Lecture 6: Diabetes, sugar, and ATP

If you could peer If you could peer

into the crystal into the crystal

ball and see how ball and see how

you were going you were going

to die, would you to die, would you

do anything do anything

different?different?

Lecture 6: Diabetes, sugar, and Lecture 6: Diabetes, sugar, and ATPATP

ObjectivesObjectives

Understand how sugar metabolism worksUnderstand how sugar metabolism works

Understand how to make ATPUnderstand how to make ATP

Understand where sugar comes from Understand where sugar comes from

Understand how sugar metabolism affects youUnderstand how sugar metabolism affects you

Key TermsKey Termsmetabolism, gradient, equilibrium, phosphorylation, ATP, metabolism, gradient, equilibrium, phosphorylation, ATP, ADPADP

electron transport, glycolysis, insulin, glycogen, glucagonelectron transport, glycolysis, insulin, glycogen, glucagon

NEXT WEEK:NEXT WEEK:

Cell Division and CancerCell Division and Cancer

Leading Causes of Leading Causes of DeathsDeaths

1.1. Heart Disease: 700,142Heart Disease: 700,142

2.2. Cancer: 553,768Cancer: 553,768

3.3. Stroke: 163,538Stroke: 163,538

4.4. Lung diseases: 123,013Lung diseases: 123,013

5.5. Accidents (unintentional injuries): 101,537Accidents (unintentional injuries): 101,537

6.6. Diabetes: 71,372Diabetes: 71,372

7.7. Influenza/ Pneumonia: 62,034Influenza/ Pneumonia: 62,034

8.8. Alzheimer's disease: 53,852Alzheimer's disease: 53,852

9.9. Kidney Disease: 39,480Kidney Disease: 39,480

10.10. Septicemia (infection): 32,238Septicemia (infection): 32,238

(Most current data available are for U.S. in 2001) www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/lcod.htm

I don’t have to worry I don’t have to worry about that stuff till I about that stuff till I

get old! get old! All races, both sexes, 20–24 yearsAll races, both sexes, 20–24 years1.1. Accidents (unintentional injuries) Accidents (unintentional injuries) 2.2. Assault (homicide)Assault (homicide) 3.3. Intentional self-harm (suicide)Intentional self-harm (suicide)4.4. Cancer Cancer 5.5. Heart disease Heart disease 6.6. Genetic abnormalitiesGenetic abnormalities7.7. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)8.8. Stroke Stroke 9.9. Influenza and pneumonia Influenza and pneumonia 10.10. DiabetesDiabetes

Relative to the national population of 20-24’s, are MSU students less likely to die from the top 3?

It’s difficult for one to prevent bad luck, or

being a victim?

Two Types of DiabetesTwo Types of Diabetes

Type 1Type 1 Juvenile diabetesJuvenile diabetes Autoimmune Autoimmune

diseasedisease Beta cells in Beta cells in

pancreas are pancreas are killed by defense killed by defense responses responses

Treated with Treated with insulin insulin injectionsinjections

Type 2Type 2 Adults affectedAdults affected Insulin sensing Insulin sensing

system impaired.system impaired. Beta cells stop Beta cells stop

making insulin.making insulin. Pancreas burns outPancreas burns out

Treated with diet, Treated with diet, drugsdrugs

Diabetes Diabetes MellitisMellitis Cells in muscles, liver and fat don’t Cells in muscles, liver and fat don’t

use insulin properlyuse insulin properly Disease in which excess glucose Disease in which excess glucose

accumulates in blood, then urineaccumulates in blood, then urine Signs and SymptomsSigns and Symptoms

Excessive urinationExcessive urination Constant thirst and or hungerConstant thirst and or hunger FatigueFatigue Weight lossWeight loss Blurred visionBlurred vision Sores that don’t healSores that don’t heal

Risk FactorsRisk Factors AgeAge OverweightOverweight Inactive (exercise > 3x/week)Inactive (exercise > 3x/week) Family history: African, American Family history: African, American

Indian, Asian, Pacific Islander, Hispanic Indian, Asian, Pacific Islander, Hispanic or Latino descent.or Latino descent.

Siblings or parents have diabetesSiblings or parents have diabetes Gestational diabetesGestational diabetes Blood pressure over 140/90Blood pressure over 140/90 HDL (good) cholesterol is low and HDL (good) cholesterol is low and

triglicerides are hightriglicerides are high

Reducing RisksReducing Risks Physical activity- 30 min 5 Physical activity- 30 min 5

days/weekdays/week Diet ModificationDiet Modification

Low fat- 25% of calories maxLow fat- 25% of calories max Low alcoholLow alcohol

Maintain Reasonable body massMaintain Reasonable body mass No crash dietsNo crash diets Modify dietary intake Modify dietary intake

What, me worry?What, me worry? MythsMyths::

When I leave MSU and get a job When I leave MSU and get a job I will have as much or I will have as much or more free more free timetime than I do now. (I’ll still than I do now. (I’ll still exercise as much as I do now.exercise as much as I do now.

I’m I’m naturally healthynaturally healthy, I don’t , I don’t have to worry.have to worry.

I don’t have any risk factors so I don’t have any risk factors so I’m immune!I’m immune!

Diabetes Prevention Diabetes Prevention ProgramProgram

Program Risk Program Risk ReductionReduction

Healthy diet and exerciseHealthy diet and exercise 58%58% Healthy diet and exercise (old folks)Healthy diet and exercise (old folks) 71%71% Prevention drugPrevention drug 31%31% Control group (no change)Control group (no change)

Participants were overweight, with high blood Participants were overweight, with high blood sugar (Pre-Diabetes, impaired tolerance)sugar (Pre-Diabetes, impaired tolerance)

Question #1Question #1

Energy for metabolic processes only Energy for metabolic processes only comes from Sugarcomes from Sugar

A. TrueA. True

B. FalseB. False

MOUTH(ORAL CAVITY)

PHARYNX

ESOPHAGUS

STOMACH

SMALL INTESTINE

LARGE INTESTINE (COLON)

RECTUM

ANUS

LIVER

GALLBLADDER

PANCREAS

Quick Anatomy Review

IN

OUT

Absorption MechanismsAbsorption Mechanisms

Food is broken down to Food is broken down to macro moleculesmacro molecules

Macro molecules are Macro molecules are disassembled by enzymes disassembled by enzymes in the intestinesin the intestines

Actively transported Actively transported across membrane:across membrane: MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides Amino acidsAmino acids

Nutrients diffuse from Nutrients diffuse from gut cells into blood gut cells into blood streamstream

INTESTINALLUMEN

carbohydrates

EPITHELIALCELL

INTERNALENVIRONMENT

proteins

amino acids

Monosaccharides(simple sugars)

carbohydrates

proteins

EPITHELIALCELL

INTERNALENVIRONMENT

bile salts

FATGLOBULES EMULSIFICATION

DROPLETS

bile salts

+

MICELLES

CHYLOMICRONS

Control of Glucose Control of Glucose MetabolismMetabolism

insulin

Glucose rises

Glucose falls

Glucose is absorbed

Cells use glucose

glucagonGlycogen to glucose

Glucose uptake Glucose to

glycogen

KrispyKreme Donuts (12)

Many cells, especially muscle cells, take up glucose and use it as an energy source or convert it to glycogen.

Liver converts glucoseto glycogen, fats, proteins.

Blood glucose levels decline to a set point; stimulus calling for insulin diminishes.

Stimulus:Cells use or store glucose between meals.

Alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon into blood.

Liver converts glycogen to glucose,

stops synthesizing glycogen.

Blood glucose levels increase to a set point; stimulus calling for glucagon diminishes.

Stimulus:Glucose is

absorbed following a meal.

Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into blood.

GLUCAGON

INSULIN

IF YOU ARE LOSTIF YOU ARE LOSTCLOSE YOUR EYESCLOSE YOUR EYESTILL UNTIL AFTERTILL UNTIL AFTERTHE NEXT SLIDETHE NEXT SLIDE

Insulin

Glucose

animation

Click to view animation.

Using GlucoseUsing GlucoseSkeletal Muscle StructureSkeletal Muscle Structure

A muscle is made A muscle is made

up of muscle cellsup of muscle cells A muscle fiber is a A muscle fiber is a

single muscle cellsingle muscle cell Each fiber Each fiber

contains many contains many

myofibrilsmyofibrils

myofibril

Don’t Write This Down

MyofibrilMyofibril

Z band Z band Z band

sarcomere sarcomeresarcomere sarcomere

A myofibril is made up of thick and thin filaments arranged in

sarcomeres


Sarcomere Sarcomere A bundle of two types of A bundle of two types of

microfilamentsmicrofilaments

ThinFilaments

ThickFilaments


Muscle MicrofilamentsMuscle Microfilaments

Thin filamentsThin filaments Like two strands Like two strands

of pearls twisted of pearls twisted togethertogether

Pearls are Pearls are actinactin Other proteins in Other proteins in

grooves in grooves in filamentfilament

Thick filamentsThick filaments Composed of Composed of

myosinmyosin Each myosin Each myosin

molecule has tail molecule has tail and a double and a double headhead


Sliding-Filament Model Sliding-Filament Model

Sarcomere shortens because the Sarcomere shortens because the actin filaments are pulled actin filaments are pulled

inward, toward the sarcomere inward, toward the sarcomere centercenter


Sliding-Sliding-Filament Filament Model Model Myosin heads Myosin heads

attach to actin attach to actin filamentsfilaments

Myosin heads tilt Myosin heads tilt toward and pull toward and pull on the actin. on the actin.

Key Concept:Key Concept:Each head requires one Each head requires one ATP for each pull!ATP for each pull!There a lot of myosinThere a lot of myosinheads in a muscleheads in a muscleMuscle contraction Muscle contraction requires enormous requires enormous quantities of ATP!quantities of ATP!

Key ConceptKey Concept::Contraction Requires Contraction Requires

EnergyEnergy Muscle cells require huge amounts of Muscle cells require huge amounts of

ATP energy to power contractionATP energy to power contraction The cells have only a very small store The cells have only a very small store

of ATPof ATP There are three pathways muscle cells There are three pathways muscle cells

use to get ATPuse to get ATP


Cells burn insulin to make ATPCells burn insulin to make ATP

A. TrueA. True

B. FalseB. False

ATP for ContractionATP for Contraction

Pathway 1DEPHOSPHORYLATIONCREATINE PHOSPHATE

Pathway 2AEROBIC RESPIRATION

Pathway 3GLYCOLYSIS ALONE

creatine

oxygenglucose from bloodstream andfrom glycogen breakdown in cells

ADP + Pi

Relaxation

Contraction

?What is ATP?What is ATP?

DEPHOSPHORYLATION!DEPHOSPHORYLATION!RESPIRATION!RESPIRATION!GLYCOLYSIS!GLYCOLYSIS!What’s ATP!What’s ATP!

ANDANDHow did we get here and where are we goingHow did we get here and where are we going

Photosynthesizers get energy Photosynthesizers get energy from the sunfrom the sun

Animals get energy second- or Animals get energy second- or third-hand from plants or other third-hand from plants or other organismsorganisms

Regardless, the energy is Regardless, the energy is converted to the chemical bond converted to the chemical bond energy of ATPenergy of ATP

ATP Is Universal ATP Is Universal Energy SourceEnergy Source

Making ATPMaking ATP

Plants make ATP during Plants make ATP during

photosynthesisphotosynthesis

Cells of Cells of allall organisms make ATP organisms make ATP

by breaking down carbohydrates, by breaking down carbohydrates,

fats, and proteinfats, and protein

Two Main Pathways for Two Main Pathways for making ATPmaking ATP

Aerobic pathwaysAerobic pathways SLOWSLOW Require oxygenRequire oxygen Start with glycolysis Start with glycolysis

in cytoplasmin cytoplasm Completed in Completed in

mitochondriamitochondria

(Note: special (Note: special membrane and membrane and gradient)gradient)

Anaerobic Anaerobic pathwayspathwaysFASTFAST

Don’t require Don’t require oxygenoxygen

Start with glycolysis Start with glycolysis in cytoplasmin cytoplasm

Completed in Completed in cytoplasmcytoplasm

Overview of Aerobic Overview of Aerobic RespirationRespirationCYTOPLASM

MITOCHONDRION

GLYCOLYSIS

ELECTRON TRANSPORT

PHOSPHORYLATION

KREBS CYCLE ATP

ATP

energy input to start reactions

2 CO2

4 CO2

2

32

water

2 NADH

8 NADH

2 FADH2

2 NADH 2 pyruvate

e- + H+

e- + oxygen

(2 ATP net)

glucose

TYPICAL ENERGY YIELD: 36 ATP

e-

e- + H+

e- + H+

ATP

H+

e- + H+

Overview of Aerobic Overview of Aerobic RespirationRespiration

CC66HH12120066 + 6O + 6O22 6CO6CO22 + 6H + 6H2200 glucose oxygen glucose oxygen carbon carbon

waterwater

dioxidedioxide

Overview of Aerobic Overview of Aerobic RespirationRespirationCYTOPLASM

MITOCHONDRION

GLYCOLYSIS

ELECTRON TRANSPORT

PHOSPHORYLATION

KREBS CYCLE ATP

ATP

energy input to start reactions

2 CO2

4 CO2

2

32

water

2 NADH

8 NADH

2 FADH2

2 NADH 2 pyruvate

e- + H+

e- + oxygen

(2 ATP net)

glucose

TYPICAL ENERGY YIELD: 36 ATP

e-

e- + H+

e- + H+

ATP

H+

e- + H+

What’s the deal with Oxygen?What’s the deal with Oxygen?(electron transport chain over simplified)(electron transport chain over simplified)

How it Works:How it Works:

1.1. Pull a hydrogen off a Pull a hydrogen off a water (HOH to OHwater (HOH to OH--))

2.2. Pull the hydrogen (HPull the hydrogen (H++) ) across a membrane across a membrane (electrochemical (electrochemical GRADIENTGRADIENT))

3.3. Make the HMake the H++ do work do work on its way back to OHon its way back to OH--

Difficult to explain Difficult to explain without using lots of without using lots of really cool chemistryreally cool chemistry

Key conceptKey concept: If you : If you pull water apart, it pull water apart, it really wants to get really wants to get back together againback together again

By giving the Oxygen By giving the Oxygen atom in water an atom in water an electron, it will give electron, it will give you a proton, which you a proton, which is actually a His actually a H++

Oxygen is the final Oxygen is the final electron acceptor?electron acceptor?

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More ATP is produced by the More ATP is produced by the electron transport system than electron transport system than is produced by glycolysisis produced by glycolysis

A TrueA True

B FalseB False

Coenzyme ProductionCoenzyme Production GlycolysisGlycolysis 2 NADH2 NADH PreparatoryPreparatory

reactionsreactions 2 NADH2 NADH Krebs cycleKrebs cycle 2 FADH2 FADH22 .. 6 NADH6 NADH TotalTotal 2 FADH2 FADH.. 10 NADH10 NADH

Key Concepts: Coenzyme production1. Kreb’s cycle produces activated coenzymes2. Coenzymes push electron transport

Making ATP: Making ATP: Chemiosmotic ModelChemiosmotic Model

ATP

ADP+Pi

INNER COMPARTMENT

ATP Synthase in ActionATP Synthase in Action

F1rot_1.mov

F1rot_3.mpg

Key Points In SummaryKey Points In Summary Glucose eventually gets Glucose eventually gets

broken down to carbon broken down to carbon dioxide gasdioxide gas

Two ways to make ATPTwo ways to make ATP Fast way - AnerobicFast way - Anerobic

No oxygen requiredNo oxygen required Glucose isn’t converted to COGlucose isn’t converted to CO22 but but

lactic acidlactic acid Only net 2 ATPs/glucoseOnly net 2 ATPs/glucose

Slow way - AerobicSlow way - Aerobic Requires oxygenRequires oxygen Glucose converted to CO2Glucose converted to CO2 Net 36 ATPs/glucoseNet 36 ATPs/glucose

686 kcal of energy are released 686 kcal of energy are released 7.5 kcal are conserved in each ATP7.5 kcal are conserved in each ATP When 36 ATP form, 270 kcal (36 X 7.5) are When 36 ATP form, 270 kcal (36 X 7.5) are

captured in ATPcaptured in ATP

Efficiency is 270 / 686 X 100 = 39 percentEfficiency is 270 / 686 X 100 = 39 percent

Key ConceptKey Concept: Most energy is lost : Most energy is lost as heatas heat

Efficiency ofEfficiency of Aerobic Respiration Aerobic Respiration

Do not use oxygenDo not use oxygen

Produce less ATP than aerobic pathwaysProduce less ATP than aerobic pathways

Two typesTwo types

Fermentation pathwaysFermentation pathways

The burnThe burn

The BuzzThe Buzz

Anaerobic electron transportAnaerobic electron transport

Anaerobic Pathways Anaerobic Pathways

Fermentation PathwaysFermentation Pathways

Begin with glycolysisBegin with glycolysis

Do not break glucose down Do not break glucose down completelycompletely to carbon dioxide and to carbon dioxide and waterwater

Yield only the 2 ATP from Yield only the 2 ATP from glycolysisglycolysis

Steps that follow glycolysis serve Steps that follow glycolysis serve only to regenerate NADonly to regenerate NAD++

Lactate FermentationLactate Fermentation

C6H12O6

ATP

ATPNADH

2 lactate

electrons, hydrogen from NADH

2 NAD+

2

2 ADP

2 pyruvate

2

4

energy output

energy input

GLYCOLYSIS

LACTATE FORMATION

2 ATP net

YeastsYeasts

Single-celled fungiSingle-celled fungi Carry out alcoholic fermentationCarry out alcoholic fermentation Saccharomyces cerevisiaeSaccharomyces cerevisiae

Baker’s yeastBaker’s yeast Carbon dioxide makes bread dough rise Carbon dioxide makes bread dough rise

Saccharomyces ellipsoideusSaccharomyces ellipsoideus Used to make beer and wineUsed to make beer and wine

MSU hard cider project: Sacchromyces MSU hard cider project: Sacchromyces banyan DV10banyan DV10

Alcoholic Alcoholic FermentatFermentat

ionion

C6H12O6

ATP

ATPNADH

2 acetaldehyde

electrons, hydrogen from NADH

2 NAD+

2

2 ADP

2 pyruvate

2

4

energy output

energy input

GLYCOLYSIS

ETHANOL FORMATION

2 ATP net

2 ethanol

2 H2O

2 CO2

Animals Can’t do this!

Anaerobic Electron Anaerobic Electron TransportTransport

Carried out by certain bacteriaCarried out by certain bacteria Electron transport system is in bacterial Electron transport system is in bacterial

plasma membrane plasma membrane Final electron acceptor is compound from Final electron acceptor is compound from

environment (such as nitrate), NOT oxygenenvironment (such as nitrate), NOT oxygen

Doesn’t require OxygenDoesn’t require Oxygen Can’t work with OxygenCan’t work with Oxygen

ATP yield is lowATP yield is low Lets bacteria live where other organisms Lets bacteria live where other organisms

can’tcan’t


Is Insulin a:Is Insulin a:

A. CarbohydrateA. Carbohydrate

B. ProteinB. Protein

C. LipidC. Lipid

D. OrganophosphateD. Organophosphate

Energy ReservesEnergy Reserves Glycogen is about 1 % of the body’s Glycogen is about 1 % of the body’s

energy reserveenergy reserve Proteins is 21% of energy reserveProteins is 21% of energy reserve Fat makes up the bulk of reserves (78 Fat makes up the bulk of reserves (78

%)%)

Note: In lecture 4 we discussed Note: In lecture 4 we discussed polysaccharides, proteins and lipids.polysaccharides, proteins and lipids.

Energy from Energy from MacromoleculesMacromolecules

CarbohydrateCarbohydrate GlycogenGlycogen ProteinProtein Lipids (fat)Lipids (fat)

carbohydrates

proteins

EPITHELIALCELL

INTERNALENVIRONMENT

bile salts

FATGLOBULES EMULSIFICATION

DROPLETS

bile salts

+

MICELLES

CHYLOMICRONS

Glucose is absorbed into bloodGlucose is absorbed into blood Pancreas releases insulinPancreas releases insulin Insulin stimulates glucose uptake by cellsInsulin stimulates glucose uptake by cells Cells convert glucose to glucose-6-Cells convert glucose to glucose-6-

phosphatephosphate Phosphate, functional group, phosphorylationPhosphate, functional group, phosphorylation

This traps glucose in cytoplasm where it This traps glucose in cytoplasm where it can be used for glycolysiscan be used for glycolysis

Carbohydrate Breakdown Carbohydrate Breakdown

and Storage and Storage

Making GlycogenMaking Glycogen If glucose intake is high, ATP-making If glucose intake is high, ATP-making

machinery goes into high gearmachinery goes into high gear

When ATP levels rise high enough, When ATP levels rise high enough, glucose-6-phosphate is diverted into glucose-6-phosphate is diverted into glycogen synthesis (mainly in liver glycogen synthesis (mainly in liver and muscle)and muscle)

Glycogen is the main storage Glycogen is the main storage polysaccharide in animalspolysaccharide in animals

Using GlycogenUsing Glycogen

When blood levels of glucose When blood levels of glucose decline, pancreas releases decline, pancreas releases glucagonglucagon

GlucagonGlucagon stimulates liver cells to stimulates liver cells to convert glycogen back to glucose convert glycogen back to glucose and to release it to the bloodand to release it to the blood

(Muscle cells do not release their (Muscle cells do not release their stored glycogen. This is their stored glycogen. This is their stored sugar!)stored sugar!)

Key ConceptsKey Concepts

Glucose StorageGlucose Storage1.1. Glucose is used to make ATP firstGlucose is used to make ATP first

2.2. When ATP store is full, glucose is When ATP store is full, glucose is storedstored

3.3. Glycogen is a big branched Glycogen is a big branched polymer of stored glucosepolymer of stored glucose

Glycogen isn’t very soluble so it is Glycogen isn’t very soluble so it is trapped inside the cell where it is trapped inside the cell where it is stored.stored.

Energy from ProteinsEnergy from Proteins Proteins are broken down to amino acids Proteins are broken down to amino acids

and the amino acids are broken downand the amino acids are broken down Amino group is removed, ammonia forms, Amino group is removed, ammonia forms,

is converted to urea and excretedis converted to urea and excreted Carbon backbones can enter the Krebs Carbon backbones can enter the Krebs

cycle or its preparatory reactionscycle or its preparatory reactions

Key ConceptKey Concept: Proteins can be used : Proteins can be used to make ATP in Krebs Cycleto make ATP in Krebs Cycle

Energy from Fats (lipids)Energy from Fats (lipids) Most stored fats are triglyceridesMost stored fats are triglycerides

Triglycerides are broken down to glycerol and fatty Triglycerides are broken down to glycerol and fatty

acids acids

Fatty acids are broken down and converted to two Fatty acids are broken down and converted to two

carbon blocks that enter the Krebs cycle (acetyl CoA)carbon blocks that enter the Krebs cycle (acetyl CoA)

Key ConceptKey Concept: Fatty acids are used to make ATP: Fatty acids are used to make ATP

.. Conversion is slowConversion is slow, 2C’s at a time, 2C’s at a time

Before it can even enter Krebs CycleBefore it can even enter Krebs Cycle

Processes Are Linked Processes Are Linked

Aerobic Aerobic

RespirationRespiration

ReactantsReactants Sugar Sugar

OxygenOxygen

ProductsProducts Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide

WaterWater

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

ReactantsReactants Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide

WaterWater

ProductsProducts Sugar Sugar

OxygenOxygen

Machinery of Machinery of Noncyclic Electron FlowNoncyclic Electron Flow

photolysis

H2O

NADP+ NADPH

e–

ATP

ATP SYNTHASE

PHOTOSYSTEM IPHOTOSYSTEM II ADP + Pi

e–

ATP Formation in PlantsATP Formation in Plants

When water is split during photolysis, When water is split during photolysis, hydrogen ions are released into hydrogen ions are released into thylakoid compartment. thylakoid compartment. (Electrochemical GRADIENT)(Electrochemical GRADIENT)

More hydrogen ions are pumped into More hydrogen ions are pumped into the thylakoid compartment when the the thylakoid compartment when the electron transport system operateselectron transport system operates

ATP FormationATP Formation

Electrical and HElectrical and H++ concentration concentration gradient exists between thylakoid gradient exists between thylakoid compartment and stromacompartment and stroma

HH++ flows down gradients into flows down gradients into stroma through ATP synthesisstroma through ATP synthesis

Flow of ions drives formation of Flow of ions drives formation of ATPATP

Two Important PathwaysTwo Important Pathways

Light ReactionLight Reaction Makes ATP from Makes ATP from

light energylight energy

Dark ReactionDark Reaction Makes glucose by Makes glucose by

burning ATPburning ATP Uses COUses CO22 from from

the air and water the air and water to make glucoseto make glucose

Summary of Summary of PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

light6O2

12H2O

CALVIN-BENSON CYCLE

C6H12O6

(phosphorylated glucose)

NADPHNADP+ATPADP + Pi

PGA PGAL

RuBP

P

6CO2

end product (e.g. sucrose, starch, cellulose)

LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS


Carbon Dioxide Gas is used to build Carbon Dioxide Gas is used to build energy storage molecules in the liverenergy storage molecules in the liver

A TrueA True

B FalseB False

Please hand your quiz Please hand your quiz sheet to Andrea or Leah sheet to Andrea or Leah

on your way outon your way out

Note: They will only Note: They will only accept one answer form accept one answer form

from each personfrom each personIf you are interested in the first

extra credit project, please come to the front of the class room

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Lecture 6: Diabetes, sugar, and ATP