LASTS LATE 1940’S- 1991

RIVALRY BETWEEN THE USSR & US

Cold War

“Communism holds that the world is do deeply divided into opposing classes that war is

inevitable. Democracy holds that free nations can settle differences justly and maintain

lasting peace.”

President Harry S. TrumanInaugural AddressJanuary 20, 1949

Start of Cold war

1917 Russian Revolution & communism

Non-Aggression pact Americans didn’t trust the

Soviets

Stalin upset about American efforts in WWII

Differences on the fate of Europe

Truman & Stalin

www.sos.mo.gov/.../TrumanProject/close.asp

http://library.usu.edu/Specol/digitalexhibits/masaryk/images/stalin.jpg

United Nations 1945

General Assembly & Security Council (15) 5 permanent seats

Worked on solving international problems

“Iron Curtain”

East Soviets remain Hold “elections” Communists ruling H, C, P, R, B, &

A Upsets the West

Germany Divided into 4 parts East becomes communist Soviets want a weak Germany

(reparations) Berlin also divided (lies in East

Germany) http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/images/hi07003.gif

American Policies

Containment Contain the Soviets & communism Remember the Munich Conference???

Truman Doctrine Communist uprising in Greece & Soviets want the

Dardanelles from Turkey Truman asks Congress for $400 million to assist the

“free people” of G & T against “totalitarian” regimes

A.P. Continued

Marshall Plan Europe destroyed Communism growing popular 1947 George Marshall purposes plan

Billions of $ in aid over 4 year period Offered to East & USSR but rejected

Outcome- By 1950’s the West back on their feet End communist threat US makes $$ off trade

Marshall Plan

www.marshallfoundation.org/.../recovery.html

Berlin Airlift

June 1948Soviets cut off access to Berlin Western powers in W. BerlinTruman didn’t want to use force/violence

US planes flew in supplies everyday (lasts 11 months) Sent 60 bombers to British bases

Stalin backs down**2 German states

NATONATO Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact

Military alliance with US, Canada & Western Europe

Military alliance of the USSR & Eastern Europe

http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=64876&rendTypeId=4http://www.axisglobe.com/Image/2005/11/15/warsawpactanim(1).gif

Arms Race

USSR & US competing to develop more nuclear weapons

USSR 1st bomb 1949H-BombAmerican Plans

Increase US defense spending Alliances with non-communist nations Convince American public of this need **brinkmanship Formation of CIA

What’s going on in Asia?

Japan Under control of the US MacArthur stays and helps write a constitution Limited military

Philippines 1946 independence Keep naval bases

Asia

China Civil war renews Nationalist (Chiang Kai-shek) v.

communists (Mao Zedong) US supports Nationalists 1949 communist nation

Nationalists move to Taiwan 1950 Sino-Soviet Pact

USSR & Stalin

http://www.dictatorofthemonth.com/Mao/mao_main.jpg

Korea

Former Japanese colony Divided after war North (USSR) & South (US)

Leave in 1949

June 25, 1950 NK invades the South UN calls special session to discuss invasion

USSR missing Decision- send UN force to defend South Korea

(mostly US troops) Douglas MacArthur

Congress never declared war- “police action”

http://www.askasia.org/students/images/68.jpg

Fighting in Korea

1ST- NK troops very successful MacArthur counterattacked and pushed N towards

the NK/China border Brings China into the war

Fighting stabilized around 38th parallelTruman/ MacArthur showdown Peace talks start around July 1951

Armistice signed in 1953

Consequences- 54K US dead Containment worked

(Truman’s thoughts Justification for more

military spending Some see Truman as “soft”

and an appeaser

http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/01/05/c3/b1/korean-war-memorial.jpghttp://www.atpm.com/7.01/washington-dc/images/korean-war-memorial.jpg

Cold War at home (Red Scare)

1947 Truman sets up Loyalty Review Board Federal employees Thousands resign or lose jobs

HUAC (Un-American Activities Committee) House of Reps. Searched for communists Hollywood 10 Many refused to testify (contempt) & blacklisted

Espionage Cases

Fear of communists in US, GB, & CanadaMethods were questionable and violated

rightsAlger Hiss

In the state dept. (helped at Yalta) Accused of giving secrets to a confessed communists Convicted & sent to prison

Ethel & Julius Rosenberg Found guilty of treason & executed Punishment too extreme?

Rise of Joseph McCarthy

• Senator (Rep.) from Wisconsin– About to run for reelection

• Started accusing gov’t officials of “communism”– Plays on fears– Never gives any names

• M. goes too far– Accuses army

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/treasures_of_congress/Images/page_23/70b.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/treasures_of_congress/Images/page_23/70b.html&h=389&w=500&sz=73&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=vQFRskEAM_ufSM:&tbnh=101&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Djoseph%2Bmccarthy%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DN

More USSR & US conflicts

Space Race

New Soviet leader- Nikita Khrushchev

1957 Spuntnik Shocks US 1958- We launch a

satellite

http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/st/~colinm/Stalingrad%20Pics/Khrushchev.jpg

http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/spacecraft/russia/r7-sputnik.jpg

U2 incident

CIA secret flights over USSR Take pictures of troops & missile sites

U-2 Plane usedK & E discussed ending these flights, but one

more takes place before K & E meetMay 1960

Francis Gary Powers’ plane shot down Sentenced to Soviet prison K wants an apology E. refuses but vows to ends flights K calls off conference and withdrew invite to USSR

John F. Kennedy (D)John F. Kennedy (D) Richard M. Nixon (REP.)Richard M. Nixon (REP.)

Pros- Well-organized, $$, handsome & charismatic Supported Civil rights

mov’t & MLK

Cons- Young & Catholic

Hoped to win off Eisenhower’s pop.

No stance on Civil rights

1960 Election

http://bztv.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/2007/03/26/john_f_kennedy1963.jpg

http://www.visitingdc.com/images/richard-nixon-picture.jpg

Trouble in Cuba

1959 Fidel Castro in power Est. a communist gov’t Takes US & British

refineries & breaks up Cuban farms

Takes Soviet aid 10% of Cuban pop. Leave

US Businessmen in Cuba concerned

http://www.solarnavigator.net/geography/geography_images/Fidel_Castro.jpg

Bay of Pigs Invasion

CIA’s training Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro Hoping other Cubans will join

April 1961 1300-1500 exiles land on Bay Some forces never come

through Meet 25K Cuban troops (with

Soviet supplies)

Embarrasses JFK & the USVideo

Cuban Missile Crisis

Khrushchev & USSR promised to defend/help Cuba Sent weapons, including missiles

Upsets US JFK warns Cuba We’ll attack if the missiles are fired

Troops ready

Stand off lasted for 6 daysUSSR finally agrees to remove

them if US promises to leave Cuba alone

http://media.cardplayer.com/image/c/Castro_Khrushchev-1.jpg

http://www.jfklibrary.org/jfkl/cmc/cmc_map_missile_range.jpg

Photos from US spy planes

www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/14.jpg

Soviet ships on the way to Cuba

Audio Clips from US mtgs.

www.state.gov/.../7khruschev_kennedy1_600.jpg

Berlin Wall

20% of East Germans left for the West Press= upsets USSR

Khrushchev's response: Close roads to W.B. Tries to push US out of Berlin Builds a concrete wall b/w W &

E Berlin (Aug. 1961)

Worsens US/USSR tensions http://www.berlin101.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/berlin-wall3.jpg

http://www.destination360.com/europe/germany/berlin-wall-museum.php

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.historywiz.com/images/coldwar/berlinwall2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.historywiz.com/berlinwall.htm&h=389&w=576&sz=51&hl=en&start=9&um=1&tbnid=VIYtyS3bpe7weM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=134&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dberlin%2Bwall%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us