LEADERSHIP OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY

workers

peasants

bourgeoisie

Patriotic capitalists

• stars are evenly spread and all point back to the larger star

FACTS & FIGURES• CONTINENT? - Asia

• POPULATION? – over 1 billion, most populated in the world

• GOV’T? – Communist (capital is Beijing)

• RELIGIONS? – Taoist, Buddhist, Christian, Muslim(officially atheist)

• HOW OLD? – One of the oldest civilizations in the world

GEOGRAPHY

WEST• Rugged, forbidding terrain

• Himalayas close the SW part of the country

EAST• Borders the Pacific Ocean

• Fertile river valleys and plains

• Good place for life to flourish, unlike the west

MOUNTAINS

Mts. Cover 1/3 of the country, mostly in the west

MAJOR RIVERS

1. Yellow River

2. Yangtze River

ARABLE LAND- Land between these

two rivers is very fertile

- Only about 10% of China’s land is arable (compared to U.S.?) 10%

CLIMATE• Very diverse

climate ranging from tropical in the south to subarctic in the north

• Melting snow and monsoon seasons provide fertile farming areas

• Civilization dates back more than 6,000 years

• Lived in isolation from the rest of the world, called their homeland Zhong Guo (Middle Kingdom)

• Isolation created a unique culture and strong sense of “nationalism”

REST OF THE WORLD

CHINA

REASONS FOR ISOLATION …

1.Mountains in the South and West

2.Deserts

3. Ocean to the East

MTS.DESERTS

SHANG DYNASTY

• First dynasty discovered with written records

• Ruled from 1750 b.c. – 1400 b.c

ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE SHANG

PERIOD

Priests scratched symbols (characters) on bones

WRITING

BRONZE

OBJECTS

IVORY STATUES

ORGANIZED/PLANNED CITIES

PHILOSOPHY

WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?

PHILOSOPHY IS….

the rational investigation of the truths and principles of being, knowledge, or conduct.

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF LIFE?

HOW DID WE GET HERE AND WHY ARE WE HERE?

WHAT IS HAPPINESS?

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT?

WHAT MORALS/VALUES SHOULD WE LIVE BY?

CHINESE PHILOSOPHIES

• During the late Zhou period scholars sought solutions to problems:a. Political breakdownb. Social disorders

• Efforts led to new philosophies that focused on :a. life in this world b. how this life should be lived (not

great emphasis on the afterlife)

BUDDHISM

DAOISM

CONFUCIANISMKONGFUZI (Confucius)

• Born in 551 b.c.

• Taught that “social harmony” and “good gov’t” would return to China if people lived according to ethics – good conduct and moral judgment

• Emphasized duty and humanity

• Golden rule “Do not do unto others what you would not want others to do unto you”

CONFUCIANISM cont.

5 RELATIONSHIPS

• Confucius stressed the importance of moral behavior in 5 basic relationships

5 RELATIONSHIPS

1

RULER &

SUBJECT

5 RELATIONSHIPS

2

Parent&

Child

5 RELATIONSHIPS

3

Husband&

Wife

5 RELATIONSHIPS

4

Old&

Young

5 RELATIONSHIPS

5

Friend&

Friend

CONFUCIANISM cont.• He cared most about family

relationships and a child’s respect for parents (filial piety)– Building block for a healthy

society

• Analects – teachings were written down into this book

• Greatly influenced Chinese society/politics

FAMILY

• Every member knew their place and role

• Hierarchy – organization based on separate levels of importance

FAMILY ORGANIZATIONOLDEST MALE (father)

Oldest Son

Mother

Oldest daughter

FAMILY RULES

• Very strict rules governed the family

• Nobody wanted to bring shame on the family name

• Expected to pay respect to dead ancestors (ancestor worship)

“Let the ruler be a ruler and the subject a subject; let the father be a father and the son a son”

---- Confucius

DAOISM

LAOZI• Lived in the 500s b.c.

• Stressed living in harmony with nature

• Followers believed people should give up worldly ambitions and turn to nature and the dao

DAOISM cont.

• Dao – universal force that guides all the things

• Focus on nature greatly emphasized in Chinese art

DAOISM cont.

Yin and Yang• two opposing forces

present in all nature (everything has both)

• Yin – cool, dark, female

• Yang – warm, light, male

CHINESE PHILOSOPHIES

CONFUCIANISM• World needs to be

improved, looked to the past

• Emphasizes duty, rules, hierarchy, ethics (morality), filial piety,humanity

• People should be active

DAOISM• Emphasizes nature and the dao

• People should live in harmony with nature, not try to change the world

• Maintain balance of yin/yang

• People should be passive/inactive

BUDDHISM

• Entered China during the end of the Han dynasty

• Emphasis on personal salvation and nirvana was appealing

• Widely accepted by the 400s a.d.

CHANGE IN CHINACONFLICT WITH THE WEST, THE END OF THE DYNASTIES & THE BIRTH OF A NEW NATION

IMPERIALISM IN ASIA

• During the 1800s many European countries wanted control of Asian territory for many reasons, especially for trade but also for:

– Prestige– Resources– Spread Christianity– Control trade routes– Military power (bases in the

area give them an advantage)

IMPERIALISM cont.• China had become weaker during

the rule of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912)

• U.S. and European powers (Great Britain, Spain, Portugal…) were trying to establish a sphere of influence – area where they had exclusive trading rights

• This would eventually lead to the “opening up” of China and drastically changed the course of Chinese history

INFLUENCE

MAJOR EVENTS IN THE 1800s/EARLY 1900s

OPIUM WAR

BOXER REBELLION

REVOLUTION OF 1911

OPIUM WAR

• British started using opium as cash payment for goods

• 1839 – Chinese gov’t tried to get them to stop, didn’t work

• War broke out and the British easily won

OPIUM WAR cont.

Treaty of Nanking• “Unequal treaty” that

gave G.B.:1. Payment for war

losses2. Control of Hong

Kong3. Extraterritoriality –

right to live under their own laws and courts

BOXER REBELLION

• Anti-foreign feelings led to creation of secret societies (remove foreign influence)

• Righteous and Harmonious Fists was one of them (Boxers)

BOXER REBELLION cont.

• 1900 – Boxers carried out attacks against foreigners and Chinese Christians

• Western countries & Japan sent a combined force to end the uprising

REVOLUTION OF 1911

• After the Boxer Rebellion the last dynasty, Qing, struggled to hold on to power

• Many Chinese believed the time had come to end the rule of dynasties in China

REVOLUTION OF 1911 cont.

• Leader was Sun Yat-sen

• Goal was to modernize China based on 3 principles:1. Nationalism2. Democracy3. Livelihood

• 1912 – Sun is named first president of the new Chinese Republic (end of dynasties)

TIMELINE OF BIG TROUBLE IN BIG CHINA

1912• Sun Yat-Sen becomes first

president of new Republic of China

• Sun creates the Guomindang – Nationalist Party

• 2 months later he is ousted by Yuan Shigai (becomes a dictator)

TIMELINE OF BIG TROUBLE IN BIG CHINA

1916

• Yuan Shigai dies

• China slips into chaos

• Warlords (local military leaders) divide the country amongst themselves

TIMELINE OF BIG TROUBLE IN BIG CHINA

1923

• With the aid of the USSR & Chiang Kai-shek, the Guomindang army grew in strength

TIMELINE OF BIG TROUBLE IN BIG CHINA

1926-1928• Chiang leads army to

victory over warlords

• G. sets up a gov’t in Nanjing in 1928

CAPITALISM V. COMMUNISMCapitalism – economic system in which private individuals and

businesses carry on the production and exchange of goods and services

Communism - a system of social organization in which all economic and social activity is shared equally by the community and all property is owned by the community, not individuals

CAPITALISM• Property is privately owned by

individuals

• Individuals/companies control production and exchange of goods and services

• Greater emphasis on individualism and self-interest; people are free to pursue their own self-interests and seek maximum gain/profit

• Much less government involvement/control of the economy

• Different classes

COMMUNISM• Property is owned/shared by the

community (no private ownership)

• Community/government controls the production and exchange of goods and services (ex. Determines prices and salaries)

• De-emphasizes individualism and self-interest, greater emphasis on the community (“the greater good”)

• Great deal of government involvement/control of the economy

• One class

CHINESE CIVIL WAR (1930s-1940s)

NATIONALISTS

• Led by Chiang Kai-shek

• Supported by the U.S.

COMMUNISTS

• Led by Mao Zedong

• Supported by the Soviet Union

RIVALRY WITH THE COMMUNISTS• Communists - a group that

originally supported Chiang but eventually broke away and became his enemy

• Mao Zedong – leader of the Communist Party

• From 1927-1934 he trained an army to fight Chiang

COMMUNISTS & PEASANTS

Communists gained support of peasants by overthrowing local landlords and giving

land to peasants

PEOPLE’S LIBERATON ARMY (PLA)

THE LONG MARCH

1934 – Red Army was in danger of being crushed

-went on a 6,000 mile march (16 miles/day)

-100,000 started, only 8,000 survived

- unified/strengthened the Red Army

http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/longmarc.htm

CHINESE CIVIL WAR

• By 1949 Mao’s forces defeated Chiang’s Nationalist forces

• Created the People’s Republic of China (Beijing)

• Nationalists fled to the island of Taiwan (Republic of China – capital at Taipei)

TAIWAN

HISTORY• Since 1949 both the Nationalists & Communists believe they

rightfully control it

• 1988 – moved towards democracy as political parties were allowed to challenge the Nationalists

• 1997 – Lee Teng-hui won the first democratic presidential election

• Future is uncertain

CHINA UNDER MAO• Mao set up a Communist society

and had complete control of the gov’t

• He began 2 programs to improve the country

• Communist Party tried to remake the country according to their ideas and any opposition was rejected

• 2 programs to do this (Great Leap Forward & Cultural Revolution)

GREAT LEAP FORWARD

• Economic plan (created in 1958)

• Created communes – gov’t controlled units/communities- emphasized human labor over technology- people were assigned jobs- good of all was stressed over individual needs

• It was a complete and total disaster – Food shortages, mismanagement, peasant resistance – At least 20 MILLION died of starvation

CULTURAL REVOLUTION• Social Plan (launched in 1966 to reignite

Mao’s communist goals)

• Red Guards – groups/gangs of young people who attacked anybody who opposed Mao and the Communist revolutionary ideas (teachers, writers, politicians, artists)

• Complete and total disaster – Schools closed, factory production

dropped– Violence spread, people feared to

express their own ideas/beliefs– Tens of thousands died and millions

thrown in jail before it was ended (1976)

CHINA AFTER MAO

• Mao died in 1976

• Deng Xiaoping - became the new leader

FOUR MODERNIZATIONS

AGRICULTURE

INDUSTRY

SCIENCE

DEFENSE

DENG’S DILEMMA

Political Freedom

ECONOMICFREEDOM

TIANANMEN SQUARE

• June of 1989 – 100,000 people in Beijing rallied for democracy

• Troops/tanks sent in (thousands killed)

• Damaged Chinese image abroad

HU JINTAO – PRESIDENT OF CHINA

ISSUES FACING MODERN CHINA

• Food (think of the video we watched, Food is Heaven)

• Population (overpopulation, once child policy, gender imbalance….)

• Technology (blogs, smart phones….)• Capitalism working in a Communist system• Pollution from industrialization (think of India)