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Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 1 LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative

LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

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Page 1: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 1

LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE

MIELOPROLIFERATIVE

CRONICHE

PHILADELPHIA-negative

Page 2: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2

Sono malattie clonali derivate dalla

trasformazione di una cellula progenitrice

emopoietica pluripotente che, avendo

conservato una pressochè normale capacità

differenziativa, acquisce un vantaggio ed una

indipendenza proliferativa, esprimendosi con

un aumento preferenziale di una o più o tutte

le linee emopoietiche mieloidi

Page 3: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 3

Emopoiesi policlonale Emopoiesi monoclonale

XA

XA XB ZIGOTE

XA XB XA XB EMBRIONE XA XB

XA XB XA XB XA XB

Lyonizzazione

XA XA

XB XB

XA

XA

Cellula uovo Spermatozoo XB

Predominanza “clonale” vs normale emopoiesi policlonale

Page 4: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 4

Emopoiesi

B linfociti

T linfociti

NK

DC

Granulociti

Macrofagi

Piastrine

Emazie

Staminali

Progenitori

MEP

Page 5: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 5

THE 2008 WHO CLASSIFICATION OF CHRONIC

MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS – I

3.1 Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) Philadelphia [t(9;22)] pos

3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV)

3.3 Essential thrombocythemia (ET)

3.4 Primary myelofibrosis (PMF)

3.5 Chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL)

3.6 Chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL), not otherwise classified

3.7 Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES)

3.8 Mast cell disease (MCD)

3.9 MPN, unclassifiable (MPN-u)

“forme classiche”

Page 6: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 6

Policitemia vera

Trombocitemia essenziale

Mielofibrosi [Primaria]

LEUCEMIA ACUTA MIELOIDE

Page 7: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 7

Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

CML “Classical” CNL

CEL-NOS

Mastocytosis

MPN-u

Polycythemia Vera

Essential Thrombocythemia

Primary Myelofibrosis

BCR-ABL1

JAK2V617F

>95%

70%

60%

JAK2 ex12

MPLW515L/K

3-8%

Reviewed in Vannucchi et al. CA Cancer J Clin. 2009; 59(3):171-91

Page 8: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Vannucchi et al. CA Cancer J Clin. 2009; 59(3):171-91

JAK2 signalling

8 Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12

Page 9: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 9

JAK2 V617F and JAK2 exon 12 mutations

James et al. Nature 2005; 434: 1144

Baxter et al. Lancet 2005; 365: 9464

Levine et al. Cancer Cell 2005; 7:387

Kralovics et al. NEJM. 2005: 352:1779

Scott et al. NEJM. 2007; 356:.459.

0

20

40

60

80

100

JA

K2

V617F

all

ele

bu

rde

n (

%)

PV ET PMF PPV/ET

MF

UPD at 9p24

PV

ET

Page 10: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 10

MPL W515 mutations

Chalignè et al. Leukemia 2008; 22: 1557

Page 11: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 11

Mutant JAK2 or MPL induce cytokine-independent

cell proliferation

V617F V617F

Page 12: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 12

V617F (7 mo) Control

Zaleska et al. PlosOne. 2006; 1:e18

Scott et al. NEJM 2007; 3526; 459

JA

K2

V6

17

F

JA

K2

K5

39

L

MP

L W

51

5L

A myeloproliferative disorder is induced in vivo

by mutant JAK2 or MPL

Pikman et al. PlosOne. 2006; 3:e270

Geron et al. Cancer Cell 2008; 13:321

Page 13: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 13

MPN families and Germline Genetics

Bellané-Chantelot C, Blood 2006; 108:346

Page 14: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 14

Increased risks of PV, ET and PMF among 24,577 first-

degree relatives of 11,039 patients with myeloproliferative

neoplasms in Sweden

Landgren O, Blood 2008, 112:2199

Proband

Any MPN PV ET PMF

Any 5.6 5.7 7.4 0.9

PV 4.9 6.0 5.4 N.A

ET 6.8 5.4 8.0 4.0

MF 2.7 NA NA NA

Page 15: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 15

Germline genetics at the JAK2 locus

Landgren et al. Blood 2008; 112:2199

Jones et al. Nat Genet 2009; 41:446

Kilpivara et al. Nat Genet. 2009; 41:455

Olcaydu et al. Nat Genet. 2009; 41:450

Olcaydu et al. Leukemia 2009; e-published before print

Germline JAK2 haplotype 46/1 or GGCC accounts for 50% of risk in first-degree relatives

based on a calculated RR of 5.7%, but cannot account alone for familial MPNs nor does

it explain the phenotypic diversity of JAK2 V617Fmut MPNs

Page 16: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 16

Mutations in TET2

Location of mutation (No) : FRAMESHIFT, NONSENSE AND MISSENSE MUTATIONS

28 1 0 7 8 0 3 7 26

Abdel-Wahab et al. Blood 2009; 114:144

Tefferi et al. Leukemia 2009; 23:900

Tefferi et al. Leukemia 2009; 23:905

Tefferi et al. Leukemia 2009; 23:1343

Prevalence

MPN 7.6-13%

MDS/MPN 58%

SM 29%

CMML 20-42%

MDS 19-26%

AML 12-32% (sAML)

Familial MPN 20% (n=61, 42

fam)

TET2 mutations can be monoallelic or biallelic, suggesting loss of function as the

mechanism and supporting its role as a tumor suppressor gene

Delhommeau et al. NEJM 2009; 22: 2289 Jankowska et al.

Blood 2009; 113:604

Langemejier et al. Nat Genet 2009; 41:838

Saint-Martin et al. Blood 2009; 114:1628

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Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 17

Genome-wide SNP analysis of aUPD discovered

CBL mutations at 11q

Grand et al. Blood. 2009; 113: 6182

Found in 6% of MF (n=53) and none of 74 PV (n=74) or ET (n=24) pts;

13% of CMML (n=78) and 8% of atypical CML (n=152) pts

Page 18: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 18

POLICITEMIA

VERA

Page 19: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 19

ERITROCITOSI

VERA APPARENTE (assoluta) (relativa)

• ERITROCITOSI PRIMARIA

Congenita

Acquisita (=PV)

ERITROCITOSI SECONDARIA

Da secrezione appropriata di

Epo

Da secrezione inappropriata

di Epo

Massa E AUMENTATA Massa E NORMALE

• EMOCONCENTRAZIONE

secondaria a disidratazione:

diarrea, sudorazione profusa,

vomito, diuretici, etanolo)

• IPERTENSIONE

• PRE-ECLAMPSIA

• FEOCROMOCITOMA

Page 20: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 20

ERITROCITOSI SECONDARIA

DA SECREZIONE APPROPRIATA DI ERITROPOIETINA

• Congenite:

– Emoglobine ad alta affinità O2 (aut. dominanti)

– Metemoglobinemia ereditaria

– Deficit di 2,3-DPG (aut. recessiva)

• Acquisite:

– Anomalie cardiovascolari con shunt destro-sinistro

– Anomalie dei vasi polmonari

– Soggiorno a grandi altezze

– Malattie polmonari croniche (BPCO, enfisema, fibrotorace,...)

– S. della ipoventilazione incluse le apnee notturne

– Cardiopatie acquisite con scompenso cronico

– Carbossiemoglobinemia (eritrocitosi dei fumatori)

– Alterazioni neurologiche (disfunzioni centri respiratori)

– HbM (farmaci, tossici)

– Cobalto

Page 21: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 21

DA SECREZIONE INAPPROPRIATA DI ERITROPOIETINA • Congenite:

– Forma Cuvash ed altre da mutazioni del gene VHL (aut. recessiva)

• Acquisite:

– Cisti renali (rene policistico)

– Leiomioma uterino

– Feocromocitoma

– Carcinoma renale

– Meningioma

– Carcinoma epatocellulare

– Carcinoma renale, polmonare, ovarico

– Emangioblastoma cerebellare

• Altre:

– Dopo trapianto di rene

– Doping con Epo

– Trattamento con androgeni

ERITROCITOSI SECONDARIA

Page 22: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 22

Polycythemia vera

Major

criteria

1. Hgb > 18.5 g/dL (men) or > 16.5 g/dL (women)

or Hgb or Hct > 99th percentile of reference range for age,

sex, or altitude of residence

or Hgb > 17 g/dL (men) or > 15 g/dL (women) if associated

with a sustained increase of 2 g/dL from baseline that can not

be attributed to correction of iron deficiency

or Elevated red cell mass >25% above mean normal predicted

value

2. Presence of JAK2V617F or similar mutation

Minor

criteria

1. BM trilineage myeloproliferation

2. Subnormal serum Epo level

3. EEC growth

Diagnostic

combinations

Both major criteria +1 minor criterion

or

First major criterion + 2 minor criteria

WHO 2008 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA

Page 23: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 23

TROMBOCITEMIA

ESSENZIALE

Page 24: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 24

TROMBOCITOSI: limite superiore normale delle piastrine 400x109/L

SPURIA

Crioglobuline

Batteriemie

Blasti leucemici

Eritroblasti

VERA

Primitiva

Secondaria (o reattiva)

da produzione

da alterata distribuzione

Page 25: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 25

Kaushansky K. N Engl J Med 2006;354:2034-2045

Page 26: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 26

CAUSE DI TROMBOCITOSI REATTIVA

• Anemia Fe-carenziale

• Anemie emolitiche

• Post-emorragiche

• In corso di malattie

infiammatorie croniche

• Collagenopatie

• Neoplasie

• Infezioni

• Correzione di carenza di

vit. B12/ ac folico

• Dopo interventi chirurgici

• Forme “rebound”

• Dopo abuso di etanolo

• Malattie renali croniche

• Post-splenectomia /

agenesia splenica

• Sforzo fisico intenso

• Adrenalina

Page 27: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 27

Page 28: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 28

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Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 29

Essential Thrombocythemia

Major

criteria

1. Platelet count ≥ 450 x 109/L

2. Megakaryocyte proliferation with large and mature

morphology. No or little granulocyte or erythroid

proliferation.

3. Not meeting WHO criteria for CML, PV, PMF, MDS

or other myeloid neoplasm

4. Demonstration of JAK2V617F or other clonal

marker

or no evidence of reactive thrombocytosis

Minor

criteria

Diagnostic

combinations All four criteria must be met

WHO 2008 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA

Page 30: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 30

ASPETTI CLINICI

POLICITEMIA VERA

E

TROMBOCITEMIA ESSENZIALE

Page 31: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 31

Come si presenta un soggetto con PV ?

• “Per caso” (esame di routine)

alterazione dei parametri ematologici (eritrocitosi, leucocitosi, piastrinosi, aumento della LDH, ipoferritinemia)

• Esame obiettivo: Rubeosico, iniezione congiuntivale, iperteso, epato/splenomegalia da moderata a discreta

• Con sintomi “minori”

– Eritromelalgia, prurito, gastrite, parestesie, cefalea, acufeni, disturbi visus, astenia, perdita peso, sintomi da iperuricemia

• Con sintomi “maggiori”

– Trombosi (arteriose, venose profonde, SNC, vasi retinici, S. Budd-Chiari, vasi mesenterici)

– Emorragie

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Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 32

Proliferazione abnorme del clone megacariocitario con

progenitori della linea megacariocitaria in circolo

e/o crescita spontanea in vitro

Anomalie di laboratorio: piastrinosi, leucocitosi,

assente/moderato aumento LDH.

Esame obiettivo: indifferente, modesta splenomegalia

Sintomatologia:

Asintomatica (>2/3 dei casi)

Manifestazioni emorragiche ( 5%)

Manifestazioni trombotiche ( 15%)

TROMBOCITEMIA ESSENZIALE

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Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 33

CAUSE DI MORTE PIÙ FREQUENTI NELLA

PV

• Trombotiche (arteriose-IMA; venose-

cerebrali,emboliche, splancniche)

• Emorragiche (gastrointestinali, cerebrali)

• Evoluzione in mielofibrosi

• Evoluzione in leucosi mieloide acuta

• Neoplasie secondarie (mammella, colon,

polmone)

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Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 34

MIELOFIBROSI

= aumento della componente fibrosa

del midollo osseo

Page 35: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 35

MIELOFIBROSI

• Forma primitiva

• Mielofibrosi post-policitemica

• Mielofibrosi Post-trombocitemica

Page 36: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 36

Mielofibrosi primaria

Neoplasia mieloproliferativa cronica caratterizzata

da marcate alterazioni fibrose dello stroma

midollare, fino ad quadro di fibrosi serrata,

eventualmente accompagnata da osteosclerosi,

con emopoiesi in sedi eterotope, aumento dei

progenitori emopoietici circolanti, con presenza

di elementi mieloidi, eritroidi, e megacariocitari

immaturi e di progenitori in circolo

(=leucoeritroblastosi).

Page 37: LE (MALATTIE) NEOPLASIE MIELOPROLIFERATIVE … · MIELOPROLIFERATIVE CRONICHE PHILADELPHIA-negative . Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 2 ... 3.2 Polycythemia vera (PV) 3.3 Essential thrombocythemia

Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 37

Cervantes, F. et al. Blood 2009;113:2895-2901

OS= 69 months (95% CI 61-76)

N=1,054

Survival in Primary Myelofibrosis

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PMF: sotto il profilo istopatologico, un disordine della serie mieloide e

megacariocitaria con associata fibrosi

38 Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12

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Fibrosi

Collagenizzazione

Osteosclerosi

Angiogenesi

39 Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12

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Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 40

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Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 41

SINTOMI E SEGNI

• Asintomatico

• Astenia

• Febbricola

• Sintomi da ingombro

addominale splenico

• Perdita peso

• Sudorazioni notturne

• Nefropatia uratica

• Artrite gottosa

• Pallore

• Petecchie/ecchimosi

• Splenomegalia

• Epatomegalia

• Edemi periferici

• Ittero

• Ipertensione portale,

ascite

• Ipertensione polmonare

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Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 42

• Cachessia

•Epatosplenomegalia in

PMF

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Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 43

PMF: Reperti di laboratorio

• Anemia (da eritropoiesi inefficace; emolisi; da emorragie gastrointestinali e da varici; emodiluizione)

• Piastrinopenia/piastrinosi, con difetti funzionali

• Leucocitosi/leucopenia; PAL normale/alta

• Leucoeritroblastosi periferica con dacriociti

• Aumento di cellule CD34+ e progenitori in circolo

• Aspirato midollare “punctio sicca”

• Iperplasia megacariocitaria, fibrosi, osteosclerosi

• Alterazioni cariotipo (40%)

• Anomalie immunologiche

• Presenza della mutazione JAK2V617F (50-70% casi)

• Presenza della mutazione MPL W515L/K (5-8% casi)

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Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 44

Leucoeritroblastosi in PMF

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Il numero di cellule CD34+ nel sangue periferico è aumentato nei soggetti con

mielofibrosi (valore soglia >15x106/L), e con valori >300x106/L si accompagna ad un

aumento del rischio di evoluzione leucemica

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Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 46

Primary myelofibrosis

Major

criteria 1. Megakaryocyte proliferation and atypia accompanied by either

reticulin and/or collagen fibrosis,

or In the absence of reticulin fibrosis, the megakaryocyte

changes must be accompanied by increased marrow cellularity,

granulocytic proliferation and often decreased erythropoiesis (i.e.

pre-fibrotic PMF)

2. Not meeting WHO criteria for CML, PV, MDS, or other myeloid

neoplasm

3. Demonstration of JAK2V617F or other clonal marker

or no evidence of reactive marrow fibrosis

Minor

criteria

1. Leukoerythroblastosis

2. Increased serum LDH

3. Anemia

4. Palpable splenomegaly

Diagnostic

combinations All three major criteria + two minor criteria

WHO 2008 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA

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OPZIONI TERAPEUTICHE NELLA IMF

• TERAPIA CONVENZIONALE

– Anemia (androgeni, corticosteroidi, talidomide, lenalidomide, pomalidomide)

– Leucocitosi, piastrinosi (Idrossiurea o altri chemioterapici)

– Sintomi da ingombro splenico (splenectomia, radioterapia, chemioterapia)

– Emopoiesi extramidollare (Rx terapia, resezione masse eterotope)

• TRAPIANTO DI CELLULE STAMINALI

• NUOVI APPROCCI TERAPEUTICI

– Farmaci inibitori della via di JAK2

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Prof AM Vannucchi-AA2011-12 48 Courtesy of S. Verstovsek, 2009