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genotype
phenotype
environment
DNA
gene
organism
chromosome
genome
mRNA
transcriptome
proteome proteins
cell
Lecture 1 – Basics of DNA structure and function
Lecture 1 – Basics of DNA structure and function
LINE and SINE – long and short interspersed elements
What constitutes a gene?Transcription unit Regulatory region
1. 5’UTR2. Exons3. Introns4. 3’UTR
1. Promoter2. Enhancer3. Silencer
Lecture 1 – Basics of DNA structure and function
What is DNA – Structure??
5′ end
3′ end
TA pairs have twohydrogen bonds.
CG pairs have three hydrogen bonds.
The strands both run in a 5′-to-3′ direction—they are antiparallel
3′ end
Each phosphate group links the 3′ carbon of one sugar to the 5′ carbon of the next sugar along the backbone.
Pairs of complementary bases form hydrogen bonds that hold the two strands of the DNA double helix together.
Phosphodiester linkageComplementary (A=T, C=G, pairing)
Why weak bonds?(H only 3% strength of covalent)
Lecture 1 – Basics of DNA structure and function
DNA is a nucleic acids
Lecture 1 – Basics of DNA structure and function
Nucleic Acids: RNA and DNA
Complementarity
Lecture 1 – Basics of DNA structure and function
proteomeproteins
transcriptome
translation
Lecture 1 – Basics of DNA structure and function
Post-translational modifications of proteins
Lecture 1 – Basics of DNA structure and function
Protein activity!
Lecture 1 – Basics of DNA structure and function
Cell nuclei contain chromatin that can be resolved as 30nm threads
Experimental unraveling (decondensation) of chromatin threads reveals “beads on a string”
Chromatin is composed of DNA (string) and proteins (beads)
Lecture 1 – Basics of DNA structure and function
How is DNA organized in a cell?
What is DNA – Structure??
Chromatin = DNA + protein• histones (H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4)
H1
Does DNA structure fulfill requirements? 1. faithful replication complementarity 2. informational content sequence 3. variation mutation/cross-overs
DNA controls traits – heredity Biotechnology – manipulate system
nucleosome
Lecture 1 – Basics of DNA structure and function
