LAST TIME

• Spanish colonialism

• Development and colonial Latin America

• Development and colonial Latin America

© T. M. Whitmore

Today

• Political Independence

• Neo-colonial Development

• Industrialization

• Agriculture and rural development

• Social-cultural geography of Latin America

© T. M. Whitmore

Simon Bolivar (1783-1830): El Libertador

El arte de vencer se aprende en la derrotas

La unidad de nuestros pueblos no essimple quimera de loshombres, sino inexorable decreto del destino

Spanish colonialism

Development and colonial Latin America

Political Independence

Spanish colonialism

Development and colonial Latin America

Political Independence

© T. M. Whitmore

•1810s-1820s struggle for independence

© T. M. Whitmore

© T. M. Whitmore

Neo-colonial (post independence) Extractive Economies

• Governed by local ruling elites

�Welcomed foreign capital

• Huge expansion of economies in Europe and America in later half of 19th C => export options

1. primary products export

2. manufactured goods import

© T. M. Whitmore

Neo-colonial (post independence) Extractive Economies II

• Made possible by transport and other technology improvements�Steamships, railroads, etc

• Problems�Poor internal transportation�Small size of states�Neo-colonial patterns of export/import

© T. M. Whitmore

Overview of post (or) neo-colonialeconomies

• Huge expansion of economies in NA & Europe => demand for foods and industrial raw materials

• Capital available (increasingly US)

© T. M. Whitmore

Neo-colonial (post independence) Extractive Economies

• Governed by local ruling elites

�Welcomed foreign capital

• Huge expansion of economies in Europe and America in later half of 19th C => export options

1. primary products export

2. manufactured goods import

© T. M. Whitmore

Neo-colonial (post independence) Extractive Economies II

• Made possible by transport and other technology improvements�Steamships, railroads, etc

• Problems�Poor internal transportation�Small size of states�Neo-colonial patterns of export/import

© T. M. Whitmore

Overview of post (or) neo-colonialeconomies

• Huge expansion of economies in NA & Europe => demand for foods and industrial raw materials

• Capital available (increasingly US)

© T. M. Whitmore

Neo-colonial developments — 3 commodity types

• Temperate zone agriculture

�Argentine pampas

• Tropical agriculture

�Bananas in C America

�Coffee in Brazil & C America

• Industrial minerals (as opposed to colonial focus on precious metals)

© T. M. Whitmore

Temperate Zone Agriculture in Argentina

• Argentina neglected in colonial times except for Potosí supply routes

• By mid-19th C it was realized that the Pampas could supply Europe with hides, meat, wool, and grain

© T. M. Whitmore

Argentine Pampa development predicated on several factors I

• Political stability • Expanding market in Europe• Indian threat neutralized• Available English capital• Nearly perfect agroecological

conditions• Improving technologies

© T. M. Whitmore

Argentine Pampa development predicated on several factors II

• Immigration of Italian and Spanish labor by the millions

• Innovations in land tenure in Argentina

© T. M. Whitmore

Results of this transformation• Physical transformation of pampas

• Vast expansion of economically useful land area

• Re-orientation of spatial economy of Argentina

• Development of an extensive railroad network

• By 1900 Buenos Aires and Argentina in “top 10” world economies

• Was this “development”?

© T. M. Whitmore

Bananas in Central America (1870s-1930s)

• Eastern coastal plains. Huge plantations developed by USA companies

• USA corporations largely controlled small countries

• Expansion of spatial economy of central American countries

• Little real development• Declined 1920s-30s due to disease and

great depression new crops on old banana plantations

© T. M. Whitmore

© T. M. Whitmore

© T. M. Whitmore

© T. M. Whitmore

Coffee in Brazil

• Large Brazilian landowners

• Coffee needs several years & labor

• Ending of slavery (1888!) => immigration

• Tenant farming by immigrants

• Coffee boom initially centered on SâoPaulo

• Exploitative of soils

• Attracted Europeans to South

© T. M. Whitmore

Coffee in Columbia & C. America• High class shaded coffee mostly

different beans than in Brazil• Columbia (examples to follow)

�Mountain locations & mostly small holders in late 1800s

�More balanced development than plantations

• Central America�Western and eastern slopes of Sierra Madres at moderate elevations

�bulk is in the hands of wealthy local landowners

© T. M. Whitmore

© National Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia

© T. M. Whitmore

© National Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia

© T. M. Whitmore

© National Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia

© T. M. Whitmore

Source unknown

© T. M. Whitmore

© T. M. Whitmore

© T. M. Whitmore

Sugar in Cuba

• Ideal local agroecological conditions

• Near huge USA market

• Sugar present but not well developed under Spanish

• USA acquired Cuba in 1898 as result of Spanish American war

• USA corporations (agribusiness) set up huge sugar plantations, mills, railroads

© T. M. Whitmore

Sugar in Cuba• Results

• Vast increase in output

�50% of all land in sugar by 1930

�Labor demand => increase in immigration

�Investment in early yellow fever and malaria eradication

�USA control of Cuban economy set stage for Castro in 1959

© T. M. Whitmore

Industrial Minerals

• Chilean nitrates & phosphates

• Bolivian Tin

• Copper, lead, zinc in Peru

• Oil in Mexico and Venezuela

© T. M. Whitmore

© T. M. Whitmore

© T. M. Whitmore

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nitrates

© T. M. Whitmore

Tin

© T. M. Whitmore

copper

© T. M. Whitmore

© T. M. Whitmore

Oil & gas

© T. M. Whitmore

5 Min. Break and new topic:

• Industrialization in the late 19th Century — up through WWII

• Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) (1940s —1970s)

• Export Promotion Industrialization

© T. M. Whitmore

Industrialization late 19th Century — WWII

•Export Processing Industrialization

-smelting, perishable processing

© T. M. Whitmore

Industrialization late 19th Century — WWII

•Low technology manufacture of basic consumer goods

•WW I-WW II: low demand for raw materials from Europe during depression. Imports hindered during wars.

© T. M. Whitmore

Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) (1940s — 70s)

•Legitimized by Argentine economist Raul Prebish in 1940 and adopted as official policy by the UN after WWII

•How does ISI work?

© T. M. Whitmore

ISI

• Imposed quotas or tariffs to increase the price of imported manufactured goods

• Idea is to stimulate local industries

• NOT a new idea

© T. M. Whitmore

Consequences of previous rounds of industrialization

•A legacy of: Colonial; 19th C; and especially ISI industrialization

•Spatially uneven: largest states benefit most

•Smaller states forced to band together

© T. M. Whitmore

© T. M. Whitmore

Economic & other assumptions of ISI• Presumes that “under development” is partly the result of uneven terms of trade

• Isolating the country’s economy from the wider world’s economy will allow it to develop

• Attempt to recreate a mini-model of the economy of more developed states

• Strongly involve the state in economic activities via state enterprises etc.

© T. M. Whitmore

Problems with ISI

• Modern technology

• Changed imports

• Foreign control

© T. M. Whitmore

Problems with ISI

• Role of role of governments in ISI

results in inefficiency. Why?

• Loans for ISI not easily repaid => demands to “restructure” economy”

-privatization movements of 1990s

© T. M. Whitmore

Growth Pole Industrialization (1950s-60s)

• Concentrate on key parts of economy

• Develop specific locations

�E.g., Arica Chile

�Ciudad Guyana

© T. M. Whitmore

Export Promotion Industrialization1970s-present

• Due to failures of ISI and need of countries to satisfy lender demands

• Based on “neo-classical” economic ideas

�Assumes that markets manage best

�Exploit comparative advantage

�Thus, open markets best (lower or eliminate tariffs)

• Global free market: lower barriers to trade and open markets to international investment to stimulate exports.

© T. M. Whitmore

Export Promotion Industrialization • Main advantage of LA in world

economy (in addition to availability of some raw materials and agricultural products) for manufacturing is

�location near USA mkt.

�the low cost of labor => labor-intensive (assembly) industries

�But…

© T. M. Whitmore

Export Promotion Industrialization

• Mexico and Brazil early leaders due to existing industrial infrastructure

�E.g., auto factories initially designed for ISI changed to export

© T. M. Whitmore

Export Promotion Industrialization

• This pattern is greatest in the sphere of small-scale assembly of finished goods or parts – often in special zones

• E.g., Guate and San Pedro Sula: clothes

© T. M. Whitmore

Maquiladoras

• Created in 1965 after Bracero program

• Initially started as a zone along the border

� special incentives

� geographic restrictions removed with time

� Mexican ownership restrictions also relaxed

© T. M. Whitmore

Maquiladoras• >4k plants with >1.3 million workers• increase in non-US owned companies• largest fraction of Mexico’s foreign earnings • high female employmentProblems• lax enforcement of environmental laws• problems in sanitation, service provision, etc• weak local economic connections• loss of manufacturing jobs in the developed

world• no living wage, no unions, mandatory overtime• Competition from China

© T. M. Whitmore

Current pattern of industrialization

• Mexico + Brazil ~ ½ of Latin American population but > 70% of industrial output

• Brazil ~ 1/3 of pop but has ~ ½industrial output by itself

• Argentina, Peru, Venezuela have ~ 25% of industrial output in LA

• Thus, ALL the rest of LA combinedhas less than 10% of all industrial output

© T. M. Whitmore

© T. M. Whitmore

POPULATION DENSITY 1960

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POPULATION DENSITY 1980

© T. M. Whitmore

POPULATION DENSITY 2000

© T. M. Whitmore

© T. M. Whitmore

Ciudad Guyana

© T. M. Whitmore

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© T. M. Whitmore

© T. M. WhitmoreAuto train near Saltillo. Mexico

© T. M. Whitmore

© T. M. Whitmore

© T. M. WhitmoreKenworth (18 wheelers) exported FROM Monterey, Mexico to USA

© T. M. Whitmore

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© T. M. Whitmore

5 Minute Break and new topic

�Race and Ethnicity

�Religion

�Culture

�Language

�Sports

�Music

�Literature

© T. M. Whitmore

Race & Ethnicity

• Colonial legacy of population holocaust, slavery, and miscegenation => complex map

• Post-colonial migrations — much in 19th C

�Asian

�European

© T. M. Whitmore

Current spatial distributions

• Current spatial distributions

�Afro-American (Latin Americans are “Americans,” too)

�Brazil, & Caribbean (Garifuna)

�Amerindian

�Former high culture areas of Mesoamerica and Andes

© T. M. Whitmore

Current spatial distributions

�Mestizo

�Euro-American

© T. M. Whitmore

Race in Latin America

• Racial mixing

• Racial “bleaching”

• Racism

© T. M. Whitmore

Race in Latin America

• “Social” races

• Indigenismo & Negritude

• Pigmentocracia

• Chile/Argentina vs. Brazil/Cuba

© T. M. Whitmore

© T. M. Whitmore

Catholic Heritage I

• Spanish Catholic roots • Spiritual conquest — an integral part of

the conquest of the Americas

© T. M. Whitmore

Catholic Heritage I

• Legacy of Church’s history in Latin America�Identified with power/economic elite�Reform in form of liberation theology => oppression of the poor is a sin

© T. M. Whitmore

Catholic Heritage II

• Overwhelmingly people say “soy Catholico”= “I am a Catholic”

�church attendance is often low

�But presence is everywhere

• “folk” Catholicism — merging of Roman Catholic ritual and beliefs with indigenous (Amerindian) beliefs

• Roman Catholic beliefs have merged with various African religious traditions in the Caribbean and Brazil especially

© T. M. Whitmore

Religion: Non-Catholic

• Hindu and Islam — imported with indentured labor to Suriname, Guiana, Trinidad & Tobago mostly (but minorities in all of the Caribbean)

• Judaism — accompanied 1st migrants from Spain (conversos)

• Evangelical Protestants — Protestants outlawed in Spanish/Portuguese colonial times

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Inter-Personal socio-cultural traits

• Machismo — men in control of their lives and the lives of others in their lives

• Marianismo — roughly the inverse of machismo (from the idea that the ideal woman resembles Mary in her virtue and purity)

• Role conflict (e.g., casas chicas)

© T. M. Whitmore

Inter-Personal socio-cultural traits

• “Personalismo” — much of social, economic, indeed all life in LA depends on social/family ties & personal spheres of influence and obligation

© T. M. Whitmore

Geography of Latin American Languages

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•������� ������ �� ������� ����� ���

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© T. M. Whitmore

Geography of Latin American Languages

© T. M. Whitmore

© T. M. Whitmore

Geography of Latin American Languages

© T. M. Whitmore

Geography of Latin American Languages

•Accents: e.g., Chile, Argentina, Cuba

© T. M. Whitmore

Geography of Latin American Sport

• Futbol

© T. M. Whitmore

Geography of Latin American Sport

% who watch World Cup soccer games regularly (Source: Los Medios y Mercados de Latinoamérica 1998)

Average 54%Most between 40-60%

Brazil 81%

Costa Rica, El Salvador Guatemala over 60%

Nicaragua 7%Bolivia 10%Peru 22%Paraguay 30%Dominican Republic 20%

© T. M. Whitmore

Geography of Latin American Music

• Salsa• Andean• Rock• Samba• Bossa Nova• Protest• Requeton

© T. M. Whitmore

Geography in Latin American Literature

• Pablo Neruda: Chile

• Ulises Estrella: Ecuador

© T. M. Whitmore

Geography in Latin American Literature

• Pablo Neruda: Chile

• Ulises Estrella: Ecuador

© T. M. Whitmore

© T. M. Whitmore

© T. M. Whitmore

© T. M. Whitmore

Garifuna