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LanguageDiagram
Indo-Iranian BranchRomance Branch
Balto-Slavic BranchPg 153
1st period Quiz1. A system of written communication is a
_________________________
2. What is a dialect?
3. Explain why some words in British English and American English are spelled differently.
2nd period Quiz
1. What is a literary tradition?
2. List the 5 Romance languages.
3. Why are there spelling differences in British English and American English?
Prepare for map quiz.
Number a sheet of notebook paper 1-13.
For tomorrow’s presentations-Be prepared to explain what part you played-When you get done with the powerpoint email to [email protected] you are bringing food for extra credit bring any items that go along with it (forks, napkins, plates, etc)
Chapter 5
Languages!
• What do you call a person who speaks multiple language?– A polyglot
• What do you call a person who speaks two languages?– Bilingual
• What do you call a person who speaks one language?– American
Why do you think so few Americans speak another language?
Countries
• Monolingual:
• Multilingual:
• Most languages diffuse through literary tradition
Where are English-Language Speakers Distributed?
• English- spoken more than any other language except Mandarin
• Distributed around the world
• Official language in 50 countries– English is the most important language in
North America b/c • Diffusion of English colonies
Dialects of English
• Dialect- – Different in sound, speed, syntax
• Migration allows variation to exist
• English- large # of dialect
Dialects in the U.S.
• isogloss
• South- two syllables
• New England- drops the “r”
• West Coast/Midwest
Dialects of English
– Standard language• Acceptable for govt, education, mass
communication• British Received Pronunciation- politicians,
broadcasters, actors
Why is English Related to Other Languages?
• Language family
• Language Branch
• Language group
Indo-European Family
• 8 branches
• World’s most extensively spoke language family
• 3 billion people speak Indo-European
The Indo-European Language Family
• Germanic branch• Indo-Iranian branch• Balto-Slavic branch• Romance branch• Albanian• Armenian• Greek• Celtic
Indo-European Language Family
Fig. 5-5: The main branches of the Indo-European language family include Germanic, Romance, Balto-Slavic, and Indo-Iranian.
Germanic Branch of Indo-European
• Includes:– German and English– English included b/c German tribes that invaded
England (Angles, Saxons, Jutes)– West Germanic Branch
• Structurally similar and have many words in common
– East Germanic- EXTINCT– North Germanic Branch
• Scandinavia- Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic• Icelandic- changed less than any other Germanic language
b/c of isolation from other places
– High and Low Germanic• Based on elevations• Low- English, Dutch, Flemish, Afrikaans
Germanic Branch of Indo-European
Fig. 5-6: The Germanic branch today is divided into North and West Germanic groups. English is in the West Germanic group.
English is in the language family- Indo- European
English is in the language branch – Germanic
English is in the language group- West Germanic
Where are Other Language Families Distributed?
• Family Trees:* language families- TRUNKS
• Individual languages- LEAVES– The larger the leaves/trunks are the greater # of
speakers of those families and languages.– Trunks that divide into branches- language branches
Language Family Trees
Fig. 5-12: Family trees and estimated numbers of speakers for the main world language families.
Language Families of the World
Fig. 5-11: Distribution of the world’s main language families. Languages with more than 50 million speakers are named.
Major Language FamiliesPercentage of World Population
Fig. 5-11a: The percentage of world population speaking each of the main language families. Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan together represent almost 75% of the world’s people.
Language Family Activity
Remain silent while announcements are on
Get homework out!
Indo-Iranian Branch of Indo-European
• Most speakers (100 individual languages) spoken by 1 billion
• Eastern (Indic)
• Western (Iranian)
Indo-Iranian Branch of Indo-European
• Eastern (Indic)– Widely used language in India– Indians speak Hindi written in Devanagari
• Hindi Language
– Pakistan speak Urdu written in Arabic• Urdu Language
– Cultural diversity in India is due to language
Indo-Iranian Branch of Indo-European
• Iranian (Western)– Spoken in Iran– Iranians speak Persian
• Persian
– Afghans speak Pashto• Pashto
– Kurds speak Kurdish • Kurdish
Batlo-Slavic Branch of Indo-European
• East Slavic and Baltic Groups– Russian
• Russian
• West and South Slavic Groups– Polish by Czech and Slovak
• czech language
– Ukrainian• Ukrainian
– Belarusian• Belarusian
Russian Sign
Russian is an Indo-European language written in the Cyrillic alphabet, originally brought to Russia by Greek missionaries
South Asian Languages & Language Families
Fig. 5-7: Indo-European is the largest of four main language families in South Asia. The country of India has 18 official languages.
Romance Branch of Indo-European
Fig. 5-8: The Romance branch includes three of the world’s 12 most widely spoken languages (Spanish, French, and Portuguese), as well as a number of smaller languages and dialects.
Signs in Barcelona, Spain
Signs in Barcelona are written both in Catalán (top) and Spanish (bottom).
Port-au-Prince, Haiti
Haitian Creole and French are both official languages in Haiti, although English is also used.
Romance Branch
• Evolved from Latin• Italian, Portuguese, French, Spanish, Romanian
– Italian– Portuguese– French– Spanish– Romanian
• Reason for differences is isolation of the countries in which the languages are spoken
Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European
• Proto-Indo-European:
• Cannot be proven with certainty
• All Indo-European languages share certain similar words
• Linguists agree that it existed but disagree on when and where the language originated and the process of diffusion
Two Theories of Proto-Indo-European
• Kurgan Theory– Nomadic herders– Migrated in search of grasslands– Conquered much of Europe and South Asia
Kurgan Theory of Indo-European Origin
Fig. 5-9: In the Kurgan theory, Proto-Indo-European diffused from the Kurgan hearth north of the Caspian Sea, beginning about 7000 years ago.
Two Theories of Proto-Indo-European
• Anatolian– Migrated for agricultural reasons– Not military conquest– language flourished b/c grew food not hunting
Anatolian Hearth Theory of Indo-European Origin
Fig. 5-10: In the Anatolian hearth theory, Indo-European originated in Turkey before the Kurgans and diffused through agricultural expansion.
Distribution of Language Families
• 2nd largest family- Sino-Tibetan
• People’s Republic of China- world’s most populous state– Sinitic Branch– Austro-Thai and Tibetan-Burman two smaller
branches
Sino-Tibetan
• Sinitic Branch– No single Chinese language– Most important- Mandarin (most used
language in the world).– Official language of P.R.of C. and Taiwan
• Other Sinitic languages spoken in China
• Chinese govt. imposing Mandarin
Sino-Tibetan
• Source of national strength and unity
• Words written the same way
• 420 one syllable words– Each sound denotes more than one thing
• Ideograms- represent ideas or concepts, not specific pronunciation
Chinese Ideograms
Fig. 5-13: Chinese language ideograms mostly represent concepts rather than sounds. The two basic characters at the top can be built into more complex words.
Other East and S.E. Asian Language Families
• Japan and Korea have distinct language families– Japanese- written with Chinese ideograms
but also 2 systems phonetic symbols
• Korean- written in hankul (each letter represents a sound).– Vietnamese- most spoken language of
Austro-Asiatic language family
Afro-Asiatic Language Family
• Arabic and Hebrew
• 4th largest language family
• Language used to write the holiest books of the 3 major world religions
• Arabic major language- official language in 24 countries
African Language Families
• 1,000 distinct languages
• Lack written tradition
• Minimal interaction culturally
• 1800’s European missionaries starting recording
Language Families of Africa
Fig. 5-14: The 1000 or more languages of Africa are divided among five main language families, including Austronesian languages in Madagascar.
Niger-Congo
• 95% of Sub-Saharan Africa
• Swahili
Languages of Nigeria
Fig. 5-15: More than 200 languages are spoken in Nigeria, the largest country in Africa (by population). English, considered neutral, is the official language.
Nilo-Saharan
• 6 branches
• Very few speakers
• Very divided = problematic with classifying African languages
Khoisan Language Family
• Southwest
• Clicking sounds
Austronesian Language Family
• Indonesia
• Most widely used language Javanese
Nigeria: Conflict among speakers of different languages
• Nigeria- most populous country in Africa
• 493 distinct languages
• Great cultural diversity/language diversity in a small region
Languages of Nigeria
Fig. 5-15: More than 200 languages are spoken in Nigeria, the largest country in Africa (by population). English, considered neutral, is the official language.
Should English be the official language of the U.S.?
• Debate continues over whether English should be the official language of the U.S. and whether schools should teach in languages other than English. Give an argument for school being taught only in English, and one supporting teaching with other languages in our schools. Which argument do you support, and why?
Why do People Preserve Local Languages?
• Distribution of language is a measure of the fate of an ethnic group
• Competition trends of globalization and diversity
Preserving Language Diversity
• Extinct languages- no longer spoken or read
• 516 extinct languages
Preserving Language Diversity
• Hebrew– Extinct and revived– Diminished in 4th century B.C.– 1948 became official language of Israel
Jerusalem Street sign
A street in Jerusalem was re-named New York after Sept. 11, 2001. The street name is shown in Hebrew, Arabic, and English
Languages Die, but Not Their Last Word1. How many languages are spoken today?2. How do languages become extinct?3. In what regions are languages disappearing most
rapidly?4. What continent’s spoke tongues are nearly all
endangered?5. Why do the Kallawaya have a secret language?6. What language threatens the survival of the Northwest
Pacific languages?7. What have govt. officials in Siberia done for minority
language speakers?8. According to researchers, how fast are languages
becoming extinct?
Multilingual States
• Belgium:– Southern-French– Northern- Dutch/Flemish– Language boundary divides country into two
regions.– Economic/political differences
Language Divisions in Belgium
Fig. 5-16: There has been much tension in Belgium between Flemings, who live in the north and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect, and Walloons, who live in the south and speak French.
Language Areas in Switzerland
Fig. 5-17: Switzerland remains peaceful with four official languages and a decentralized government structure.
Multilingual States
• Switzerland:– Peacefully exists with multiple languages– Decentralized govt. – local authorities have
most of the power– 4 official languages- German, French, Italian,
Romansh
Isolated Languages
• Unrelated to any other and not attached to any language family
• Similarities and differences in languages measure the degree of interaction among groups of people
• Isolated languages lack interaction with speakers of other languages
Isolated Languages
• An unchanging language: Icelandic– Indo-European– Little interaction– isolated
Global Dominance of English
• Lingua franca- language of international communication
• Facilitate trade- mixing of languages
• Pidgin language- simplified form to communicate with speakers– English, Swahili, Indonesia, Russian
Ireland Road Signs
Road signs in Ireland are written in both English and Gaelic (Goidelic).
Bookstore in
Brussels, Belgium
The name of the bookstore is printed in both French (top) and Flemish (bottom).
Expansion Diffusion of English
• Past: migration and conquest
• Current: expansion diffusion– Diffusion of new vocab, spelling,
pronunciation– English words fusing with others.
Ebonics
• Combo of ebony and phonics
• South Africans migrated to NE and Midwest
• Double negatives
• Controversial– Poor education– Preserving an element of African American
culture
Diffusion to Other Languages
• Franglias- mix of French and English– Controversial- language is a sense of national
pride
• Spaniglish- mix of Spanish and English– Modify spelling of words– Popular in popular culture– Enriches both English and Spanish
• Denglish- English and Dutch
If you only learned a few things…
• Language is the means of communication b/t people.
• Many languages are dying out• Largest language family is Indo-European• Second largest is the Sino-Tibetan• Mandaran is the most spoken language in
the world• Dialects are a form of language based on
syntax, vocal, and speed.
French-English Boundary in Canada
Fig. 5-18: Although Canada is bilingual, French speakers are concentrated in the province of Quebec, where 80% of the population speaks French.
French Signs in Québec City
Spanish Signs in New York City
Use your book to describe the differences between British English and American English.
* include things such as pronunciation, vocab, and spelling
Pg 150
American slang vs. British slang
Ellen2