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SKELETAL SYSTEM Lecture #3

Lecture #3. Axial skeleton – skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum Appendicular skeleton – pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs

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Page 1: Lecture #3.  Axial skeleton – skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum  Appendicular skeleton – pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs

SKELETAL SYSTEMLecture #3

Page 2: Lecture #3.  Axial skeleton – skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum  Appendicular skeleton – pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs

Skeletal organization

Axial skeleton – skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

Appendicular skeleton – pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs

Page 3: Lecture #3.  Axial skeleton – skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum  Appendicular skeleton – pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs
Page 4: Lecture #3.  Axial skeleton – skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum  Appendicular skeleton – pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs

Axial – Skull bones

Cranial – flat bones enclose and protect brain

Frontal bone: forehead and upper ridges of eye sockets

Parietal bones: upper left and right sides of skull

Temporal bones: lower left and right (ears)

Page 5: Lecture #3.  Axial skeleton – skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum  Appendicular skeleton – pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs

Skull bones cont’d

Sphenoid bone: back of the eye sockets Ethmoid bone: contributes to eye

sockets and helps to support the nose Occipital bone: curves underneath to

form the back & base of the skull Foramen magnum (L. great opening):

where vertebrae connects to skull

Page 6: Lecture #3.  Axial skeleton – skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum  Appendicular skeleton – pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs
Page 7: Lecture #3.  Axial skeleton – skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum  Appendicular skeleton – pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs

But wait, there’s moreSkull bones!

Facial bones - front Maxilla – forms part of eye sockets and

sockets to anchor upper row of teeth Palatine bones – hard palate (roof of

mouth) Vomer bone – behind palatine & part of

nasal septum

Page 8: Lecture #3.  Axial skeleton – skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum  Appendicular skeleton – pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs
Page 9: Lecture #3.  Axial skeleton – skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum  Appendicular skeleton – pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs

But wait, there’s moreSkull bones!

Zygomatic bones: cheek bones & outer portion of eye socket

Nasal bones: underlie the upper bridge of nose (space between maxilla & nasal bones is the nasal cavity)

Lacrimal bones: inner eye sockets with tear duct (drains to nasal cavity)

Page 10: Lecture #3.  Axial skeleton – skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum  Appendicular skeleton – pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs

All skull bones joined tightly except for mandible (speak & chew)

Mandible: lower jaw w/ sockets for teeth Sinuses are air spaces which make the

skull lighter and give the human voice its tone and resonance

Each sinus is lined with tissue that secretes mucus & connects to nasal cavity by small passageways

Page 11: Lecture #3.  Axial skeleton – skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum  Appendicular skeleton – pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs

Blocked sinuses = pain

Respiratory infections cause sinus tissue to become inflamed and block the passages to the nasal cavity

Sinusitis = sinus inflammation Fluid gets trapped causing sinus pressure

headache

Page 12: Lecture #3.  Axial skeleton – skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum  Appendicular skeleton – pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs
Page 13: Lecture #3.  Axial skeleton – skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum  Appendicular skeleton – pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs
Page 14: Lecture #3.  Axial skeleton – skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum  Appendicular skeleton – pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs

Hyoid Bone – structure & function

U-shaped, superior to larynx in the neck The only bone that isn’t articulated with

another bone Suspended from styloid processes of

temporal bone Anchors the tongue & serves as

attachment for swallowing muscles

Page 15: Lecture #3.  Axial skeleton – skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum  Appendicular skeleton – pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs
Page 16: Lecture #3.  Axial skeleton – skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum  Appendicular skeleton – pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs

Vertebral Column

Skull to pelvis - rib attachment, pelvic girdle attachment

Protects spinal cord as it passes through vertebral canal

33 vertebrae 7 neck / cervical 12 chest / thoracic 5 lumbar / lower back 5 sacral 3-5 tailbone / coccygeal

Page 17: Lecture #3.  Axial skeleton – skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum  Appendicular skeleton – pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs

4 curvatures

Cervical & lumbar = convex Thoracic & sacral = concave

Page 18: Lecture #3.  Axial skeleton – skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum  Appendicular skeleton – pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs

FIGURE 5.7

Page 19: Lecture #3.  Axial skeleton – skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum  Appendicular skeleton – pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs

Thoracic (Rib) Cage

12 thoracic vertebrae = 12 ribs connect to vertebrae posteriorly

Upper 7 connect directly to sternum via cartilage = true ribs

Lower 5 = false ribs – upper 3 attach to sternum with common cartilage & bottom 2 are not attached to sternum (floating)

Page 20: Lecture #3.  Axial skeleton – skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum  Appendicular skeleton – pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs

FIGURE 5.9