Latin II ReviewLatin II Review

Relative PronounsRelative Pronouns

Introduce subordinate clausesIntroduce subordinate clauses

Agree with antecedentAgree with antecedentWhat ways?What ways?

Describes the antecedentDescribes the antecedent

ExamplesExamples

multī audītōrēs saturās ācrēs multī audītōrēs saturās ācrēs timēbant quās poēta recitābat. timēbant quās poēta recitābat.

puer mātrem timēbat, quae eum puer mātrem timēbat, quae eum saepe neglegēbat. saepe neglegēbat.

incipimus vēritātem intellegere, quae incipimus vēritātem intellegere, quae mentēs nostrās semper regere dēbet mentēs nostrās semper regere dēbet et sine quā valēre nōn possumus. et sine quā valēre nōn possumus.

levis est fortūna: id cito repōscit levis est fortūna: id cito repōscit quod dedit. quod dedit.

Passive VoicePassive Voice

Use the other slidesUse the other slides

Oh yeah, thanks.Oh yeah, thanks.

Interrogative Pronouns and Interrogative Pronouns and AdjectivesAdjectives

Pronouns stand in place of some Pronouns stand in place of some noun or pronoun (like substantive noun or pronoun (like substantive adjectives eg. “The Good, the Bad, adjectives eg. “The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly”)and the Ugly”)

Adjectives modify some noun or Adjectives modify some noun or pronoun pronoun

Interrogative PronounInterrogative Pronoun

Same as relative:Same as relative:– Plural formsPlural forms– Masc. Sing. FormsMasc. Sing. Forms

Different from relative:Different from relative:– No antecedentNo antecedent– Asks a qestionAsks a qestion– Masc. and Fem. Sing. Forms (p.124)Masc. and Fem. Sing. Forms (p.124)– Nom. Sing.Nom. Sing.

Interrogative AdjectivesInterrogative Adjectives

Same as relative:Same as relative:– All FormsAll Forms– Agrees with a noun or pronounAgrees with a noun or pronoun

Different from relative:Different from relative:– Asks for more specific information about Asks for more specific information about

the person or thing it agrees withthe person or thing it agrees with– Placement*Placement*

ExamplesExamples

quōs librōs bonōs poēta caecus herī quōs librōs bonōs poēta caecus herī recitāvit? recitāvit?

fēminae librōs difficilēs crās legent fēminae librōs difficilēs crās legent quōs mīsistī. quōs mīsistī.

quis lībertātem eōrum eō tempore quis lībertātem eōrum eō tempore dēlēre coepit?dēlēre coepit?

quid nōs facere contrā istōs et quid nōs facere contrā istōs et scelera eōrum dēbēmus? scelera eōrum dēbēmus?

ParticiplesParticiples

Verbal adjectivesVerbal adjectives Four types of participles in LatinFour types of participles in Latin

– Present Active Present Active doingdoing– Future Active Future Active about to doabout to do– Perfect Passive Perfect Passive done, having been donedone, having been done– Future Passive Future Passive about to be doneabout to be done

Participles – Present StemParticiples – Present Stem

Present ActivePresent Active– Recognized by its characteristic “ns” or Recognized by its characteristic “ns” or

“nt” with 3“nt” with 3rdrd declension * “ī” in the abl. declension * “ī” in the abl. sing.sing. laudans, laudantislaudans, laudantis

Future Passive (Gerundive)Future Passive (Gerundive)– Recognized by its characteristic “nd” with Recognized by its characteristic “nd” with

11stst and 2 and 2ndnd declension endings declension endings laudandus, -a, -umlaudandus, -a, -um

Participles – Partic. StemParticiples – Partic. Stem

Participle Stem = Perfect Passive Participle Stem = Perfect Passive Participle = 4Participle = 4thth principal part of verb principal part of verb– Declined with 1Declined with 1stst and 2 and 2ndnd declension declension

endingsendings laudatus, -a, -umlaudatus, -a, -um

Future ActiveFuture Active– Recognized by its characteristic “ūr” with Recognized by its characteristic “ūr” with

11stst and 2 and 2ndnd declension endings declension endings laudatūrus, -a, -umlaudatūrus, -a, -um

ExamplesExamples

aliquid numquam ante audītum cernō. aliquid numquam ante audītum cernō. illum ōrātōrem in mediō senātū iterum illum ōrātōrem in mediō senātū iterum

petentem fīnem bellōrum ac scelerum nōn petentem fīnem bellōrum ac scelerum nōn adiūvistis. adiūvistis.

illam gentem Latīnam oppressūrī et illam gentem Latīnam oppressūrī et dīvitiās raptūrī, omnēs virōs magnae dīvitiās raptūrī, omnēs virōs magnae probitātis premere ac dēlēre prōtinus probitātis premere ac dēlēre prōtinus coepērunt. coepērunt.

sī mihi eum ēducandum committēs, studia sī mihi eum ēducandum committēs, studia eius fōrmāre ab īnfantiā incipiam.eius fōrmāre ab īnfantiā incipiam.

Ablative AbsoluteAblative Absolute

Participial phrase that describes Participial phrase that describes some general circumstances some general circumstances surrounding the action.surrounding the action.

Identified by “a bunch o’ ablatives” Identified by “a bunch o’ ablatives” in close proximity.in close proximity.

Translated with “once …, since…, Translated with “once …, since…, with… doing/having been done/about with… doing/having been done/about to do”to do”

ExamplesExamples

ōrātor, signō ā sacerdōte datō, eō diē ōrātor, signō ā sacerdōte datō, eō diē revēnit et nunc tōtus populus Latīnus revēnit et nunc tōtus populus Latīnus gaudet. gaudet.

Asiā victā, dux Rōmānus fēlīx multōs Asiā victā, dux Rōmānus fēlīx multōs servōs in Italiam mīsit. servōs in Italiam mīsit.

omnibus ferrō mīlitis perterritīs, omnibus ferrō mīlitis perterritīs, quisque sē servāre cupiēbat. quisque sē servāre cupiēbat.

Passive PeriphrasticPassive Periphrastic

Simply the gerundive + Simply the gerundive + sumsum A simplified way to express A simplified way to express

necessity, obligation, or appropriate necessity, obligation, or appropriate actions.actions.

The Wheelock vocabulary must be The Wheelock vocabulary must be studied by you every day.studied by you every day.

ExamplesExamples

populō metū oppressō, iste imperātor populō metū oppressō, iste imperātor nōbīs ex urbe pellendus est. nōbīs ex urbe pellendus est.

cernisne omnia quae tibi scienda cernisne omnia quae tibi scienda sunt?sunt?

quidquid dīcendum est, līberē dīcam. quidquid dīcendum est, līberē dīcam.

Indirect StatementIndirect Statement

Identified by its “accusative + Identified by its “accusative + infinitive” construction following a infinitive” construction following a verb of sensing/stating.verb of sensing/stating.

The class said, “Todd is freakin’ cool.”The class said, “Todd is freakin’ cool.”

The class said that Todd is freakin’ The class said that Todd is freakin’ cool.cool.

Indirect StatementIndirect Statement

The indirect statement can be thought The indirect statement can be thought of as an extended direct object.of as an extended direct object.

The class said The class said X. X. What function in the sentence does X What function in the sentence does X

serve?serve? So if X = So if X = that “Todd is freakin’ cool.”that “Todd is freakin’ cool.” The class said The class said that Todd is freakin’ that Todd is freakin’

cool.cool.

ExamplesExamples

id factum esse tum nōn negāvit.id factum esse tum nōn negāvit.

hīs rēbus prōnūntātīs, igitur, eum hīs rēbus prōnūntātīs, igitur, eum esse hostem scīvistī.esse hostem scīvistī.

crēdimus fidem antīquam omnibus crēdimus fidem antīquam omnibus gentibus iterum alendam esse. gentibus iterum alendam esse.