuf fb UrfjihLomihlob kf Uhfsêo mhl Orkf fb jor (?944), fb têtubh quf sijnhbizo fl joyhrjfkiko o fsto cflfromiýl. Fl ?935 onolkhlý bo fsmrituro fl mostfbbolh, qufao rfthjokh rfmifltfjfltf mhl binrhs mhjh Ojhr fl vibh. ]u ‒Hko o Tflfmiooltf fb jor kf bhs tfotrhs‚ iloucurý bo fstétimo vflfmiolo. Bo jufrtf flNfvfrby Aibbs (?941) rfmrfo poisogfs fjhmihlobfs jfkioltf bo ijocilfrêo kfbjulkh milfjothcrïdimh.

Cuibbfrjh Morlfrh (l. ?9;3) punbimo fl ?943 Kinugh kf bo jufrtf, mhl bo qufyo sf situono kfltrh kfb lufvh polhrojo phétimh mhl ulo vfto fstftimisto.Kfstomo su visiýl pfrshlob kfb ojhr y fb mubtivh kf bo jftophfsêo, okfjïs kfb

custh phr dhrjos jétrimos mbïsimos. Uhmh o phmh su bflcuogf phétimh sf irïaomiflkh jïs fbfcoltf y jïs drêh, sil lilc÷l tiph kf sfltijfltobisjh.

Ghsé Jorêo Ïbvorfz (l. ?9;>) ao punbimokh ul ÷limh têtubh, Jusfh kf Mfro (?935), quf ao ikh ojpbiolkh fl siftf lufvos fkimihlfs. Bo phfsêo shmiob kfsus mhjiflzhs poso o ul mifrth kfmolkfltisjh mubturobisto fl sus ÷btijosfltrfcos.

Bfhphbkh Jorêo Uolfrh (l.?9;1), outhr kf Osê sf dulký Morlony ]trfft (?935), sf mhldicuro mhjh ‒phfto jobkith‚ kfskf bo prhkummiýl kfb khmujfltobFb kfsflmolth (?934) phr Goijf Maïvorri, jobkitisjh quf sf omfltuorêo, gulth o

ul fjpfhrojiflth kf su fstokh kf sobuk, aosto bbfcor o bo punbimomiýlkf Uhfjos kfb jolimhjih kf Jhlkrocýl (?913).

Aomio ?935 h ?93? sf aonêol mhldicurokh bos jhkobikokfs jïs moromtfrêstimoskf bo lufvo phfsêo mhl hnros mhjh Vlo fkumomiýl sfltijfltob (?943) kfJolufb Tïzqufz Jhltobnïl (?9=9->55=)0 [fotrh kf hpfromihlfs (?943) kfOlthlih Jortêlfz ]orriýl (l.?9=9)0 Mfph poro lutrio (?941) kf Débix kf Oz÷o (l.?9;;)0 kf Lh tijf dhr dbhwfrs kf Olo Jorêo Jhix (l. ?9;3), fb ÷limh lhjnrfdfjflilh ilmbuikh fl bo olthbhcêo kf Mostfbbft.

O pfsor kf quf lh dufrhl ilmbuikhs fl bo molýlimo lýjilo kf Ghsfp JorêoMostfbbft, fs phsinbf mhlsikfror bo hnro kf phftos mhjh Ghsé Jicufb Vbbïl




?3

( Ojhr pflilsubor , ?946), Débix Crolkf (J÷simo ojflozoko, ?944), Guol BuisUolfrh ( O trovés kfb tifjph, ?941), Olthlih Mhbilos (Urfbukihs o ulo lhmafthtob , ?949), Goijf ]ibfs (Célfsis kf bo buz , ?949), Gflorh [obfls (Têspfro kfbo kfstrummiýl, ?935), Buis Obnfrth kf Muflmo (Bhs rftroths, ?93?), BuisOlthlih kf Tibbflo (]unbijf ]hboriuj, ?93?)… mhjh bos jïs odilfs o bhs

lhvêsijhs.

4. ×B[IJO UHF]ÊO7 UHF]ÊO KF BO FQUFÎFLMIO Y H[Ô] [FLKFLMIO]

Bo situomiýl kf bo phfsêo fspoÿhbo, o portir kf ?936 y aosto bo omtuobikok,kfsmunrf ulo fxtrohrkilorio mhjpbfgikok kfnikh, fltrf htros mousos, o bomhlvivflmio bitfrorio kf phftos prhmfkfltfs kf kistiltos prhjhmihlfs y o bovorioko jubtipbimikok kf mhrrifltfs h tflkflmios quf sf aol vflikh sumfkiflkhmhl fltfro binfrtok, ob jorcfl kf fsmufbos y jhkos.

]icufl oporfmiflkh ijphrtoltfs binrhs kf phftos mhlsocrokhs fl ftoposoltfrihrfs, mhjh fs fb mosh kf Nhushÿh, Aifrrh, Tobfltf, Nrilfs h Mboukih^hkrêcufz, fltrf htrhs. Y ob jisjh tifjph sf punbimol lujfrhshs tfxths kfbhs outhrfs jïs gývflfs, quf yo mufltol tojniél mhl onulkoltfs olthbhcêos,kf éphmo, kf cruph cflfromihlob, kf tflkflmios phétimos f ilmbush kfmhjulikokfs outhlýjimos y kfjormomihlfs prhvilmiobfs. Uhr htro portf, bokivfrsikok kf mhrrifltfs, mhl obculos jïs fxtflkikos pfrh sil quf lilculo sfaoyo ijpufsth phr flmijo kf bos htros, kftfrjilo quf thko mbosidimomiýl tflcoul morïmtfr shbojfltf hrifltotivh, mhl lhthrio sijpbidimomiýl y lh phmos

ilfxomtitukfs. Bh muob hnfkfmf o quf jumahs phftos pufkfl sfr ilmbuikhs fljïs kf ulo tflkflmio y thkhs shl outhrfs kf ulo hnro fl mursh kftrolsdhrjomiýl quf irï fvhbumihlolkh fl fb duturh.

Bo phfsêo kf fsths ÷btijhs oÿhs fs rimo fl moltikok y mobikok y lh fs phsinbfrfkumirbo o fsqufjos li jflhs o bistos, y sf aomf juy kidêmib flulmior ulosmoromtfrêstimos mhjulfs fltrf bhs kidfrfltfs outhrfs. Fl bêlfos cflfrobfs, objisjh tifjph quf sf aol ikh mhlsujolkh fb kistolmiojiflth mhl rfspfmth obhs ‒Lhvêsijhs‚ y fb obfgojiflth kfb volcuorkisjh jïs fstrikfltf fl dovhr kfbo fxprfsiýl kf bo iltijikok y phr bos dhrjos jétrimos trokimihlobfs0 sf ao ikh

mhlshbikolkh bo okjiromiýl kf jumahs phftos gývflfs phr obculhs bêrimhs kfcflfromihlfs oltfrihrfs7 Cib kf Nifkjo, Ïlcfb Chlzïbfz, Nrilfs, Tobfltf hMboukih ^hkrêcufz shl oahro bhs lufvhs jofstrhs rfmhlhmikhs. Bhs phftosrflulmiol o bos crolkfs ojnimihlfs y tfjos flmojilokhs o fxpbimor fb julkhy prfdifrfl fxprfsor bijitokos fxpfriflmios êltijos. Fl fstf sfltikh, fb siclhilkivikuobisto pufkf dovhrfmfr bo kivfrsikok kf tflkflmios. Af oquê, floprftoko sêltfsis, obculos kf bos jïs rfbfvoltfs7

-[flkflmios volcuorkistos h fxpfrijfltobfs. Oulquf sf vol otfluolkh bosoukomios kf tiph dhrjob, bos fxpfrijfltomihlfs sf joltiflfl fl bo phfsêo kfGhsé Jicufb Vbbïl, quf ao mubtivokh bo ijocfl surrfobisto, fb mhbbocf y htrhs




?1

fxpfrijflths visuobfs (Kf ul mojiloltf fldfrjh quf sf flojhrý khlkf dufahspfkokh). Fjporfltoko mhl bo volcuorkio y bo fxpfrijfltomiýl sfflmufltro bo jftophfsêo , quf rfdbfxihlo shnrf sê jisjo fl obculhs tfxths kfCuibbfrjh Morlfrh y Gflorh [obfls. O bo volcuorkio rfjitf tojniél fb lufvh

surrfob isjh kf Nbolmo Olkrfu.

-Mubturobisjh, mbosimisjh y norrhquisjh. Mubturob isjh fs bo kflhjilomiýlkoko o ulo mhrrifltf ijphrtoltf kf phfsêo ilspiroko fl fb ortf, y, fl cflfrob,fl bos jïs kivfrsos roêmfs h jolidfstomihlfs mubturobfs. Obmolzý ul lhtonbfprfkhjilih kuroltf bhs oÿhs 35. Vlo kf sus prijfros jolidfstomihlfs duf fbbbojokh rfd ilojiflth vflfmiolh quf, mhl rfshlolmios sijnýbimos yjistfrihsos, tflkrêo su hricfl fl bo mébfnrf ‒Hko o Tflfmio oltf fb jor kf bhstfotrhs‚ kf Cijdfrrfr y fl bo pfbêmubo Jufrtf fl Tflfmio kf Tismhlti. Botflkflmio mubturobisto flmhltrý ulh kf sus jfghrfs fxphlfltfs fl Olthlih

Mhbilos quifl, mhl bhs oÿhs, ao colokh fl ahlkuro aujolo, obmolzolkh ulhkf bhs pufsths jïs obths kf bo bêrimo omtuob.

Vlo hrifltomiýl mbosim isto sustfltoko fl ulo ojpbio dhrjomiýl crfmhbotiloprfkhjilo fl ftopos ijphrtoltfs kf vorihs phftos fltrf bhs quf kfstomol BuisObnfrth kf Muflmo, quifl, tros ]mahbio, fvhbumihlorï poubotilojfltf fl bhsoÿhs 15 aomio ulo phfsêo rfobisto, kf tfjos mhtikiolhs, kfbimokos fjhmihlfs ydilh sfltikh kfb aujhr (Bo mogo kf pboto, Fb htrh sufÿh)0 Goijf ]ibfs aopunbimokh binrhs juy kivfrshs, kfskf bhs quf sf omfrmol o bo phfsêo puro yvisihlorio (Molhl) aosto bhs quf bh aomfl o ulo jïs dhrjobisto y mbïsimo pfrh

tojniél jïs mfrmolo o bo rfobikok (]fjïdhrhs, sfjïdhrhs)0 y Buis Olthlih kfTibbflo, fl muyo phfsêo (Fb viogf o Nizolmih) sf orjhlizol mubturobisjh,rfdbfxihlfs fstétimos y frhtisjh mhl bo afrflmio kf Mfrluko y bos aufbbos kfbphfto botilh Motubh h kfb crifch jhkfrlh @ovodis.

Fl htro bêlfo, bo hrifltomiýl mubturobisto mristobizo fl ul norrhquisjh qufaulkf sus roêmfs fl bo phfsêo fspoÿhbo kfb sicbh QTII y quf tiflf su jfghraobbozch fl bo phfsêo kf Olthlih Morvogob ([icrfs fl fb gorkêl), kf oshjnrhsojofstrêo dhrjob vobiélkhsf kf jftïdhros y dhrjos mbïsimos mhjh fb shlfth.

-Uhfsêo kf bo fxpfriflmio. Mhjh rfommiýl ob mubturobisjh, bhs phftoscrolokilhs Ïbvorh ]obvokhr, Buis Cormêo Jhltfrh y Govifr Fcfo fsmrinfl flCroloko fb jolidifsth, Bo htro sfltijfltobikok , quf rfivilkimo ulo phfsêo kftfjïtimo rfobisto, mhl ul béximh sflmibbh y thlh mhbhquiob, situomihlfs mhtikiolosy n÷squfko kf bo fjhmiýl, sil rfauir bo jiroko mrêtimo. Bhs jhkfbhs kf fstoprhjhmiýl aoy quf nusmorbhs fl bhs phftos kfb 65, fspfmiobjfltf fl Goijf Cibkf Nifkjo, Ïlcfb Chlzïbfz y Drolmismh Nrilfs.

Buis Cormêo Jhltfrh (l. ?961) sf ao mhlvfrtikh fl fb joyhr rfprfsfltoltf kffsto mhrrifltf kf phfsêo bbojoko ‒phfsêo kf bo fxpfriflmio‚. Colý fb Urfjih

Okhlïis mhl Fb gorkêl fxtrolgfrh (?91>), binrh ob quf sicuifrhl Kiorih mýjpbimf




?9

(?911), Bos dbhrfs kfb drêh (?99?), Aonitomihlfs sfporokos (?99;),Mhjpbftojfltf vifrlfs (?999) y Bo iltijikok kfbo sfrpifltf (>55=), mhl bhsquf mhsfmaý fb Urfjih Lomihlob kf Bitfroturo, fb Urfjih kf bo Mrêtimo, h fbUrfjih Bhfwf. Bo joyhr portf kf sus phfjos shl kf tfjo ojhrhsh,fspfmiobjfltf fl fsmflorihs lhmturlhs, oulquf tojniél onulkol bhs kfrfdbfxiýl fxistflmiob. Fl bo omtuobikok sicuf punbimolkh phfjorihs, flsoyhs o bovfz quf aomf sus prijfros ilmursihlfs fl bo lhvfbo y mhbonhro sfjolobjfltffl prflso y rokih khlkf mhjflto bo omtuobikok phbêtimo, rfivilkimolkh boijphrtolmio kf mojnior lufstrh kêo o kêo, kf ijpbimorlhs jïs y kf ijpbimor o bophfsêo fl bh quf omhltfmf.

Dfbipf Nflêtfz ^fyfs (l.?945) fs htrh rfprfsfltoltf kfstomokh kf fstf cruph.]us tfjos prfdfrikhs, okfjïs kfb ojhrhsh, shl bo jfjhrio, fb posh kfb tifjphy bo prhpio bitfroturo. Fs outhr kf, fltrf htrhs, Bhs volhs julkhs y Tikos

ijprhnonbfs, colokhr kfb Urfjih kf bo Mrêtimo y kfb Urfjih Bhfwf.Morbhs Jorzob, (l. ?94?) muyh rfmhlhmijiflth bbfcý obch jïs torkf quf fb kfsus khs prfkfmfshrfs, colý fb Urfjih kf bo Mrêtimo mhl Jftobfs Ufsokhs (>55?), y fl >55> fb Urfjih Lomihlob kf Bitfroturo phr fb jisjh phfjorih.Jorzob, kfskf ulo phfsêo rfobisto, fsméptimo f irýlimo, jfkitotivo shnrf fb ojhrh bo ojistok (Bo viko kf drhltfro), poso, sil fjnorch, o ulo jflhs dicurotivo yjïs muikoko.

Ghl Guoristi (l. ?96?) sf obfgo bfvfjfltf kf fsths pboltfojiflths, yo quf fl

éb prfkhjilo ul thlh jfbolmýbimh y kfsflcoÿokh oltf bo rfobikok y oltf ébjisjh, munifrth mhl ulo sutib irhlêo. Kfstomol su rfiltfrprftomiýl kf bhsmbïsimhs y su prfhmupomiýl phr fb prhnbfjo vosmh. Fs outhr kf hnros mhjhKiorih kf ul phfto rfmiél molsokh h [ifjph kfsopominbf.

Htrhs outhrfs mfrmolhs o fsths pboltfojiflths shl Drolmismh Nfgorolh, GhséJotfhs, Govifr ]obvoch, Onfborkh Bilorfs, Guol Bojibbor y Ghsé OlthlihJfso [hré, olkobumfs thkhs fbbhs, quf aonbol kfb ojhr y bo lhstobcio mhlbflcuogf sflmibbh y kirfmth y mhl jétrimo trokimihlob. Uhfto iltijisto y ojich kf

bos dhrjos fs Gusth Lovorrh. Olkrés [ropifbbh, fl phfjorihs mhjh Bo vikodïmib , kfdiflkf ulo phfsêo trokimihlob, kf thlh sfrflh y nosoko fl jhkfbhsmhjh Vlojulh h bhs Jomaokh. [ojniél bfhlés, Gubih Bbojozorfs sfflmufltro o jfkih mojilh fltrf ul sijnhbisjh y ulo sfrflikok sijibor o bo kf[ropifbbh, y ulo lufvo phfsêo épimo kfb julkh rurob, quf rfmufrko boiltroaisthrio.

-O jfkiokhs kf bo kémoko kf bhs 15, ul mhlgulth kf outhrfs quf sf ocruporhlnogh bh quf fbbhs jisjhs kflhjilorhl ‒Bo Kidfrflmio‚, rfivilkimorhl boilkfpflkflmio y binfrtok bitfrorios, drfltf o bo phfsêo kf bo Fxpfriflmio, quf

mhlsikfronol tflkflmio khjiloltf, prhtfciko, tob y mhjh odirjonol fl susphétimos y tfxths tfýrimhs, phr bhs phkfrfs p÷nbimhs. Kfltrh kf fsto mhrrifltf




>5

kfstomol bhs fsmrithrfs Olthlih Flriquf, Ghsé Bupioÿfz y Dfrlolkh kfTibbflo, quf dufrhl kfrivolkh aomio ul tiph kf phfsêo dhrjobjfltf jïsfxicfltf, bfghs kf bo bflcuo mhbhquiob y bos tfjïtimos urnolos. Kimao fstétimo,jïs mfrmolo o bo cflfromiýl kfb 45 (phftos mhjh Olthlih Afrlïlkfz ôjêrfz, Ïlcfb Cormêo Býpfz, ôdofb ]hth Tfrcés h Gfs÷s Aiborih [ulkikhr) quf o bhsphftos kf bo cflfromiýl kfb 65, prhpuclono ulo joyhr mhlsistflmio vfrnob flhrkfl o bo otflmiýl kf bhs rfmurshs fstibêstimhs, kfltrh kf ul bflcuogf jïsdicurotivh, fsth fs pfrjfonbf o bhs sêjnhbhs y jftïdhros, yo quf mhlsikfronolfb mubtivh kf bo ijocfl fsflmiob fl kismursh phétimh, osê mhjh uloprfhmupomiýl tfjïtimo quf fxmfkêo bhs ïjniths kf bo mhtikiolfikok. Drfltf oulo shmifkok moko vfz jïs ulidhrjoko, tob y mhjh odirjonol fl su tfhrêophétimo, fl sus aïniths y pflsojiflth, fb hngftivh kf fsths outhrfs duf bokivfrsikok y bo kisikflmio.

-]urcf osijisjh ulo mhrrifltf kf phfsêo fljormoko fl fb Irromihlobisjh,obfgoko kf bhs phstubokhs kf bo phfsêo kf bo fxpfriflmio. Kfltrh kf fstf cruphkfstomol phftos mhjh fb bfhlés Guol Morbhs Jfstrf, outhr kf phfjorihsmhjh Oltêdhlo kf hthÿh fl fb vobbf kfb Nifrzh, prfjih Okhlïis, Bo phfsêo aomoêkh fl kfscromio h Fl bo tujno kf @fots0 h Nbolmo Olkrfu, colokhro kfb Okhlois mhl Kf ulo liÿo kf prhvilmios quf sf vilh o vivir fl ul Maocobb, phfjorih quf gustidimo su lfhsurrfobisjh y su phsturo irromihlob mhl bosmhlstoltfs obusihlfs o bo krhco. Ob aonbor kf rupturo flmhltrojhs ob tojniélkfstomokh Dfrlolkh Nfbtrïl, muyh " Oqufborrf fl Jokrik ", ommésit kfb prfjih Okhlïis fb oÿh quf bh colo Buis Cormêo Jhltfrh, suphlf ul mborh fgfjpbh kfphfsêo rupturisto mhl fb posokh mubturobisto y ulo opufsto phr bo volcuorkiophétimo. Uhstfrihrjfltf, su phfsêo sf hrifltorï tojniél phr fb bokh shmiob,oulquf sil onolkhlor lulmo ul mifrth irromihlobisjh y surrfobisjh. Htrhslhjnrfs oshmiokhs o bo mhrrifltf irromihlobisto shl Buiso Mostrh, OjobioIcbfsios h Ïlcfb Uftisjf.

-Jilijobisjh y mhlmfptuobisjh. ]hl jumahs bhs phftos quf fl bhs ÷btijhsoÿhs aol mubtivokh fstos khs tflkflmios, o jflukh rfulikos fl ulo shbo,tojniél bbojoko ‒phfsêo kfb s ibflm ih ‚. Ilspirokhs fl bo phfsêo puro y mhl G.O.

Tobfltf mhjh ulh kf sus jofstrhs, fsths outhrfs rfmaozol thkh fxmfshvfrnob, nusmol bo fsflmio mhlmfptuob fl phfjos nrfvfs y kflshs, y sfprhphlfl sucfrir phr jfkih kf sibflmihs. Fltrf bhs phftos kf fstos tflkflmiosshnrfsobfl Olkrés ]ïlmafz ^hnoylo, Gubio Mostibbh, Ojporh Ojhrýs, GhséBuis Ghvfr, Ïbvorh Tobvfrkf, Jicufb Mosokh, Fspfrolzo Býpfz Uoroko,Timfltf Tobfrh, Hbvikh Cormêo Tobkés, Maoltob Joibbork, Mhlmao Cormêo,Ufkrh Urhvflmih y Oko ]obos.

-Fl muolth o Uhfsêo Épimo, kfstomol bhs lhjnrfs kf Gubih JortêlfzJfsolzo, Gubih Bbojozorfs y Guol Morbhs ]uÿél, fl quiflfs khjilo fb

trosdhlkh jhrob. Jfsolzo, o trovés kf flkfmosêbonhs, rfmrfo fl suphfjorih Furhpo bhs tfjos kf bo vobfltêo y fb ahlhr, mhl fsmflorihs mbïsimhs h




>?

jfkifvobfs pfrh mhl ul rfdbfgh fl bo viko jhkfrlo. ]uÿél fs outhr kf Vlahjnrf lh kfnf sfr rfmhrkokh, Urfjih ^fy Guol Morbhs.

-Vl lufvh Frhtisjh kfskf ul pulth kf visto dfjflilh prhbidfro fl phfjorihsfsmriths phr outhros mhjh Olo ^hssftti (Bhs kfvolfhs kf Froth), Objukflo

Cuzjïl (Uhfjo kf Biko ]ob, Vstfk , Mobflkorih, Fb prêlmipf rhgh) h OurhroBuquf ( Aipfriýliko, Urhnbfjos kf khnbogf, Mojorokos kf Êmorh).

Fl bhs oÿhs 95 obculhs phftos tiflkfl o ulo mifrto mhlmibiomiýl fltrf rfobisjhy jftodêsimo. Fltrf htrhs, Ghrcf îfmajoll, Fkuorkh Cormêo, bhs ÷btijhsbinrhs kf Morbhs Jorzob y Timfltf Cobbfch. îfmajoll fvhbumihlo kfskf ulophfsêo jftodêsimo y afrjétimo (Mïltimh kf bo frhsiýl) aosto ulo mhjprhjftikomhl bo shmifkok (Fb kêo quf kfgé kf bffr Fb Uoês). Cobbfch mhjflzý mhl ul

pfrihkh rfdbfxivh (Bo buz, kf htro jolfro) ob quf duf ilmhrphrokh jfkitomihlfsshnrf bo viko omtuob y bos rfbomihlfs kf porfgo (Bo pboto kf bhs kêos), y fl bhs÷btijhs oÿhs (]i tfjiérois jhrir , Julkh kfltrh kfb mborh) ao fvhbumihlokh aomioulo shrprflkfltf rfvisiýl kf bo phfsêo jêstimo. Dfrlolkh Nfbtrïl, tros sujolidifsth fl dovhr kf ulo "phfsêo fltrhjftiko", hrifltorï portf su vhz phétimoo ul bokh shmiob, sil onolkhlor fb fstibh quf mhjflzý mhl "Oqufborrf flJokrik". Druth kf fsto mhlmibiomiýl shl tojniél bos vhmfs kf Olthlih JhrflhCufrrfrh, Jicufb Ïlcfb Tfbosmh, Buis Juÿhz, Ïbvorh Cormêo, BhrflzhUbolo y Bhrflzh Hbivïl.

Fl ul pbolh jïs onifrth ob fxpfrijfltobisjh y o ulo rfbfmturo irýlimo kf bovolcuorkio, sf aobbol bos hnros kf Ghrcf Cijflh y Govifr Mhkfsob.Drolmismh Khjflf sf jufvf fl bo bêlfo kfb rfobisjh mrêtimh.

Uhr htrh bokh, rfmhciflkh bo afrflmio kfb rfobisjh sumih, surcf ulo phfsêomfltroko fl fxpbhror fjhmihlfs quf rfkulkol fl fb aostêh y fb kfsflcoÿh. Bhsouthrfs prilmipobfs fl fsto bêlfo shl ^hcfr Shbdf, @orjfbh M. Irinorrfl yUonbh Cormêo Mosokh.

Vlo lufvo tflkflmio, o bo quf portf kf bo mrêtimo ao vflikh o kflhjilor

‒phfsêo kf bo mhlmiflmio‚, sf dhrjo fl ulo phfsêo kf dufrtf roicojnrf shmiob,obrfkfkhr tolth kf bhs flmufltrhs phétimhs hrcolizokhs fl Jhcufr mhl fblhjnrf kf ‒Thmfs kfb fxtrfjh‚, mhjh o trovés kf kivfrshs jhvijiflths kfizquifrko oltimopitobisto. Outhrfs fl fsto bêlfo sfrêol Olthlih Hriaufbo, IsonfbUérfz Jhltobnïl, Olthlih Jélkfz, Kovik Chlzïbfz y Flriquf Dobmýl.

[ojniél tflkrêojhs quf tflfr fl muflto o outhrfs lh vilmubokhs o fstosmhrrifltfs mhjh Jolufb Jhyo y Ourfbih Chlzïbfz Hvifs. H phr htrh bokh fbphfto Drolmismh Omuyh, mrfokhr ilmbosidimonbf, mhl ul ulivfrsh phétimh prhpih.




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Fl muolth o bo Cflfromiýl phétimo kfb >555, sf troto kf ulo cflfromiýlfstukioko, fltrf htrhs, phr fb mrêtimh Buis Olthlih kf Tibbflo fl su olthbhcêo Boiltfbicflmio y fb aomao. Vl polhrojo kf bo Cflfromiýl phétimo kf >555 , sfc÷lquifl fsto cflfromiýl sunvifrtf rokimobjfltf bhs prfsupufsths kf bo phfsêo kfbo fxpfriflmio. Kf bhs phftos kf kimao cflfromiýl kimf7 ‒shl pburobfs, mhjh bhshl thkos, pfrh ul sfmthr ijphrtoltf mhilmikf fl ulo phfsêo irromihlobisto quf prftflkf sfr ulo rfdbfxiýl shnrf bo rfobikok, bo jotfrio y bo viko‚…‒]f troto kfulo cflfromiýl quf thkovêo lh ao bhcrokh ul crol binrh pfrh quf sil fjnorchyo tiflf ulhs muolths iltfltolkh fxpbimorbo‚. Fb binrh rfdbfgo ulo cflfromiýlkistilto o bo kf bhs hmaflto pfrh quf kf obculo jolfro fltrhlmo mhl bhslhvêsijhs. Ilmbuyf o Guol Olthlih Chlzïbfz Icbfsios, Buis Juÿhz, OlkrésLfujol, Fbflo Jfkfb, Olthlih Bumos, Isonfb Uérfz Jhltobnïl, GovifrTfbo, Nobnilo Urihr, Govifr ^hkrêcufz Jormhs y ôdofb Fspfgh.

Htrhs mrêtimhs mhlsikfrol quf bo phfsêo jïs rfmifltf, portiflkh kf bo nosf kfquf yo lh fs phfsêo kf bo fxpfriflmio, sf jufvf fl juy kivfrshs drfltfs silquf sf pufko aonbor fl lilc÷l mosh kf ulo fsmufbo prfkhjiloltf. Ilmbushkfltrh kf moko cruph bos kidfrflmios shl flhrjfs y fl jumahs moshs ul phftosf pufkf oksmrinir o vorihs kf fbbhs. Osê, kf fstf jhkh sf prhkumf fl obculhsphftos ulo vufbto ob trotojiflth kf bhs tfjos aujolhs mhl ul thlh crovf pfrhmhl bfvfs mfsihlfs o bo irhlêo, Olo Isonfb Mhlfgh, Okhbdh Mufth, TolfsoUérfz-]ouquibbh, Buis Nocué _uêbfz, Morbhs Mhltrfros Fbviro, Gubio Uifro,Orioklo C. Cormêo, Jirioj ^fyfs, Nfl Mbor`, Mojibh kf Hry, Jorih Muflmo]olkhvob h Jortêl Býpfz-Tfco, obtfrlokh mhl ul thlh fxprfsihlisto,fxistflmiob y rfdbfxivh khlkf sf situorêol Jicufb Ïlcfb Mhltrfros, Gubih JosObmoroz, Yoizo Jortêlfz y Ghsé Kolifb Cormêo.

Htrhs phftos sf oksmrinfl kf obculo jolfro o bo afrflmio kiobémtimo fltrf botrokimiýl y bo volcuorkio, mhjh Morbhs Uorkh, Guol Morbhs Onrib, OnroaojCrocfro, Guol Olthlih Nfrlifr, ôdofb Fspfgh, Ghsfp J. ^hkrêcufz, GuolJolufb ^hjfrh, Olkrés Lovorrh h Olthlih Uhrtfbo. Fsths y htrhs phftoslomikhs o jfkiokhs kf bhs sfsflto aonrêol okfboltokh prfsupufsthsmhjphsitivhs kf supfromiýl rokimob kf bo phfsêo kf bo fxpfriflmio, muyosmoromtfrêstimos prilmipobfs sfrêol bo supfromiýl kf bhs rfdfrfltfs lomihlobfs y bo

fsmrituro lfhvolcuorkisto, kfskf ulo visiýl lftojfltf phsjhkfrlo ylhvêsijo, mfrmolo ob mhbbocf aftfrýmbith.

Lh hnstoltf, aonrêo quf tflfr fl muflto quf fl bo bêlfo hpufsto sf flmufltroltojniél htrhs gývflfs phftos quf mhltil÷ol fl bo fstfbo kf bo phfsêo kf bofxpfriflmio, mhjh shl ôqufb Bolsfrhs, Kolifb ^hkrêcufz Jhyo yDfrlolkh Tobvfrkf ̂ hkrêcufz.

[ojniél sf pufkf aonbor kf ul cruph kf phftos mhltiluokhrfs kf bo afrflmiorib`folo, mhl oltfmfkfltfs fl Mboukih ^hkrêcufz y Timfltf Tobfrh7 GovifrMïlovfs, Govifr Molh, Ghsé Olthlih Cýjfz Mhrhlokh h Govifr Tfbo.




>=

Fl kfdilitivo, sf troto kf ul cruph fxtrohrkiloriojfltf aftfrhcélfh fl fb qufmhlvivfl bo phsjhkfrlikok y fb fmbfmtimisjh.

Mhjh sf ao phkikh vfr tros thko fsto fxphsimiýl, bo kivfrsikok kf tflkflmios

jormo fb kfvflir kf bo phfsêo fspoÿhbo kfskf bhs oÿhs ;5 aosto bo omtuobikok,bh quf ilkimo quf sf troto kf ul célfrh vivh y bbflh kf riqufzo, pfrh quf,kfscromiokojfltf, mhjh kimf Hmtovih Uoz, ‒fs ul rith kf bos motomujnos‚. Borfobikok kf bo phfsêo fs prfmorio y tfrrinbf fl ulo shmifkok quf ao ijpufsthbhs vobhrfs kf jfrmokh shnrf bhs kf bo mubturo. Y, mhjh fxpbimo Buis Olthlih kfTibbflo, poro sfr punbimoko fstï mhlkfloko o bos olthbhcêos y bhs prfjihs. Fshsê, Iltfrlft y fb minfromtivisjh bitfrorih rfiloltf fstïl suphliflkh ulosiclidimotivo moptomiýl kf bfmthrfs y mrfokhrfs quf, sil kuko, lhs aomfl otisnorquf lhs flmhltrojhs yo oltf ulo siclidimotivo jutomiýl quf lh sonfjhs juynifl o kýlkf lhs bbfvorï, pfrh quf obculhs phftos fstïl omhciflkh mhl mifrthkfrrhtisjh, mhjh jolidifsto fb sicuifltf phfjo kf Chlzïbfz Icbfsios7

‒Bo molmiýl kfb vfrolh suflo jïs quf bo Flfiko

y fl volh-Mihrol kimf-nusmo Hmmikfltf ulo

dhrjo kf ochlêo kiclo kf su posokh.

Ufrh osê fstïl bos mhsos, y lh tiflfl

vufbto

li bos cflfromihlfs li bos ahgos

kf bhs ahjnrfs.

[ristfzo kf sonfr quf lh rfcrfsorfjhs

o bo tfrluro, bo sfrflikok,

ob dubchr kf Tircibih.

Oqufb vfrolh

noibïnojhs hsmurhs nogh bo lhmaf shbo‚




NINBIHCÔDÊO

-MOLH, G.B.7 Bêrimo fspoÿhbo kf ahy. Olthbhcêo, Crfkhs, Jokrik, ?93=

-MO][FBBF[, G.J.7 Lufvf lhvêsijhs phftos fspoÿhbfs, Uflêlsubo,

Normfbhlo, >55?.-CO^MÊO KF BO MHLMAO, T.7 Bo phfsêo fspoÿhbo kf ?9=6 o ?936 , ; vhbs.,Mïtfkro, Jokrik, ?913.

-CO^MÊO GOJNÎLO, B.7 Bo prhjhmiýl phétimo kf bhs 65 , Fsposo Mobpf,Jokrik, >555.

-CO^MÊO UH]OKO, J., fk.7 Bo lufvo phfsêo (?936-?99>), Mrêtimo, Normfbhlo,?994.

-JO^[ÊLFW, G.F.7 Olthbhcêo kf phfsêo fspoÿhbo (?936-?996 ), Mostobio, Jokrik,?993.

-UFKÔWO, D. y ^HK^ÊCVFW MÏMF^F], J7 Bos éphmos kf bo bitfroturofspoÿhbo, Orifb, Normfbhlo, >55>.

-UÎF[H KF UOVBO, O.B.7?9=9-?9367 Olthbhcêo kf phfsêo fspoÿhbo, Ocuomboro, Obimoltf, ?99=.

-]OLW TIBBOLVFTO, ]7 ‒Éphmo mhltfjphrïlfo7 ?9=9-?936. Urijfrsupbfjflth‚ fl DÔLMI]MH ÎMH7 Aisthrio y Mrêtimo kf bo bitfroturo fspoÿhbo,vhb.1, Mrêtimo, Normfbhlo, ?999.

-[V]ÝL, T7 Bo phfsêo fspoÿhbo kf lufstrh tifjph, Jokrik, Oloyo, ?995.

- TIBBOLVFTO, K. y htrhs7 ‒Bhs lufvhs lhjnrfs7 ?936->555‚, fl DÔLMI]MHÎMH7 Aisthrio y Mrêtimo kf bo bitfroturo fspoÿhbo, vhb.9, Mrêtimo, Normfbhlo,>555.

-TIBBFLO(KF), B.O.7 Bo iltfbicflmio y fb aomao (Vl polhrojo kf bo Cflfromiýl phétimo kf >555), Tishr, Jokrik, >5?5.

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