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Currently Used Measures of Cognitive Impairment An HBRN Scholar Special Presentation & Discussion Laura M. Vitkus MPH Student, Health Behavior Health Promotion, Class of 2018 University of Arizona, College of Public Health Program Coordinator, Arizona Geriatric Workforce Enhancement Program University of Arizona Center on Aging Valerie J. Edwards, PhD Research Psychologist Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Hossein Ehsani, PhD Postdoctoral Research Associate, Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Arizona Affiliate, University of Arizona Center on Aging

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Page 1: Laura M. Vitkus - depts.washington.edu

Currently Used Measures of Cognitive ImpairmentAn HBRN Scholar Special Presentation & Discussion

Laura M. VitkusMPH Student, Health Behavior Health Promotion, Class of 2018

University of Arizona, College of Public HealthProgram Coordinator, Arizona Geriatric Workforce Enhancement Program

University of Arizona Center on Aging

Valerie J. Edwards, PhDResearch PsychologistCenters for Disease Control and Prevention

Hossein Ehsani, PhDPostdoctoral Research Associate, 

Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Arizona

Affiliate, University of Arizona Center on Aging

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• Establish and advance a public health research, translation, and dissemination agenda

• Build the evidence‐base

• Build workforce capacity of public health professionals

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PresentersLaura Vitkus, HBRN ScholarLaura will receive her MPH in May. Her research focus is on healthy aging, fall prevention, oral health for older adults, quality of life for older Deaf adults and includes the impact of age‐related hearing loss on cognition.

Valerie Edwards, PhDDr. Edwards received her Ph.D. in Social Psychology from the University of Texas at Austin. In 1989, after completing postdoctoral work at Emory University in developmental psychology and epidemiology, she joined the CDC. 

Hossein Ehsani, PhD, HBRN ScholarDr. Ehsani received his BSc, MSc and PhD degree in Biomedical Engineering (Biomechanics) from Tehran’s Polytechnic, Tehran, Iran. His research is mainly focused on computer simulation of musculoskeletal system, computational motor control and neuromechanics of human movement. Recently his work has centered on developing novel methods to identify cognitive status of older adults

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National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion

Measuring Cognitive Decline  and Diagnosing Alzheimer’s Disease and DementiaValerie J. Edwards, Ph.D.

Health ScientistAlzheimer’s and Healthy Aging ProgramDivision of Population HealthCenters for Disease Control and Prevention 

ML(1

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Slide 4

ML(1 I modified your 1st and last slide, given that you will be putting these through clearance. We are supposed to use the 1st and last slide from the template.McGuire, Lisa (CDC/ONDIEH/NCCDPHP), 4/13/2018

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There are many

types of Dementia

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Slide 5

ML(2 Is this slide what is dementia or there a many types of dementia? both are okay, but I would rephrase the question.McGuire, Lisa (CDC/ONDIEH/NCCDPHP), 4/13/2018

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Behavioral Manifestations of Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia

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Neurological manifestations of Alzheimer’s Disease

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Neurological manifestations of Alzheimer’s Disease

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Neurological manifestations of Alzheimer’s Disease

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Physical versus Behavioral Manifestationof Alzheimer’s Disease

What is the correlation between neuropsychological tests and changes in brain?

Measuring Cerebral Atrophy and White MatterHyperintensity Burden to Predict the Rateof Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer DiseaseAdam M. Brickman, PhD; Lawrence S. Honig, MD, PhD; Nikolaos Scarmeas, MD; Oksana Tatarina, BA;Linda Sanders, BA; Marilyn S. Albert, PhD; Jason Brandt, PhD; Deborah Blacker, MD, ScD; Yaakov Stern, PhD

Cognitive Decline Strongly Correlates withCortical Atrophy in Alzheimer’s DementiaPETER R. MOUTON,*1 LEE J. MARTIN,*‡ MICHAEL E. CALHOUN,* GLORIA DAL FORNO,† ANDDONALD L. PRICE*†‡

ML(3

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Slide 10

ML(3 not sure the purpose of this slide---it might be to drive home the point of what we see in slide 4 is what is going on in the brain in slides 5-7?McGuire, Lisa (CDC/ONDIEH/NCCDPHP), 4/13/2018

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For more information, contact CDC1‐800‐CDC‐INFO (232‐4636)TTY:  1‐888‐232‐6348    www.cdc.gov

The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Dr. Valerie J. EdwardsVAE2@ cdc.gov

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Currently Used Measures of Cognitive Impairment

Laura M. VitkusMPH Student, Health Behavior Health Promotion, Class of 2018

University of Arizona, College of Public HealthProgram Coordinator, Arizona Geriatric Workforce Enhancement Program

University of Arizona Center on Aging

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• Discuss the importance of screening for cognitive impairment

• Understand which measures of cognitive assessment are currently used.

• Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of popular screening tools.

• Identify the different tests by sight.

Learning Objectives

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• AD8

• Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)

• Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE)

• General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition (GPCOG)

• The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE)

• Mini‐COG

• Memory Impairment Screen (MIS)• St. Louis University Mental Status Examination (SLUMS)

Selected Cognitive Assessments

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Primary Care vs Specialist

Screening Assessment in Primary 

Care

Referral for Diagnostic Testing

Dementia Diagnosis

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• American Academy of Neurology recommends clinicians assess for cognitive impairment using use a brief, validated cognitive assessment instrument in addition to eliciting patient and informant history regarding cognitive concerns1.

• Often, MCI/dementia is not diagnosed by PCP1

• Early detection and intervention

Why Screen?

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• Measuring Particular Cognitive Impairments

• Screening for MCI vs. Dementia and assessing 

progression of MCI → Demen a

• Cognitive Burden/Cognitive Load

• Reliability & Validity 

• Cultural Issues

Testing Components

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• Memory/Recall

• Visuospatial awareness

• Verbal fluency/expressive language2,3,4

• Executive Function

• Gait

• Dual‐Task

Screening Measures 

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AD8

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AD8Strengths

• Short – 8 questions• Detects MCI• Can be completed by patient or 

caregiver• Not biased by gender, education, 

culture or English proficiency• Validated• High sensitivity and specificity for 

MCI and AD• Reliable• Inexpensive5

Weaknesses

• Informant‐based can be subject to bias

• Knowledgeable informants may not be available

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The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)

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MoCA Video Demonstration

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MoCA

Strengths

• Designed to test for MCI• Available in multiple languages• Tests many separate cognitive 

domains• Detected 90% of MCI compared 

to MMSE 18%• Validated

Weaknesses

• Education bias (≤12 years)• Lacks studies in general practice 

settings• Test is new enough that use is 

limited• Test takes longer than other 

assessments, 10 minutes• Relies on hearing for word recall6

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Mini‐Mental State Examination(MMSE)

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MMSE

Strengths

• Used widely and studied worldwide

• The standard test against which other assessments are measured

• Validated

Weaknesses

• Biased by education, age, language and culture 

• Highly educated impaired subject will pass the test

• Test must be purchased from developer

• Relies on hearing for word recall• Developed for testing for 

Alzheimer’s Disease. Not sensitive for MCI7

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General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition 

(GPCOG)

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General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition (GPCOG)

Strengths

• Quick – 2‐5 minutes to complete• Used widely in primary care• Translatable into other languages• High sensitivity• Validated in primary care• Can be given to the patient or 

caregiver• Tests for all dementia

Weaknesses

• Lacks data on language/culture bias

• Relies on hearing for name/address recall

• Does not cover attention/working memory

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The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive 

Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE)

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IQCODE

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The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE)

Strengths

• Sensitivity and specificity for dementia

• Available in multiple languages

Weaknesses

• Requires extensive knowledge of the patient, 10+ years

• Test takes longer than other assessments, 10‐15 minutes

• Complex scoring• Suboptimal test for MCI8

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Mini‐COG

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“Draw a clock with the time showing 10 minutes after 11.”

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Mini‐Cog Video Demonstration

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Mini‐COG

Strengths

• Quick, 2‐4 minutes• Validated for use in primary care• Validated in multiple languages• Scoring is uncomplicated• Tests for a wide variety of 

cognitive impairment 

Weaknesses

• Failure rate can be affected by using different word lists

• Relies on hearing for word recall• Primary domain covered is verbal 

recall

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Memory Impairment Screen (MIS)

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Memory Impairment Screen (MIS)

Strengths

• Quick, 4 minutes• No writing or drawing required• Minimal training required to 

administer test• Can be conducted by telephone

Weaknesses

• Does not test executive function or visuospatial skills

• Tests verbal memory only• Lower sensitivity and specificity, 

particularly with MCI• Relies on hearing for word recall

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St. Louis University Mental Status Examination

(SLUMS)

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St. Louis University Mental Status Examination(SLUMS)

Strengths

• Easy to administer• Relatively short, 7 minutes• Assesses several cognitive 

domains• Does not require collateral 

informants• Excellent predictor of mortality 

and institutionalization over 7‐8 years (in veterans)

Weaknesses

• Takes longer than some of the other tests

• Validity being determined• Unknown ability to differentiate 

MCI vs depression• Possible culture, language and 

education bias9

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Cognition and dual‐taskingWith Hossein Ehsani, PhD, 

Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Arizona

• Imagine a quick objective screening tool to measure cognition. 

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• What is dual‐tasking• The opportunity to use dual‐task to test cognition• Gold standard: MoCA• How did the project develop

Cognition and Dual‐tasking

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Upper‐Extremity Function (UEF) test

• Motor component: Rapid elbow flexion (a.k.a Upper‐extremity function ‐ UEF) 

• Cognitive component: Counting backwards by one and three• Data collection: Wearable motion sensors

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Upper‐Extremity Function (UEF) test (continued…)

• Sensor outputs: Angle and angular velocity of upper arm and forearm 

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Upper‐Extremity Function (UEF) test (continued…)

• Data analysis: Dual task “cost” and variability 

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UEF in a nutshell

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Dual Tasking Findings

• An objective, low cost, quick test is needed• Could be routinely used in outpatient clinics  for older adult 

cognition screening (like BP)• Could be used to measure change over time

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Key Take‐Home Messages

• Cognitive assessment screening is not diagnostic, but highly predictive1,2,3.

• A highly sensitive & specific, quick, and low cost tool for MCI and early AD is needed

• Differences in culture, language, educational level and some disabilities can impact results.

• Hearing loss should be accounted for in cognitive assessment.

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Quiz

1. What is the gold standard measure of assessment?2. What are common limitations/biases of screening tests?3. What characteristics make the best assessment tool?

Answers: 1.MoCA2.Education, culture, language, age3.Valid, quick, inexpensive, unbiased

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References1. American Academy of Neurology. (2017) Practice Guideline Update: Mild cognitive Impairment. 

https://www.aan.com/Guidelines/Home/GetGuidelineContent/8822. Cullen B, O’Neill B, Evans JJ, Coen RF, Lawlor BA. A review of screening tests for cognitive impairment. Journal of Neurology, 

Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2007;78(8):790‐799. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2006.095414.3. Cordell, C. B., Borson, S., Boustani, M., Chodosh, J., Reuben, D., Verghese, J., ... & Fried, L. B. (2013). Alzheimer's Association 

recommendations for operationalizing the detection of cognitive impairment during the Medicare Annual Wellness Visit in a primary care setting. Alzheimer's & dementia: the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 9(2), 141‐150.

4. Dementia Action Collaborative Washington State. 2017. “Brief Cognitive Screening Tools for Primary Care Practice.” (November): 1–10. https://www.dshs.wa.gov/sites/default/files/ALTSA/stakeholders/documents/AD/DAC Screening Position Paper.pdf.

5. Galvin, J. E., Roe, C. M., Powlishta, K. K., Coats, M. A., Muich, S. J., Grant, E., ... & Morris, J. C. (2005). The AD8 A brief informant interview to detect dementia. Neurology, 65(4), 559‐564.

6. Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., ... & Chertkow, H. (2005). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(4), 695‐699.

7. Tombaugh, T. N., & McIntyre, N. J. (1992). The mini‐mental state examination: a comprehensive review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 40(9), 922‐935.

8. Jorm, A. F., & Jacomb, P. A. (1989). The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): socio‐demographic correlates, reliability, validity and some norms. Psychological medicine, 19(4), 1015‐1022.

9. Stern, S. (2014). Psychometric Properties of the Saint Louis University Mental Status Examination (SLUMS) for the Identification of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) in a Veteran Sample.

10. Lin FR, Yaffe K, Xia J, et al. Hearing Loss and Cognitive Decline Among Older Adults. JAMA internal medicine. 2013;173(4):10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.1868. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.1868.

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Thank you!

Questions?

This presentation was supported in part by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) under grant number U1QHP28721, Arizona Geriatrics Workforce Enhancement Program. This information or content and conclusions are those of the author and should not be construed as the official position or policy of, nor should any endorsements be inferred by HRSA, HHS or the U.S. Government.

Laura M. [email protected]

Hossein Ehsani, [email protected]

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The CDC Healthy Brain Research Network is a Prevention Research Centers program funded by the CDC Healthy Aging Program‐Healthy Brain Initiative. Efforts are supported in part by cooperative agreements from CDC's Prevention Research Centers Program.

The CDC Healthy Brain Research Network is a Prevention Research Centers program funded by the CDC Alzheimer’s Disease and Healthy Aging

Program. Efforts were supported in part by cooperative agreements from CDC's Prevention Research Centers Program: U48 DP 005006, 005002,

005010, 005053, 005000, and 005013.

The findings from this presentation are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Centers for Disease Control

and Prevention.

http://depts.washington.edu/hprc/research/thematic‐networks/hbrn/