Legal Aspects of Business · "All contracts are agreements but all valid agreements are not contracts." Explain. "g^r AZ~Y, R>hamd hmV h {H$ÝV g^r dY R>hamd AZ~Y Zht hmV h&" g‘PmBE&

$Page 1: Legal Aspects of Business · "All contracts are agreements but all valid agreements are not contracts." Explain. "g^r AZ~Y, R>hamd hmV h {H$ÝV g^r dY R>hamd AZ~Y Zht hmV h&" g‘PmBE&$
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BRILLIANT’S®

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Legal Aspects ofBusiness

MBASEMESTER- 1st

According to New SyllabusRani Durgavati University, Jabalpur

Bilingual (English & Hindi)A§J«oOr Ed§ {hÝXr ^mfm _|

With Last Year Solved Question Paper

Code No. R-MBA-007-2019

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UNIT-1 Indian Contract Act, 1872: Definition of a Contract and its Essentials, Formation of a

Valid Contract: Offer and Acceptance, Consideration, Capacity to Contract, Free con-sent, Legality of Object, Discharge of a Contract by Performance, Impossibility and Frus-tration, Breach, Damages for Breach of a contract, Quasi Contracts, Special Contracts,Contract of Indemnity and Guarantee, Contract of Bailment and Pledge, Contract of Agency,Creation & Termination of Agency Rights, Duties and Liabilities of Agent.

UNIT-2 Sales of Goods Act, 1930: Meaning: Contract for Sale of Goods, Essentials of a Contract

of Sale: Formalities of a Contract of Sale, Provisions Relating to Conditions and Warran-ties, Provisions Relating to Transfer of Property or Ownership, Provisions Relating to Perfor-mance of Contract of Sale-Rights of Unpaid Seller-Rules as to Delivery of Goods.

UNIT-3 The Companies Act, 1956: Company-Definition, Meaning, Features and Types of Com-

panies. Incorporation of a Company: Memorandum of Association, Articles of Associationand Prospectus. Share Capital. Companies Act 2013 and Subsequent Amendments.

The Indian Partnership Act, 1932: Definition of Partnership and its essentials, Rightsand Duties of Partners: Types of Partners, Minor as a Partner, Doctrine of Implied Author-ity, Registration of Firms, Dissolution of Firms, Partnership Act, 2013 (Amendments).Limited Liability Partnership.

UNIT-4 The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881: Negotiable Instruments - Meaning, Character-

istics, Types, Parties: Holder and Holder in Due Course, Negotiation and Types of En-dorsements, Dishonour of Negotiable Instrument-Noting and Protest, Liability of Partieson Negotiable Instrument.

The Consumer Protection Act, 1986: Definitions of Consumer, Complainant, Goods,Service-Meaning of Consumer Dispute, Complaint-Unfair Trade Practices- Restrictive TradePractices, Rights of Consumers, Consumer Disputes, Redressal Agencies.

UNIT-5 The Information Technology Act, 2000: Digital Signature Definition, Digital Signature

Certificate, Electronic Governance, Electronic Records, Certifying Authorities, Penaltyand Adjudication, Cyber Law (Only Preamble).

Intellectual Property Right (IPR) Act: Conceptual Understanding of Patents, Copy-rights, Trademarks and Designs.

Right to Information Act 2005: Right to Know, Salient Features of the Act, RequestProcedure for Obtaining Information, Exemption from Disclosure of Information.

New Syllabus

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BRILLIANT’S \ Legal Aspects of Business 4

UNIT-1 Indian Contract Act, 1872DEFINITION OF A CONTRACT AND ITS ESSENTIALS

AZw~§Y H$s n[a^mfm d BgHo$ Amdí¶H$ VÎdQ.1. "All contracts are agreements but all valid agreements are not contracts."

Explain."g^r AZw~§Y, R>hamd hmooVo h¢ {H$ÝVw g^r d¡Y R>hamd AZw~§Y Zht hmoVo h¢&" g‘PmBE& [2019]

ORDiscuss the essential elements of a Valid Contract.EH$ d¡Y AZw~§Y Ho$ Amdí¶H$ VÎdm| H$s {ddoMZm H$s{OE& [2018]

KINDS OF CONTRACT/ AZw~§Y Ho$ àH$maQ.2. What are the differences between a valid and a void contract?

EH$ d¡Y Ed§ Ad¡Y AZw~§Y ‘| ³¶m-³¶m {d{^ÝZVmE§ hmoVr h¢? ñnï> H$s{O¶o& [2017]OR

Write a short note on types of contract.AZw~§Y Ho$ àH$mam| na EH$ g§{já {Q>ßnUr {b{I¶o& [2014]

OFFER OR PROPOSAL/ àñVmdQ.3. Define 'Offer'. Explain the essentials of a valid offer.

"àñVmd' H$s n[a^mfm Xr{O oŸ& EH$ d¡Y àñVmd Ho$ Amdí`H$ bjUm| H$mo g_PmB oŸ&OR

Define a proposal and distinguish between an offer and an invitation to offer.àñVmd H$mo n[a^m{fV H$s{OE Ed§ àñVmd Ed§ àñVmd Ho$ {b o {Z_ÝÌU _| AÝVa ~VmB oŸ&

ACCEPTANCE/ ñdrH¥${VQ.4. Explain the meaning of ‘acceptance’ of an offer and write essentials of a valid

acceptance.'ñdrH¥${V' H$m AW© ~VmB o VWm EH$ d¡Y ñdrH¥${V Ho$ Amdí`H$ bjU ~VmB oŸ&

CONSIDERATION/ à{V\$bQ.5. "Insufficiency of consideration is immaterial but an agreement without con-

sideration is void."""à{V’$b H$s An¶m©ßVVm ‘hÎdhrZ h¡ na à{V’$b {~Zm AZw~§Y Ad¡Ym{ZH$ h¡Ÿ&"" [2016]

OR"An agreement without consideration is void." Discuss this statement andstate its exceptions./ ""{~Zm à{V\$c Ho$ EH$ R>hamd ì`W© hmoVm h¡Ÿ&"" Bg H$WZ H$mo g_PmB oVWm BgHo$ AndmX ~VmB oŸ&

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CAPACITY TO CONTRACT/ njH$mam| _| AZw~ÝYQ.6. Who all are competent to contract under the Contract Act, 1872?

AZw~§Y A{Y{Z¶‘, 1872 Ho$ AYrZ AZw~§Y Ho$ g^r à{VñnYu H$m¡Z h¢? [2017]OR

What do you understand by 'Capacity to contract'? What is the effect ofagreement made by persons of unsound mind?AZw~§Y H$aZo H$s j_Vm go Amn Š`m g_PVo h¢? EH$ AñdñW _pñVîH$ Ho$ ì`pŠV Ûmam {H$ oJE R>hamd Ho$ Š`m à^md hmoVo h¢?

FREE CONSENT/ ñdV§Ì gh_{VQ.7. Write short note on Free Consent./ ñdV§Ì gh‘{V na g§{jßV {Q>ßnUr {b{IE&[2019]

ORDefine consent. When consent said to be free as per Indian Contract Act,1872?/ gh_{V H$mo n[a^m{fV H$s{OE& ^maVr¶ AZw~§Y A{Y{Z¶‘, 1872 Ho$ AZwgma H$~gh‘{V ñdV§Ì ‘mZr OmVr h¡? [2012]

Q.8. Distinguish between ({ZåZ{b{IV _| AÝVa H$s{O o):(a) Fraud and Misrepresentation (H$nQ> Ed§ {_Ï`m-dU©Z)(b) Coercion and Undue Influence (CËnr‹S>Z Ed§ AZw{MV à^md)

LEGALITY OF OBJECT / CÔoí` Am¡a à{V\$cQ.9. Write a note on 'Legality of Object and Consideration'.

"CÔoí` Am¡a à{V\$c H$s d¡YVm" na {Q>ßnUr {c{I oŸ&OR

In what cases the consideration and object of an agreement are said to belawful? Explain.{H$g pñW{V _|, {H$gr R>hamd H$m CÔoí` Am¡a à{V\$c d¡Y H$hm Om oJm? g_PmBEŸ&

VOID AND UNLAWFUL AGREEMENT/ CÔoí` Am¡a à{V\$cQ.10. Write a short note on unlawful and void agreement.

CÔoí` Am¡a à{V\$c H$s d¡YVm na g§{jßV {Q>ßnUr {c{I oŸ& [2019]OR

State the agreements expressly declared void under Indian Contract Act, 1872.^maVr¶ g§{dXm A{Y{Z¶‘, 1872 Ho$ A§VJ©V ñnîQ> ê$n go ì¶W© Kmo{fV R>hamd ~VmBE& [2013]

PERFORMANCE OF CONTRACTS/ AZw~ÝYm| H$m {ZînmXZQ.11. "A contract creates an obligation which continues till the contract has been

discharged by actual performance." Discuss the statement in the light of theprovisions in this regard under the Indian Contract Act, 1872.''AZw~§Y EH$ Eogm d¡Ym{ZH$ Xm{¶Ëd h¡, {OgH$s d¡YVm V~ VH$ {Za§Va ~Zr ahVr h¡, O~ VH$ {H$dmñV{dH$ {ZînmXZ Ûmam, CgH$m g‘mnZ Zht {H$¶m OmVm h¡&'' maVr¶ AZw~§Y A{Y{Z¶‘, 1872Ho$ g§~§{YV àmdYmZm| Ho$ àH$me ‘| Cn¶w©³V H$WZ H$m dU©Z H$s{O¶o& [2017]

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DISCHARGE OF CONTRACTS: IMPOSSIBILITY AND FRUSTRATION

AZw~ÝYm| H$s g_mpßV Bånm°{g{~{bQ>r Ed§ ’«$ñQ>oeZQ.12. What do you understand by actual breach and anticipatory breach of con-

tract? Explain with examples.AZw~§Y Ho$ dmñV{dH$ {Z¶‘ ^§J (~«rM) Ed§ A{J«‘ {Z¶‘-^§J go Amn ³¶m g‘PVo h¢? CXmhaUg{hV g‘PmBE& [2018]

BREACH AND DAMAGES FOR BREACH OF A CONTRACTAZw~§Y ^§J Ho$ àH$ma Ed§ CZHo$ {b¶o j{V-ny{V©

Q.13. Discuss the concept of breach of contract and remedies available to theaggrieved party on breach of contract. [2015]AZw~§Y-^§J H$s YmaUm Ed§ Bg‘| nr{‹S>V nj Ho$ {hV ‘| CnbãY àmdYmZm| H$s {ddoMZm H$s{OE&

QUASI CONTRACTS/ Am^mgr AZw~§YQ.14. Write short note on Quasi Contracts.

Am^mgr AZw~§Y na g§{jßV {Q>ßnUr {b{IE& [2018, 2013]OR

What do you mean by Quasi Contract?Am^mgr AZw~§Y go Amn ³¶m g‘PVo hmo? [2015]

INDEMNITY AND GUARANTEE/ j{Vny{V© VWm ½¶maÊQ>rQ.15. Define Indemnity. Explain the Indemnity in case of International Transactions.

j{Vny{V© H$mo n[a^m{fV H$s{OEŸ& A§Vam©îQ>r` ì`dhmam| _| j{Vny{V© H$mo g_PmBEŸ&

CONTRACT OF BAILMENT/ {Zjon H$m AZw~§YQ.16. Write short note on Bailment./ {Zjon na g§{jßV {Q>ßnUr {b{IEŸ& [2019]

ORWhat do you understand by Bailment? Discuss its essential elements.{Zjon go Amn Š`m g_PVo h¢? BgHo$ Amdí`H$ VËdm| H$s ì`m»`m H$s{OEŸ&

CONTRACT OF PLEDGE/ {Jadr H$m AZw~§YQ.17. Write a short note on Pledge./ {Jadr na g§{jßV {Q>ßnUr {c{IEŸ& [2019]

CONTRACT OF AGENCY/ EOoÝgr Ho$ AZw~ÝYQ.18. Discuss the law relating to agency under the law of contract.

g§{dXm {d{Y Ho$ AÝVJ©V EOoÝgr go gå~pÝYV {d{Y H$s MMm© H$s{OEŸ&OR

Define agency, agent and principal. Discuss the essential ingredients of agency.A{^H$aU, A{^H$Îmm© VWm _m{cH$ H$s ì`m»`m H$s{OEŸ& A{^H$aU Ho$ Amdí`H$ VËdm| H$s MMm©H$s{OEŸ&

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CREATION OF AGENCY/ EOoÝgr H$m {Z_m©UQ.19. State the various kinds of creation of agency.

EOoÝgr Ho$ {Z_m©U H$s {d{^ÝZ ar{V`m§ Xem©BEŸ&OR

What is Agency? Discuss the different methods of creation of Agency.EOoÝgr Š`m h¡? EO|gr Ho$ {Z_m©U H$s {d{^ÝZ nÕ{V`m| H$mo g_PmBEŸ&

RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF AN AGENT AND PRINCIPALH$Vm© VWm A{^H$Îmm© Ho$ A{YH$ma Ed§ H$Îm©ì`

Q.20. Explain the rights and duties of an agent towards his principal.H$Vm© Ho$ à{V A{^H$Îmm© Ho$ A{YH$mam| Ed§ H$Îm©ì`m| H$mo ñnîQ> H$s{OEŸ&

ORWhat are the rights and duties of an agent towards his principal? Explain.H$Vm© Ho$ à{V {H$gr A{^H$Îmm© Ho$ Š`m A{YH$ma Am¡a H$Îm©ì` hmoVo h¢? g_PmBEŸ&

TERMINATION OF AGENCY/ EOoÝgr H$s g_mpßVQ.21. "Contract of agency is always revocable and damages have not to be paid for

its breach." Explain this statement and give its exceptions.''EO|gr H$s g§{dXm gX¡d à{Vg§hm © h¡ VWm BgHo$ §J Ho$ {cE H$moB© j{Vny{V© Zht XoZr n‹S>VrŸ&'' BgH$WZ H$mo g_PmBE Ed§ BgHo$ AndmXm| H$m CëcoI H$s{OEŸ&

Review Questions ............................................................................... 164

UNIT-2 Sales of Goods Act, 1930CONTRACT FOR SALE OF GOODS: ESSENTIALS OF A CONTRACT OF SALE

‘mb Ho$ {dH«$¶ H$s g§{dXm… {dH«$¶ H$s g§{dXm Ho$ Amdí¶H$ VÎdQ.22. What is a contract of sale and what are it's essentials?

{dH«$¶ Ho$ AZw~§Y ³¶m h¡ Ed§ BZHo$ Amdí¶H$ VËd ³¶m h¡? [2019]OR

What is the distinction between sale and agreement to sell? Explain.{dH«$¶ Ed§ {dH«$¶ Ho$ {b¶o AZw~§Y Ho$ ~rM ‘| ³¶m A§Va h¡? g‘PmBE& [2018]

FORMATION AND FORMALITIES OF A CONTRACT OF SALE{dH«$¶ H$s g§{dXm H$m {Z‘m©U Ed§ Am¡nMm[aH$VmE§

Q.23. Can a contract of sale be made with regard to future goods?³¶m EH$ {dH«$¶ H$s g§{dXm H$m {Z‘m©U ^{dî¶ Ho$ ‘mb Ho$ g§X^© ‘| {H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡? [2017]

ORHow a contract of sale is made under the Sale of Goods Act, 1930?[2016, 14, 13]‘mb H$m {dH«$¶ A{Y{Z¶‘, 1930 Ho$ AZwgma, {dH«$¶ H$s g§{dXm H$m {Z‘m©U H¡$go {H$¶m OmVm h¡?

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CONDITIONS AND WARRANTIES/ eV] Ed§ àË¶m^y{V¶m±Q.24. Explain the difference between conditions and warranties.

eV] Ed§ àË¶m^y{V¶m± Ho$ ~rM ‘| A§Va H$mo g‘PmBE& [2019]OR

Differentiate between the condition and warranty under the Sale of Goods Act, 1930.‘mb H$m {dH«$¶ A{Y{Z¶‘, 1930 Ho$ VhV eV© Ed§ àË¶m y{V Ho$ ~rM ‘| A§Va ñnï> H$s{OE& [2017]

DOCTRINE OF CAVEAT EMPTOR / H«o$Vm H$s gmdYmZr H$m {gÕmÝVQ.25. Explain the doctrine of Caveat Emptor.

H¡${dEQ> EånQ>°a Ho$ {gÕm§V H$s ì¶m»¶m H$s{OE& [2018]OR

What is meant by the 'Rule of Caveat Emptor'? Explain the exceptions to thislaw."H«o$Vm H$s gmdYmZr Ho$ {Z`_' go Amn Š`m g_PVo h¢? Bg {Z`_ Ho$ AndmX g_PmBEŸ& [2016]

TRANSFER OF PROPERTY OR OWNERSHIP/ gån{Îm m ñdm{‘Ëd H$m hñVm§VaUQ.26. What do you understand by Transfer of Property or Ownership? Explain the

excep-tions to this rule._mb `m CgHo$ ñdËd Ho$ hñVm§VaU go Amn Š`m g_PVo h¢? Bg {Z`_ Ho$ AndmX g_PmB oŸ&

ORExplain the rule that, "No seller can give to the buyer of goods a better titlethan he himself has." Describe the exceptions to this rule as laid down in theSale of Goods Act.""H$moB© r {dH«o$Vm AnZo go AÀN>m ñdËd H«o$Vm H$mo Zht Xo gH$VmŸ&'' Bg {Z`_ H$s ì`m»`m H$aVo hþEdñVw {dH«$` A{Y{Z`_ _| BgHo$ AndmX ~VmB oŸ&

PERFORMANCE OF CONTRACT OF SALE: RULES AS TO DELIVERY OF GOODS{dH«$¶ H$s g§{dXm H$m {ZînmXZ… ‘mb Ho$ {dVaU go g§~§{YV {Z¶‘

Q.27. Explain actual delivery and constructive delivery.dmñV{dH$ gwnwX©Jr Ed§ aMZmË_H$ gwnwX©Jr H$m dU©Z H$s{OEŸ&

ORWhat do you mean by Performance of Contract of Sale?dñVw {dH«$` AZw~ÝY Ho$ {ZînmXZ go Amn Š`m g_PVo h¢?

RIGHTS OF UNPAID SELLER/ AXÎm {dH«o$Vm Ho$ A{YH$maQ.28. Who is an unpaid seller? What are the rights of an unpaid seller?

AXÎm {dH«o$Vm H$m¡Z h¡? AXÎm {dH«o$Vm Ho$ A{YH$ma ³¶m h¢? [2019]OR

Discuss the remedies available to the seller on the breach of contract underthe Sale of Goods Act.dñVw {dH«$` A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ A§VJ©V AZw~§Y ^§J H$s Xem _| {dH«o$Vm H$mo àmßV CnMmam| H$s ì`m»`mH$s{OEŸ&

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OBLIGATIONS OF A SELLER AND A BUYER/ H«o$Vm VWm {dH«o$Vm Ho$ Xm{`ËdQ.29. Discuss the obligations of a seller and a buyer as per the provisions of the

Sale of Goods Act, 1930. [2015]dñVw {dH«$` A{Y{Z`_, 1930 Ho$ àmdYmZm| Ho$ A§VJ©V Ho«o$Vm VWm {dH«o$Vm Ho$ Xm{`Ëdm| na MMm©H$s{OEŸ&


UNIT-3 The Companies Act, 1956THE COMPANIES ACT, 1956/ H§$nZrO E³Q>, 1956

Q.30. Throw light on the Evolution of Companies Act, 1956.H§$nZrO E³Q>, 1956 H$s CËnpËV na àH$me S>m{bE&

MEANING & FEATURES OF COMPANY / H$ånZr AW© Ed§ {deofVmE±Q.31. What are the characteristics of a company?

H§$nZr H$s {deofVmE§ ³¶m hmoVr h¢? [2018]OR

What are the difference between a partnership firm and a company?nmQ>©Za{en ’$‘© Ed§ H§$nZr Ho$ ~rM ‘| ³¶m {d{^ÝZVmE§ hmoVr h¡? [2017]

TYPES OF COMPANIES / H$ånZrO Ho$ àH$maQ.32. Discuss the various kinds of Companies.

H$ånZrO Ho$ {d{^ÝZ àH$mam| H$m dU©Z H$s{O oŸ&OR

Discuss the classification of Companies on various basis.{d{^ÝZ AmYmam| na H$ånZrO H$m dJuH$aU H$s{O oŸ&

PRIVATE AND PUBLIC COMPANY/ {ZOr Ed§ gmd©O{ZH$ H§$nZrQ.33. Differentiate between Private Ltd. and Public Ltd. Companies.

àmBdoQ> {b{‘Q>oS> Ed§ npãbH$ {b{‘Q>oS> H§$nZr Ho$ ~rM ‘| {dôX H$s{OE& [2018]OR

Distinguish between Public Ltd. company and Private Ltd. Company.npãbH$$ {b{‘Q>oS> H§$nZr Ed§ àmBdoQ> {b{‘Q>oS> H§$nZr Ho$ ~rM ‘| A§Va ñnï> H$s{OE& [2018, 2014]

INCORPORATION/FORMATION OF A COMPANY / H§$nZr H$s ñWmnZmQ.34. What do you mean by Formation of a Company?

H§$nZr ñWmnZm H$s à{H«$`m go Amn Š`m g_PVo h¢?OR

What are the consequences of incorporation of a company ?H§$nZr Ho$ g_m_obZ Ho$ Š`m à^md h¢?

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MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION / _o_moaoÊS>_ Am°\$ Egmo{gEeZQ.35. Explain the object clause of Memorandum of Association.

Egmo{gEeZ H$m ‘o‘moaoÊS>‘ Ho$ Am°ãOo³Q> ³bm°O H$s ì¶m»¶m H$s{O¶o& [2018]OR

Explain the importance and contents of "Memorandum of Association"."Egmo{gEeZ Ho$ ‘o‘moaoÊS>‘" Ho$ ‘hÎd Ed§ {df¶-dñVw H$m à{VnmXZ H$s{O¶o& [2016]

ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION / nmf©X AÝV{Z© _Q.36. Differentiate between Memorandum and Article of Association.

Egmo{gEeZ Ho$ ‘o‘moaoÊS>‘ Ed§ Am{Q>©H$ëg Ho$ ~rM ‘| A§Va ñnï> H$s{O¶o& [2017]OR

What is an Article of Association? What are its elements? When and how canit be altered?nmf©X AÝV{Z© _ Š`m h¡? BgH$s {df` gm_J«r Š`m h¡? Bg_| {H$g àH$ma Am¡a H$~ n[adV©Z {H$`mOm gH$Vm h¡?

DOCTRINE OF ULTRA-VIRES / A{YH$ma joÌ Ho$ ~mha H$m {gÕm§VQ.37. Write a short note on Doctrine of Ultra Vires.

A{YH$ma joÌ Ho$ ~mha {gÕm§V na g§{jßV {Q>ßnUr {b{IE& [2013]OR

Discuss the 'Doctrine of Ultra-Vires'. What are the legal effects of an Ultra ViresAct?"A{YH$ma joÌ Ho$ ~mha {gÕm§V' H$s ì`m»`m H$s{O oŸ& Bg {gÕm§V Ho$ H$mZyZr à^md Š`m h¢?

PROSPECTUS / à{ddaUQ.38. What is a Company Prospectus? Describe in brief the contents of a prospectus

issued by a new company under the Indian Companies Act.{H$gr H$ånZr Ho$ à{ddaU go Amn Š`m g_PVo h¢? ^maVr` H$ånZr A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ AZwgma EH$ ZB©H$ånZr Ûmam Omar {H$E JE à{ddaU Ho$ Ad`dm| H$s g§jon _| ì`m»`m H$s{OEŸ& [2019]

ORDifferentiate between prospectus of a company and statement in lieu of pro-spectus.H$ånZr Ho$ à{ddaU VWm ñWmZmnÝZ à{ddaU Ho$ ‘Ü¶ {dôX H$s{OE& [2014]

SHARE CAPITAL / eo a H¡${nQ>bQ.39. Explain the concept of Share Capital in relation to a company.

{H$gr H$ånZr Ho$ g§X^© _| eo a H¡${nQ>b H$s AdYmaUm H$s ì`m»`m H$s{OEŸ&OR

Define Share and describe the various kinds of Share and Share Capital.eo a H$mo n[a^m{fV H$s{OE Am¡a {d{^ÝZ àH$ma Ho$ eo g© Am¡a eo a H¡${nQ>b H$m CëcoI H$s{OEŸ&

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COMPANIES ACT, 2013 AND SUBSEQUENT AMENDMENTSH§$nZrO A{Y{Z¶‘, 2013 Ed§ nadVu g§emoYZ

Q.40. Describe the salient features of the Indian Companies Act, 2013.^maVr¶ H§$nZrO E³Q>, 2013 H$s à‘wI {deofVmAm| H$m dU©Z H$s{O¶o&

ORDescribe the new features as added to the Companies Act, 2013 in comparisonto the Companies Act, 1956.H§$nZrO E³Q>, 1956 go VwbZm H$aVo hþE H§$nZrO E³Q>, 2013 ‘| Omo‹S>o J¶o Z¶o àmdYmZm| H$m dU©ZH$s{O¶o&

THE INDIAN PARTNERSHIP ACT, 1932:/ maVr¶ gmPoXmar A{Y{Z¶‘, 1932:DEFINITION OF PARTNERSHIP AND ITS ESSENTIALS

gmPoXmar H$s n[a^mfm Ed§ BgHo$ Amdí¶H$ VÎdQ.41. Discuss the essential elements of partnership.

gmPoXmar Ho$ Amdí¶H$ VÎdm| H$s MMm© H$s{OE& [2018]

TYPES OF PARTNERSHIP/ gmPoXmar Ho$ àH$maQ.42. What are the various types of Partnership?/ gmPoXmar Ho$ {d{^ÝZ àH$ma H$m¡Z-go h¢?

ORDescribe the types of partnership on the basis of duration.Ad{Y Ho$ AmYma na gmPoXmar Ho$ àH$mam| H$m dU©Z H$s{O oŸ&

TYPES OF PARTNERS-MINOR AS A PARTNER

gmPoXmam| Ho$ àH$ma gmPoXma Ho$ ê$n ‘| Ad¶ñH$Q.43. Write a short note on: "Types of Partners".

gmPoXmam| Ho$ àH$ma na g§{jßV {Q>ßnUr {b{IE& [2012]OR

Describe the different types of Partners. Can a minor be admitted toPartnership? If so, what will be his rights and liabilities during his minorityand after he has attained majority?gmPoXmam| Ho$ {d{^Þ àH$mam| H$m dU©Z H$s{OEŸ& Š`m EH$ Ad`ñH$ H$mo gmPoXmar _| gpå_{cV {H$`mOm gH$Vm h¡? {X hm± Vmo Ad`ñH$Vm Ho$ Xm¡amZ Ed§ d`ñH$ hmoZo Ho$ níMmV² CgHo$ A{YH$ma Ed§ H$V©ì`Š`m hm|Jo?

RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF PARTNERS/ gmPoXmam| Ho$ A{YH$ma Ed§ H$Îm©ì`Q.44. Explain the rights of partners./ gmPoXmam| Ho$ A{YH$mam| H$s {ddoMZm H$s{OE& [2018]

ORDiscuss briefly mutual rights, duties and liabilities of partners in a partnershipfirm.gmPoXmar dmbo g§JR>Z ‘| gmPoXmam| Ho$ nmañn[aH$ A{YH$mam|, H$Îm©ì¶m| Ed§ Xm{¶Ëdm| H$m g§{jßVdU©Z H$s{OE& [2016, 2013]

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DOCTRINE OF IMPLIED AUTHORITY/ BåßbmBS> àm{YH$ma Ho$ {gÕm§VQ.45. What do you understand by doctrine of implied authority? State the conditions

required to apply implied authority to any act.BåßbmBS> àm{YH$ma Ho$ {gÕm§V go Amn ³¶m g‘PVo h¢? {H$gr A{Y{Z¶‘ ‘| BgHo$ à^mdr hmoZo Ho${b¶o Amdí¶H$ eVm] H$m à{VnmXZ H$s{O¶o&

ORWhat is implied authority? Explain the acts within the implied authority of a

partner and the restrictions on implied authority.BåßbmBS> àm{YH$ma ³¶m h¡? gmPoXma Ho$ BåßbmBS> àm{YH$ma Am¡a Bg na à{V~§Ym| Ho$ A§VJ©V {dYmZm|H$m dU©Z H$s{O¶o&

REGISTRATION / FORMATION OF PARTNERSHIP FIRMS

gmPoXmar dmbr ’$åg© H$m n§OrH$aU/JR>ZQ.46. What is the meaning of Formation of Partnership? Describe its process in brief.

gmPoXmar H$s ñWmnZm H$m Š`m AW© h¡? BgH$s à{H«$`m H$mo g§jon _| g_PmB oŸ&

DISSOLUTION OF PARTNERSHIP FIRM/ gmPoXmar ’$‘© H$m {dKQ>ZQ.47. Distinguish between the dissolution of partnership and dissolution of a firm.

State the various modes of dissolution of a firm.gmPoXmar Ho$ {dKQ>Z Ed§ ’$‘© Ho$ {dKQ>Z Ho$ ~rM ‘| A§Va ñnï> H$s{OE& ’$‘© Ho$ {dKQ>Z H$s {d{dY{d{Y¶m| H$s {ddoMZm H$s{OE& [2019]

ORWhat are the different modes of dissolution of partnership firm?gmPoXmar ’$‘© Ho$ {dKQ>Z H$s H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z gr {d{dY {d{Y¶m§ h¢? [2018]

RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF PARTNERS ON DISSOLUTION

\$_© Ho$ g_mnZ na gmPoXmam| Ho$ A{YH$ma Ed§ H$Îm©ì`Q.48. Discuss the rights and obligations of a partner after dissolution of a firm.

\$_© Ho$ g_mnZ Ho$ níMmV² EH$ gmPoXma Ho$ A{YH$mam| Ed§ H$Îm©ì`m| H$s ì`m»`m H$s{OEŸ&

PARTNERSHIP ACT. 2013-AMENDMENTS/ gmPoXmar A{Y{Z¶‘, 2013… g§emoYZQ.49. Discuss the amendment made in 2013 in Partnership Act.

gmPoXmar A{Y{Z¶‘, 2013 ‘| {H$¶o J¶o g§emoYZm| H$s g‘rjm H$s{O¶o&

LIMITED LIABILITY PARTNERSHIP/ gr{‘V Xm{¶Ëd dmbr gmPoXmarQ.50. What is a limited liability partnership? Explain its advantages and disadvantages.

gr{‘V Xm{¶Ëd dmbr gmPoXmar H$m ³¶m VmËn¶© h¡? BgHo$ JwU Ed§ Xmofm| H$s {ddoMZm H$s{OE&OR

Differentiate between limited liability partnership and traditional partnership.gr{‘V Xm{¶Ëd gmPoXmar Ed§ nma§n[aH$ gmPoXmar Ho$ ~rM ‘| A§Va ñnï> H$s{OE&


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UNIT-4 The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS: MEANING, CHARACTERISTICS AND TYPES

{ZJmo{eE~b B§ñQ>‘|Q>… AW©, {deofVmE§ Ed§ àH$maQ.51. What are negotiable instruments? Explain the characteristics and types of

negotiable instruments../ {ZJmo{eE~b B§ñQ>‘|Q²>g ³¶m h¢? {ZJmo{eE~b B§ñQ>‘|Q²>g H$s {deofVmAm|Ed§ àH$mam| H$s {ddoMZm H$s{OE& [2019]

ORWhat is a negotiable Instrument? Explain the characteristics of negotiableinstruments.{ZJmo{eE~b B§ñQ>‘|Q> ³¶m h¡? {ZJmo{eE~b B§ñQ>‘|Q²>g H$s {deofVmAm| H$m dU©Z H$s{OE& [2018]

PROMISSORY NOTE/ àm°{_gar ZmoQ>Q.52. What are the essential characteristics of a promissory note?

àm°{‘gar ZmoQ> H$s Amdí¶H {deofVmE§ ³¶m h¢? [2014]OR

Define promissory note and write its essential elements.àm°{_gar ZmooQ> H$s n[a^mfm Xr{O o Ed§ BgHo$ _w»` VÎd ~VmB oŸ& [2014]

BILL OF EXCHANGE/ {~b Am°\$ EŠgM|OQ.53. Differentiate between Bill of Exchange and Promissory note.

{d{Z‘¶-nÌ Ed§ àm°{‘gar ZmoQ> ‘| {dôX H$s{OE& [2017]OR

Define Bill of Exchange. Explain its essential elements.{~b Am°\$ EŠgM|O H$mo n[a^m{fV H$s{OE& BgHo$ Amdí`H$ VÎd ~VmB oŸ& [2014]

CHEQUE/ MoH$Q.54. Define cheque. Explain its essential elements.

MoH$ H$mo n[a^m{fV H$s{OE& BgHo$ ‘hÎdnyU© VÎdm| H$s ì¶m»¶m H$s{OE& [2014]OR

Write the significance of Crossing of Cheque.MoH$ H$s H«$m°qgJ H$m ‘hÎd ~VmBE& [2012]

DISHONOUR OF CHEQUE/ MoH$ H$m AZmXaUQ.55. Write short note on penalty of dishonour of cheque.

MoH$ Ho$ AZmXaU Ho$ AW©X§S> na EH$ g§{jßV {Q>ßnUr {b{IE& [2018]OR

State the grounds on the basis of which a cheque may be dishonoured bybank as per Negotiable Instrument Act, 1881.CZ H$maUm| H$s ì`m»`m H$s{O o {OZHo$ AmYma na {ZJmo{eE~c BÝñQ>_oÝQ²>g EŠQ>, 1881 Ho$AZwgma ~¢H$ {H$gr MoH$ H$mo AZmX¥V H$a gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& [2012]

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HOLDER AND HOLDER IN DUE COURSE/ YmaH$ Ed§ Wm{d{Y YmaH$Q.56. What are the privileges of holder in due course?

¶Wm{d{Y YmaH$ Ho$ {deofm{YH$ma ³¶m h¢? [2018]OR

"A holder in due course gets a title free from equities." Explain the statementand discuss the privileges of a holder in due course."EH$ hmoëS>a C{MV g‘¶ ‘| Bp³dQ>rO go ‘w³V EH$ Q>mBQ>b àmßV H$aVm h¡&" H$WZ H$m dU©ZH$s{OE VWm C{MV g‘¶ ‘| hmoëS>a Ho$ {deofm{YH$mam| H$s ì¶m»¶m H$s{OE& [2017]

NEGOTIATION AND TYPES OF ENDORSEMENT{ZJmo{eEeZ Ed§ EÝS>mog©‘|Q> Ho$ àH$ma

Q.57. Write short note on endorsement and types thereof under the NegotiableInstrument Act, 1881.{ZJmo{eE~b B§ñQ>‘|Q> A{Y{Z¶‘, 1881 Ho$ AZwgma E§S>mog©‘|Q> Ed§ CgHo$ àH$mam| na EH$ g§{jßV{Q>ßnUr {b{I¶o& [2017]

ORDiscuss the provisions relating to negotiation and assignments in the NegotiableInstruments Act, 1881./ {ZJmo{eE~b B§ñQ>‘|Q> A{Y{Z¶‘, 1881 ‘| {ZJmo{eEeZ Ed§ AgmBZ‘|Q>go g§~§{YV àmdYmZm| H$m dU©Z H$s{O¶o& [2016]DISHONOUR OF NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENT: NOTING AND PROTEST

{ZJmo{eE~b B§ñQ>‘|Q> H$m AZmXaU… ZmoqQ>J Ed§ àmoQ>oñQ>Q.58. What is meant by Dishonour of Negotiable Instruments? Discuss its types.

{ZJmo{eE~b BÝñQ>_|Q>²g Ho$ AZmXaU H$m Š`m AW© h¡? BgHo$ àH$mam| H$s MMm© H$s{OEŸ& [2015]OR

What do you understand by Dishonour of a Negotiable Instrument? When cana Negotiable Instrument considered as Dishonoured?/ {ZJmo{eE~b BÝñQ>_|Q>²g Ho$AZmXaU go Amn Š`m g_PVo h¢? EH$ BÝñQ>_|Q> H$~ AZmÑV _mZm OmVm h¡?

LIABILITY OF PARTIES ON NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENT{ZJmo{eE~b B§ñQ>‘|Q> na njH$mam| Ho$ Xm{¶Ëd

Q.59. What are the liabilities of various parties on Negotiable instruments?{ZJmo{eE~b B§ñQ>‘|Q²>g na {d{dY njH$mam| Ho$ Xm{¶Ëd ³¶m h¢?

CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT, 1986/ Cn^moº$m g§ajU A{Y{Z¶‘, 1986

RIGHTS OF CONSUMERS/ Cn^moº$mAm| Ho$ A{YH$maQ.60. Describe in detail Consumer Protection Act with relevant case.

gwg§JV àH$aU g{hV Cn^mo³Vm g§ajU A{Y{Z¶‘ H$m {dñV¥V dU©Z H$s{OE& [2019]OR

Explain in brief consumer rights./ Cn^moº$m Ho$ A{YH$mam| H$mo g§{jßV ‘| g‘PmBE& [2018]

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DEFINITION AND MEANING OF CONSUMER, COMPLAINANT, GOODS,SERVICES, CONSUMER DISPUTE, COMPLAINT, UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES,

RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICESCn^moº$m H$m AW© Ed§ n[a^mfm, n[admXr, ‘mb, godmE§, Cn^mo³Vm {ddmX, n[admX, Ad¡Y

ì¶mnm[aH$ H¥$Ë¶, à{V~§{YV ì¶mnm[aH$ H¥$Ë¶Q.61. Explain in brief unfair trade practices under Consumer Protection Act, 1986.

Cn^mo³Vm g§ajU A{Y{Z¶‘ Ho$ A§VJ©V Ad¡Y ì¶mnm[aH$ H¥$Ë¶ H$mo g§{já ‘| g‘PmBE& [2018]OR

Define complaint under Consumer protection Act, 1986.Cn^mo³Vm g§ajU A{Y{Z¶‘ 1986 Ho$ AÝVJ©V {eH$m¶V H$mo n[a^m{fV H$s{OE& [2016]

CONSUMER EXPLOITATION AND UTILITY CONSUMERISM

Cn^moŠVm emofU VWm Cn^moŠVmdmX H$s Cn`mo{JVmQ.62. Write a short note on utility of consumerism.

Cn^moº$mdmX H$s Cn`mo{JVm na EH$ g§{jßV {Q>ßnUr {b{IE& [2014]OR

What do you understand by Consumer Exploitation? Explain the causes ofConsumer Exploitation.Cn^moŠVm emofU go Amn Š`m g_PVo h¢? Cn^moŠVm emofU Ho$ H$maUm§o H$mo g_PmB oŸ&

CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES/ Cn^moº$m {ddmX j{Vny{V© EOoÝgrQ.63. In what way the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 can help the consumer under

this act? [2017]Cn^moº$m g§ajU A{Y{Z¶‘, 1986 Ho$ A§VJ©V Cn^mo³Vm H$s {H$g àH$ma go ghm¶Vm H$a gH$Vm h¡?

OR“Consumer Protection Act provides a right to seek redressal.” Discuss theprocedure how consumer can avail the right of redressal of the complaint.''Cn^moº$m g§ajU A{Y{Z¶‘ emofU Ho$ {dê$Õ CnMma H$m àmdYmZ H$aVm h¡&'' {Og à{H«$¶m ÛmamCn^moº$m {eH$m¶V Ho$ {ZdmaU H$m A{YH$ma àmá H$a gH$Vm h¡, CgH$s MMm© H$s{OE& [2017]


UNIT-5 The Information Technology Act, 2000THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT, 2000

gyMZm àm¡Úmo{JH$s A{Y{Z¶‘, 2000Q.64. Write a short note on Information Technology Act, 2000.

gyMZm àm¡Úmo{JH$s A{Y{Z¶‘, 2000 na EH$ g§{já {Q>ßnUr {b{I¶o& [2019]OR

Write a short note on Digital Signature.{S>{OQ>b {g½ZoMa na EH$ g§{já {Q>ßnUr {b{I¶o& [2019]

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CYBER LAW/ gmB~a bm°Q.65. Write a short note on Cyber law in India.

^maV ‘| gmB~a bm° na g§{já {Q>ßnUr {b{IE&

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ACT

~m¡{ÕH$ gånXm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z`_Q.66. What is the meaning of Intellectual Property? Write its significance.

~m¡{ÕH$ gånXm go Š`m Ame` h¡? BgHo$ _hËd ~VmBEŸ&OR

Define Intellectual Property Rights. Why are they important in today’sknowledge economy?~m¡{ÕH$ gånXm A{YH$ma H$mo n[a^m{fV H$s{OEŸ& do dV©_mZ AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ {bE Š`m| _hËdnyU© h¡?

MEANING AND CONCEPT OF PATENTS/ noQ>oÝQ²>g H$m AW© Ed§ AdYmaUm

Q.67. Write a short note on patents./ noQ>oÝQ²>g na EH$ g§{já {Q>ßnUr {b{IE&

COPYRIGHTS/ H$m°nr amBQ>²gQ.68. Briefly describe the emergence of Copyright Act, 1957.

H$m°nramBQ> A{Y{Z¶‘, 1957 Ho$ ‘hËd H$m g§{já dU©Z H$s{OE&

TRADEMARKS/ Q>oS>‘m³g©Q.69. Define Trademark. Explain the procedure for registration of Trademark.

Q>oS>‘mH©$ H$mo n[a^m{fV H$s{OE& Q>oS>‘mH©$ Ho$ n§OrH$aU Ho$ {bE à{H«$¶m H$mo g‘PmB¶o&OR

Write a short note on Trademark./ Q>oS>‘mH©$ na EH$ g§{já {Q>ßnUr {b{IE&

DESIGNS/ {S>OmBÝgQ.70. Define design according to the Design Act, 2000. What are the essential

requirements for registration of a new design?{S>OmBZ A{Y{Z¶‘, 2000 Ho$ AZwgma {S>OmBZ H$mo n[a^m{fV H$s{OE& ZdrZ {S>OmBZ Ho$n§OrH$aU Ho$ {bE, ³¶m-³¶m à‘wI Amdí¶H$VmE§ hmoVr h¢?

RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT, 2005/ amBQ> Qy> BÝ’$m°‘}eZ E³Q>, 2005Q.71. Write a short note on Right to Information Act, 2005.

gyMZm H$m A{YH$ma A{Y{Z¶‘, 2005 na EH$ g§{já {Q>ßnUr {b{IE&


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T-20 Questions..................................................................................... 454

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