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Latin America, Music,���The Debt Crisis

Tues. May 18 GEOG 1982

Lecture Outline

•  Music •  Landforms, Climate, & Hazards •  History •  Economic History •  Free Trade •  Other trends

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Cuban Music •  El son (la calabaza – Barbarito Torres) •  Cha cha (chacha la vie) •  Rumba Traditional-http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgfNnnSuaEs

•  Popular Cuban music (Los Van Van) •  Silvio Rodriguez & Nueva Canción •  Cuban music in the U.S.

– Afro-Cuban mambo, salsa (Tito Puente) pa’ los rumberos – Buena Vista Social Club http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rRJP8rVg-4&feature=related

Cuban rappers Los Aldeanos

Mexican music

Mariachi http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tu4Hnbor9rI (Antonio Banderas) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CdPVmYF4v0 (Alejandro Fernandez)

Danzón http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eFN2lwJynQc Cumbia – Angeles Azules, Baile Folklorico http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=grS3aPtaTTo

Pop Maná http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qxWEdtQ3eBo

Santana http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=reaNVtCgQqs

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Nueva Canción Victor Jara (Murdered after 1973 Chilean coup) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdBMY3R4C0Q

Mercedes Sosa (exiled from Argentina) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JlVB9erD-Vw

Silvio Rodriguez (Cuban) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfyB_2BQI1o

Jamaican music scene Anthony Bourdain http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o971jF3asas&feature=related (min 1:00-7:00)

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Plaza de las Tres Culturas – Mexico City

Aug 13, 1521 Cortez took Mexico City (Tlatelolco) Oct. 2, 1968 massacre

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Economic History

Outline: •  Early Extractive Phase •  Import Substitution Industrialization •  Debt Crisis •  Structural Adjustment & Neoliberalism •  Informal Economy •  Characteristics: poverty, income disparity

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Early Extractive Phase

•  Hacienda, plantation, ranch, mine •  Neocolonialism:

– Dominant countries’ control of poorer countries’ economics and politics to serve own interests

– E.g. money from extraction not reinvested in the area but taken to Europe & U.S.

Import Substitution Industrialization •  Set of policies whose goal was to keep money and

resources within the country or region: – Nationalization - States (governments) bought

industries (esp. extractive) – State-run manufacturing industries - established using

revenue from nationalization of extractive industries – High Tariffs - taxes on imported manufactured goods

•  Development of national & regional economy •  Response to neocolonialism and foreign control

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Debt Crisis (p.353)

•  Surplus money (from OPEC) in international banks (offshore); low interest rates on loans

•  Governments borrowed millions of $ to finance industrialization projects

•  Aug. 1982 Mexico defaults on loans •  Banks worried other countries would also

default •  U.S. & European banks stepped in

Structural Adjustment Policies (p.353)

•  Structural adjustment - big changes in organization of countries’ economies – Export-oriented manufacturing (like Japan) – Privatization - sell state-owned industries – Free market policy & Free trade (remove tariffs)

•  Goal: make economies more efficient & profitable to pay back loans

•  Policies enforced by International Monetary Fund (IMF)

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Neoliberalism •  Neoliberal policies – economic policies that are

predicted on a minimalist role for the state, assuming the desirability of free markets as the idea condition not only for economic organization, but also for political and social life. (p.5)

•  1980s Ronald Reagan (US), Margaret Thatcher (UK), Augusto Pinochet (Chile), Deng Xioping (China

•  Chilean history of neoliberalism http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mnjgjdwo-Gc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfkZlbax0Lw&feature=related Milton Friedman: Free Markets and freedom!

Effects of SAPs and Neoliberal policy: Poverty, Wealth Disparity

•  In 2004 40% of the region’s population lived in poverty

•  Income disparity grew

•  Large informal economy - not government regulated (p.370)

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Free Trade •  Reduce tariffs & barriers to trade among a

group (or pair) of countries – NAFTA - 1994: Mexico, U.S., Canada – Mercosur - 1991: Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay,

Paraguay, Chile – FTAA - proposed: western hemisphere

•  World Trade Organization (formerly GATT) •  Maquiladoras, Export Processing Zones (free

trade zones)

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Problems with Free Trade

•  Social services •  Labor Rights •  Agricultural subsidies & protective tariffs

– Tortilla Riots in Mexico, 2007 •  Agricultural prohibitions (e.g. GMOs) •  Copyright protections •  Environmental restrictions

Countertrend: Venezuela

•  President Hugo Chavez elected 1998 – Nationalized: oil, telecom, cement, gas, electricity – Raised foreign taxes on oil – Goal: give ordinary people more say in the way

the country is run through communal councils – Supporters say changes benefit the working class,

giving them housing, job, social benefits, education

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Brazil •  President Luiz Ignacio Lula da Silva elected

to second term 2006 – Dealt with economic instability - reduced

inflation and national debt – Extended welfare programs for poorest

•  Landless Workers’ Movement (MST) – Demand for land reform: 1.6% of population

owns half of Brazil’s land – Land invasions –  1.5 million members

Video shorts Offshore Ads: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRuY3dww6Gk&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VByh_C49-3E http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gwMPEdgUnCI City of Factories: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tRdu5qo-htU&feature=related WTO Cancun: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9pHw9e0fvU

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Review •  What is El Niño (p.333-4) •  Approximate dates of countries’ independence •  ISI: motivation for, goals, & policies •  Debt Crisis: causes & results •  Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs): definition, goal, examples of

programs/policies, who enforces •  Neoliberalism: definitions, characteristics, supporters, negative

effects/outcomes •  Free Trade: definition, examples, arguments against •  TERMS: neocolonialsim, IMF, GATT, WTO, informal economy,

maquiladoras, Export Processing Zones, Hugo Chavez, Luiz Ignacio Lula da Silva, Landless Workers’ Movement, Salvador Allende, Augusto Pinochet; Text: altitudinal zonation, biodiversity, bioprospecting, Columbian Exchange, demographic collapse, ecotourism, El Niño, free trade zone, Green Revolution, informal economy, land reform, Monroe Doctrine, NAFTA, pristine myth