Lecture № 8.

The Theme: The non-finite forms of the verb (The Verbals): The Participle,

The Gerund, The Infinitive, The Verbal noun, predicative constructions with the

Verbals; Used (to); to be used to; to get used to; to have (get) something done; to

have somebody do; to get somebody to do; prefer to do/doing; Had better/would

rather + non finite forms of the verb, would prefer (to do); Would rather someone

did/had done something.

Plan:

1. Introduction. General survey of the non-finite forms of the verb.

2. The Participle.

3. The Gerund.

4. The Infinitive.

5. The gerund and the participle.

6. The gerund and the infinitive.

7. The gerund and verbal noun.

8. Predicative constructions with The Verbals.

9. The use of Verbals.

10. Used (to); to be used to; to get used to; to have (get) something done; to

have somebody do; to get somebody to do; prefer to do/doing; Had better/would

rather + non finite forms of the verb, would prefer (to do); Would rather someone

did/had done something.

11. Exercises for the consolidation of the lecture.

12. Tests on the theme.

13. Assessment.

1. Introduction. General survey of the non-finite forms of the

verb.

The verb has finite and non-finite forms, the latter being also called

verbals. The verbals, unlike the finite forms of the verb, do not express

person, number or mood. Therefore they cannot be used as the predicate of a

sentence.

Like the finite forms of the verb the verbals have tense and

voice distinctions, but their tense distinctions differ greatly from

those of the finite verb.

There are three verbals in English: the participle, the gerund

and the infinitive.

The characteristic traits of the verbals are as follows:

1. They have a double nature, nominal and verbal. The participle

combines the characteristics of a verb with those of an adjective;

the gerund and the infinitive combine the characteristics of a verb

with those of a noun.

2. The tense distinctions of the verbals are not absolute (like those

of the finite verb), but relative; the form of a verbal does not show

whether the action it denotes refers to the present past or future; it

shows only whether the action expressed by the verbal is

simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb or . prior

to it.

3. All the verbals can form predicative constructions, i . e.con-

structions consisting of two elements, a nominal (noun or pronoun)

and a verbal (participle, gerund or infinitive); the verbal element

stands in predicate relation to the nominal element, i. e. in a

relation similar to that between the subject and the predicate of the

sentence. In most cases predicative constructions form syntactic

units, serving as one part of the sentence.

e.g. They sat down to supper, Manston still talking cheerfully.

Manston still talking cheerfully is a predicative construction with

a participle: the participle talking stands in predicate relation to the

noun Manston, which denotes the doer of the action expressed by

the participle.:

In the sentence a verbal may occur:

(a) singly, i. e. without accompanying words.

She... went away smillng.

Reading is useful.

Living is learning.

(b) in phrases, i. e. with one or several accompanying words (an object

or an adverbial modifier to the verbal). The phrases form syntactic units

serving as one part of the sentence.

A phrase should not be confused with a predicative construction:

between the elements of a phrase there is no predicate relation as it does not

include a noun or pronoun denoting the doer of the action expressed by a

verbal.

The windows of the drawing-room opened to a balcony ov looking the

garden.

Not to disquiet his sister, he had said nothing to her of the matter.

(c) in predicative constructions.

My mistress being dead..., I had to look out for a new place.

There is no mistake about (his) being a genius.

2. The Participle.

The participle is a non-finite form of the verb which has a verbal and an

adjectival or an adverbial character.

There are two participles in English — Participle I and Participle II,

traditionally called the Present Participle and the Past Participle.

Note: - Those traditional terms are open to objection on the ground that

Participle I does not necessarily refer to the present, just as Participle II

need not refer to the past. The difference between them is not a difference in tense, but chiefly a difference in voice.

Participle I is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of tlif verb;

the following spelling rules should be observed:

(a) If a verb ends in a mute e, the mute e is dropped before adding

the suffix -ing: to give — giving, to close — closing.

(b) If a verb ends in a consonant preceded by a vowel rendering a short

stressed sound, the final consonant is doubled before adding the suffix -ing:

to run — running, to forget — forgetting, to admit— admitting.

A final I is doubled if it is preceded by a vowel letter rendering a short

vowel sound, stressed or unstressed: to expel—expelling, to travel —

travelling.

(c) The verbs to die, to lie and to tie form Participle I in the following

way: dying, lying, tying.

Note .—A final у is not changed before adding the suffix – ing: to comply —

complying, to deny — denying.

As has already been stated, the participle has a verbal and an adjectival

or adverbial character. Its adjectival or adverbial character is manifested in

its syntactic functions, those of attribute or adverbial modifier.

I hated the hollow sound of the rain pattering on the roof. (ATTRIBUTE)

And then she turned to the title-page, and looked at the name written in

the schoolboy hand. (ATTRIBUTE)

Having garaged his car, he remembered that he had not lunched.

(ADVERBIAL MODIFIER)

When left to herself she spent her time at her writing desk. (ADVERBIAL

MODIFIER)

Note.—Some participles have lost their verbality altogether and have become

adjectives: interesting, charming, alarming, etc., complicated, distin-

guished, furnished, etc. E. g. an interesting book, a charming girl, the

alarming news; a complicated problem, a distinguished writer, a furnished

apartment.

The verbal characteristics of the participle are as follows:

1. Participle I of a transitive verb can take a direct object.

Opening the door, he went out 011 to the terrace.

2. Participle I and Participle II can be modified by an adverb.

Leaving the room hurriedly, he ran out.

Deeply affected, she rose and left the room.

Participle I has tense distinctions; Participle I of transitive verbs has

also voice distinctions. In Modern English Participle I has the following

forms:

2.1. The tense distinctions of the participle.

Like the tense distinctions of all the verbals, those of the participle are

not absolute but relative.

Participle I Indefinite Active and Passive usually denotes an action

simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb; depending on the

tense-form of the finite verb it may refer to the present, past, or future.

When reading The Pickwick Papers, one can’t help laughing. When

reading The Pickwick Papers, I couldn’t help laughing. When reading

The Pickwick Papers, you will roar with laughter. He looked at the carpet

while waiting for her answer. Не returned to the hut, bringing in his

arms a new-born lamb.

Not being able to read, think, or work, Bathsheba asked Liddy to stay

and breakfast with her.

Being left alone, Pauline and I kept silence for some time.

She did not speak, being filled w rilh the sense of silent confidence.

Sometimes Participle I Indefinite denotes an action referring to no

particular lime.

The last turning had brought them into the high-road leading to Bath.

Participle I Perfect Active and Passive denotes an action prior to the

action expressed by the finite verb.

Mr. Bumble, having spread a handkerchief over his knees..., began to

eat and drink

Active Passive

Indefinite writing being written

Pcrfect having

written

having been

written

They were, indeed, old friends, having been at school together.

Having already been informed that he always slept with a light in the

room, I placed one of the two lighted candles 011 a little table at the

head of the bed...

It should be noted that a prior action is not always expressed by

Participle I Perfect: with some verbs of sense perception and motion, such

as io see, to hear, to come, to arrive, to seize, to look, to turn and some others,

Participle I Indefinite is used even when priority is meant.

Turning down an obscure street and entering an obscurer lane, he went

up to a smith’s shop.

Hearing a footstep below he rose and went to the top of the stairs.

Participle II has no tense distinctions; it has only one form which can

express both an action simultaneous with, and prior to, the action expressed

by the finite verb; the latter case is more frequent.

His sister's eyes fixed on him with a certain astonishment, obliged him

at last to look at Fleur.

I was reminded of a portrait seen in a gallery.

In some cases Participle II denotes an action referring to no particular

time.

He is a man loved and admired by everybody.

2.2. The voice distinctions of the participle.

Participle I of transitive verbs has special forms to denote the active and

the passive voice.

When writing letters tie does not like to be disturbed.

Being written in pencil the letter was difficult to make out.

Having written some letters he went to post them.

Having been written long ago the manuscript was illegible.

Participle II of transitive verbs has a passive meaning, e. g. a broken

glass, a caged bin!. Participle II of intransitive verbs has no passive meaning;

it is lised only in compound tense-forms and has no independent function in

(lie sentence unless it belongs to a verb which denotes passing into a new

state, e. g. a withered flower, a faded leaf.

2.3. The functions of Participle I in the sentence.

Participle 1 may have different syntactic functions.

1. Participle I as an attribute.

Participle I Indefinite Active can be used as an attribute.

The fence surrounding the garden is newly painted.

We admired the stars twinkling in the sky.

He came back and stood irresolute on the steps leading down to the

street.

In the function of an attribute Participle I can be in pre-position and in

post-position, i. e. it can precede the noun it modifies and follow it.

Participle I in pre-position hardly ever has accompanying words.

The gate-keeper surveyed the retreating vehicle.

Participle I in post position as a rule has one or several accompanying

words.

They dined outside upon the terrace facing Vesuvius.

Through the massive sunlight illuminating the hall at Robin Hill, the July

sunlight at five o’clock fell just where the broad staircase turned.

Participle I Indefinite Passive is very seldom used as an attribute.

There was one line being laid out to within a few blocks of his new

home... which interested him greatly.

Participle I Perfect Active!, and Passive is not used attributively.

Attention should be paid\to the fact that Participle I in the function of

an attribute cannot express priority.

Tatyana, who had until that moment borne all the ups and downs of her

life with great indifference, broke down, however, on this and burst into

tears.

Bulba made his sons follow him into the little guest-chamber, whence

two pretty serving-wenches, who had been arranging the room, ran out.

In many cases an attribute expressed by Participle I is detached, i. e. it

acquires a certain independence in the sentence; the connection between the

attribute and the word it modifies is loose. A detached attribute is usually

separated by a comma.

It was the entrance to a large family vault, extending under the north

aisle.

2. Participle I as an adverbial modifier.

All the forms of Participle I may be used as an adverbial modifier.

Participle I Indefinite expresses an action simultaneous with the action

expressed by the finite verb. Participle I Perfect expresses an action prior to

the action expressed by the finite verb

Participle I can be an adverbial modifier:

(a) of time.

Approaching Malta Street, Soho, Soames thought with wonder of those

years in Brighton.

Having closed the drawing-room door on him, Isabel awaited a little,

absorbed in her own thoughts.

Having reached the classroom, she became the object of many

questions.

As has already been stated, with some verbs of sense perception and

motion, such as to see, to hear, to come, to arrive, to enter, to seize, to look out,

to turn and some others, Participle I Indefinite is used even when priority is

meant

Anna... hearing his step, ran to the foot of the stairs to meet him.

Arriving there the visitor found everything that should be found at old

manors

Entering her room that evening, she found a packet for herself 0f the

dressing-table.

Seizing ink and writing paper, she began to write...

Turning slowly she went to her room.

If the action expressed by Participle I Indefinite Active is simultaneous

with the action expressed by the finite verb, the conjunction when or while is

often used.

...it was possible for Urquhart, when making his toilet, to survey with

pride an original willow pattern tea service.

While waiting for the water to boil, he held his face over the stove.

N о t е.—Participle I Indefinite of the verb to be is not used as an adverbial

modifier of time.

(b) of cause.

Being of a more slender figure than Mr. Jarndyce, and having a richer

complexion, Mr. Skimpole looked younger.

Having been a little in that line myself, 1 understood it.

(c) of manner and attendant circumstances. In this function Participle I

Indefinite is mostly used.

She balanced herself on the curbstone and began to walk carefully,

setting heel to toe, heel to toe, and counting her steps.

(ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF MANNER)

Gwendolen was silent, again looking at her hands. (ADVERBIAL MODIFIER

OF ATTENDANT CIRCUMSTANCES) It is not always easy to discriminate between an adverbial modifier of

manner and an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances.

He has been in three revolutions fighting on the barricades.

(d) of comparison. In this function Participle I is introduced by the

conjunction as if or as though.

This was said as if thinking aloud.

... he was still on his guard, as though waiting for a further question

from me.

3. Participle I as a predicative.

In this function Participle I is used but seldom; it is usually rendered in

Russian by an adjective.

The effect of her words was terrifying.

The whole damned day had been humiliating.

4. Participle I as part of a complex object.

I saw that young man and his wife talking to you on the stairs.

5. Participle I as part of a compound verbal predicate.

Presently other lootsteps were heard crossing the room below.

6. Participial phrase as parenthesis.

Here we always find a participial phrase; a single participle is not used

in this function.

Generally speaking, I don’t like boys.

Judging by appearances Mr. Bowmore looked like a man prematurely

wasted and worn by the cares of a troubled life.

2.4. The functions of Participle II in the sentence.

1. Participle II as an attribute.

Participle II, as well as Participle I, can be used in pre-position (without

any accompanying words) and in post-position (with one or more

accompanying words).

He answered through the locked door.

They turned into the large conservatory beautifully lit up with Chinese

lamps.

Participle II of intransitive verbs which denote passing into a new state,

corresponds as an adjective. However, only in a few cases Participle II of an

intransitive verb may be used attributively, mostly Participle II of the verbs

to fade, to wither, to retire, to fall, to vanish, e. g. faded leaves, a withered flower,

a retired colonel, a fallen star, the vanished jewels.

An attribute expressed by Participle II may be detached; in this case it

often has an additional meaning of an adverbial modifier:

The housekeeper had come out of her room, attracted by the violent

ringing of the bell.

Accompanied by his father and Steger, he (Cowperwood) ascended to

his new room.

Crushed at first by his imprisonment, he had soon found a dull relief in

it.

Participle II as an adverbial modifier.

In this function Participle II is preceded by the conjunctions when,

while, if, as if, as though, though, etc. It is generally rendered as an adverbial

clause.

Participle II can be an adverbial modifier:

(a) of time.

When guestloned Annie had implied vaguely... that she was anxious

about her brother-in-law.

b) of condition.

It was a dreadful thing that he now proposed a breach of the law which,

if discovered, would bring them into the police court.

(b) of comparison.

As if torn with inner conflict and indecision, he cried.

Mr. Kantwise... shook his head as though lost in wonder and

admiration.

(c) of concession.

... her spirit, though crushed, was not broken.

Note .—Other grammarians' view of the analysis of such word-groups as when

questioned. . . , if discovered..., as if torn..., though crushed... is different.

They consider such word-groups to be elliptical clauses and not participial

phrases.

3. Participle II as a predicative.

In spite of himself, Val was impressed.

The inner gate was locked, and the lodge closed.

4. Participle II as part of a complex object.

She has found me unaltered; but I have found her changed.

3. THE GERUND

3.1. The gerund developed from the verbal noun, which in course of

time became verbalized preserving at the same time its nominal character.

The gerund is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb,

and coincides in form with Participle I.

3.2. The double nature of the gerund.

As a natural result of its origin and development the gerund has nominal

and verbal properties. The nominal characteristics of the gerund are as

follows:

1. The gerund can perform the function of subject, object and

predicative.

They say smoking leads to meditation. (S UBJEC T)

I like making people happy. (OBJECT)

The duty of all progressive mankind is fighting for peace.

(PREDICATIVE)

2. The gerund can be preceded by a preposition.

I am very, very tired of reading.

Like a noun the gerund can be modified by a noun in the possessive case

or by a possessive pronoun.

“I wonder at Jolyon’s allowing this engagement,” he said to Aunt Ann.

Is there any objection to my seeing her?

The verbal characteristics of the gerund are the same as those of the

participle:

1. The gerund of transitive verbs can take a direct object.

I had now made a good progress in understanding and speaking their

language.

The gerund can be modified by an adverb.

She burst out crying bitterly.

3. The gerund has tense distinctions; the gerund of transitive verbs has

also voice distinctions. The forms of the gerund in Modern English are as

follows:

3.3. The tense distinctions of the gerund.

The tense distinctions of the gerund, like those of the participle, are not

absolute but relative.

1. The Indefinite Gerund Active and Passive denotes an action

simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb; depending on the

tense form of the finite verb it may refer to the present, past, or future.

He can swim for any number of hours without tiring.

She walked on without turning her head.

Gwendolen will not rest without having the world at her feet.

No one could pass in or out without being seen.

2. The Perfect Gerund denotes an action prior to that of the finite verb.

She denies having spoken with him.

Не was ashamed of having shown even the slightest irritation.

She really had been crying... out of anger at having been driven so hard.

(Heym)

However, a prior action is not always expressed by a Perfect Gerund; in

some cases we find an Indefinite Gerund. This occurs after the verbs to

remember, to excuse, to forgive, to thank and after the prepositions on (upon),

after and without.

I don’t remember hearing the legend before.

You must excuse my not answering you before.

I thank you for restraining me just now.

On leaving the house we directed our steps to the nearest shade.

After walking about ten yards, he found the hat among the leaves.

She passes through and disappears in the pantry without noticing the

young lady.

3. The Perfect Gerund may also be used after the above mentioned verbs

and prepositions.

He did not remember having been in that room.

After having denied herself to everybody, Miss Rachel, to our

astonishment, walked into the midst of us of her own accord.

They parted at Cohen’s door without having spoken to each other again.

Active Passive

Indefinite writing being written

Perfect having

written

having been

written

3.4. The voice distinctions of the gerund.

The gerund of transitive verbs has special forms for the active and the

passive voice.

He liked neither reading aloud nor being read aloud to.

It is to be observed that after the verbs to want, to need, to deserve, to

require and the adjective worth the gerund is used in the active form, though

it is passive in meaning.

“The slums want attending to, no doubt,” he said.

Не realized that his room needed painting.

The child deserves praising.

They were not worth saving.

3.5. The use of the gerund.

In Modern English the gerund is widely used and often competes with

the infinitive.

In the following cases only the gerund is used:

1. With the verbs and verbal phrases: to avoid, to burst out, to deny, to

enjoy, to excuse, to fancy (in imperative sentences as an exclamation of

surprise), to finish, to forgive, to give up, to go on, to keep (on), to leave o f f , to

mind (in negative and interrogative sentences), to postpone, to put o f f ,

cannot help, and some others.

He avoided looking at Savina. ... she burst out crying.

We all burst out laughing. She denied having been at the station that

evening. ...He enjoyed thinking of her as his future wife.

Excuse my leaving you in the dark a moment.

Fancy finding you hare at such an hour!

Forgive my speaking plainly.

When the Committee had finished deciding its politics, he had gone home.

Willoughby gave up singing and looked at Karen and Yates from under

drooping eyelids. They went on talking. Doctor keeps coming and having a

look at me. It was quite rough; but I kept on rowing. I have left off shooting.

Do you mind my asking you one or two more questions?

Would you mind waiting a week or two? I don't mind going and seeing her.

We could put off going over the house. She couldn’t help smiling.

2. With the following verbs and verbal phrases used with a proposition: to

accuse of, to agree to, to approve of, to complain of, to depend on, to feel like, to

insist on, to took like, to object to, to persist in, to prevent from, to rely on, to

speak of, to succeed in, to suspect of, to thank for, to think of, to give up the idea

of, to look forward to, not to like the idea of, to miss an (the) opportunity of and

some others.

They accuse me of having dealt with the Germans.

It was clear now... that Abraham never had agreed to their being married

to-day.

You did not approve of my playing at roulette.

All the happiness of my life depends on your loving me.

I don’t feel tike going out.

I don’t want to bore you with all this, but I feel like talking.

I insist on being treated with a certain consideration.

It looks like raining.

I object to his having any acquaintance, at all with my sister.

I rushed out to prevent her from seeing this dreadful sight.

... you may rely on my setting matters right.

My medical adviser succeeded in saving my fife...

You suspect me of stealing your diamond.

I resolved not to think of going abroad any more.

I really thank you heartily for taking all this trouble.

So lie returned his straitened means to his pocket, and gave up the idea of

trying to buy the boys.

I think everybody looked forward to Ills coming back.

Не did not like the idea of being hunted down by Butler.

Don’t miss the opportunity of hearing this pianist.

2. With the following predicative word-groups (with or without a

preposition): to be aware of, to be busy in, to be capable of, to be fond of, to be

guilty of, to be indignant at, to be pleased (displeased) at, to be proud of, to be sure

of, to be surprised (astonished) at, to be worth (while), and some others.

Sir Pitt Crawley was not aware of Becky’s having married Rawdon.

I felt physically incapable of remaining still in any one place and morally

incapable of-speaking to any one human being.

I am very fond of being looked at.

You are really guilty of having connived with a German officer to help

his escape.

Mr. Osborne was indignant at his son’s having disobeyed him.

... she was not pleased at my coming.

Miss Crawley was greatly displeased at Rawdon's having married Becky.

...nobody knows better than I do that she (Mrs. Copperfield)... is proud

of being so pretty.

Are you quite sure of those words referring to itiy mother?

The bridal party was worth seeing.

3.6. The functions of the gerund in the sentence.

The gerund may be used in various syntactic functions. A single gerund

occurs but seldom; in most cases we find a gerimdial phrase or a gerundial

construction.

1. The gerund as a subject.

Talking mends no holes. (proverb)

Waiting for the Professor was a lame excuse for doing nothing.

My answering in the affirmative gave him great satisfaction.

The gerund used as a subject may follow the predicate; in these cases

the sentence opens with the introductory it (which serves as an introductory

subject) or with the construction there is.

It’s no use talking like that to me.

There was no mistaking the expression on her face.

Note . —There is another view according to which it is the subject and the rest of

the sentence is the predicate.

2. The gerund as a predicative.

The only remedy for such a headache as mine is going to bed.

The gerund as part of a compound verbal predicate.

(a) With verbs and verbal phrases denoting modality the gerund forms

part of a compound verbal modal predicate.

We intend going to Switzerland, and climbing Mount Blanc.

Joseph could not help admiring the man.

With verbs denoting the beginning, the duration, or the end of an action,

the gerund forms part of a compound verbal aspect predicate. i

She began sobbing and weeping.

In the night it started raining. Bathsheba continued walking.

Tom went on whitewashing.

She took my hand and kept on laughing.

Isabella ceased speaking.

3. The gerund as an object.

The gerund may be used as a direct object and as a prepositional

indirect object.

I simply love riding. (D IREC T OBJEC T)

She enjoyed singing and playing to him. (D IREC T OBJEC T)

The times were good for building ... (Prepositional indirect object)

Charlie did not succeed in taking things easily.

(Prepositional indirect object)

Predicative constructions with the gerund form a complex object as they

consist of two distinct elements, nominal and verbal.

Perhaps you wouldn't mind Richard’s coming in?

(Complex Object)

Aunt Augusta won't quite approve of your being here.

(Prepositional Complex Object)

4. The gerund as an attribute.

In this function the gerund is always preceded by a preposition.

Swithin protruded his pale round eyes with the effort of hearing.

Не was born with the gift of winning hearts.

She had a feeling of having been worsted ...

... there’s no chance of their getting married for years.

Presently there was the sound of the car being brought to the door.

5. The gerund as an adverbial modifier.

In this function the gerund is always preceded by a preposition. It is

used in the function of an adverbial modifier of time, manner, attendant

circumstances, cause, condition, purpose and concession; the most common

functions are those of adverbial modifiers of time, manner, and attendant

circumstances.

(a) As an adverbial modifier of time the gerund is preceded by the

prepositions after, before, on (upon), in or at.

After leaving her umbrella in the hall, she entered the living room.

Не was to have three days at home before going back to farm.

On reaching Casterbridge he left the horse and trap at an inn.

Mr. Bumble's conduct on being left to himself was rather inexplicable.

Upon waking I found myself much recovered.

In quitting the room he paused once more at my desk.

Clare turned at hearing her footsteps...

Note . — In the function of an adverbial modifier of time the gerund sometimes

competes with the participle.

George, on hearing the story, grinned.

The four girls, hearing him speak in the hall, rushed out of the library.

After reaching the second landing ... I heard a sound of quiet and regular

breathing on my left-hand side.

(b) As an adverbial modifier of manner the gerund is used with the

prepositions by or in.

She startled her father by bursting into tears.

The day was spent in packing.

(е) As an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances the gerund is

preceded by the preposition without.

She was not brilliant, not active, but rather peaceful and statuesque

without knowing it.

(e) As an adverbial modifier of purpose, the gerund is chiefly used with

the preposition for.

... one side of the gallery was used for dancing.

(f) As an adverbial modifier of condition the gerund is preceded by the

preposition without.

He has no right to come bothering you and papa without being invited.

As an adverbial modifier of cause the gerund is used with the

prepositions for, for fear of, owing to.

I feel the better myself for having spent a good deal of my time abroad.

I dared not attend the funeral for fear of making a fool of myself.

(g) As an adverbial modifier of concession the gerund is preceded by the

preposition in spite of.

In spite of being busy, he did all he could to help her.

The above examples show that the gerund preceded by one and the same

preposition may be used in different functions: with the preposition without,

it may perform the function of an adverbial modifier of attendant

circumstances and of condition; with the preposition in, it may perform the

function of an adverbial modifier of time and of manner; with the

preposition for, it may perform the function of an adverbial modifier of

purpose or of cause.

4. THE INFINITIVE

4.1. The infinitive developed from the verbal noun, which in course of

time became verbalized, retaining at the same time some of its nominal

properties. Thus in Modern English the infinitive, like the participle and the

gerund, has a double nature, nominal and verbal.The nominal character of

the infinitive is manifested in its syntactic functions. The infinitive can be

used:

(a) as the subject of a sentence.

To go on like this was dangerous.

(b) as a predicative.

Her plan was now to drive to Bath during the night.

(c) as an object.

I have never learnt to read or write.

1. The verbal characteristics of the infinitive are as follows:

(a) the infinitive of transitive verbs can take a direct object.

He ... began to feel some curiosity ...

(b) the infinitive can be modified by an adverb.

I cannot write so quickly.

(c) the infinitive has tense and aspect distinctions; the infinitive of

transitive verbs has also voice distinctions.

In Modern English the infinitive has the following forms:

Active Passive

Indefinite

Continuous

Perfect

Perfect Continuous

to write

to be writing

to have written

to have been writing

to be written

------

to have been written

------

4.2. The tense and aspect distinctions of the infinitive.

Like the tense distinctions of all verbals those of the infinitive are not

absolute but relative.

1. The Indefinite Infinitive expresses an action simultaneous with the

action expressed by the finite verb, so it may refer to the present, past or

future.

I am glad to meet you. I was glad to see Mr. Paul.

Mr. Forsyte will be very glad to see you.

2. The Continuous Infinitive also denotes an action simultaneous with

that expressed by the finite verb, but it is an action in progress. Thus the

continuous infinitive is not only a tense form, but also an aspect form,

expressing both time relations and the manner in which the action is

presented.

They happened, at the moment, to be standing near a small conservatory

at the end of the garden.

3. The Perfect Infinitive denotes an action prior to the action

expressed by the finite verb.

“I’m glad to have seen you,” he said.

An intimate friend is said to have dined with him that day.

After such verbs as to mean, to expect, to intend, to hope used in the Past

Indefinite, the Perfect Infinitive shows that the hope or intention was nol

carried out.

I meant to have gone there.

I meant to have given you five shillings this morning for a Chris tmas-

bох, Sam. I'll give it you this afternoon, Sam.

The same meaning can be conveyed by the Past Perfect of the finite

verb followed by the Indefinite Infinitive.

I had meant to go there.

He had meant to marry me. (Some English grammarians prefer the latter

construction.)

Note. – The idea, however, is often expressed in the following way: I meant to go there, but never did.

4. The Perfect Continuous Infinitive denotes an action which lasted a

certain time before the action of the finite verb. It is not only a tense form,

but also an aspect form.

For about ten days we seemed to have been living on nothing but

cold meat, cake and bread and jam.

4.3. The voice distinctions of the infinitive.

The infinitive of transitive verbs has special forms for the Active and

the Passive Voice:

It is so glorious to love and to be loved...

In sentences with the construction there is the infinitive of some verbs

can be active or passive without any change in the meaning: There’s no time

to lose.

There is no time to be lost.

There is nothing to fear (to be feared).

4.4. The use of the infinitive without the particle to

(the bare infinitive).

In Modern English the infinitive is chiefly used with the particle to. In

Old English to was a preposition used with the infinitive in the dative case

to indicate purpose (to writenne meant ‘in order to write’). Later on to was

re-interpreted as the formal sign of the infinitive and came to be used not

only to denote purpose but in other cases as well. Still there are cases when

the so-called bare infinitive (the infinitive without the particle to) is used.

They are as follows:

1. After auxiliary verbs.

I don’t understand the meaning of this passage.

We shall go there at once.

2. After modal verbs except the verb ought.

If one cannot have what one loves, one must love what one has.

3. After verbs denoting sense perception, such as to hear, to see, to feel,

etc.

In a few minutes they heard him ascend the ladder to his own room.

I never saw you look so before.

I felt my heart jump.

Note . -The verb to be after the verb to feel is used with the particle to:

I felt this to be very true.

4. After the verb to let.

Let us be the best friends in the world! (Dickens)

5. After the verb to make in the meaning of ‘to force smb. to do smth.’

and the verb to have in the meaning of ‘to force smb. to do smth.’, to allow.

What makes you think so?

I . . . had them take my luggage.

The verb to have in the meaning of ‘to allow’ is chiefly used after the

modal verbs will and would in negative sentences.

I will not have you call him Daniel any more.

I would not have you think that I am selfish.

After the verb to know when its meaning approaches that of to see, to

observe (the verb to know never has this meaning in the Present

Indefinite).

I have so often known a change of medicine work wonders.

In this case, however, the particle to is sometimes used:

I have never known her to weep before.

N ote . - After the verbs to leave, to see, to make and to know in the Passive

Voice the for-Infinitive is used.

He was heard to mention your name several times.

They were seen to leave the house early in the morning.

The child was made to obey.

Sir Pitt Crawley was never known lo give away a shilling or to do a good action.

6. After the verb to bid.

I bowed and waited, thinking she would bid me take a seat.

The verb to bid is obsolete and is not used in colloquial speech.

7. After the expressions had better, would rather, would sooner, cannot

but, nothing but, cannot choose but.

You had better go to bed and leave the patient to me.

I would rather not speak upon the subject.

I would sooner die here, at your feet ... than see you married to such a

one as that.

I cannot but think so.

There was nothing left for him to do but watch and wait.

She does nothing but make scenes from morning till night.

I looked long at that picture, and could not choose but look.

Had better, would rather, to do nothing but belong to colloquial English,

whereas cannot but and cannot choose but are characteristic of elevated style.

8. In sentences of a special type (infinitive sentences) beginning with

why.

Why not come and talk to her yourself?

The particle to is often used without the infinitive if it is easily

understood from the context.

He and his three men could not defend Rollingen even if they wanted to.

The particle to may be separated from the infinitive by an adverb; this is

the so-called split infinitive. It is hardly ever used in colloquial English.

He was unable, however, to long keep silence.

4.5. The functions of the infinitive in the sentence.

The infinitive can be used in different syntactic functions. A single

infinitive occurs but seldom: in most cases we find an infinitive phrase, i. e.

an infinitive with one or several accompanying words.

1. The infinitive as a subject.

To doubt, under the circumstances, is almost to insult.

То acquire knowledge and to acquire it unceasingly, is the first duty of

the artist.

Even to think of it gave him ineffable torture.

То be recognized, greeted by some local personage afforded her a joy

which was very great.

From these examples we can see that the infinitive as a subject can be

rendered in Russian by an infinitive, by a noun, or by a clause.

Though the infinitive as the subject sometimes precedes the predicate,

cases when it follows the predicate are far more common; with the infinitive

in the latter position, the sentence opens with the introductory it, which

serves as an introductory subject. The introductory it is not translated.

It is useless to discuss the question.

It was pleasant to be driving a car again.

2. The infinitive as a predicative.

My intention is to get Into parliament.

The infinitive can also be used as part of a predicative.

The abode of Mrs. Betty was not easy to find.

3. The infinitive as part of a compound verbal predicate.

(a) With modal verbs, modal expressions, and verbs expressing

modality the infinitive forms part of a compound verbal modal predicate.

We must not leave him by himself any longer.

The train was to leave at midnight.

... I intend to lead a better life in the future.

(b) With verbs denoting the beginning, duration, or end of an action the

infinitive forms part of a compound verbal aspect predicate.

Imprisonment began to tell upon him.

Before daylight it started to drizzle.

Clare continued to observe her.

... they gradually ceased to talk.

4. The infinitive as an object.

Leila had learned to dance at boarding school.

After the verbs to allow, to order, to ask, to beg, to request, to implore, to

teach, to instruct we often find two objects, one of which is expressed by an

infinitive.

After waiting some time, Mrs. Clements ... ordered the cabman to drive

back to her lodgings.

He asked me to walk in.

And the curate does not teach you to read and to write then?

The infinitive used as an object can be preceded by the introductory

object it. The introductory object is not translated.

He found it utterly impossible to leave the spot.

The infinitive as part of a complex object.

I never saw you act this way before.

5. The infinitive as an attribute.

The infinitive as an attribute is rendered by an infinitive (chiefly after

abstract nouns), by a subordinate clause or by a finite verb serving as the

predicate of a simple sentence (after ordinal numerals and the adjective last).

I have not had time to examine this room yet.

Bathsheba was not a woman ... to suffer in silence.

I have nobody to say a kind word to me.

Не was the first to offter his hand to the Russians.

When his engine broke down, it was the last to be repaired.

The infinitive used as an attribute often has a modal significance - it

expresses an action thought of as obligatory or possible.

I’ve got my wife and little boy to look after.

There must be a lot of things in this world to make you very unhappy.

Tess was no insignificant creature to toy with and dismiss.

Sometimes the infinitive used as an attribute implies a more or less

prominent idea of purpose.

Here is a nice book to read before going to bed.

Here is a charming little cottage to spend the summer in.

... he had nо courage to face danger.

There was по time now to think —there was only time to give the

medicine.

7. The infinitive as an adverbial modifier.

(a) The infinitive can be an adverbial modifier of purpose.

Laws were not made to be broken, laws were made to stay within.

То pacify her, I held the window ajar a few seconds.

The infinitive as an adverbial modifier of purpose can be introduced by

in order and so as.

Sometimes you retreat in order to advance.

Soames put on his coat so as not to be cold.

The infinitive can be used as an adverbial modifier of result. This

chiefly occurs after adjectives modified by the adverbs enough and too.

His eyes were sharp enough to look after his own interest.

I was too busy to see anyone.

The infinitive as an adverbial modifier of result is also to be found in

sentences of the following type:

He was so weak as to be unable to work.

Mr. Rokesnn'th has been so polite as to place his sitting-room at our

disposal to-day.

And he is such a fool as to think that his idle chatter can influence

others.

As the above examples show the result expressed by the infini tive is

often negative.

(b) The infinitive can be an adverbial modifier of comparison (manner);

in most cases with an additional meaning of purpose. In this function it is

introduced by the conjunction as if or as though.

She nervously moved her hand towards his lips as if to stop him ...

(c) The infinitive can be used as an adverbial modifier of attendant

circumstances.

She was driven away, never to revisit this neighbourhood.

I am sorry to have raised your expectations, Mr. Blake, only to

disappoint them.

Note . - Some grammarians maintain that in sentences of this type the infinitive performs, the function of an adverbial modifier of result (consequence).

8. The infinitive as parenthesis.

Well, to cut a long story short, they thought it would be more economical

to live at the villa.

Не was rude, to say the least of it.

То put it mildly, he was not up to the mark.

То speak the truth, 1 have been a little troubled, but it is over.

Не brought with him a collection of Indian curios, to say nothing of an

independent fortune and several slaves.

5. The gerund and the participle.

In most cases the differentiation between the gerund and the participle

does not present any difficulty.

Unlike the participle the gerund may be preceded by a preposition, it may

be modified by a noun in the possessive case or by a possessive pronoun; it

can be used in the function of a subject, object, and predicative. In the

function of an attribute and of an adverbial modifier both the gerund and the

participle may be used, but the gerund in these functions is always preceded

by a preposition.

There are cases, however, when the differentiation between the gerund

and the participle presents some difficulty; for instance, it is not always

easy to distinguish between a gerund as part of a compound noun and a

participle used as an attribute to a noun. One should bear in mind that if we

have a gerund as part of a compound noun, the person or thing denoted by

the noun does not perform the action expressed by the mg-form: e. g. a

dancing-hall (a hall for dancing), a cooking-stove (a stove for cooking),

walking shoes, a writing-table, etc.

If we have a participle used as an attribute the person denoted by the

noun performs the action expressed by the mg-Torm: e. g. a dancing girl (a

girl who dances), a singing child, etc.

However, there are cases which admit of two interpretations; for example

a sewing machine may be understood in two ways: a machine for sewing and

a machine which sews; a hunting dog may be a dog for hunting and a dog

that hunts.

6. The gerund and the infinitive.

With a number of verbs and word-groups both the gerund and the

infinitive may be used. The most important of them are: to be afraid, to begin,

to cease, to continue, can (cannot) afford, to dread, to fear, to forget, to hate, to

intend, to like (dislike), to neglect, to prefer, to propose, to remember, to recollect,

to start, to stop.

The young man began turning over the pages of a book.

At length she began to speak softly.

She continued standing near the piano.

She continued to look at him...

It is sometimes possible to find a reason for the use of a given form.

With some verbs and word-groups, such as to be afraid, to forget, to hate,

to like (dislike), to prefer the infinitive is mostly used with reference to a

special occasion, the gerund being more appropriate to a general

statement.

The child was not afraid of remaining alone, but he was afraid to remain

alone on such a stormy night.

I was always afraid of losing his goodwill.

Gwendolen answered rather pettishly, and her mamma was afraid to say

more.

Don’t forget shutting the windows when you leave home.

Don’t forget to shut the window when you leave home, it is very windy

to-day.

I don’t like interrupting people.

I don’t like to interrupt him, he seems very busy.

With the verb to remember the infinitive usually refers to the future, and

the gerund to the past.

I remember seeing the book in many bookshops.

Remember to buy the book.

With the verb to stop the infinitive and the gerund have different

syntactical functions.

The gerund forms part of a compound verbal aspect predicate.

They stopped talking when lie came in.

The infinitive has the function of an adverbial modifier of purpose.

She stopped to exchange a few words with a neighbour.

7. The gerund and a verbal noun.

The gerund should not he confused with the verbal noun, which has the

same suffix -ing. The main points of difference between the gerund and the

verbal noun are as follows:

Like all the verbals the gerund has a double character —nominal and-

verbal.

2. The gerund is not used with an article. 3. The gerund has no plural form.

4. The gerund of a transitive verb takes a direct object . He received more and

more letters, so many that he had given up reading them. 5. The gerund may be

modified by an adverb.Drinking, even temperately, was a sin. 6. The verbal

noun has only a nominal character. 7. The verbal noun may be used with an

article. The making of a new humanity cannot be the privilege of a handful of

bureaucrats. I want you to give my hair a good brushing. 8. The verbal noun may

be used in the plural. Our likings are regulated by our circumstances. 9. A verbal

noun cannot take a direct object; it takes a prepositional object with the pre-

position of. Meanwhile Gwendolen was rallying her nerves to the reading of the

paper. 10. The verbal noun may be modified by an adjective. He (Tom) took a

good scolding about clodding Sid.

8. Predicative constructions with The Verbals.

8.1. Predicative constructions with the participle.

In Modern English we find the following predicative constructions with

the participle:

(1) the Objective Participial Construction;

(2) the Subjective Participial Construction;

(3) the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction;

(4) the Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction.

8.1.1. The Objective Participial Construction.

The Objective Participial Construction is a construction in which the

participle is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun

in the objective case.

In the next berth she could hear her stepmother breathing heavily.

The participle breathing is in predicate relation to the noun stepmother,

which denotes the doer of the action expressed by the participle.

In the Objective Participial Construction Participle I Indefinite Active or

Participle II is used. In the sentence this instruction has the function of a

complex object.

The Objective Participial Construction may be found:

(a) after verbs denoting sense perception, such as to see, to hear, to feel, to find, etc.

Then he looked out of the window and saw clouds gathering.

I heard my wife coming...

She could feel her hands trembling exceedingly.

She found him waiting for her at her journey’s end. ..

I saw the pony harnessed myself.

The dog heard his name pronounced through the open door.

He felt himself clutched by the collar...

You will probably find your sister grown, Bella.

(b) after some verbs of mental activity, such as to consider, to understand.

I consider myself engaged to Herr Klesmer.

(c) after verbs denoting wish, such as to want, to wish, to desire. In this

case only Participle II is used.

The governor wants it done quick.

(d) after the verbs to have and to get; after (hese verbs only Participle II

is used.

In this case the Objective Participial Construction shows that the action

expressed by the participle is performed at the request of the person denoted

by the subject of the sentence. Thus I had the piano tuned means ‘I made

someone tune the piano’.

I had my coat altered.

Не ... had several bottles of wine brought ...

You can get your clothes made in Europe.

In interrogative and negative sentences the auxiliary verb to do is used:

Why don’t you have your hair waved?

Occasionally the meaning of the construction is different: it may show,

that the person denoted by the subject of the sentence experiences the action

expressed by the participle.

The wounded man had his leg amputated.

8. 1.2. The Subjective Participial Construction.

The Subjective Participial Construction is a construction in which the

participle (mostly Participle I) is in predicate relation to a noun in the

common case or a pronoun in the nominative case, which is the subject of

the sentence.

The peculiarity of this construction is that it does not serve as one part of

the the sentence: one of its component parts has the function of the subject,

the other forms part of a compound verbal predicate.

They were heard talking together...

This contruction is chiefly used after verbs of sense perception.

The horse was seen descending the hill.

Then Bathsheba’s footsteps were heard crossing the room.

8.1.3. The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction.

The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction is a construction in

which the participle stands in predicate relation to a noun in the common

case or a pronoun in the nominative case; the noun or pronoun is not the

subject of the sentence.

The door and window of the vacant room being open, we looked in.

In the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction Participle I (in all

its forms) or Participle II is used. This construction is generally rendered by

means of an adverbial clause. It is used in the function of an adverbial

modifier. It can be an adverbial modifier:

(a) of time.

The lamp having been lit, Mrs. Macallan produced her son’s letter. This

duty completed, he had three months’ leave.

(b) of cause.

It being now pretty late, we took our candles and yent upstairs.

A knock had come to the door, and there being nobody else to answer it,

Clare went out.

We were walking by ourselves for an hour, George having remained

behind in the hotel to write a letter to his aunt.

(c) of attendant circumstances. In this function the Nominative Absolute

Participial Construction is mostly placed at the end of the sentence.

He turned and went, we, as before, following him. One morning he stood in

front of the tank, his nose almost pressed to the glass.

(d) of condition. In this function the Nominative Absolute Participial

Construction occurs but seldom and is almost exclusively used with the

participles permitting and failing.

Weather (time, circumstances) permitting, we shall start tomorrow.

Conciliation failing, force remains; but force failing, no further hope of

conciliation is left.

The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction very often occurs in

fiction and scientific literature; the use of this construction in colloquial

English is rare.

8.1.4. The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction.

The Absolute Participial Construction may be introduced by the

preposition with and is then called the Prepositional Absolute Participial

Construction. It is in most cases used in the function of an adverbial

modifier of attendant circumstances.

They were walking on again, with Hugh calmly drawing at his pipe.

The daughter sat quite silent and still, with her eyes fixed on the ground.

8.1.5. Absolute constructions without a participle.

There are two types of absolute constructions in which we find no

participle. The second element of the construction is an adjective, a

prepositional phrase, or an adverb.

1. The Nominative Absolute Construction. It is used in the function of an

adverbial modifier of time or attendant circumstances.

Breakfast over, he went to his counting house.

Manston went homeward alone, his heart full of strange emotion.

I here lie stood, his lace to the south-east ... his cap in his hand.

Mind the difference between the meaning of the following

constructions: The lesson (concert, lecture) over... and The lesson (concert,

lecture) being over... The lesson over has a temporal meaning, whereas the

lesson being over has as a rule a causal meaning.

2. The Prepositional Absolute Construction. It is mostly used in the

function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances.

I found him ready and waiting for me, with his stick in his hand.

Sikes, with Oliver’s hand still in his, softly approached the low porch,

and raised the latch.

8.1.6. The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction and the

Nominative Absolute Construction are separated from the rest of the

sentence by a comma or a semicolon.

Grandcourt... rose and strolled out on the lawn, all the dogs following

him.

Mr.Tulkinghorn comes and goes pretty often; there being estate

business to do.

Then he started out, bag and overcoat in hand, to get his cup of coffee.

Prepositional Absolute Constructions are usually separated from the rest

of the sentence by a comma.

It was a balmy, radiant day, with the trees and grass shining exceedingly

green after the rain of the night before.

He was there, writing busily at a distant table, with his back towards the

door.

8. 2. Predicative constructions with the gerund.

Like all the verbals the gerund can form predicative constructions, i. e.

constructions in which the verbal element expressed by the gerund is in

predicate relation to the nominal element expressed by a noun or pronoun

I don’t like your going off without any money.

Here the gerund going off is in predicate' relation to the pronoun your,

which denotes the doer of the action expressed by the gerund.

The nominal element of the construction can be expressed in different

ways.

If it denotes a living being it may be expressed:

(a) by a noun in the genitive case or by a possessive pronoun.

His further consideration of the point was prevented by Richard’s

coming back to us in an excited state.

Do you mind ту smoking?

(b) by a noun in the common case.

I have a distinct recollection of Lady Chi/tern always getting the good

conduct prize!

Note . —Thus in Modern English there are two parallel constructions of the type:

Fancy David’s courting Emily and Fancy David courting Emily! These two

constructions may be used indifferently, but sometimes there is a slight

difference in meaning: in the first example the action (the verbal element of

the construction) is emphasized, whereas in the second the doer of the action (the nominal element of the construction) is emphasized.

Occasionally examples are found where the nominal element of the

construction is expressed by a pronoun in the objective case.

I hope you will forgive me disturbing you.

There are cases when the nominal element of the construction, though

denoting a living being, cannot be expressed by a noun in the possessive

case, but only by a noun in the common case, namely when it consists of

two or more nouns or when it is a noun modified by an attribute in post-

position.

I object to Mary and Jane going out 011 such a w'indy day. He felt no

uneasiness now in the thought of the brother and) sister being alone

together.

Did you ever hear of a man of sense rejecting such an offer?

1. If the nominal element of the construction denotes a lifeless thing, it

is expressed by a noun in the common case (such nouns, as a rule, are not

used in the genitive case) or by a possessive pronoun.

... Peggotty spoke of... my room, and of its being ready for me.

The nominal element of the construction can also be expressed by a

pronoun which has no case distinctions, such as all, this, that, both, each,

something.

I insist on both of them coming in time.

Again Michael... was conscious of something deep and private stirring

within himself.

N о t е. — Some grammarians recognize the existence of two separate

constructions: the gerundial construction (a construction whose nominal

element is expressed by a noun in the genitive case or by a possessive

pronoun) and a construction with a half gerund (a construction whose

nominal element is expressed by a noun in the common case, a pronoun in

the objective case, or a pronoun which has no case distinctions).

A gerundial construction is nearly always rendered by a subordinate clause.

His being a foreigner, an ex-enemy was bad enough.

Hеr thoughts were interrupted at last, by the door opening gently.

I began to picture to myself... my being found dead in a day or two,

under some hedge.

8. 3. Infinitive constructions.

In Modem I ngllsli wc find the following predicative constructions with

the Infinitive:

(1) the Objektive-with-the-Infinitive Construction;

(2) the Subjective Infinitive Construction;

(3) the for-to-Infinitive Construction.

8.3.1. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction.

The Objective with the Infinitive is a construction in which the

infinitive is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun

in the objective case. In the sentence this construction has the function of a

complex object.

In translating the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction, we nearly

always use a subordinate clause.

He's a wonderful teacher and I’ve never seen him lose his temper or get

angry about anything.

However, sometimes a sentence containing the Objective-with-the-

Infinitive Construction is rendered by a simple sentence.

... the bombings at night made the old walls shake to their foundations.

THE USE OF THE O B J E C T I V E - W I T H - T H E -

I N F I N I T I V E C O N S T R U C T I O N

1. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs

denoting sense perception, such as to hear, to see, to watch, to feel, to observe,

to notice, etc.

I haven’t heard anyone call me.

I saw Brown enter the room.

I felt the blood rush into my cheeks, and then leave them again.

After verbs of sense perception only the Indefinite Infinitive Active is

used. If the meaning is passive we use Participle II.

I saw the fire slowly conquered.

If a process is expressed Participle I Indefinite Active is used.

He saw Fleur coming.

Note 1. - The verb to see is followed by a clause and not by the Objective-with-

the-Infinitive Construction when it is not really a verb of sense perception, i. e.

when it means 'to understand’.

I saw that he did not realize the danger.

After the verbs to see and to notice the Objective-with-the- Infinitive

Construction is not used with the verb to be; a subordinate clause is used in such

cases. I saw that he was pale.

Note 2. - When the verb to hear is not a verb of sense perception, i. e. when it

means ‘to learn’, ‘to be told', a clause or a gerund (and not the Objective-

with-the-Infinitive) is used. I hear that he left for the South (of his having left for the South).

2. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs

denoting mental activity, such as to know, to think, to consider, to believe, to

suppose, to expect, to imagine, to find, to feet, to trust, etc.

After verbs of mental activity in the Objective-with-the-Infinitive

Construction the verb to be is generally used. (This restriction does not

apply to the verb to expect.). The use of this construction after most verbs of

mental activity is more characteristic of literary than of colloquial style.

I know you to be the most honest, spotless creature that ever lived.

I believe him to have no conscience at all.

If you suppose that boy to be friendless, you deceive yourself.

Everybody expected her to marry Pete.

After, verbs of mental activity the Perfect Infinitive is used but seldom.

The doctor found his heart to have stopped two hours before.

Note. — With the verbs to think, to consider, to find the same idea can be

expressed without an infinitive.

Boldwood thought her beautiful.

She found the subject rather interesting

You consider yourself an impressive person, eh?

3. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs of

declaring: to pronounce, to declare, to report.

The surgeon pronounced the wound to be a slight one.

She declared him to be the most disobedient child in existence.

4. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs

denoting wish and intention: to want, to wish, to desire, to mean, to intend, to choose (in the meaning of ‘to wish’).

I want you to come and dine with me.

I particularly wished those books to be returned to-night.

She desired me to follow her upstairs.

I did not mean you to learn the poem by heart.

Не intended me to go with him to India.

I don’t choose you to go by yourself to an hotel.

5. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs

and expressions denoting feeling and emotion: to like, to dislike, to love, to

hate, cannot bear, etc.

I dislike you to talk like that. I hate him to be flogged.

I cannot bear you to speak of that.

6.The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs

denoting order and permission: to order, to allow, to suffer, to have, etc.

Here we find the Objective with the Infinitive only if the object is

expressed by a noun or pronoun denoting a lifeless thing or when the

infinitive is passive. This restriction does not apply to the verbs to suffer and

to have.

Mr. Merdle ordered his carriage to be ready early in the morning.

She ... had never allowed the name of John Gordon to pass her lips.

Не ordered the boy to be put to bed.

The teacher ordered the room to be aired.

Note . - After such verbs as "to order” and “to allow” the Infinitive in the Active

Voice can he used only when these verbs are followed by an object denoting

a person who is ordered or allowed to do something.

The dean allowed the secretary to change the time-table.

(Here we find two direct objects and not file Objective-with-the-Infinitive

Construction.)

Such sentences as “the dean ordered to change the time-table” are

impossible in English.

So when translating such sentences into English we use the objective with

the Infinitive Construction where the Infinitive is in the Passive Voice.

The dean allowed the time-table to be changed.

Mr. Dombey suffered Florence to play with Paul.

She suffered Mr. Franklin to' lead her back into the room.(Collins)

Miss Jemima could not suffer Becky to leave the Academy without a

present.

I won’t have you speak like it, dear Tess!

The verb to have denotes permission only in negative sentences; it is

very close in meaning to the verb to suffer and is translated in the same way.

6. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used after verbs

denoting compulsion: to make (in the meaning of ‘to force smb. to do

smth’). to cause (in the meaning of ‘to force smb. to do smth’,

‘распорядиться’), to get (in the meaning of ‘to obtain’), to have (in the

meaning of ‘to force smb. to do smth’’).

Light steps in the gravel made him turn his head.

The noise caused her to awake.

She caused a telegram to be sent to him.

I cannot get her to finish her lessons.

Mr. Dalrymple had the drayman bring in the soap.

8. Though the infinitive as a rule is not used with verbs requiring

prepositions, the Objective with the Infinitive is widely used with the

preposition for (see the for-to-Infinitive Construction used in the function of

a complex object, §34). Occasionally it occurs with the preposition on or

upon (after the verb to rely).

I rely bon you to come in time.

I rely upon you not to go over to the opposition.

The gerund, however, is also possible here.

I rely on your coming in time.

8.3.2. The Subjective Infinitive Construction.

The Subjective Infinitive Construction (traditionally called the

Nominative-with-the-Infinitive Construction) is a construction in which the

infinitive is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun

in the nominative case.

The peculiarity of this construction is that it does not serve as one part

of the sentence: one of its component parts has the function of the subject,

the other forms part of a compound verbal predicate.

Edith is said to resemble me.

T H E U S E O F T H E S U B J E C T I V E I N F I N I T I V E

C O N S T R U C T I O N

The Subjective Infinitive Construction is used with the following groups

of verbs in the Passive Voice:

1. With verbs denoting sense perception: to see, to hear, etc.

Mr. Bob Sawyer was heard to laugh heartily.

The rider was seen to disappear in the distance.

If a process is expressed Participle I Indefinite Active is used.

Tess’s father was heard approaching at that moment.

2. With verbs denoting mental activity: to think, to consider, to know, to expect, to believe, to suppose.

He was thought to be honest and kindly.

My father ... was considered by many to be a great man.

Philip Bosinney was known to be a young man without fortune.

I know that Priam Farll is supposed to have been buried in Westminster

Abbey.

The manuscript is believed to have been written in the 15th century.

3. With the verb to make.

Little Abraham was aroused... and made to put on his clothes ...

4. With verbs to say and to report.

The gods had given Irene dark-brown eyes and golden liair, which is

said to be the mark of a weak character.

From these examples we can see that in translating sentences containing

the Subjective Infinitive Construction after verbs in the Passive Voice a

complex sentence is mostly used: its principal clause is of the type which is

called ‘indefinite personal’.

After verbs in the Passive Voice the Subjective Infinitive Construction

is more characteristic of literary than of colloquial style, except with the

verbs to suppose, to expect, to make; with these verbs the Subjective Infinitive

can be found both in fiction and in colloquial language.

The Subjective Infinitive Construction is used with the word- groups to

be likely, to be sure, and to be certain.

The parish is not likely to quarrel with him for the right to keep the

child.

But he is sure to marry her.

Senytences of this kind are rendered by a simple sentene with a modal

word.

Note the difference between: He is sure to come. He is sure of coming.

The Subjective Infinitive Construction is used w rith the following pairs

of synonyms: to seem and to appear; to happen and to chance (the latter is

literary); to prove and to turn out.

They seemed to have quite forgotten him already.

Her eyes appeared always to gaze beyond, and far beyond.

Mrs. Cowperwood, in spite of the difference in their years, appeared to

be a fit mate for him at this time.

Only yesterday we happened to see Soames Forsyte.

By 11 o’clock her mother had chanced to look into her room.

The experiment proved to be a failure.

They all turned out to be good fighters.

Note .—The infinitive in sentences with the Subjective Infinitive Construction

cannot refer to a future action except with verbs and word-groups whose

meaning allows of it: to expect, to be sure (certain), to be likely.

We are sure to come at the heart of the matter.

Не is expected to give us an answer to-morrow.

8.3.3. The For-to-Infinitive Construction.

The for-to-Infinitive Construction is a construction in which the

infinitive is in predicate relation to a noun or pronoun preceded by the

preposition for.

The construction can have different functions in the sentence.

It can be:

1. Subject (often with the introductory it)

For me to ask would be treason, and for me to be told would be

treason.

I sometimes think it is a shame for people to spend so much money

this way.

2. Predicative.

That was for him to find out.

3. Complex object.

Не waited for her to speak.

Не asked for the papers to be brought.

I am very anxious for Mr. Headstone to succeed in all he undertakes.

Erik saw that she was impatient for him to be gone.

I hope you won’t think it very odd for a perfect stranger to talk to you

like this.

4. Attribute.

The best thing for you to do is to bide here with your load. I'll send

somebody to help you.

There was really nothing for him to do but what he had done.

There’s nobody here for him to play with.

He had even bad a comfortable house for her (his niece) to live in.

5. Adverbial modifier:

(a) of purpose.

Here’s the thermometer: they’ve left it for the doctor to see instead of

shaking it down.

Не stepped aside for me to pass.

(b) of result.

The pleasure of ’accompanying you was too great a temptation for me to

resist.

But he had consented, and it was too late for him now to recede.

Не spoke loud enough for you to hear.

His experience of women was great enough for him to be aware that the

negative often meant nothing more than the preface to the affirmative.

9. THE USE OF VERBALS.

§1. PASSIVE AND PAST FORMS OF INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS

PASSIVE INFINITIVE: to be + past

participle

a) I didn’t expect to be invited to his

Party.

In (a): to be invited is passive. The

understood “by phrase” is “by him”:

I didn’t expect to be invited by him.

PASSIVE GERUND: being + past

participle

(b) I appreciated being invited to your

home.

In (b) being invited is passive. The

understood “by phrase” is “by you”:

I appreciated being invited by you.

PAST INFINITIVE: to have + past

participle

(c) The rain seems to have stopped.

The event expressed by a past infinitive

or past gerund happen before the time of

the main verb. In (c): The rain seems

now to have stopped a few minutes ago.*

PAST GERUND: having + past

participle

(d) I appreciate having had the

opportunity to meet the king.

In (d): I met the king yesterday.

I appreciate now having had the

opportunity to meet the king yesterday.*

PAST-PASSIVE INFINITIVE:

to have been + past participle

(e) Jane is fortunate to have been given

a scholarship.

In (e): Jane was given a scholarship last

month by her government. She is

fortunate.

Jane is fortunate now to have been given

a scholarship last month by her

government.

PAST- PASSIVE GERUND:

having been + past participle

(f) I appreciate having been told the

news.

In (f): I was told the news yesterday by

someone. I appreciate now having been

told the news yesterday by someone.

*If the main verb is in the Past Indefinite form, the action of the past

infinitive or gerund happened before a time in the past:

The rain seemed to have stopped. = The rain seemed at six P.M. to have

stopped before six P.M.

I appreciated having had the opportunity to meet the king. = I met the king

1985. I appreciated in 1987 having had the opportunity to meet the king in 1985.

§2. COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS

VERB + GERUND

(a) I enjoy playing tennis.

Gerunds are used as the objects of certain

verbs. In (a), enjoy is followed by a gerund

(playing). Enjoy is not followed by an

infinitive.

INCORRECT: I enjoy to play tennis.

(b) Joe quit smoking.

(c) Joe gave up smoking.

(b) and (c) have the same meaning. Some two -

word verbs, e.g., give up, are followed by

gerunds.

Stop can also be followed immediately by an infinitive of purpose (in order to).

Compare the following:

1) stop+gerund: When the professor entered the room, the students

stopped talking.The room became quiet.

2) stop+infinitive of purpose: While I was walking down the street, I ran into

an old friend. I stopped to talk to him (I stopped walking in order to talk to him.)

§3. REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS

1. admit He admitted stealing the money.

2. advise She advised waiting until tomorrow,

3. anticipate I anticipate having a good time on vacation.

4. appreciate I appreciated hearing the news from them.

5. avoid He avoided answering my question.

6. can't help I can't help worrying about it.

7. complete I finally completed writing my term paper.

8. consider I will consider going with you.

9. delay He delayed leaving for school.

10. deny She denied committing the crime.

11. discuss They discussed opening a new business.

12. dislike I dislike driving long distances.

13. dream I dream of becoming a student.

14. enjoy We enjoyed visiting them.

15. finish She finished studying about ten.

16. forget I‘ll never forget visiting Independence Square.

17. keep I keep hoping he will come.

18. mention She mentioned going to a movie.

19. mind Would you mind helping me with this?

20. miss I miss being with my family.

21. postpone Let's postpone leaving until tomorrow.

22. practise The athlete practised throwing the ball.

23. quit He quit trying to solve the problem.

24. recall I don't recall meeting him before.

25. recollect I don't recollect meeting him before.

26. recommend She recommended seeing the show.

27. regret I regret telling him my secret.

28. remember I can remember meeting him when I was a child.

29. resent I resent her interfering in my business.

30. resist I couldn't resist eating the dessert.

31. risk She risks losing all of her money.

32. stop She stopped going to classes when she got sick.

33. suggest She suggested going to a movie.

34. tolerate She won't tolerate cheating during the examination.

35. understand I don't understand his leaving school.

§4. COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES

VERB + INFINITIVE

a) I hope to see you again soon.

b) He promised to be here by ten.

c) He promised not to be late.

Some verbs are followed immediately by

an infinitive, as in (a) and (b).

See Group A below .

Negative form: not precedes the

infinitive.

VERB + (PRO)NOUN + INFINITIVE

d) Mr. Lee told me to be here at ten

o‘clock.

e) The police ordered the driver to

stop.

Some verbs are followed by a (pro)noun

and then an infinitive, as in (d) and (e).

See Group B below.

f) I was told to be here at ten o‘clock

g) The driver was ordered to stop.

These verbs are followed immediately by

an infinitive when they are used in the

passive, as in (f) and (g).

h) I expect to pass the test.

i) I expect Mary to pass the test

Ask, expect, would like, want and need

may or may not be followed by a

(pro)noun object. COMPARE:

In (h): I think I will pass the test.

In (i) : I think Ra'no will pass the test

GROUP A: VERB + INFINITIVE

hope to promise to seem to ask to plan to agree

to appear to expect to intend to* offer to pretend

would like to decide to refuse to want to need

GROUP B: VERB + (PRO) NOUN + INFINITIVE

tell someone to; invite someone to; require someone to; ask someone to;

advise someone to; permit someone to; order someone to; expect someone to;

encourage someone to; allow someone to; force someone to; would like someone

to; remind someone to; need someone to.

*Intend is usually followed by an infinitive (I intend to go to the meeting),

but sometimes may be followed by a gerund (I intend going to the meeting) with

no change in meaning.

**A gerund is used after advise (active) if there is no (pro)noun object.

Compare:

l. He advised buying a book. 2. He advised me to buy a book. 3. I was

advised to buy a book.

§5. REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES

A.VERBS FOLLOWED IMMEDIATELY BY AN INFINITIVE

1. afford I can't afford to buy it.

2. agree They agreed to help us.

3. appear She appears to be tired.

4. arrange I'll arrange to meet you at the airport.

5. ask He asked to come with us

6. beg He begged to come with us.

7. care I don't care to see that show.

8. claim She claims to know a famous movie star.

9. consent She finally consented to marry him.

10. decide I have decided to leave on Monday.

11. demand I demand to know who is responsible.

12. deserve She deserves to win the prize.

13. expect I expect to enter graduate school in the fall.

14. fail She failed to return the book to the library in time.

15. forget I forgot to mail the letter.

16. hesitate Don't hesitate to ask for my help.

17. hope Jack hopes to arrive next week.

18. learn He learned to play the piano.

19. manage She managed to finish her work early.

20. mean I didn't mean to hurt your feelings.

21. need I need to have your opinion.

22. offer They offered to help us.

23. plan I am planning to have a party.

24. prepare We prepared to welcome them.

25. pretend He pretends not to understand.

26. promise I promise not to be late.

27. refuse I refuse to believe his story.

28. regret I regret to tell you that you failed in the exam.

29. remember I remembered to lock the door.

30. seem That cat seems to be friendly.

31. struggle I struggled to stay awake.

32. swear She swore to tell the truth.

33. threaten She threatened to tell my parents.

34. try I shall try to do my best.

35. think I think him to be clever.

36. volunteer He volunteered to help us.

37. wait I will wait to hear from you.

38. want I want to tell you something.

39. wish She wishes to come with us.

B. VERB FOLLOWED BY A

(PRO)NOUN + AN INFINITIVE

38.advise She advised me to wait until tomorrow.

39.allow She allowed me to use her car.

40.ask I asked John to help us.

41 beg They begged us to come.

42. cause Her laziness caused her to fail.

43. challenge She challenged me to race her to the corner.

44. convince I couldn't convince him to accept our help.

45. dare He dared me to do better than he had done.

46. encourage He encouraged me to try again.

47. expect I expect you to be on(in) time.

48. forbid I forbid you to tell him.

49. force They forced him to tell the truth.

50. hire She hired a boy to mow the lawn.

51. instruct He instructed them to be careful.

52. invite Harry invited the Sobirovs to come to his party.

53. need We needed Akmal to help us figure out the solution.

54. order The judge ordered me to pay a fine.

55. permit He permitted the children to stay up late.

56. persuade I persuaded him to come for a visit.

57. remind She reminded me to lock the door.

58. require Our teacher requires us to be on time.

59. teach My brother taught me to swim.

60. tell The doctor told me to take these pills.

61. urge I urged her to aplly for the job.

62. want I want you to be happy.

63. warn I warned you not to drive too fast.

§6. COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY EITHER INFINITIVE OR

GERUND

Some verbs can be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund, sometimes with

no difference in meaning, as in Group A below, and sometimes with a difference in

meaning, as in Group B below._

GROUP A : VERB + INFINITIVE OR GERUND(WITH NO DIFFERENCE

IN MEANING)

begin like hate The verbs in Group A may be

start love can't stand followed by either an infinitive or a

continue prefer* can't bear gerund with little or no difference in meaning.

a) It began to rain. / It began

raining.

b) I started to work. / I started working.

In (a): There is no difference between

"began to rain" and "began raining".

If the main verb is in progressive, an

c) It was beginning to rain. infinitive (not a Gerund ) is usually used.

GROUP B: VERB + INFINITIVE OR GERUND (WITH A DIFFERENCE

IN MEANING)

remember regret The verbs in Group B may be

forget try followed by either an infinitive or a

gerund, but the meaning is different.

d) Jalol always remembers to lock

the door.

e) Sobir often forgets to lock the

door

f) I remember seeing the Alps for the

first time. The sight was impressive.

g) I'll never forget seeing the Alps

for the first time.

Remembers + infinitive ==

remember to perform responsibility,

duty or task, as in (d)

Forget + infinitive == forget to

perform a responsibility, duty, or task, as

in (e). Remember + gerund ==

remember (recall) something that

happened in the past, as in (f).

Forget + gerund == forget something

that happened in the past, as in (g) **.

h) I regret to tell that you

failed the test.

i) I regret lending him some

money.

He never paid me back.

Regret + infinitive == regret to say ,

to tell someone, to inform someone of

some bad news,as in(h).

Regret + gerund == regret

something that happened in the past ,

as in (g).

j) I'm trying to learn English.

k) The room was hot. I tried

opening the windows, but that

didn't help. So I tried turning on

the fan, but I was still hot.

Finally, I turned on the air conditioner.

Try + infinitive == make an effort, as

in (j)

Try + gerund == experiment with a

new or different approach to see if it

works, as

in (k).

*Notice the pattern with Prefer: Prefer + gerund: I prefer staying home to

going to the concert. Prefer + infinitive: I prefer to stay home than (to) go to the

concert.

**Forget followed by a gerund usually occurs in a negative sentence or a

question: e.g. I'll never forget, I can't forget, Have you ever forgotten and Can

you ever forget can be followed by a gerundial phrase.

§7. GO + GERUND

(а) Did you go shopping?(b) We went fishing yesterday.

GO+GERUND

go birdwatching go hiking go sightseeing

go boating go hunting go skating

go bowling go jogging go skiing

go camping go mountain climbing go sledding

go canoeing go running go swimming

go dancing go sailing go tobogganing

go fishing go window shopping go shopping

§8. ADJECTIVES FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES

(a) We were sorry to hear the bad news.

(b) I was surprised to see him at the meeting.

glad to; sorry to*; ready to; careful to; surprised to*; happy to; sad to*;

prepared to; hesitant to; amazed to*; pleased to; upset to*; anxious to;

reluctant to; busy to; astonished to*; delighted to; disappointed to*;

determined to; sure to; eager to; afraid to; shocked to*; content to; willing to;

invited to; stunned to*; proud to; relieved to; motivated to; lucky to; ashamed

to; fortunate to; believed to; happen to.

*The expressions with asterisks are usually followed by infinitive phrases

with verbs such as see, learn, discover, find out, hear.

§9. SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS FOLLOWED BY THE “ –ING” FORM

OF A VERB

a) We had fun playing

We had a good time volleyball.

b) I had trouble

I had difficulty finding his

I had a hard time house.

I had a difficult time

Have fun + ing

have a good time + ing

have trouble + ing

have difficulty (in) + ing

have a hard time + ing

have a difficult time + ing

have a desire + ing

have opportunity + ing

c) Sam spends most of his time

studying.

d) I waste a lot of time watching TV.

spend + expression of time or

money + ing

waste + expression of time or

money + ing

e) She sat at her desk writing a letter.

f) I stood there wondering what to do

next.

g) He is lying in bed reading a novel.

sit + expression of place + ing

stand+expression of place+ing

lie+ expression of place + ing

h) When I walked into my office, I found

George using my telephone.

i) When I walked into my office, I caught

a thief looking through my desk drawers.

find + (pro)noun + -ing

catch + (pro)noun + -ing

In (h) and (i): Both find and catch

mean discover. Catch expresses

anger or displeasure.

10. Used (to); to be used to; to get used to; to have (get) something done; to

have somebody do; to get somebody to do; prefer to do/prefer doing (to prefer to

do something (rather) than (to) do something else or to prefer (doing) to (doing)

something else); would prefer (to do); Had better/would rather + non finite forms

of the verb; Would rather someone did/had done something.

Used (to) expresses a repeated action or state in the past, i.e. it is used to talk

about something that happened regularly or was the case in the past, but it is not

now. To in used to is a part of infinitive, i.e. a particle, not a preposition. After

used to “to +infinitive” is used.

When Davron was young, he used to swim once a day. - Dаvrоn yoshligidа

kundа bir mаrtа cho‘milib turаrdi.

to be used to means “to have a habit of doing something” and it is the

synonym of “to be accustomed (to) something”. To in be used to is a preposition,

not a part of infinitive. After to be used to the gerund is used.

He is used to writing a letter to his parents every day. - U оtа-оnаsigа hаr

kuni хаt yozishgа оdаtlаngаn.

to get used to sth/doing sth is used to talk about something that someone is

familiar with so that no longer seems new or strange to someone. To in to get used

to is a preposition, not a part of infinitive. After to get used to the gerund is used.

My little brother got used to going to the kindergarten. – Ukam bog‘chaga

borishga ko‘nikib qoldi.

to have (get) something done (Subject+have/get+direct object+PII) means

that the action expressed by the Participle II is performed at the request of the

person denoted by the subject of the sentence.

e.g. Usually I have my watch repaired here. – Odatda men soatimni shu yerda

tuzattiraman.

In interrogative and negative sentences the auxiliary verb to do is used.

- Do you usually have your watch repaired here? – Siz odatda soatingizni

shu yerda tuzattirasizmi?

Usually I don’t have my watch repaired here. – Odatda men soatimni bu

yerda tuzattirmayman.

Yesterday I had my watch repaired. – Kecha men soatimni tuzattirdim.

Did you have your watch repaired yesterday? – Kecha siz soatingizni

tuzattirdingizmi?

I didn’ have my watch repaired yesterday. - Kech men soatimni

tuzattirmadim.

Tomorrow I shall have my watch repaired. – Ertaga men soatimni

tuzattiraman.

Will you have your watch repaired tomorrow? – Ertaga siz soatingizni

tuzattirasizmi?

I shan’t have my watch repaired tomorrow. – Ertaga men soatimni

tuzattirmayman.

He had the car washed. (The car was washed by somebody at his request).

He got the car washed. (The car was washed by somebody at his request).

Note: have something done also means “to suffer the effects of what smb. else does

to smb.”

She had all his books lost while he was at the camp (=Lagerdaligida u

barcha kitoblarini yo‘qotib qo‘ydi.).

He had his arm broken in boxing (= U boksda qo‘lini sindirib oldi.).

to have somebody do (Subject+have+direct object+the Present Indefinite Tense)

means to cause smb. do something.

He had his son wash the car. (His son washed the car). - U o‘g‘ligа

mashinаni yuvdirdi.

to get somebody to do (Subject+get+direct object+infinitive) means to cause smb.

to do something.

He got his son to wash the car. (His son washed the car). - U o‘g‘ligа

mashinаni yuvdirdi.

Prefer to do/prefer doing.

Prefer to do or prefer doing to say what someone prefers in general. Prefer

to do is more usual. The difference is in structure: To prefer (doing) to (doing)

something else. But: to prefer to do something (rather) than (to) do something

else.

He prefers listening to talking. He prefers to listen (rather) than (to) talk.

Would prefer (to do).

Would prefer (to do) is a synonym of Would rather (do). They are used to

say what someone wants to do in a particular situation (not in general).

- Would you prefer milk with or without sugar? - Without sugar, please!

- Shall we have coffee or tea? – I’d prefer to have tea (not “having”).

Note the structure: to prefer to do something rather than (do) something else.

I’d prefer to read a book rather than watch TV tonight.

Had better/would rather + non-finite forms of the verb.

The meaning of Had better/would rather something is similar to should. Had

better/would rather do something means “it is advisable for smb. to do something”.

If smb. doesn’t do this, something bad might happen.

He had better/would rather stay at home (Uni uydа qоlgаni yaхshi (аfzаl).

The negative form is had better not/would rather not +infinitive if the

meaning refers to the present or future.

You had better/would rather not go there today. (U yеrgа bugun

bоrmаgаningiz yaхshi (afzal).

If the meaning of Had better/would rather refers to the past in the

affirmative form Had better/would rather have + PII is used.

He had better/rather have gone to classes yesterday. - Uni dаrsgа kеchа bоrgаni

yaхshi (аfzаl) edi.

The negative form is had better/would rather not have+PII if the meaning of

had better/would rather refers to the past.

She had better/would rather not have gone there yesterday (Uni kеchа u

yеrgа bоrmаgаni yaхshi (afzal) edi.

Would rather (that) someone did/had done something.

When somebody wants someone else to do something Would rather (that)

someone did/had done something is used.

If the situation refers to the present or future and if it is in the affirmative

form Would rather (that) someone did something is used.

I would rather (that) you called me tomorrow. – Mеnga qolsa uni ertaga

chаqirib olganingiz afzal.

In the negative sentences Would rather (that) someone didn’t do

something is used.

I would rather (that) you didn’t go there today. – Menga qolsa bugun u

yerga bormaganinglar afzal.

If the situation refers to the past and if it is in the affirmative form Would

rather (that) someone had done something is used.

I would rather (that) you had done it yesterday . – Mеnga qolsa uni kecha

qilganingiz afzal edi.

In the negative sentences Would rather (that) someone hadn’t done

something is used.

I would rather (that) you hadn’t gone there yesterday. – Menga qolsa

kecha u yerga bormaganingiz afzal edi.

11. Exercises for the consolidation of the lecture.

Exercise 1

Choose the correct form of the participles used as adjectives in the following

sentences.

1. The (breaking/broken) dishes lay on the floor. 2. The

(trembling/trembled) children were given a blanket for warmth. 3.

Compassionate friends tried to console the (crying/cried) victims of the accident.

4. The (interesting/interested) tennis match caused a great deal of excitement. 5.

When Sobir noticed the (burning/burnt) building, he notified the fire Department

immediately. 6. The (exciting/excited) passengers jumped into the life-boats when

notified than the ship was sinking. 7. The (smiling/smiled) Mona Lisa is on

display in the Louvre in Paris. 8. The wind made such (frightening/frightened)

noises that the children ran to their parents' room. 9. The (frightening/frightened)

hostages only wanted to be left alone. 10. We saw the (advancing/advanced)

army from across town. 11. Lola's (approving/approved) smile let us know that

our speeches were well done. 12. Our representative presented the

(approving/approved) plan to the public. 13. The (blowing/blown) wind of the

hurricane damaged the waterfront property. 14. We were going to see the movie at

the Center Theater, but our friends told us it was a (boring/bored) movie. 15.

Lola's (cleaning/cleaned) service comes every Wednesday. 16. The

(cleaning/cleaned) shoes were placed in the sun to dry. 17. We found it difficult to

get through the (closing/closed) door without a key. 18. As we entered the

(crowding/crowded) room, I noticed my cousins. 19. The doctor told my brother

to elevate his (aching/ached) foot. 20. The police towed away the

(parking/parked) cars because they were blocking the entrance.

Exercise 2

Change the following sentences using the construction one can't help doing smth..

Model: I laughed at the boy. --- I couldn't help laughing at the boy.

l.We love Repin, he is a great artist. 2. I went to my sister's yesterday, it was

my niece's birthday.3. I invited Halima. She is one of my best friends. 4. I entered

a teachers' training institute, I love children. 5. I told her everything. She wanted to

know all about her mother. 6. I smiled while looking at that funny animal.

Exercise 3

Choose the correct form of the verb in the following sentences.

1. The teacher decided (accepting/to accept) the paper. 2. They appreciate

(to have/having) this information. 3. His father doesn't approve of his

(going/to go) to Europe. 4. We found it very difficult (reaching/to reach) a

decision. 5. Doniyor is interested in (to open/opening) a bar. 6. Bobur has

no intention of (to leave /leaving) the city now. 7. We are eager (to

return/returning) to school in the fall. 8. You would be better off (to

buy/buying) this car. 9. She refused (to accept/accepting) the gift. 10.

Mavluda regrets (to be/being) the one to have to tell him. 11. Gulnora

pretended (to be/being) sick yesterday. 12. Komil hopes (to

finish/finishing) his thesis this year. 13. They agreed (to leave/leaving)

early. 14. Halima was anxious (to tell/telling) her family about her

promotion. 15. We are not ready (to stop/stopping) this research at this

time. 16. Hamid shouldn't risk (to drive/driving) so fast. 17. He demands

(to know/knowing) what is going on. 18. She is looking forward to

(return/returning) to her country. 19. There is no excuse for (to

leave/leaving) the room in this condition. 20. Tohir returned to his home

after (to leave/leaving) the game.

Exercise 4

Make one sentence instead of the given two using complex objects:

Modal : I saw John. He spoke with his comrades.

I saw John speak with his comrades.

1. I watched the sun. It was rising 2. I heard him. He was singing an English

song. 3. We noticed a man. The man was cleaning his Shoes. 4. He saw two

girls. They danced on the stage. 5. She watched the children. They ran and

played in the garden. 6. I saw her. She arranged her hair. 7. We saw our

neighbour. He listened to the news. 8. Jasur heard his daughter. She talked

loudly. 9. We saw Ravshan. He was crossing the square. 10. They heard

their father. He played the piano.

Exercise 5

Translate the following sentences into English using the Predicative

Constructions.

1. Biz quyosh chiqаyotgаnini kuzаtdik. 2. Mеn uning kitоb o‘qiyotgаnini

ko‘rdim. 3. U ukаsini o‘yingа tushаyotgаnini kuzаtib turаdi. 4. Ulаrning

mаtnni muhоkаmа qilаyotgаni eshitildi. 5. Tаlаbаlаrning gаplаshib o‘tirgаni

eshitildi. 6. Bоlаlаr оtlаrning tеpаlikdаn tushib kеtаyotgаnini kuzаtishdi. 7.

Dаrslаr tugаgаch, biz birоz dаm оldik. 8. U ko‘rsаtgich bаrmоg‘ini nоtаnish

so‘zgа qo‘yib jim turdi. 9. Bоlа dеvоrdаgi rаsmgа qаrаb yotаrdi. 10. U o‘ng

qo‘lini tizzаsigа qo‘yib o‘tirаrdi. 11. Mаjlis tugаgаnligi sаbаbli хоnаdа hеch

kim yo‘q edi. 12. Qоrоng‘u bo‘lgаnligi sаbabli, hеch nаzsаni ko‘rmаdik. 13.

Qоrоng‘u tushgаch, hеch nаrsаni ko‘rmаdik. 14. Mеngа sizni u yoqqа

bоrishingiz yoqmаydi. 15. Mеn sizning kеlishingizgа qаrshi emаsmаn. 16.

Siz bu ishni qilishimizgа qаrshi emаsmisiz? 17. Mеn ungа sоаtim оrqаdа

qоlаyotgаni hаqidа gаpirdim. 18. Оnаm ikkоvimizni hаm bu yеrgа

kеlishimizgа qаttiq turdi. 19. U qo‘lidа kitоb ushlаb uхlаb yotаrdi. 20. Оb-

hаvо ruхsаt bеrsа, biz ertаgа tоqqа sаyrgа chiqаmiz. 21. Sоbir tоg‘аni

to‘g‘riso‘z vа хushmuоmаlа оdаm dеyishаdi. 22. Bu tаlаbа yaхshi o‘qishgа

mаjbur qilindi. 23. Mеn sizni buni bаjаrishingizgа ishоnаmаn. 23. Jеyms

Jоys buyuk Irlаnd yozuvchisi hisоblаnаdi. 24. Mеn uchun bu ishni qilish

оsоn emаs. 25. U mеni birinchi bo‘lib gаpirishimni kutib turdi. 26. Mеn

sizgа bu kitоbni o‘qish uchun bеrgаndim. 27. Tаlаbа o‘qituvchilаrni o‘tib

kеtsin dеb o‘zini chеtgа оldi. 28. Mеn uning o‘tirishi uchun jоy bеrdim. 29.

Mа’ruzаchi tаlаbаlаrni yaхshirоq eshitishi uchun bаlаnd оvоz bilаn gаpirаdi.

30. Ertalabda erta turish ukam uchun juda ham qiyin.

Exercise 6

Supply the infinitive form or [verb+ing] as required in the following

sentences.

1. I was used to ___ (eat) at noon when I started school. 2. He used to ___

(eat) dinner at five o‘clock. 3. When I was young, I used to ___ (swim) every day.

4. He used to ____ (like) her, but he doesn't anymore. 5. Don't worry. Some day

you will get used to ___ (speak) English. 6. Anvar can't get used to ____ (study).

7. He used to ___ (dance) every night, but now he studies. 8. Adham is used to

___ (sleep) late on weekends. 9. Farida is used to ___ (eat) American food now.

10. She finally sot used to ____ (eat) our food.

Exercise 7

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. U yolg‘on gapirishga odatlanib qolgan. 2. Ukam bog‘chaga borishga

ko‘nikib qoldi. 3. Yoshligimda men haftada bir kinoga borib turardim. 4. U

talabaligida futbol o‘ynab tyrarmidi? 5. Yakshanba kunlari u kech turishga

odatlangan. 6. Tushdan so‘ng o‘qishga ko‘nikib qoldingizmi? 7. U bizga yordam

berib turardi. 8. Men akam bilan birga dars qilardim. 9. Men onam bilan dars

qilishga odatlanib qolganman. 10. Nodir o‘qishga ko‘nika olmayapdi?

Exercise 8

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Bugun ular mashinasini tuzattirishadi. 2. Kecha biz uyimizni oqlattirdik.

3. Uyingizni ta’mirlatdingizmi? 4. Ular hali daraxtlarni oqlattirishmadi. 5. Men

paltoimni bo‘yattirdim. 6. Siz ko‘ylagingizni qayta tikdirdingizmi (to alter)? 7. -

Ular televizorini tuzattirishdimi? – Yo‘q, hali tuzattirishgani yo‘q. 8. - Xonangizni

tozalattirdingizmi? – Yo‘q. Men o‘zim tozaladim. 9. U mashinasini menga

yuvdirdi. 10. Siz doimo soatingizni shu ustada tuzattirasizmi? 11. Ertaga men

ko‘ylagimni dazmol qildirishim kerak. 12. U ta’til paytida pulini yo‘qotib qo‘ydi.

13. U futbolda oyog‘ini sindirib oldi. 14. U jangda burnini sindirib oldi.

Exercise 9

Use the correct form of the verb in parentheses in each of the following

sentences.

1. The teacher made Akram ____ (leave) the room. 2. Temur had her car

____ (repair) by a mechanic. 3. Eldor got Mavluda ____ (type) her paper. 4. I

made Jalol _____ (call) his friend on the telephone. 5. We got our house ______

(paint) last week. 6. The teacher is having the students_____ (write) a

composition. 7. The policemen made the suspect ____ (lie) on the ground. 8. Malik

got his transcripts ____ (send) to the university. 9. Marhabo is getting her hair

____(cut) tomorrow. 10.We shall have to get the Dean ____ (sign) this form.

11.The teacher let the boy _____ (leave) the classroom. 12.Mashhura got Erkin

____ (wash) the pipettes. 13.She always has her car ____ (fix) by the same

mechanic. 14. Gulnora got her book ____ (publish) by a subsidy publisher. 15.We

have to help Jalol ____ (find) her keys.

Exercise 10

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Bugun yaxshisi u yerga boring 2. Kecha Bahodirni bu yerga kelgani

yaxshi edi. 3. Ertaga kutubxonaga borganimiz afzal. 4. Bugun yaxshisi Odiljon

kinoga bormasin. 5. Bu kitobni o‘qimaganingiz afzal. 6. Men Lolani ko‘p

gapirmasligini tarafdoriman. 7. Gripga qarshi yaxshisi antigrippin iching. 8. Ko‘p

tuz yemaganingiz afzal. 9. U yerga yaxshisi o‘zingiz boring. 10. U qiz yaxshisi

dekanga bu haqda ochig‘ini aytsin.

Exercise 11

а) Make up sentences using the following tables:

M o d e l: I'd better (I had better). I’d rather (I would rather)

I'd

He'd

She'd better

We'd

You'd

They'd

try again

say nothing

wait for her

tell him the answer

go alone

I'd

You'd

He'd rather

She'd

We'd

They'd

stay at home

go on an excursion

take a taxi

have tea than coffee

take the book

Exercise 12

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in the following

sentences.

1. We should rather ____ (stay) home last tonight. 2. Karim would rather

___ (stay) home last night. 3. The policeman would rather ______ (work) on

Saturday than on. 4. Salima would rather that we _____(study) more than we do.

5. Gulnora would rather ______ (study; negative) tonight. 6. The photographer

would rather _____ (have) more light. 7. The photographer would rather that we

_____ (stand) close together than we are standing. 8. Davron would rather _____

(cook; negative) for the entire family. 9. She would rather that you_____ (arrive;

negative) last night. 10. Jalol would rather _____ (sleep) than worked last night.

12. Tests on the theme.

1. Nobody likes... for at night.

A) be sent B) is sent C) was sent D) to be sent E) sent

2. I study English again, because ... a foreign language is very

important.

A) to speak B) spoken C) having spoken D) speaking E) spoke

3. When I came into the room she stopped... TV.

A) watching B) watch C) watched D) on watching E) watches

4. I can't help ... you about it.

A) to tell B) telling C) having told D) having been told E) being told

5. He enjoyed....

A) singing B) sing C) was singing D) to sing E) sung

6. I think....

A) if he is about fifty B) he is about fifty

C) her about fifty D) him about fifty E) him to be about fifty.

7. All the things ... we called a taxi.

A) packing B) to pack C) having packed D) had packed E) packed

8. ... the language he couldn't understand the conversation.

A) Know B) Knows C) Not to know D) Known E) Not knowing.

9. The horse ... the race ... the winner of the same event two years ago.

A) led/was B) leading/is C) leading/was D) to lead/was E) leads/being

10. Captain was the last... the ship.

A) leaving B) is leaving C) on leaving D) to leave E) left

11. Would you mind... the door, please?

A) to close B) being closed C) closing D) close E) closed

12. She tried to be serious but she couldn't help....

A) to laugh B) laughing C) laughed D) laugh E) having laughed

13. You are lucky you have not got a child ....

A) to look after B) should look after C) looking after

D) having looked after E) is looking after

14. It... Sunday the children didn't go to school.

A) been B) being C) to be D) were E) is

15. He looked at the carpet while ... for her answer.

A) to wait B) be waiting C) waiting D) waited E) having waited

16. Which of these four young men... by the fire is your son?

A) sitting B) sit C) will sit D) sits E) sat

17. ... many books on history helps schoolchildren to get knowledge

about the past of different countries.

A) Read B) Reads C) Has read D) Will read E) Reading

18. After... my work I'll join you.

A) finish B) to finish C) have finished D) finishing E) finished

19. Working in the garden it is pleasant... to music.

A) listening B) listened C) to listen D) after listening E) having listened

20. We stopped at the motor way services ... something to eat.

A) to get B) to have got C) was getting D) get E) got

21. I saw a... cup on the floor.

A) to break B) broken C) breaking D) is broken E) has broken

22. The girls ... in the garden were my sisters.

A) played B) to play C) playing D) on playing E) are playing

23. If you are lost in a snow storm, it is best... a hole and sit in until it

stops ....

A) digging/snowing B) dig/snowed C) to dig/snowed

D) digging/snowed E) to dig/snowing

24. The pen ... by him is on the floor.

A) break B) breaking C) broke D) broken E) breaks

25. ... in Tashkent for many years he knew the city very well.

A) Living B) Lived C) Being lived D) To live E) Have lived

26. The man ... a cigarette was Tom's cousin.

A) smokes B) to smoke C) smoking D) have smoked E) had smoked

27. Nobody heard her... English.

A) spoke B) speaks C) speak D) was speaking E) had spoken

28. We saw them ... the street.

A) to cross B) crossing C) will cross D) had crossed E) would marry

29. He suggests our....

A) coming to see him B) to see him C) saw him D) of seeing him E) having

come to see him

30. Which of the boys... in the yard, is Ted?

A) play B) played C) plays D) are playing E) playing

31. I enjoy ... in the garden at week-ends.

A) work B) to work C) to be working D) working E) worked

32. I'm not really interested in ... to the University.

A) to go B) went C) going D) being gone E) have gone

33. The aim of the exhibition is ... experience.

A) to be exchanged B) exchanging C) to have exchanged

D) to exchange E) being exchanged

34. She decided ... to Spain for her holidays.

A) to go B) going C) goes D) to be going E) to have gone

35. ... for better future many Negroes leave their native countries ... to

Europe.

A) Hope/move B) Hoping/move C) Hoped/moving

D) Hoping/moving E) Hope/moving

36. - How do you feel if anyone laughs at you? - I hate people ... at me.

A) laughed B) laughing C) being laughed D) to be laughed E) to be laughing

13. Assessment.

In the assessment the quality of Lecture № 8 and magistrates’ knowledge are

evaluated.