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Large Scale Facilities and Centres of Excellence The CERN experience Luciano MAIANI. CERN. European Laboratory for Particle Physics. P-P, very high energy. Cold anti-P. P, high energy. P, low energy. Nuclear physics. CERN Member States (2002). Observer States: EU Israel, Turkey - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Large Scale Facilities and Centres of ExcellenceThe CERN experience
Luciano MAIANI. CERN
European Laboratory for Particle Physics
CERN Member States (2002)
P, low energy
Nuclear physics
P, high energy
P-P, very high energy
Cold anti-P
Observer States:EUIsrael, TurkeyJapan, Russia, USA
•Strongly based in universities•20 members, ~270 institutes, ~4600 users•Studentships, fellowships, etc. Annual throughput of ~400 engineers and ~500 physicists
CERN’s network in Europe
Large Hadron Collider : a Global project with mostly (≈80%) Regional support Community > 5000 physicists world-wide2000 MEuro of high-tech orders over a decade - many placed by universities.
55
Others
10
70
27
22
124
4306
Registered CERN Users, July 2002
Member States
Observer States
538 87
637
3418
Total non-Member States: 1735
Age Distribution of CERN Users (July 2002)
Research based on excellenceACCESS TO EXPERIMENTS
• Excellence assessed by independent peer review
WIDE GEOGRAPHY• Research knows no borders, and “anyone from anywhere”
can propose to conduct an experiment at CERN. The committees will look carefully at the merit of the proposal, and how it will be funded, but neither the passport not the home base are key factors.
MULTIPLE FIELDS• We don’t only need excellent theoretical and experimental
particle physicists. We need excellent staff in multiple fields – accelerator construction, detector design, electronics, mechanical engineering, IT, etc.
Anti-Hydrogen Gymnastic and Detection
Hot plasma
Cold plasma
The Large Hadron Collider in the LEP Tunnel
Proton- Proton Collider
7 TeV + 7 TeV
Luminosity = 1034cm-2sec-1
first targets: •Higgs boson (s)•Supersymmetric Particles•Quark-Gluon Plasma•CP violation in B
Towards the origin
ATLAS and CMS Caverns
Barrel Toroid Integration Work @ CERN
Integration 1 contracted to an outside Firm in 2000 for ~ 3.5 MCHF
End 2001 the Firm stops preparation work with substantial financial claims
Feb 2002 ATLAS negotiated a new solution with thesecond bidder + CEA Saclay + JINR + ATLAS team to do the work at CERN
Work will start in bldg 180 mid May 2002. Original cost and schedule respected.
Integration 1
Integration 2 Work contracted to the JINR group + CEA Saclay + ATLAS team in bldg 180.
Tooling prepared, readiness on schedule
Includes final functional test
bladders prepag
P(resin + spheres)
conductor pancake
Al coil casing
cryostat
The first ATLAS Barrel Toroid vacuum vessel arriving at CERN
CMS: Magnet Barrel Yoke finished
String 2: one complete LHC cell, 120 m
Being operated now
Spreading the messageand/or
Involving the others
CERN beyond the Member States
• Several NMS countries help to construct the LHC – notably Canada, India, Japan, Russia and USA
• Many others participate in the LHC experiments
• CERN is arguably the largest lab in the world for both the Russian and US particle physics communities
Infrastructure - beyond the European Member StatesThe win-win situation
• Excellent researchers are not limited to EU-15 countries, nor even to greater Europe
• People often very well-educated and highly motivated• If we can find the right specialities, everyone can become a major winner• Raw materials, heavy engineering, assembly of one-off sub-detectors, software
components, are all things that can be spread around imaginatively…..• We need to engage these researchers and their governments
CMS feet from Pakistan
LHC corrector magnet from IndiaRussian warm dipoles
Access• It is sometimes tempting to make access dependent on
“membership”, but particle physics has tended to be able to use a different approach
• Experiments running on our “facilities” tend to be based on very large (50-2000 person) collaborations
• This allows people from economically weaker countries to join with those from stronger regions
• So we tend not to look at the passport of the people making proposals
• But (in general) we expect people who have not funded the lab infrastructure to contribute more than their “fair share” to the cost of the experiment
• The contribution can take many forms, such as assembly effort, software, … Look for the “win-win”.
Mobility• Getting the new researchers to the infrastructure• Getting the staff of the lab to the new nations• Schools
The Joint CERN-Dubna School
Integration• Don’t erect, or, if they exist, tear down any administrative
barriers• Encourage these countries to send students• Run summer schools in new countries• Look for funding for all of this• CERN has good experience with ISTC and INTAS - thanks to
EU (among others)• Also NATO and Soros play some important roles, especially
for computer networking• We have high hopes of EU support to engage researchers
from, for example, Latin America, the Mediterranean basin, SE Europe, the Caucasus, and Asia
Computer Networking and Grids
Computer networking as basic research infrastructure
• You need up-to-date information to be a world-class researcher
• Today you (mainly) get that info mainly through your terminal (plus phone, video-meetings, and conferences)
• Surest way for weak countries to lose their best brains is to provide them poor connectivity
• Triple requirement - Campus, National Network, International Connectivity
CMS: 1800 physicists150 institutes32 countries
World Wide Collaboration distributed computing & storage capacity
Grids
• Next step beyond the Web is the Grid• A way for researchers to share their
computing resources - including processing power, data and information
• CERN is very active here, with DataGrid, CrossGrid and DataTAG
• Plus strong national efforts in several countries - USA has Globus, GriPhyN and PPDG, UK has GridPP and major e-Science efforts. Also F, I, NL, ….
Mainframe Mini- Computer
vector Supercomputer
Processor farms : the 90's supercomputer
SWITCH
C-IXP
WHO
TEN-155
KPNQwest
RENATER
39/155 Mb/s
34 Mb/s100Mb/s2 M
b/s
45Mb/s100 Mb/s
National ResearchNetworks
Mission Oriented Link & USLIC
Public
IN2P3
2Mb/s
JEG (Japan)
2Mb/sGenesisProject
20 Mb/s
CERN
Tools: Fabrics and Networks
Needed for LHC at CERN in 2006: Storage
Raw recording rate 0.1 – 1 GBytes/sec
Accumulating at 5-8 PetaBytes/year
10 PetaBytes of diskProcessing
200’000 of today’s fastest PCsNetworks
5-10 Gbps between main Grid nodes
CERN openlab concept– Create synergies between basic
research and industry– Research provides challenge,
industry provides advanced items, concepts into collaborative forum
– Participation feeCreate a Collaborative Forum between public sector and industries: to solve a well defined problem through open integration of technologies, aiming at open standards
Hewlett Packard
iVDGLINFN Grid
CrossGrid
DataTAG
And many more; Several M$ or M€ each,HEP and other Sciences,Aggressive test and development phase now, HEP Intergrid Coordination Board:
Coordinated test programmeInteroperabilityAvoid duplication of effortsCommon standards
CERN and EU programmes
Active “projects”
• 14 running projects– 6 networks and grids - 3 Isolde– 2 PS - nTOF (Euratom part of FP6)– Outreach (CBWI) - 1 “other” (ESTA)
• Support for schools (CAS and CSP)• Support for two (human) networks• Individual Marie Curie fellows• 21 running INTAS projects (MS)• ~20 running ISTC projects (NK)
Fellowships
• Marie Curie Fellows– Successfully hosted many individual MCF who
applied to work at CERN– In FP5 CERN was not eligible as a Host (not
Industry, not in a “poor” region, not a Ph.D. granting institute)
– In FP6 we believe that we will be eligible as a Host and we intend to apply
Gas Electron Multiplier
The Gas Electron Multiplier consists of a thin polymer foil, metal-clad on both sides, and pierced by a high density of holes (typically 70 µm in diameter at 140 µm pitch). On application of a potential difference between the two sides, electrons from a drift region are collected into the holes, multiply in avalanche and emerge on the lower region
X-ray absorption radiography of a bat, recorded with a GEM detector. The insert shows the details of the bat’s claw (picture size nine by eleven millimetres).
Marie Curie , 1926
"If this importance (of Science) has been cast sometime into doubts, it is because the efforts of mankind toward its most beautiful aspirations have been imperfect…Above all, it is by this daily effort toward more science that mankind has reached the exceptional place that she occupies on Earth. We must belong to those who.... believe, invincibly, that science will triumph over ignorance and war."