Cambridge Proofreading & Editing Test and training programCambridge Proofreading & Editing maintains exacting standards. In the interests of upholding these standards, each of our editors regularly receives his or her own Professional Improvement Plan, and new editors are trained to edit to the level that Cambridge requires.

To become a Cambridge editor, you are required to complete the following four tests after carefully reading the instructions and reviewing the sample edits. Each of the four assignments is approximately 300 words in length and has a different focus: 1. General language editing2. Academic language editing3. Text comprehension and comment writing 4. All skills combined, with a focus on working efficiently.

You are expected to complete all four tests in three days. Once complete, please upload the document to the recruitment portal and keep an eye on your inbox; we will be in touch within 10 days of receiving your submission.

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Language editing

Instructions The aim of editing a text is to correct all language mistakes, improve sentences, and significantly improve the style of a text. No obvious language or style errors are to remain after an editor has corrected a client’s work.

In this first test, you will focus on editing all language mistakes, improving sentences where necessary, and improving the style when possible. You’ll need Microsoft Word 2013 or later; older versions have compatibility problems. Please ensure you use Microsoft Word’s Track Changes feature, but—as best practice requires—please edit in Simple/No Markup so you can see what the final version will look like. You may also use the Comment function to explain a choice that you feel requires explanation, but your in-line editing will be what counts most in this test.

Be sure to run a spelling/grammar check, and review your editing choices to confirm that you have applied them consistently.

Sample edit (UK English) Please ensure you review the sample edit in All Markup.

1.4 Music and Consumer Behaviour

A furthernother prominent theme that emergesemerging from the literature on music in

services marketing is with regards to its influence on consumer behaviour. One of the

soonest earliest studies to look at this topic was Smith and Curnow’s (1966) field

experiment in a supermarket, where one of theiry hypotheseis was that total sale

revenues would be reduced if ‘loud’ music was playedplaying in the service environment

would reduce total salesales revenues. Interestingly, there that hypothesis was incorrect

and sales remained consistent.

Through tThe review of literature review we shall seewill show that the influence of music

on consumers in the a service environment is very hard difficult to predict, and. Moreover,

Smith and Curnow are not the only only researchers learning whose study of their the

topic that have disprovedsd their own hypotheses.

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Under the wider broader topic of music and consumer behaviour, three interesting

areas have been seen identified and focused on in the literature review of literature – – this

that is, the influence of music music’s influence on: approach and /avoidance behaviours,; the

level of waiting time satisfaction levelwith waiting times, , and purchasing behaviour.

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Test 1. Language editingUK spelling; please use the Cambridge English Dictionary and the APA Publication Manual as your reference works.

Chapter 2 Methodology

2.1 Research Methodology

Give the overall research problem and the characteristics of the literature on music in context

of services marketing - ie it is spread across many disciplines and frequently a sub-topic to a

wider research problem - a thematic analyses approach were utilized for research methods.

A thematic analysis is search for biggest themes in a dataset that emerge as being applicable

for describing a phenomenon (Boyatzis). It involve identification, description, analyse and

pattern recognition (i.e. themes) inside a selected datas (Fereday and Muir-Cochrane, 2006) -

in this instance; peer-reviewed empirical studys (secondary data).

Rearch process is conducted in line with Braun and Clarke’s (2006) six-phase, step-by-step

guide for a thematic analysis:

Familiarization with the data

A lot of relevant academic journals were gathered and read thoroughly over six week period.

Important, an immersion process with the data was made through the repeated reading of the

journal articles in order to achieve a deep understanding and familiarities of them (Fereday

and Muir-Cochrane, 2006).

Articles were read or scanned at least once before coding began, in order to allow ideas to be

shaped and forming whilst reading (Braun and Clarke, 2006).

Generation of initial codes

Data set systematically looked at on computer softwares and coded manually using written

notes and highlighted.

Searching for theme

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As many themes as could be found were highlighted. In of all the posibilities, a select number

of particularly big themes were deemed to be the focus of this study.

The decision to focus on a select number of theme (with sub-themes) was made due to two

key reason. First, these themes were deemed to be most demanding of further discussion as

there was many evidence and findings to evaluate. Secondly, with limits to time, resources

and permissible word count it was felt that narrowing efforts on a smaller of themes would be

most beneficial of discussing and analyzing the research problem.

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Academic language editing

Instructions Most texts we receive are theses, papers, academic articles or dissertations. That means that a Cambridge editor needs to have a solid understanding of academic language, such as which words not to use, how to introduce acronyms, and when something is too vague.

In this text, we ask you to focus on:

● forbidden words● abbreviations● informal word choice● excessive passive writing● ambiguity/redundancy● subjectivity● overly short sentences● overly lengthy sentences● repetition● inappropriate verb tense● inconsistency in references and citations

Sample edit (US English)Please ensure you review the sample edit in All Markup.

Nurses as Therapists

Policy Answer

This essay advocates changing the for role change of the psychiatric nurse in Australia. Right

now, Australia having is currently in the midst of a mental health epidemic. Despite patients

of mental problems right now that responding better to psychological interventions as

opposedthan to pharmacological interventions., and to counselling rather than medicine, .

NotwithstandingNonetheless, the medical model continues to dominate health- care delivery

in Australia, and , so psychological therapy is remains a less not popular treatment

alternativee. This essay suggests that psychiatric nurses should provider of of psychological

therapies. After exploring the scope of the problem, this essay proposes suggests that mental -

health nurses are ideally poised to become to primary providers of these psychological

therapiestherapy and that psychiatric nurses should provide psychological therapies. .

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context

According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2007), mental health

problems are the leading cause of disability in Australia. The 2007 National Survey of Mental

Health and Welfare (Slade et al., 2009) showed that 45.5% of the population have hashad or

will experienced or would experience a mental- health problem at some point in their

lifetime. Anxiety is the most common mental such problem, affecting 1 in 7 Australians

(Slade et al. 2009). The pPrevalence of anxiety also has varies by gender differences, with

women suffering more than men (17.9% v.and 10.8%, respectively) (Slade et al. 2009).

Mental- health problems are also expensive costly: (e.g., $8 billion ,000,000,000 (or $344 per

person) was, which is how much wasthe amount spent on psychiatric services in Australia

from in between 2013 and – and 2014 (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2015).

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Test 2. Academic language editingUK spelling; please use the Cambridge English Dictionary and the APA Publication Manual as your reference works.

Barlow (2004) observes that psychological interventions are efficacious and safe for the

treatment of social anxiety disorder. More recently, following a systemic review of the

literature and large scale meta-analysis, Mayo-Wilson et alii (2014) concluded that cognitive

behavioral therapy (CBT) is actually more effective than pharmacotherapy with selective

serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as sertraline, for the treatment of social anxiety.

Additionally, . And, while sertraline has been seen as the gold standard of pharmacological

interventions for social anxiety, Gordon and Melvin (2013) list many side-effects, especially

for teenager patients, that would suggest that sertraline might not be the first treatment

But, while CBT may be safer treatment and more effective for social anxiety than SSSRIs, it

would also be taxing in terms of resource usage. Priyamvada and others (2009) report a 17-

session treatment regimen for social anxiety with social anxiety being treated over 17 1 hour

sessions. Morris, Mensink, & Stewart describe 12 sessions at 2.5 hours per session. From

this, we can conclude that hour CBT demands an investment of time.

In Australian context, this commitment might be a little difficult given the fact that clinical

psychologists comprise the bulk of cognitive behavioral therapy. According to the 2014

National Health Workforce Data Set, there were 23,878 clinical psychologists in Australia in

2014 (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2016). This would have suggested a ratio of

87 clinical psychologists per hundred thousand population, which is in no way adequate in

terms of the scope of the problem that anxiety disorders pose. Moreover, not all psychologists

is working in health care, so the actual figure’s no doubt considerably lower. Training new

clinical psychologists might seem like a logical response to this shortfall: however, the

minimum training time to be a clinical psychologist is 6 years (4 years honors and 2 years

provisional registration) (AIHWinternship (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2016).

Either our approach to training clinical psychologists, or we have to look somewhere else to

meet the workforce demands for cognitive behavioral therapists, in order to respond to the

high incidence of social anxiety.

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Text comprehension and comment writing

Instructions Carefully read the Guidelines for Comments document attached to our email. Your comments should focus on helping your clients improve text that is unclear, redundant, contradictory, or poorly organized.

Sample comments Please ensure you review the sample text in All Markup.

Section VII. Tangential Essay B: Is the City of the Republic Really Ideal? The Republic can be thought of as a well-known political treatise. However, If if we

think of Plato’s analogy between the geopolitical unit and the human soul as good, and

Plato’s conclusions with respect to justice in the soul are accepted, we can adopt a literal

interpretation of Socrates’s city in the dialogue can be read literally.

It is true that sSome of the passages in the dialogue tell us that this “city in thought”

is Plato’s ideal political structure. At Book IV, 444a5 – 7, after the organization of the city,

Socrates asserts that, “if we should affirm that we had found the just man and state and what

justice really is in them, I think we should not be much mistaken.” AlsoMoreover, Book VIII

contains two passages that show the ideality of the city. At 543a1 – 6: “We are agreed then

… that the state which is to achieve the height of good government must have community of

wives and children …” [italics added]. And Furthermore, at 544e6 – 545a1, Socrates states

that “[now] we have already described the man corresponding to aristocracy or the

government of the best, whom we aver to be the truly good and just man.”

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Test 3. Writing commentsWhile these passages may appear to support a literal reading of The Republic’s political

significance, an abundance of evidence throughout the dialogue suggests that such an

interpretation is probably mistaken. The city’s very foundation in Book II causes such doubts.

Glaucon insists on the presence of luxury in the city, after which Socrates’ truly ideal state, in

which men’s ‘requirements of necessity’ are met but not exceeded (373b2–4), becomes less

than perfect. Socrates explicitly asserts at 372e6–7 that this luxurious city is no longer ideal.

It must now manage a huge number of problems, and solving these problems takes up a

large part of the remaining Republic.

Socrates decides that, so that luxury can be facilitated, the size of the city must be

expanded past the size of being able to support itself. This causes it to be necessary to

waging war with neighboring cities and introducing a guardian class that will protect it. The

education of this class fills up multiple books of the Republic, and making sure that these

watchmen have the properties they need for their profession makes Socrates begin to

banish and censor. We can see that it is important that the guardians’ education, on which

Socrates insists, can blatantly contradict other established Socratic teachings. In Book I, it

was agreed that it is never just to do harm (335d11–e5). However, in Book V, Socrates

claims that the guardians of the city must undergo comprehensive training to prepare for

battle, and that they will be mean and aggressive if necessary. And although other Socratic

teachings scold people not to make judgments based on ignorance, at 376b4–16, he claims

that an ideal guardian would need to be trained to behave as a guard dog, to be hostile

toward approaching strangers and welcoming toward familiars, even if the actual character

of the person coming forward is not good.

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Editing for Cambridge Proofreading & Editing

Instructions In this final test, you will need to use all three skill sets—language editing, academic language editing, and comment writing—in a single text.

Make sure that, after your corrections, no language mistakes remain. Sentence structure, style and word choice should be significantly improved, and comments should be used to further help the client improve the text.

Sample edit (US spelling) Please ensure you review the sample edit in All Markup.

Customers’ monetary valuation of a service may subsequently be influenced by the types

of music playing being played (e.g., light popular or classical music) (Oakes, 2000).

Oakes (2000) argues argued that music picks selection can be utilized to position a service in

the minds of consumers as being of a the best quality. According to Oakes (2000),; pp. 545);

“Customers’ monetary valuation of a service may subsequently be influenced by the style of

music played (e.g., light popular or classical music).” (p. 545). This thought assessment is

strongly supported in by the writingsliterature. For example, Areni and Kim (1993)

measuredmeasured the affect effects of playing either pop music versus or classical music in

wine and alcoholic beverages liquor stores and found that stores. They see that moneys sales

increasedd and customers purchased buy more higher costexpensive wines when classical

music was is was being played, in comparison tocompared to when pop music was playing.

These thoughts findings are in keepingare congruent with the arguments of Yalch and

Spangenberg’s (1993) assertion that classical music can be made used to position a service or

product as being the very optimal best combination of quality and /priced. Furthermore,

Baker et al. (1994) found that the combination of ambient lighting and classical music

generates higher expectations regarding service quality gives consumers the thoughts idea

that the quality of service would be better in comparisonthan customers would have in to

brightly lit spaces lighting and playing popular music. Similarly, North, Shilcock, and

Hargreaves (2003) say found that restaurant guests in a restaurant spendt spent more money

when listening to classical music was is being played, than when in comparisoncompared to

when pop music was being playedselected.

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Test 4. Editing for Cambridge ProofreadingUS spelling; please use Merriam-Webster and the APA Publication Manual as your reference works.

To say for sure that classical music gives perception of quality to consumers perhaps fails to

consider demographic variables the most. Indeed Yalch and Spangenberg (1993) themselves

say in their study the varying effects of different styles of music on varying demographics.

And as Wilson (2003) found in experiment in poplar restaurant, when classical music was

played it had the financially negative effect of significantly lowering the amount of guests

who buy three or more beverages in comparison with when jazz and pop music were played.

These considerations reinforce what is much said in the literature; the importance of a “fit”

between music selection and context of the service environment and the demographic types

of the target markets for an effective positioning strategy (Areni & Kim, 1993; Oakes, 2000).

Chapter 4

4.1 The influence of music consumer behaviour in the context of services marketing

4. 2 Music and consumer approach/avoidance behaviors

Base upon the model poposed by Mehrabian/Russell model, all replies to an environment can

be classified as an approach or avoidance behavior (Mehrabian and Russell, 1974). The

Mehrabian/Russell model can be apply to the service environment context to cleverly explain

the affects of atmospherics on consumer behaviour (Mehrabian and Russell, 1974).

Approach behavior include: ‘physically moving toward something; affiliating with others in

the environment through verbal communication and eye contact, and performing a large

number of tasks within the environment’ (Booms and Bitner, 1980; as cited in Milliman,

1986; pp.286). Avoidance behavior include: “trying to get out of the environment; a tendency

to remain inanimate in the environment; and a tendency to ignore communication attempts

from from others’ (Donovan and Rossiter 1982, p. 37).

It has been well written in the academic books how musical preferences are linked to

demographics and personality types (Mehrabian & Russell, 1974). Further more there is a lot

of research which has show how the selection of specific music styles that are deemed most

poplar amongst the target consumer demographics can help in stimulating approach

behaviors and attracting persons into the services environment (Milliman and Bitner).

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If I apply the lessons of these studys to the service marketing context we can see how

different genres of music can be applied in the service environment to help approach or

avoidance behaviours in consumers. It is in the Bars and Restaurants services sector that I

have seen good studies which have most explicitly show the influence of music style

selections in buyers approach/avoidance behavior (Milliman, 1986; Grayson & McNeill,

2009; Jones et al,. 2009)

References

Richard Yalch & Eric Spangenberg, The Effects of Music in a Retail Setting on Real and Perceived Shopping Times  in Journal of Business Research 49(2):139-147 August 2000.

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