534 BOOK REVIEWS

France and Robson take a more practical approach. Written jointly by a general practitioner and a clinical psychologist, this text strikes the right balance in helping general practitioners in particular and other community workers in general to come to grips with the theoretical principles of behaviour therapy and how to apply such principles in practice. The succinctly written text is appropriately illustrated by samples of treatment guidelines and self-help information sheets. Readers should not miss the chapters on anxiety disorders and depression. Perhaps for future editions, children’s problems could deserve a separate and independent chapter.

Both books are written within the context of the UK National Health Service and should be of interest to both UK health workers and those working under different service delivery systems for purpose of comparison and contrast. They are highly recommended for anyone interested in understanding more, and participating in, the exciting development of community service provision. The books complement each other in their respective emphasis on conceptual and practical issues. They are also highly readable.

MONA Tso~

F. J. FIJ~CCJ and W. P. CHRISTIAN (Eds): Behavior Analysis and Therapy in Residential Programs. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York (1986). viii + 417 pages. $39.95.

In North America, institutional settings provided the laboratory in which behaviour therapy techniques could be tested because hospital administrators, doubtful about the value of this challenge to traditional psychiatric programs, often only permitted behaviour therapy trials, like that of Ayllon and Azrin’s token economy in 1968, on wards housing chronic patients. In some respects, however, institutions are the ideal setting for the practice of behaviour therapy: they permit the ideal assessment format (objective behavioural counts), complete control over available reinforcers and 24hours-a-day contingency management. It is not surprising, therefore, that during the past two years two American books on inpatient behaviour therapy document the much enlarged role of behavioural analysis and modification, with patients and staff, in institutional settings. The other text, Pracfice of Inparienr Behavior Therapy, edited by M. Hersen and published in 1985, was reviewed earlier in this journal (1987, 25, p. 72). A behaviour therapist in an inpatient facility may well wonder which of the two books is the better investment as a chronicle of recent advances. Only the titles of these two books are interchangeable; the contents of the two have little in common. One can best describe Fuoco and Christian’s book by comparing and contrasting it with Hersen’s published a year earlier.

Although both books are concerned with behaviour therapy in residential facilities and the two texts are similarly organized (an historical overview, a section on general issues and then a chapter-by-chapter review of assessment and treatment procedures for various disorders or populations), the foci of the two volumes are quite different and a different body of literature is reviewed in each. The text edited by Hersen devotes all but one chapter (paediatric medical problems) to psychiatric disorders; the present text, on the other hand, devotes four chapters to non-psychiatric populations (retarded persons, geriatric patients, prisoners and multiply handicapped clients). This difference is reflected in the literature reviewed: in both texts the three most cited behaviour therapy journals are the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA), Behaviour Research and Therapy (BR&T) and Behavior Therapy (BT), but 56% (70/125) of the behaviour therapy references in Hersen are to BR&T and BT and only 22% (28/125) are to JABA, whereas in Fuoco and Christian 56% (125/220) of the behaviour therapy references are to JABA and only 15% (33/220) to BR&T and BT.

In addition to dealing with different client populations and reviewing different bodies of published research, the two books differ in style as well. The Hersen text is pragmatic and detailed; every treatment chapter includes a section on how behavioural treatments interface with pharmacology, one or two comprehensive case illustrations and a consideration of ‘problem areas’. Specific assessment instruments are often recommended and the description of the treatments are, in many cases, detailed enough to allow the reader to use the text as a treatment manual. The present text, on the other hand, tends to be more general in its approach, more literature is reviewed, and the contributors do not reveal their preference for any particular assessment procedure or treatment approach. Particularly well handled, in the light of the current emphasis on deinstitutionalization, cost-effectiveness, program evaluation and patients’ rights, are the chapters on administration, treatment planning and implementation, transitional programming, a model for an applied research unit, evaluation, and legal safety. Over half of the book is devoted to these administrative issues.

In summary, these two new books on inpatient behaviour therapy are quite different in content and style. They will appeal to different audiences. The practitioner who deals with patients directly will approve of the problem-oriented approach and the specific recommendations in the Hersen text. Hospital administrators and academics will appreciate the objective and complete literature review and the systems approach to inpatient treatment that mark the Fuoco and Christian text. For those of us who treat patients, administer programs, and teach, the two books are a complementry set which meets a variety of needs.

BARRY LEDWIDGE

A. BRYMAN: Leadership and Organizations. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London (1986). xii + 235 pages. f19.95.

As the author himself declares in the Preface, this book is intended as a ‘textbook in respect of the literature on leadership in organizations’. The first chapter is an overview of the field in which difficulties of pinning down the concept of leadership are explored. The next five chapters convey a feel for the various approaches in the ‘sub-field of leadership in organizations’ in historical sequence.

Bryman begins with the trait approach followed by leadership style approaches of the well-known Ohio and Michigan schools. These latter studies were specifically addressed towards supervisory and managerial behaviour in organizations. Experimental and laboratory work coupled with observational and longitudinal enquiries exemplified the growing sophistication of this period. One of the most pervasive ideas originating from these studies was the putative distinction between people-oriented and task-oriented leadership. With the arrival of the contingency approach, however, situational variables took on as much importance as style of leadership.

BOOK REVIEWS 535

The last but one chapter questions the ‘rational system model’ of viewing organizations and their leaders as goal-directed, instrumental and purposive, positing instead a ceremonial, expressive and socially comformist view of their functions. The author cites three modds typically referred to as ‘garbage can’, ‘organized anarchy’ and ‘loose coupling’, examining implications for the continuing study of leadership. He finds them only ‘suggestive’ at this stage.

In the last chapter, Bryman deals with recent developments such as attribution theory applied to leadership ‘processes’ and looks into the philosophical and even messianic utterances of chief executives expounding the basis of organization or corporate culture. The book is rounded off with a query as to the validity and practicability of the scientific study of leadership. While we await the next paradigm shift in leadership theory, this book should remain an excellent introduction to the subject.

MIGEL JAYA~INGHE

F. A. DE PIANO and H. C. SALZBERG (Eds): Clinical Applications of Hypnosis. Ablex Publishing Corporation, Norwood, NJ (1986). xii + 262 pages.

Clinical hypnosis has had an increasing vogue in the U.S.A. and elsewhere in the last 20 years; hence there is a profitable market for books, many of them sheer junk, but this book is serious and of some value. In the 1950s psychoanalytic theory dominated the clinical field in the U.S.A., but since the ‘Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire’ the more ‘weirdo’ wing of the hypnosis world has turned to the cult of the late Milton Erickson. But lx reassured, this book is not from that stable.

Unfortunately, it begins with an editorial introduction that appears initially to appeal to the sensational folk-lore of hypnosis, a ploy that is likely to be counterproductive for sales to serious readers. There are five parts: I. Fundamental Issues-the chapter by Kebrdle and Roeder is quite good. II. Behaviour Modification-pain therapy, smoking, weight control, and treatment of phobias; nothing very new, but sensible. III. Psychodynamic Interventions-two rather dull chapters. IV. Hypnosis and Enhanced ~~o~an~-physi~l and athletic performance, and enhan#ment of cognitve capacity. There is also a chapter on the forensic use of hypnosis which is well researched and intelligently sceptical. V. The Conclusion contains a good chapter by McConkey on educational and ethical Issues, but this highlights a very obvious feature of the book, its relative disregard of all the journals, books and authors outside North America. The author, in Australia, discussing training in hypnotic techniques, limits himself to mentioning specific programmes available in the U.S.A. only. This must puxzle people not only on his own home patch, but the wide world over.

Cln the whole I recommend the book as worth reading, but I would not put it very high on my shopping list.

H. B. GIBSON

A. E. KAZDIN: Conduct Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence. Sage Publications, Beverley Hills and London (1987). 158 pages. ES.95 paperback; E17.95 Hardback

This is tire ninth volume in the series, D#elopme~ta~ Cr’inicai Psychofogy and Psychiatry, edited by Alan Kaxdin him&f. The aim of the series as a whole is to present autho~tative but accessible accounts of current research relating to key topics in child psychology and psychiatry. If each volume succeeds as well as this one, it is clearly a series worth buying.

Kaxdin blends clinical acumen with epidemiological findings to exemplify the nature of conduct disorders. He then turns his constructively critical eye on to the problems of diagnosing such disorders, recommending a variety of interview, self-report and rating schedules. This is followed by a brief, balanced survey of causes and risk factors-genetics, other intra-individual, interactional and environmental. His critical survey of current treatment methodologies fairly reflects the lack of positive outcome for most of them. He points to parent management training, functional family thereapy, problem-solving skills training and various community-bard interventions as among the most promising.

Given that conduct disorders form a heterogeneous set of complaints, it is little wonder that few effective prevention studies are identified. Kazdin reminds us that in the rush to initiate prevention programmes, it is as well to follow the rule-‘First do no harm’. Finally, he considers new directions and models for research. He argues the case for greater specificity in defining conduct disorders, but curiously does not discuss the taxonomy of stealing. He ends by questioning whether conduct disorders should not be considered analogous to chronic diseases requiring constant intervention. Like the rest of this clearly written text, this challenges conventional opinion and helps the reader to reconceptualize this important topic.

WILLIAM YULE

R. E. MCMLJLLIN: Handbook of Cognitive Therapy Techniques. Norton, New York (1986). 376 pages. $34.95.

The Handbook of Cognitive Therapy Techniques offers a variety of interventions to the reader. Drawing from extensive clinical experience and a rationalistic, co~itiv~~havio~al model of inte~ention, there are approximately 80 different techniques presented in this volume. Each of these is introduced by a brief deception of the appropriate circumstances in which the technique might be employed, a description of the technique itself, one or more brief clinial vignettes which serve to exemplify its use, and a set of further readings. The text is consistent in its presentation of these methods for dealing with clients, and is highly readable.

The content of this book is broken into five major categories of interventions: countering techniques, perceptual shifting, conditioning techniques, paradoxical methods, and logical analysis. With the exception of paradoxical methods, these techniques follow a logical sequential analysis of disordered thinking and dysfunctional behaviour that follows therefrom, and the methods to overcome these problems. The section on paradoxical methods, which is relatively short, is unusual because these techniques rest on the assumption of resistance to change; an assumption that is not well justified