Latin American Revolutions

And the Industrial Revolution

Latin America

• This chapter will take place during and after the time of Napoleon.

• Napoleon is a big player in these revolutions.

• 3 countries will fall victim here, France, Spain, and Portugal.

• This chapter will explain in great detail how the Caribbean and South American countries fought for their freedom.

Haiti

• Haiti was the last main French possession in North America outside of Louisiana.

• The colony was a major trading port for sugar.

• When chaos of the French Revolution started, the people of Haiti saw their chance to become free.

Haiti

Sugar Plantations

Haiti

• Since all the French troops were tied up in France for the revolution, no reinforcements would be able to come if the island revolted too.

• White Frenchmen were outnumber by African slaves 3 to 1.

• The leader of the slave revolt will be Toussaint L’Ouverture (loo vhur TYOOR)

Toussaint L’Ouverture

• He was a self educated slave, with a caring master that helped him.

• The uprising is a success and France calls for peace. No troops were available to go to the island.

• This is the first fully successful slave revolt ever in world history.

• Toussaint will work with both races to start a new government on the island.

Haiti

• After the French Revolution is over Napoleon comes to power and wanted the income back from Haiti.

• Napoleon sends an invasion force to the island to bring it back into French hands.

• The French troops sent to Haiti lost bad.

• Yellow fever, winter gear, and unfamiliar territory wrecked the French.

Haiti

• The French stay for two years, Napoleon finally realized that he could not take back the island and he needed the troops in Europe.

• The only victory the French get out of Haiti is capturing Toussaint.

• He dies in prison shortly after.• Haiti becomes the only non-slave state in

the Western Hemisphere at the time.

Spanish Possessions

• Revolutions against Spain will mostly take place in Central and South America.

• Reasons for Revolution.• 1. A cumulative of racial, social, and

politics will make the public uneasy.• 2. Enlightenment Ideas – U.S. and France

have revolutions.• 3. Haiti becomes free, proved Latin

America can fight back.

Napoleon and Spain

• Napoleon is the trigger for Spanish possessions in the Americas to start revolts. He invades Spain.

• Spain cannot send any troops to stop the revolutionary forces, they are busy with Napoleon.

• Mexico is the first major country to fight Spain in the Americas.

Mexico

• The Mexican revolution is led by a Priest.

• Really ironic, suppose to preach peace.

• Father Hidalgo, led the people of Mexico especially the poor, Native Americans, and slaves against the Spanish forces.

• Throughout the campaign, Hidalgo is captured and executed.

Father Hidalgo

Mexico

• Another priest took Hidalgo’s place.

• Father Morales, he too was captured and shot.

• Eventually Spain will back out of Mexico and leave the country extremely poor.

• Later in history, Mexico will have trouble with the U.S. and France.

Central America

• Just south of Mexico, Spain will lose this territory too.

• For a short time it will turn into a united republic modeled like the U.S.

South America

• Native uprisings happen all the time. When Napoleon invades Spain, natives and local creoles will rise against the ruling Spanish.

• The revolutions in South America will be led by Simon Bolivar and San Martin.

• Both are Creoles that are highly educated nobles.

South America

• Both men help get rid of the Spanish control.

• They are not able to tame what happens to the land after the Spanish are out of the picture.

• Many civil wars break out, lots of corruption, poverty, and no order.

• South America stays the same, only thing different is the Spanish are gone.

Brazil

• Portugal owned Brazil for many years.

• Brazil will have the most calm and civilized revolution.

• When Napoleon invaded Spain, the Portuguese king knew his country was next.

• So he fled to Brazil, the most successful Portuguese colony.

Brazil

• The King making a presence keeps the country in order.

• He comes to Brazil and makes many reforms to make the public happy.

• Once the Peninsula War was over, the King decided to return to Portugal.

• He left his son behind to run Brazil.

• He also left advice. Smart advice.

Brazil

• The King told his son these words.

• “If Brazil demands independence, proclaim it yourself and put the crown on your head.”

• Basically, if the country wishes to become free, you lead them and make them happy.

England

• England had colonies in the Caribbean.

• Nobody revolted though because the government was stable.

• They could send troops if trouble came up.

• “Masters of the Sea” could send men anywhere anytime because they owned all the water ways.

Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution

• Takes place 1700’s – 1800’s

• Helps make many countries powerful economically and militarily.

• Output of goods greatly increased.

• As the dates above show, it was not overnight, gradually swept parts of the world.

• Starts in England, then rest of Europe, etc.

Reasons

• Reasons why the revolution starts.• 1. Improvement in agriculture – many new

inventions produce more food. Less farm hands needed, people move to city for jobs.

• 2. Population explosion – people live longer and become healthier.

• 3.Energy revolution – water wheels, coal, steam engines power machines now.

Britain

• Why does it start in England first?• Lots of raw materials like coal and iron.• Big population that can be put to work.• Advanced Technology – many great minds

that created inventions.• Economic monster – could trade

anywhere. Why?• Government – very stable and smart, pro

industry.

Trade

• Britain was a trading giant.

• Cotton was a great example.

• Had the crop shipped to England from all over the world, produced clothes in their factories. Made a boat load of money.

• High population made factory workers wages low, also was easy to find someone to fill up jobs. More details later.

Cotton

Transporting

• Land turnpikes – privately built roads to transport goods. Toll collection made $$.

• Railroads – revolution transportation, first train was steam powered.

• Bridge building – for roads and railroads.

• Canals – man made water ways, shortcuts. Steam boats also made deliveries fast.

Turnpikes

Railroads

Bridges

Canals

Inventions

• Seed Drill – By Tull, plant crops fast in rows.

Inventions

• Spinning Jenny – Hargreaves – spins thread quickly.

Inventions

• More powerful steam engine – Watts – used coal.

Inventions

• Cotton Gin – Whitney – takes seeds out of cotton.

Factory System

• Factories or Industries improved production, larger output of goods.

• Conditions – extremely horrible.• Mostly women and children worked in

factories – not confrontational. Accepted low wages.

• No excuses – hurt or sick means you are fired. Many people available to take your job. Ask for raise = fired.

Factory System

• Children, mostly orphans worked in factories, nobody cared about them.

• Had small hands to get in between machines.

• Worked 12-16 hrs. a day for pocket change.

• Because so many had poor wages, many lived together in 1 bedroom apartments with 20 other people – Slums.

Slums

Reforms

• Eventually reforms took place for child labor laws and other conditions.

• Methodist – Protestant religion that many workers turned to. The religion fought for reforms peacefully.

Thinkers of the Period

• Adam Smith – wrote Wealth of Nations.

• Talked about economic philosophies.

• Laissez Faire – No government involved with economy.

• Preached a free market system – no tariffs.

• His book was a great seller and many liked his ideas.

Adam Smith

Thinkers

• Malthus – population would out gain the food supply – this only happens in some parts of the world.

• People should have less kids.

• Jonathan Swift – a Modest Proposal – eat babies.

Thinkers

• Ricardo – Iron Law of Wages

• Formula

• When wages were high, many people had many children.

• More kids increased the labor force.

• This made wages later lower and unemployment higher.

Government Ideas

• Socialism – The people of the country own the business, not individuals.

• Communism – Karl Marx invented this theory.

• Form of socialism. Thought it would appear in England first.

• Social classes would eventually cease to exist and everyone shares the wealth.