Later Territorial Period

Population Growth

Apache Wars

Economic Development

Statehood

Powerpoint is constantly revised.

Written and Revised by Scott Fritz, Ph.D. on November 3, 2015 at 9:45 a.m.

Population Growth

• After the Civil War, the Anglo population grew exponentially– Homesteading– Mining– Ranching

• Non-Indian population grew at the expense of Native Americans

Settlement• Opening up of the public domain

– Homestead Act of 1862• 160 acres of government land• Title to the land if you $1.25 per acre• Live on for five years

– Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862

• Anglos and Hispanics homesteaded• Homesteading occurred on lands that

used to be Indian lands – Lets look at the Reservation System

Reservation System

• Homesteaders settled on what was once Indian land

• Indian treaties ceded land to federal government

• Surveyors: Ranges, Townships, Sections

• Federal government opened the land to settlement

Navajo forced to accept a reservation

Conflict with the Navajo

• Spring 1860, U.S. soldiers stationed at Fort Defiance shot Navajo horses– Navajo took army horses to coup their losses– Soldiers fought back

• Fighting began– Chiefs Manuelito and Barboncito attacked Fort Defiance– Army retaliated

• Skirmishes continued– Armistice - January 1861

• September 22, 1861, horse race between soldier and Navajo– The Navajo claim a soldier had cut horses bridle, Navajo lost bet– Rioting

• Soldiers fired howitzers – 12 Navajo died

Navajo Long Walk, 1864 General James Carleton ordered the

removal of the Navajo– Kit Carson guided the army into

Navajo lands – Scorched earth policy, destroyed

hogans and crops Marched tribes to Bosque Redondo Marched to Bosque Redondo also

– Fort Sumner– Pecos River

• Problems at Bosque Redondo– Lack of food, cold weather and in-

fighting between Navajo and Apache

Mescalero Apache were also removed to Bosque Redondo

Treaty of Bosque Redondo (1868)

and Creation of the Navajo Reservation

• Signed by chiefs Barboncito, Maneulito, and Narbona

• Accepted reservation in Four-Corners Region– Government gave food in return, tools, sheep

• Early years– Government rations were sometimes bad (“army

worms”)– Government gave seed, tools, sheep (wool)– Compulsory education

• Indian traders moved onto reservation by the 1870s to barter manufactured goods for Navajo wool and blankets John Lorenzo Hubbell started store in 1878

Manuelito

Barboncito

Mescalero Apache forced to accept reservation in 1873.

Apache Wars of the 1860s-1880s

The Bascom Affair, 1861 Led to the Apache Wars

• January 1861, Tonto Apache raided John Ward’s ranch

• Ward’s 12 year old stepson, Felix Ward – Felix’s parents (Mexican) – Perhaps father (Apache)

• Ward travelled to Fort Buchanan– Asked Lieutenant George Bascom to

recover boy

• Ward accused Cochise of taking Felix

• Cochise? – Chief of Chiricahua Apache– Cheis (having strength of oak) born

ca. 1805, leader of Chokonen band

Ward’s ranch on Sonoita Creek

Galzvez Peace Policy, abandoned by Mexico, Cochise participated in raids during Mexican period

Bascom met Cochise at Apache Pass

• Cochise arrived w/ brother, two nephews, wife, and child– Cochise said he did not know who

stole the boy

• Bascom attempted to arrest Cochise – Cochise escaped slashing tent – Cochise’s family taken hostage

• Cochise gathered warriors– Attack Bascom’s soldiers– Joined Magnus Coloradas (father-in-

law)This is where the meeting occurred in Apache Pass

Tensions increased• Cochise and Mangas Coloradas attacked

Butterfield Overland stages– Capture hostages to exchange for family– Captured four Anglos

• Contacted Bascom– Would release Cochise’s family if John Ward’s

boy was returned

• Cochise did not have the boy• Negotiations ended

– Cochise left, soldiers followed

Bascom affair continued:

• U.S. Army forces Cochise into Sonora, Mexico– Coshise killed his Anglo captives

• In retaliation, Bascom hanged Cochise’s brother and nephews

• Boy was never recovered– He lived out his life amongst the

White Mountain Apache, and served as a scout for the U.S. Army

• Significance: this begins the “Apache Wars”

Felix Ward, later named Mikey Free. It is said that he helped capture Geronimo as a White Mountain Apache Reservation scout. Ultimately, he became a renegade of sorts against the U.S. Army

Battle of Apache Pass, JULY 1862• James H. Carleton’s “California Column” • Encountered 500 Apache warriors

– Cochise – Father-in-law Mangas Coloradas

• Mangas Coloradas shot in stomach– Apache fell back

• Carleton took back the Mesilla Valley from Confederate colonel John Baylor– Magnus Coloradas demanded a Mexican

doctor in Janos, Mexico to remove bullet

Capture of Mangas Coloradas

• Injured chief sought peace with U.S., wants to return to Santa Lucia – Pinos Altos to negotiate a treaty of peace– Captured by miners at Pinos Altos, 1863

• Fort McLane– Soldiers taunted him with bayonets – Mangas Coloradas resisted, and soldiers shot

chief

• Cut head off and sent it to a phrenologist in New York City, head is now lost

Camp Grant Massacre 1871

• Context: Apache Attacks, including outskirts of Tucson

• The Arizona Miner listed those killed by Apache from 1866-1871– Attributed the killings to the Apache in

the Camp Grant area

• Citizens of Tucson organized a vigilante group of 150 Anglos, Mexicans, and Tohono O’odham – April 30th, attacked at Aravaipa, killed

150

Apache Reservations

President’s Grant’s Indian Peace Policy

• Apache Reservations– To separate Anglos and Hispanics from Apache

• In the Southwest, established a series of Apache reservations– Fort Apache Reservation, ca. 1871-1873– Ojo Caliente Reservation, ca. 1872– Tularosa River Reservation, ca. 1872– San Carlos Reservation 1872– Chiricahua Reservation, 1872– Mescalero Reservation, 1873

General Oliver Howard signed treaties with individual bands, exchanging hunting grounds for yearly allotments of food

Other Reservations:

White Mountain Reservation (Arizona)

Jicarilla Apache Reservation (New Mexico)

Case Study: Cochise and Chiricahua Reservation

• Cochise and Jonathan Jeffords – Friends

• General Oliver Howard had Jeffords talk to Cochise– About ending raids, creating reservation

• Cochise agreed to stop raiding– Creation of Chiricahua Reservation 1872

• Cochise died (stomach ailment) 1874– No leader, to control young warriors– Raiding began again

• Government: orders Chiricahua Reservation closed in 1876

Jeffords, stage coach driver, Arizona Territory

Removal to San Carlos

• In 1875, U.S. Army ordered closing of Chiricahua and Ojo Caliente Reservation

• Relocate to San Carlos– End raiding– Cheaper for army– Open land for farmers, ranchers,

miners

• Removal of Ojo Caliente Apache began around 1879– Led to Victorio’s War 1879 (see next

slide)

Tombstone, silver discovered 1877

Victorio’s War, 1879-1880• His people removed to San Carlos• He escaped reservation in 1879, fought

guerrilla war– Fought U.S. Army in Southwest New Mexico,

including at Battle of Las Animas Canyon • Forced to flee into Mexico, 1880

– Combined Mexican and U.S army defeated Victorio– Victorio killed by Mexican Army

• Chief Nana continued the resistance, and later joined Geronimo (following Battle of Cibecue Creek, 1881)

Buffalo Soldiers

• African American Soldiers – Recently freed slaves– Signed up for military service for money

• Segregated army – white officers command Black soldiers

• Stationed throughout the West– To fight the Indian wars– Did the most dangerous fighting

• Many were stationed in New Mexico to fight Apache, including a unit at Fort Bayard (est. 1866)

Geronimo• Goyathlay born in 1829

– Chiricahua Apache – Of the Bedonkohe band, Turkey Creek

• Married Alope of the Nedni-Chiricahua band– Lived with her family in Sonora, Mexico

• In 1858, Mexican colonel Jose Maria Carrasco and 400 Mexican soldiers attacked Geronimo’s camp near Janos, killing Geronimo’s wife, children and mother– The Apache men were in town trading

• Joined Cochise’s band, attacked Mexican villages – Said to be ruthless, not afraid of bullets, used knife to kill

without fear– Mexicans would call out to “St. Jerome” when he attacked

• Hence his name became “Geronimo”• Fought Mexican army, and villagers throughout the

1860s– Following the end of the French Intervention, Geronimo

returned to U.S. and lived in the Chiricahua Mountains

Goyathlay = one who yawns

Death of Cochise and termination of Reservation:

Geronimo goes to war against U.S.

• Geronimo found himself living on the Chiricahua Reservation, est. 1872– Cochise: Died of stomach ailment – No leadership to prevent Apache raids

• Apache group killed three Anglos

• Government feared general uprising • In 1875, U.S. Army issues orders to

remove all Apache • Chiricahua Reservation was

terminated in 1876

Geronimo’s War Against the U.S. began in 1876

• Chiricahua Reservation was closed– Relocated to the San Carlos Reservation

• Farming lands, and supplies– Land desolate, resources were insufficient – bad

farmlands, hunting not good, • Geronimo left, went to Mexico

– Attacked Mexican villages, – Mexican Army forced him back to U.S. – his group

goes to Ojo Caliente Reservation• Arrested at Ojo Caliente

– Removed his group back to San Carlos• In 1881, army killed an Apache “prophet”, and

Geronimo’s group feared they would be arrested for being being part of a general uprising -- they left back to Mexico

• Mexican army pushed him back to U.S., where he goes to the San Carlos Reservation secretly and forced reluctant Chiricahuas by gun point – One of the reasons why some Chiricahuas did not like

Geronimo

Geronimo: Who Was He by this time?

• Geronimo was a shaman, not a chief– Was a spokesmen for the chief of

his band, Juh

• He had “Power” (Diyah) – Usen (supreme deity)

• Said to have uper-natural powers– Walk without tracks– Telepathy– Impervious to bullets

The pursuit of Geronimo and his surrender:

• In 1882, Apache scouts found him in Mexico, and Geronimo agreed to return to the reservation in 1883

• In 1885, arrest of Apache warrior Ka-ya-ten-nae, fear that army was going to arrest Geronimo and his followers, this prompted Geronimo to flee again to Mexico– Apache scout “Peaches” led General George Crook to

Geronimo’s hideout (35 warriors, 109 women and children)

– Geronimo was getting old and knew he could not keep running (by 1880s, Army used railroads to move troops)

– Government agreed that he could live out his life on the reservation

• Geronimo agreed to return to the U.S., where at Skeleton Canyon in Arizona, he surrendered to General Nelson Miles on September 4, 1886

Geronimo as Prisoner of war

• U.S. broke agreement with Geronimo– Imprisoned in Fort Marion (in the old

Spanish fort of Castillo de San Marcos in St. Augustine, Fl.)

– Fort Pickens (Pensacola, Fl.)• Army rounded up other Chiricahua who

were not followers of Geronimo and sent to Florida

• Relocated to Fort Sill, Oklahoma• Died 1909, of pneumonia, buried in Fort Sill

– Yale University’s secret Skull and Bones Society might have taken Geronimo’s skull

Life on reservations

• Government Policy = Assimilation– Boarding Schools– Make into farmers

• Office of Indian Affairs (OIA)– Distributed food, cloths, farm

tools– Managed Indian work groups

Lets look at Mining now

• Context:– Spanish had looked for El Dorado (i.e.

Seven Cities of Gold)– Turquois mining south of Santa Fe by

Indians– Santa Rita del Cobre est. 1803

Walker Party and the establishment of Pinos Altos 1860-1863

• Joseph Walker– Prospectors from California– Included Jack Swilling

• Discovered gold on Bear Creek– Sold claims in Pinos Altos in 1860-1

• Discovered placer deposits on Lynx Creek in today Prescott, Arizona

• Swilling sold claims in Prescott– Established Swilling Ditch and Irrigation

Co. and town of Phoenix is established

Placer Mining for Gold: Pinos Altos as a case study

• Placer mining inexpensive– Miner need only pick, shovel, pan– Miner acquired credit at store,

paid bill with gold

• Pinos Altos Mining Co.– Est. 1864 by merchants from

Santa Fe and Las Cruces

• Arrastras were used at Pinos Altos

Other gold mining towns: Elizabethtown est. 1866 and Hillsboro founded in 1877

Silver Mining: Silver City as an example• Background: farming community on La

Cienega de San Vicente, after Civil War• John Bullard

– Discovered silver at Chloride Flats– Under “Boston Hill” in 1870

• Tent city developed, streets laid out by Bullard

• Built stamp mill on La Cienega de San Vicente

Other Silver mining towns: Georgetown, named in 1877 after George Magruder who died at the Magruder Mill on the Mimbres River

Bullard, b. Missouri, 1841 killed by an Apache attack in 1871. Tombstone at Memory Lane Cemetery

Overtime, mining involved construction of stamp mills which could only be financed by issueing stock to eastern investors

Copper Mining: Santa Rita del cobre• Mines abandoned following Johnson Massacre in

1837• Martin Hayes bought mine from Spanish owners

in 1873 Reopened mine – Sold it to Boston banker

• Banker built railroad spur in 1883• Exports of copper increased • Pit mining began

– Town of Santa Rita del Cobre moved several times as pit expanded

(Cochise stopped war after creation of Chiricahua Reservation)

Why? Need for copper wiring for electricity Examples of mines:

Morenci and Clifton in ArizonaBisbee in Arizona

Merchant capitalism in New Mexico

Merchant capitalism was the economic system of New Mexico

• Economy dominated by Hispanic, Anglo, and Jewish merchants

• Overtime, Anglo and Jewish merchants came to dominate the economy

• Stores established in increasing numbers after the Civil War

• Stores places where bartering occurred– Merchants sold manufactured goods to

farmers/miners– Farmers and miners selling of agricultural and

mineral products to the merchant

Economic exchanges in a merchant capitalist system

• Retail merchants sell manufactured goods on credit to farmers and miners

• Farmers pay bill with food and miners pay bill with gold

• Wholesale merchants sell manufactured goods on credit to retail merchants

• Retail merchants payoff their wholesale bills with food and gold

• Wholesale merchants sell gold back east• Wholesale merchants sell food to military forts

established to fight Apache•

Impact of Military Contracts on Merchants in New Mexico

• Context: Apache Wars (1861-1886) – Many forts:

• Military needed food, (etc.) to feed soldiers and reservation Indians, and they got it from merchants

• Military bids for food, forage, lumber, labor, etc., bids published in newspapers

• Merchants competed for those contracts• Wholesale merchants, usually Germany

Jewish merchants, usually won the largest contracts

Spiegelberg Bros.: A German Jewish company

Famous mercantile company in Santa Fe, est. in 1846 by Solomon Jacob Spiegelberg

His brothers would arrive later Escaped anti-Semitism in Germany Solomon clerked for Houghton &

Leidensdorfor Co. in St. Louis, in 1845 Became a travelling salesman for the company Learned Spanish to conduct business with the

Spanish population.

Spiegelberg Bros.

• Spiegelberg served as sutler for Colonel Sterling Price during Mexican War, in 1846

• With $356, he started store in Santa Fe in 1846 His brothers from Germany arrived to help with

business Bought food from Hispanic farmers using scrip(store

money) and sold food to Anglos for cash Sold food to U.S. military and Indian reservations Opened the Second National Bank in 1872

Merchants in the mining sector• Merchants issued store credit to miners

who paid their bills in gold• Pinos Altos Mining Co. (formed in 1864)

– Seligman Bros. (Santa Fe merchants)– Merchants from Mesilla Valley

• Clifton Copper Mines– Purchased by Las Cruces merchant Henry

Lesinsky 1874 , improves smelters, – Today: largest in U.S.; second largest in

the world

Henry Lesinsky political influence in Washington D.C.

• In 1874, he acquires the Longfellow Copper Claims in Arizona (today’s Clifton/Morenci area)

• The claims were on the White Mountain Apache Reservation

• Henry Lesinsky writes letters to the Secretary of the Interior to reduce the borders of the White Mountain Apache Reservation, which allowed Lesinky ownership of his claims

Ranching History: Developments after the Civil War

Introduction of Longhorn cattle

• Texas Longhorn Cattle – Descended from Spanish cattle

• Charles Goodnight and Oliver Loving– Brought cattle from Texas up the

Pecos River in 1866 – Sold beef to U.S. military

• Fort Sumner to feed Navajo and Mescalero Apache at Bosque Redondo, following Navajo Long Walk

King Ranch, est. in 1853 in Texas, produced a lot of cattle.

Longhorn cattle hardy and resistant to drought.

Goodnight-loving trail

• Context: attle trails out of Texas

• Goodnight-Loving Trail– Supplied beef to soldiers,

reservation Indians, and miners in New Mexico and Colorado

John Chisum: “Cattle King of New Mexico”

• Born in Tennessee 1824, move to Texas in 1837

• Drove first cattle into New Mexico, 1854

• Formed partnership with Goodnight and Loving to sell cattle to Fort Sumner, following Navajo Long Walk

• Ranch located near Roswell, NM

Ranching economy in general

• Ranching economy expanded– With Indian forts– With mining

• Round Ups– Allow cattle to graze freely on public

domain– Ranchers meet, divide offspring and brand

• Chuck Wagon (said to have been invented by Charles Goodnight)

Competition led to outbreaks of violence

Lincoln County war: a Case study of “range wars”

• Murphy, Dolan & Co. – Sold beef to Fort Stanton and

Mescalero Apache Reservation– Store monopolized trade in Lincoln

Co.• H. H. Tunstall & Co.

–Arrives from England–Opened store in 1876 with

Alexander McSween• Competition between two

stores over control of the ranching economy

Lincoln county war• Murphy-Dolan seek to use influence

with Santa Fe Ring– Allied with Lincoln Co. Sheriff William Brady– Employed Jesse Evans Gang

• Tunstall-McSween organized their own posse – Regulators’ – Included William Bonney (Billy the Kid)

• Conflict escalated in 1878– Evans Gang killed John Tunstall in 1878– Regulators killed Sheriff Brady

• Battle of Lincoln (4-days long)– Alexander McSween Killed– Regulators forced out of Lincoln

• Ended after Ft. Stanton solders ended the “Battle of Lincoln”

William Bonney, b. New York, mother move to Silver City, Tuberculosis. In and out of jail, hooks up with “Regulators” in 1878.

Billy the Kid did not like John Chisum, believing that he owed him money. Chisum would help elect Pat Garret sheriff.

Pat Garrett killed Billy the Kid at Ft. Sumner in 1881.

San Juan County War (1878-1881)

• Cattlemen’s War in area of Farmington, NM

• Stockton Gang – Rustled cattle and sold the beef to army

posts– Feuded with ranching family – the Simmons

• Gang took over control of Durango, Colorado

• Farmington Vigilante Committee formed in 1880 – drove gang out of town

Seven River Warriors, a cattle rustling gang in 1870s.

Other examples of Violence in New Mexico and the southwest

• Mesilla Riot of 1871– Political differences Republicans and

Democrats– Shootout in Mesilla; soldiers ordered

into Mesilla• El Paso Salt War, 1877

– Hispanics had acquired salt from communal salt beds east of El Paso

– Anglos sought to homestead on it, violence ensued

Shootout at San Francisco Plaza (today’s Reserve) -- 1884

• Elfego Baca self appointed sheriff • Baca arrested a drunk cowboy • Standoff between Baca and the

cowboy’s friends• Baca killed four of the cowboys before

it ended• Baca charged charged with murder,

but acquitted because lawyer provided false documentation that Baca was legally deputized

Town was establishd by Hispanic homesteaders in the 1860s.

Threat to Spanish/Mexican Land grants

• Spanish and Mexican Land Grants had communal lands to serve as pasturage– Anglos homesteaded on land– Let to resistance

• Gorras Blancas – white caps, secret society, – Hispanos protect communal lands from Anglo ranchers

in NE New Mexico– Founded by Pablo and Juan Jose Herrera, Mariano Leiba

and Vicente Silva (Las Vegas)– Sought establishment of the Republic of San Joaquin in

1889 • Tore down fences, burned haystacks• Pablo killed by sheriff in 1891 in Las Vegas

Colfax County War, 1875• Maxwell Land Grant was sold to English

and Dutch investors in 1870• Issued eviction notices to “squatters” • Violence flared as “squatters” fought back• Buffalo Soldiers ordered to bring order to

the town of Cimerron • Maxwell Land Grant was fought over in

Court; Thomas Catron and the Santa Fe Ring acquired interests

• Eventually sold to several different interests

Transcontinental Railroads in New Mexico

Pacific Railroad Act (1862)

Legislation to help railroad companies build transcontinental railroads to the Pacific Coast

Why? Too expensive to build because of long distance through unoccupied land (without customers)

How would government help? Issuance of 30-year government bonds Land Grants

Railroad Land Grants

R.R. Town

R.R. Co. sold lots for $$$$

• Created a right of way, 10 miles to 20 miles on each side of the proposed route

• Railroad receive every alternating section, government received other section = government and railroad could sell that land

• Town sites given to railroad to sell

Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad

• Followed the Santa Fe Trail• Set up real estate offices as it was built

across Kansas and eastern Colorado• Reached Pueblo Colorado in 1876• Crossed Raton Pass and into New Mexico

in 1878, built spur line to Santa Fe in 1880

• Reached Albuquerque in 1880• Reach Las Cruces in 1881

Atlantic and Pacific Railroad: along the 35th parallel

• Built west of Albuquerque starting in 1880

• Lewis Kingman surveyed route

• Hired Mormons to build track

• By 1881, it had been built to Holbrook, Arizona

Southern Pacific railroad, along 32nd parallel

• New Orleans, through El Paso and to Tucson

• Built from Los Angeles, eastward, reached Yuma in 1877, Tucson in 1880, El Paso in 1881

• Spur line connecting Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, north of Las Cruces

Chinese railroad workers

• Immigrated from Southern China, Canton (today’s Guangzhou)

• Helped build the Southern Pacific Railroad

• After railroad’s completion, engaged in:– Farming and Restaurants– Mining

Chinese worked in mines in Silver City, probably brought the Tree of Heaven, which is still an invasive species today.

Uses: making steamers, firewood, medicinal properties like controlling dysentery.

Railroad towns• Sixty miles apart in order to fill tanks

with water (to general stream) Deming – Founded 1881

Named after Mary Deming Crocker, wife of Charles Crocker)

Silver Spike driven here in 1881, joining the S & P Railroad and the A T & SF Railroad

Lordsburg – Founded in 1880 Named after an engineer in charge of

construction crew Delbert Lord

Grants, NM named after Grant Brothers, from Canada, who had a contract to build part of A & T RR.

Consequences of railroad• Expansion of settlement

– RR and Fed. Gov. sell land– Hack Lines

• Spur lines– Silver City in 1881 – Santa Rita del Cobre in 1883

• End of Apache Wars (1886)– Mirrors used to relay locations– RR moved soldiers– Geronimo captured 1886

Another consequence: tourism• Fred Lummis, 1884 tourism promoter• “See America First”

– Appeal to wealthy easterners– Instead of Europe, go see the American

West• Railroads caught onto this as a

promotion to encourage tourism on their new, transcontinental railroads

• Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad advertised

Fred Harvey

• Fred Harvey, b. 1835, in England, immigrated to U.S. in 1850

• Operated two restaurants for Kansas Pacific Railroad by 1875

• Approached the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, opened first lunchroom in 1876

Harvey Houses: name of hotels operated by Fred Harvey

• A T & S F Railroad built a series of hotels– Montezuma Hotel built by railroad in

1882

• Interiors decorated by Mary Jane Colter, who designed buildings a Grand Canyon (“Santa Fe Style”)

• Indian Building in the Albuquerque Station – Harvey developed a market for Indian crafts

Harvey Girls

• Fred Harvey hired women– Women paid less than men for same

job– Now illegal

• Hired eastern women– Had to be moral, cultured, educated– Empowered women, independent, etc.

• Madam Millie (owned Silver City brothel) was a Harvey Girl La Fonda, acquired by

the Santa Fe Railroad, and the station in Las Vegas, NM, were two places where Harvy Girls worked.

Modern era

Some of the themes we will look at:-Modernity-Progressivism-Reform-Conservationism

Governor Miguel Otero (1897-1906)

• Wanted Statehood for New Mexico• First Hispanic governor of New Mexico• Sought volunteers for the Spanish

American War 1898 to show that New Mexico was loyal to the U.S. and Hispanics did not support Spain

• Many of Theodore Roosevelt’s Rough Riders were from New Mexico: participated in the Battle of San Juan Hill

Ferguson Act of 1898• Federal government gave 5 million

acres federal land to New Mexico Territory

• Revenues generated from oil and gas extraction, mining, land sales

• Monies placed in a permanent fund universities, schools and other purposes

• Continued after statehood generating monies from interest on investments to public schools, etc.

The act funded a miners hospital, est. in Raton in 1905.

New Mexico Teacher’s College (WNMU), established in 1893.

• Originally, “New Mexico Normal School”

• First offered classes in a rented Presbyterian church

• Began building school on 20 acres of land, donated by mayor of Silver City, John Fleming

• 1896, Old Main was dedicated• By 1904, Ritch Hall was completed, as

women’s dorm• By 1916, there were some 500

students

Conservationism: Reclamation• Newlands Reclamation Act, 1902

– Federal government pay for dams and irrigation projects in the West

• Funded the Rio Grande Project• The project was to build dams to conserve water

– Rio Hondo– Rio Grande

• Elephant Butte Dam, authorized in 1905, completed in 1916– Was largest dam project of its time

Conservationism: National Forests• National Forests to manage timber

reserves– Gila National Forest, created in 1905 – Pecos National Forest, created in 1908

• Carson National Forest created by President Theodore Roosevelt– Part of it was ostensibly to protect the Taos

Pueblo’s sacred Blue Lake from lumbermen, miners, etc

– Essentially, the lake was taken by the federal government, not returned to Pueblo till 1970

Antiquities Act 1906: Another Example of Progressivism

• To conserve and protect historical site, particularly in the Southwest

• Problem: looting of archaeological sites for pots– Wetherill Brothers, pot-hunters, Mesa Verde– Began plundering Chaco Canyon

• Created national monuments– El Morro, monument in 1906– Chaco Canyon, monument in 1907

Urbanization• Las Cruces and Albuquerque• Economic Diversification

– Small business– Chambers of Commerce

• Population of New Mexico Territory– 1860 = 93,516– 1880 = 119,565– 1900=195,310– 1910=327,301 (67% increase)

New Mexico Statehood: the Context

• Constitution gives Congress power to allow territories to be states

• Based on Northwest Ordinances of 1787• Population of citizens to be at least

60,000• Territorial population must draft and vote

for constitution, must not contradict the federal constitution

• Enabling Act of 1910, provide for New Mexico and Arizona to be separate states

New Mexico’s constitutional convention, October 1910

• One hundred delegates met in Santa Fe – 32 Hispanic delegates– 68 Anglo delegates

• Influential delegates (Controlled by the Santa Fe Ring “Old Guard Republicans”)– Albert Fall (Republican)– Thomas Catron (Republican)

• Constitution was conservative

Constitution of New Mexico

• Anti-Progressive • No women’s suffrage• No direct election of senators• No initiatives, referendums, or

recall elections• Low land taxes

New Mexico as a state

• 47th State (Arizona 48th )• Representatives

– Thomas Benton Catron (member of Santa Fe Ring)

– Albert Fall (Teapot Dome, early 1920s)

• Governor = Rancher William McDonald

New Mexico statehood 1912

• Why so long• Hispanics Majority• Territory Government appointed • Santa Fe Ring wanted Statehood to

contest power of appointed • Bad Press = Lincoln County War

proof NM not ready Statehood

How would you characterize the territorial era?

• ______________________• ______________________• ______________________• ______________________• ______________________• ______________________