54
Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

Late Adulthood

Ch 17-19Developmental

PsychologyJen Wright

Page 2: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

The aging process

Page 3: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright
Page 4: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

Aging can be beautiful!

Page 5: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

what ages?

All internal systems Cardiovascular, respiratory, etc. Sense organs

Immune system Muscles, joints, bones Sexual/reproductive system Brain

Sleep Cognitive processing

Physical appearance Attitudes

Page 6: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

different kinds of aging Universal aging

Primary aging Probabilistic aging

Secondary aging Chronological aging Biological aging Social aging

Ageism Population aging

Page 7: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

universal/biological aging

Senesence The universal biological processes of

a living organism approaching an advanced age.

Oganismal senescence Increasing homeostatic instability Declining ability to respond to stress Increasing risk of disease,

dysfunction, disability

Page 8: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

Cellular senescence It was once believed that normal cells were

in principle immortal Environmental factors responsible for cell death

Now we know that most (but not all) cells die Hayflick limit

Number of times a cell will divide before dying 52 times in 20% oxygen (normal air) 70 times in 3% oxygen (human internal

conditions)

Page 9: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

what controls cell division? Cells possess molecular

clocks Telomeres

Non-coding appendix on ends of DNA

Shortened by mitosis At certain length, cell will no

longer divide Protective mechanism against

chromosome destruction, mutation, and cancer

Other forms of programmed cell death E.g. apoptosis Triggered by mitochondria

Page 10: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

biological theories of aging Aging clock theory

Telomere theory

Evolutionary theory Late-acting deleterious mutations

not selected against

Passing on genes

Early-acting disease

Late-acting disease

Middle-acting disease

Page 11: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

Wear and tear theory Error theory

Somatic mutation theory Free-radical theory Accumulative waste theory

Page 12: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

How long is a normal life? maximum life span

the oldest possible age that members of a species can live

under ideal circumstances for humans approximately 122 years

average life expectancy the number of years the average newborn

in a particular population group is likely to live

Page 13: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright
Page 14: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

centenarians

People living to be 100+ years old 55,000 in US in 2005

1 in 50 women, 1 in 200 men 30,000 in Japan

Okinawans 5x more likely 450,000 world-wide Super-centenarians: 110+ years

Page 15: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright
Page 16: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

Reviewing lives of different centenarians Many differences in lifestyles

Yet, they were similar in four ways… diet was moderate work continued throughout life family, friends, community ties were

important exercise and relaxation were part of daily

routine

Page 17: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

Nun study

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nw2lafKIEio

Page 18: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

Top 4 disease-related deaths

1. Cancer2. Heart disease3. Cerebrovascular disease4. Pulmonary disease

Page 19: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

Other diseases that occurs with increasing frequency with age: Arthritis Cataracts Osteoporosis Type 2 diabetes Hypertension Alzheimer’s disease

Page 20: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright
Page 21: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

aging prevention Artificial extension of telomeres

Trade-off between aging and cancer Vitamin D naturally lengthens

Increased sirtuins – repair damage to DNA Organ/tissue repair and rejuvenation

Free-radical therapy Stem cells

Organ/tissue replacement Artificial and cloned organs/tissue

Page 22: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

Caloric restriction 60% of required

calories Reduction in Type2

diabetes, cancer Extension of life in

all species tested Intermittent

fasting

Page 23: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

Erickson’s stages

Page 24: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

Adolescence: Identity achievement Young Adulthood: Developed

network of intimacy Mid-life: Generativity vs.

Stagnation Creating/giving vs. “self-absorption”

Late-life: Integrity vs. Despair Life-review

Page 25: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

generativity

Creative life projects Feeling needed by people Helping younger generation develop Influence in community or area of interest Productivity and effectiveness Appreciation/awareness of older generation Broader, more global perspective Interest in things beyond family

Page 26: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

shift in motivation

Page 27: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

integrity Life-review: was one’s life meaningful? Regrets involve four major themes:

Mistakes and bad decisions Hard times Social relationships Missed educational opportunities

Reminiscence therapy: discussing past activities and experiences with another individual or group

Wisdom Acceptance of life circumstances Finding meaning/purpose

Page 28: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

Dimensions of well-being Self-acceptance Purpose in life Positive relationships Environmental mastery Personal growth Autonomy

Page 29: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

personality

Conscientiousness predicts lower mortality risk from childhood through late adulthood

Low conscientiousness and high neuroticism predicts earlier death

Older adults characterized by negative affect do not live as long as those characterized by more positive affect

Page 30: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

volunteerism

Older adults benefit from altruism and engaging in volunteer activities

Helping others may reduce stress hormones, which improves cardiovascular health and strengthens the immune system

Volunteering is associated with a number of positive outcomes More satisfaction with life Less depression and anxiety Better physical health

Page 31: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

Social networks

Convoy Model of Social Relations: individuals go through life embedded in a

personal network of individuals from whom they give and receive social support

Social Support: Improves physical and mental health Reduces symptoms of disease Increases one’s ability to meet health-care

needs Decreases risk of institutionalization Associated with lower rates of depression

Page 32: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

Social Integration Greater interest in spending time with a small

circle of friends and family Low level of social integration is linked with

coronary heart disease Being a part of a social network is linked with

longevity, especially for men Four-generation families have become more

common because of increased longevity Great-grandparents can transmit family

history to future generations

Page 33: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

Selective Optimization with Compensation

Successful aging is linked with three main factors: Selection: need to select those

activities of most value Optimization: maintain performance

through practice and use of technology

Compensation: find constructive ways to accommodate/work around increasing disability

Page 34: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

Social aging Unlike gender/ethnicity

Doesn’t apply for entire life. (potentially) applies to everyone.

Ageism Negative stereotypes associated with age

negatively influence performance, function, and well-being. Stereotypes against older adults are often negative Most frequent form is disrespect, followed by

assumptions about ailments or frailty caused by age Positive stereotypes associated with age

positively influence performance, function, and well-being.

Page 35: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright
Page 36: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright
Page 37: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

Development of dementia

Loss of intellectual ability in elderly people has traditionally been called senility.

The pathological loss of brain function is known as dementia—literally, “out of mind,” referring to severely impaired judgment dementia

irreversible loss of intellectual functioning caused by organic brain damage or disease

becomes more common with age, but it is abnormal and pathological even in the very old

Page 38: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

Alzheimer’s disease First described by German psychiatrist

Alois Alzheimer (1906) Generally diagnosed in people over 65

years Early-onset (before 65 years) only 5-10% of

patients Several genetic causes

4.5+ million American suffer from it 5% of 65-74 years Nearly 50% of 85+

1 in 6 women over 55; 1 in 10 men over 55

Page 39: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

http://www.alz.org/brain/01.asp

Page 40: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright
Page 41: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

Symptoms of Pre-dementia Early symptoms similar to age-related or

stress-induced memory loss Difficulty remembering recently learned facts

Subtle cognitive difficulties Executive function of attentiveness Planning, flexibility Abstract thinking

Impairment in semantic memory New memory formation

Mild confusion/Apathy As early as 5-10 years (some say 20

years) before official diagnosis

Page 42: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

Moderate stages Hindering of independence Paraphasias

Phonemic paraphasia - Mispronunciation, syllables out of sequence. e.g. "I slipped on the lice (ice) and broke my arm."

Verbal paraphasia - Substitution of words Semantic paraphasia - The substituted word is

related to the intended word. e.g. "I spent the whole day working on the television, I mean, computer."

Remote paraphasia - The substituted word is not really related to the intended word. e.g. "You forgot your lamp, I mean, umbrella."

Page 43: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

Memory problems worsen STM and LTM

Start of failure to recognize friends/ relatives

Behavioral changes Wandering Sundowning Irritability Labile affect

Progression is typically 2-10 years

Page 44: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

Advanced stages

Complete dependence Significant language impairment

Eventual loss of speech Apathy, exhaustion Loss of mobility, ability to feed

oneself External causes of death Progression is typically 1-5 years

Page 45: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

•Plaques•Amyloid-beta proteins

• Tangles•Neurofibrillary congestion

Page 46: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

Causes?

Several competing hypotheses: Cholingeric hypothesis

Caused by reduced synthesis of acetylcholine Increase in acetylcholine doesn’t cure dementia

Amyloid hypothesis Caused by amyloid beta deposits caused by APP

(chr21) Universal development in Down Syndrome by 40 Gene that leads to excessive deposits in early-

onset Transgenic mice Weak correlation with neuron loss

Page 47: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

Tau hypothesis Caused by tau protein abnormalities Formation of neurofibrillary tangles

Herpes simplex virus (HSV1) hypotheis Cold sore virus May be responsible for up to 60% of cases Promotes formation of beta amyloid plaques

Uses APP for transportation Causes inflammation in brain

HSV1 found in brain cells of Alzheimer’s patients

Cheap available drugs for treatment

Page 48: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

Risk factors Obesity High blood pressure Head trauma High cholesterol Being American!

Higher rates in Japanese-Americans than Japanese African-Americans than Africans

Depression Lower rates in highly educated

Beneficial consequences of learning and memory

Page 49: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

Other forms of dementia

The second most common cause of dementia is a stroke

Vascular dementia (VaD), also called multi-infarct dementia (MID)

a form of dementia characterized by sporadic, and progressive, loss of intellectual functioning caused by repeated infarcts, or temporary obstructions of blood vessels, which prevent sufficient blood from reaching the brain

Subcortical Dementias Forms of dementia that begin with impairments in motor

ability and produce cognitive impairment in later stages Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and Multiple

Sclerosis are subcortical dementias Reversible Dementia

dementia caused by medication, inadequate nutrition, alcohol abuse, depression, or other mental illness can sometimes be reversed

Page 50: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

population aging Increased age of population Two causal factors

Rising life expectancy Declining fertility

Asia/Europe face severe population aging Average age approaching 50

Economic implications More savings/less spending Increased health care Less education Retirement/social security

Page 51: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright

Population aging

Page 52: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright
Page 53: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright
Page 54: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright