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Latin American Independence Movements •Our Lady of Lourdes High School •Social Studies Departme nt

Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department

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Page 1: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department

Latin American Independence Movements

•Our Lady of Lourdes High School

• Social Studies Department

Page 2: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department

Nationalism

• Definition:– The belief that each group of people should

have their own country, with clearly defined borders & their own government–People should be loyal to the government

rather than the leader–Pride in one’s country; being patriotic

Page 3: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department

What makes a nation?

• Nationality (common ethnicity)• Language (communication)• Culture (a shared way of life)• History (common experiences)• Religion (common to most/all of the people)• Territory (where the nation is located)

Page 4: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department

Background to Independence

• By early 1800s, ideas of the Enlightenment, French Revolution & Napoleonic wars had influenced Europeans

• Turmoil in Europe had influenced those living in the Spanish & Portuguese colonies in the Americas

• The influence of the American Revolution also played a role in Latin America Independence movements

Page 5: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department
Page 6: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department

Colonial Society

• Based on a racial hierarchy– The lighter the skin, the more valuable the person– A hierarchy is defined as: a system or organization

in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority.

Page 7: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department

Colonial Society

• Peninsulares: white people born on the Iberian peninsula in either Spain or Portugal to Spanish or Portuguese parents

• Creoles: the children of peninsulare parents born in the new world. White people, but held a permanent 2nd class status– Where is the Iberian Peninsula?!

Page 8: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department
Page 9: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department

Colonial Society

• Mestizo: a person of mixed European and Indian blood

• Mulatto: a person of mixed European and African blood

Page 10: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department

Colonial Society

• African $lave$: people brought to New Spain as a labor force to replace the Indians

• Indians: indigenous people with the least amount of value in this hierarchy because they could not do the work the slaves could

Page 11: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department

Colonial Economy

• Mercantilism: economic theory that states there is a fixed amount of wealth in the world & that in order to receive a larger share, one country has to take some wealth away from another country

Page 12: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department

Colonial Economy

• The main purpose of the Latin American colonies was to provide their respective mother countries, merchants and white colonists, with as much wealth as possible

• The Europeans took as much gold, silver and plantation crops as possible from the colonies

Page 13: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department

Colonial Economy

• Hacienda: The main economic center in New Spain– A large, self-sufficient farming estate• Given to conquistadors & court favorites by the

monarch• Indians first worked the land, but because of

abuse and disease, many died• African slaves were imported to work as

replacements

Page 14: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department

Growing Discontent

• Discontented creoles (why are they discontented?) attracted to the ideas of the Enlightenment, French and American revolutions – Stuck in permanent 2nd class status– Feared losing economic monopolies because of

king’s relaxing of mercantilist restrictions– Resented paying taxes for European wars– Liberal government came to power in Spain

Page 15: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department

Haiti Goes First

• Known as St. Domingo on the island of Hispaniola in the West Indies

• During French Revolution, the radicals had abolished slavery in the French colonies– Napoleon had restored slavery in the colony and

slaves revolted • What choice did the former slaves have?

Page 16: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department
Page 17: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department
Page 18: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department

Haiti

• Former slaves led in battle by Toussaint L’Ouverture (the “opening” in English because it was said he could find an opening in the French lines when he had to

• Napoleon saw L’Ouverture as a threat to controlling Haiti and sent an army to crush him

Page 19: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department

Haiti

• French army eventually signed a deal with L’Ouverture and he was then arrested and sent to France where he died in 1803– The French tricked him

• After L’Ouverture, Jean-Jacques Dessaline took up the fight and defeated the French

• Independent Haiti proclaimed in 1804• First free African slave colony in New World

Page 20: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department

Mexico Ends Spanish Rule

• Napoleon’s invasion of Spain in 1808 set wheels in motion– Spanish nationalism, fueled by Napoleon, grew in

the American colonies– Unhappy creoles, mestizos & Indians were to join

the revolution in Mexico

Page 21: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department
Page 22: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department

Mexico Ends Spanish Rule

• After Spanish King Ferdinand VII was removed from throne, a junta developed in Spain to rule in king’s name

• Same thing happened in Mexico, but creoles wanted to run it– Peninsulares said that was a bad idea– they

should support Spain with peninsualres in charge– Peninsulares tend to be more conservative

Page 23: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department

Mexico Ends Spanish Rule

• Tension grew between peninsulares & creoles• Creoles formed “literary societies” to plot

their next move• The leader of the most famous of these clubs

met a priest called Miguel Hidalgo

Page 24: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department
Page 25: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department

Mexico Ends Spanish Rule

• Hildalgo promised revolution before the end of 1810 in Mexico

• 16 September 1810: Grito de Dolores– The “call of Dolores”– Called on the Indians, mestizos and creoles to take

up arms against Spain– Hildalgo’s army quickly became a mob and turned

uprising into class war

Page 26: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department

Mexico Ends Spanish Rule

• 30 October 1810: Battle of Las Cruces– Hildalgo won, but did not follow up the victory– Spanish army counter-attacked and captured

Hidalgo– Hidalgo was tried and executed by the Holy Office

of the Inquisition (he was a priest, after all)

Page 27: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department

Mexico Ends Spanish Rule

• After Hildalgo, leadership was taken over by Jose Maria Morelos, a mestizo priest–Morelos added a social element to the

revolution that angered many of the creoles–He was later defeated and executed in 1815

Page 28: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department

Mexico Ends Spanish Rule

• 1820: Revolt against Ferdinand VII by the liberals in Spain

• Creoles in Mexico joined the revolution in droves

• Spanish army commander joined rebel side• Revolution over & Mexico independent by

September 1821

Page 29: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department

Independence in Spanish S. America

• Began in 1810 in La Plata when creoles took control of the government there & declared their independence– La Plata was later named Argentina– Paraguay later declared its own independence

from Spain

Page 30: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department

Independence in Spanish S. America

• In the rest of South America, things got bloody• Led by Simon Bolivar (the Liberator)– Started in Caracas (in modern Venezuela) in 1810– Destroyed Spanish power in New Granada (NW

South America)– Created new nation of Greater Colombia

Page 31: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department
Page 32: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department
Page 33: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department

Independence in Spanish S. America

• Greater Colombia:– Colombia– Venezuela– Ecuador– Panama

Page 34: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department

Independence in Spanish S. America

• Jose de San Martin crossed Andes into modern Chile, joined with Bernardo O’Higgins and defeated Spanish army there by 1818

• From Chile San Martin moved north to Lima, Peru & declared independence by 1821, but totally free until 1825

Page 35: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department

Brazil Goes Its Own Way

• Napoleon’s 1808 invasion of Portugal forced king John VI to flee to Brazil

• Brazil then became equal to Portugal and mercantilist restrictions on trade removed

• John VI stayed in Brazil until 820 when he returned to deal with revolution in Portugal

Page 36: Latin American Independence Movements Our Lady of Lourdes High School Social Studies Department

Brazil Goes Its Own Way

• Once John VI left Brazil he tried to return it to colony status

• Creoles in Brazil persuaded prince Pedro to become independent ruler of Brazil as a constitutional monarch

• King in Portugal agreed to allow it and no blood was spilled