‘Lessons Learned’ and Emerging

Concepts for Applying IWRM: US vs International Perspectives

AWRA IWRM Webinar series

June 18, 2013

Eugene Stakhiv

Johns Hopkins U.

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ISSUES Can you plan a sustainable project

without a watershed perspective? Can you plan a project without

meeting all the IWRM institutional prerequisites?

How does one capture the essence of ‘sustainability’ within federal regulations and planning procedures?

Is there any difference between ‘accepted’ international IWRM practice and US Federal approaches?

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Definitions of Sustainable Development Brundtland Commission (1987):

“development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”

ASCE (2000): “Sustainable water resource systems are those designed and managed to fully contribute to the objectives of society, now and in the future, while maintaining their economic, environmental, and hydrological integrity”

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Sustainable Development

Environmental Policy

(Water Quality, Environmental Flows)

Transportation Policy

(Navigation)

Agricultural Policy (Irrigation)

Ocean Policy (Commercial Fisheries)

Energy Policy (Hydro Power)

CZM Flood Plain

Management •Structural •Non-Structural •Insurance •Tax Incentives •Environment •Relocation •Zoning/Mapping •Regulatory

IRBM/ Watershed Management

IWRM National Water Policy •Irrigation •Flood Control •Hydropower •Water Quality •Water Supply •Navigation •Urban Drainage •Recreation

TRADE Policies 4

National Water Policy

Strategic Planning/Analysis Perspectives (can one conduct IWRM at the PROJECT level ?)

Project National Energy Policy

National Transportation

Policy

Sustainable Development IWRM

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The Promise & Practice of IWRM

“ IWRM is a process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water , land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems.” (GWP)

“…water sector reform is very complex. Even

with sound governance, participation, institutions and skills – all largely missing in Bank client countries –such reform takes 10-20 i OECD i ” (W ld

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IWRM Components

Economic Efficiency Equity Environmental

Sustainability

Management Instruments Assessment Information Allocation

Instruments

Enabling Environment Policies Legislation

Institutional Framework Central -

Local River Basin Public -

Private

Balance “water for livelihood” and “water as a resource”

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US President’s Council on Sustainable Development

“Overarching Elements (1998)” Economic Efficiency Environmental Health Social Well-being and Equity

“the three elements are interdependent and must be pursued simultaneously and in a balanced way if sustainable development goals are to be met”

(Same as the original ‘WRC Principles and Standards’ of 1973/80) 8

P&S/P&G Impact Accounting System National Economic Development (NED)

• beneficial and adverse effects on the national economy in monetary terms

Environmental Quality (EQ) • effects of plans on significant environmental

resources and ecological, cultural and esthetic attributes

Regional Economic Development (RED) • distribution of regional economic activity

from each plan in terms of regional income and employment

Other Social Effects (OSE) • effects on urban and community impacts,

life, health, safety factors; displacement, long term productivity; energy requirements and energy conservation 9

Some Differences in IWRM Goals: Developing & Developed Nations

Developed Comprehensive planning Resource use efficiency Regulatory/Legal focus Flood control,

navigation, multipurpose storage

Private Sector Investment

Ecorestoration/biodiversity

Watershed Mgmt/Protection

Hazard Risk reduction plans

Recreation & Esthetics

Developing Poverty reduction Access to clean water Women’s roles promoted Irrigation/drainage Water Supply/Sanitation Public sector investment Waterborne diseases Rural Development Humanitarian disaster

relief Water User associations

for operation and maintenance

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Adaptive Security Matrix

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Egypt

Zimbabwe

Burundi

Mozambique

Tanzania Malawi

Eritrea I Sudan

Angola

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

2

4

6

8

10

14

18

22

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1

3

5

7

9

12

16

20

24

28 Namibia

Botswana

IV

Mauritius South Africa

Swaziland

Uganda

Kenya

Congo DR

II

Zambia

Adaptively Insecure Adaptively Secure

Second-Order Resource Availability Expressed as GNP PPP for 1998 in US$/cap/yr-1 X 103

Lesotho Ethiopia

© Turton & Warner, 2002.

III

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How does one practically plan for ‘sustainable development’???

IWRM is the management platform and conceptual framework for implementing sustainable development

Difficult to define sustainable development; definitions and paradigms changing continuously and are context specific

What are the national policies for SD? How do policies manifest themselves in a myriad of

federal policies, rules and regulations? In other words, how does one know that a water

project is sustainable – are there objective evaluation criteria?

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Levels of Integration & Management for Achieving Sustainable Development

Sustainable Development (‘Vision’, Goals)

Integrated Water Resources Mgmt (IWRM)

Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM)

Integrated Flood Management(IFM) & Integrated Drought Mgmt (IDM)

Management

Horizontal Integration among Sectors

SD=IWRM+IRBM+IFM+IDM+AM

Integrated Drought

Mgmt

Integrated Flood

Management

Urban Water Supply

Ecological Flows

Hydro- power

Commercial Navigation

Irrigation & Drainage

Integrated Water Resources Management

Integrated River Basin (Watershed) Management 15

Do we aim for perfection? (Integrated Water Resources Management)

or… do we adjust incrementally? (or Adaptive Management?)

Institutional reforms (e.g. EO’s, PR&G, etc.) New doctrines and paradigms (‘green

economy’, climate adaptation, etc.) Economic incentives, cost-sharing Engineering design standards, criteria Water Management/Administration Enhanced effective response and coordination Providing cost-effective services Efficient resource use Access and availability to services Compliance with rules & regulations

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Horizontal & Vertical Integration of IWRM

National Resource Management Policies

Resource Management Programs

Ministries

VERTICAL INTEGRATION

River Basin Commissions

Projects: flood control, hydropower, water supply HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION

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Integrated WRM Vertical Integration: coordination and

implementation of policies, programs and projects from national to regional to local levels

Horizontal Integration: coordination and implementation of sectoral programs within project planning, across multiple agencies (e.g. IFM)

Multidisciplinary Integration: forming teams of specialists from various relevant disciplines

Multiobjective Integration: achieving social, environmental, economic and equity goals for sustainable development

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IWRManagement is about Efficiency and Service Delivery

Management is the action- & performance-oriented key to IWRM & the mechanism for achieving Sustainable Development Goals

Mgmt means making both strategic planning choices and tactical operating decisions that promote desired goals and principles while improving performance & services

IWRM must continuously adapt to changes in goals, public preferences, objectives, priorities, technologies and policies

Policymakers are not managers; good management makes policies work effectively

Implementation requires accountability, review, monitoring, performance measurement

Outputs (water quantity, projects) vs. Outcomes (reduce poverty, deliver reliable,

cost-effective services – clean water, reduce flood damages, irrigated agriculture, etc.) 19

Necessary (N) and Sufficient (S) Conditions for Effective IWRM Implementation

National Water Policy (S) National Water Commission (S) National Water Code (compilation of all

regulations and policies) (S) River Basin Commissions (S) Consistent Planning Guidelines for all

agencies- i.e. P&G (N) Effective Regulatory Infrastructure (N) Effective Enforcement Infrastructure (N)

Conventional Mechanisms for Adapting to Hydrologic Uncertainties (& climate variability)

Planning new investments, or for capacity expansion (reservoirs, irrigation systems, levees, water supply, wastewater treatment)

Operation & regulation of existing systems: accommodating new uses or conditions (e.g. ecology, climate change, population growth)

Maintenance and major rehabilitation of existing systems (e.g. dams, barrages, irrigation systems, canals, pumps, etc.)

Modifications in processes and demands (water conservation, pricing, regulation, legislation)

Introduce new efficient technologies (desalting, biotechnology, drip irrigation, wastewater reuse, recycling, solar energy )

Functions/Elements of Water Resources Management

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Corps Planning, Protection and Management (Multiobjective River Corridor Management)

Protection ( Regulatory Program)

Development ( GI Program)

Management ( O&M Program)

•SAMPS •ADIDS •General Permits •Nationwide Permits •No Net Loss of Wetlands •Wetlands Mitigation •Banking

•Flood Damage Reduction •Water Supply •Navigation Channels, Dredging •Reservoir Reallocation • Ecosystem Management

•Environmental Restoration •Dredging Material Disposal •Drought Contingency Planning •Dam Safety •Lock and Dam Rehabilitation •Reservoir Systems Optimization

Where does the P&S/P&G Accounting System for Sustainable Development

Projects come from?

National Economic Development (NED) Environmental Quality (EQ) Regional Economic Development (RED) Other Social Effects (OSE)

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Evolution of Comprehensive Planning & IWRM in the US

1958-61 Harvard Water Program 1962 Design of Water Resources

Systems (Maass, et.al.) 1965 Water Resources Planning

Act • Basin Planning Commissions • Principles and Standards • Water Resources

Council

The purpose of a uniform, systematic framework for planning and evaluation

Federal investments for different types of infrastructure (and in different regions) requires a uniform evaluation framework for most cost-effective projects

Uniformity across project purposes (hydropower, water supply, irrigation, etc)

Uses agreed to ‘normative’ decision rules (e.g. B>C, maximize net benefits, minimize environ impacts)

Avoids double-counting and flawed analysis

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Where does the ‘Vision’ for SD & IWRM come from?

National Policies (legislature, Parliament) National Water Code (coordinated collection of all

rules and regulations related to water) National water management plans River Basin, watershed plans Municipal, provincial plans Land use plans Where do ‘Plans’ come from? – the public

interest! How do we influence the ‘Vision’? Who creates

the ‘vision’ ? 26

3. Launching of IWRM Guidelines at River Basin Level 5th World Water Forum on March 16th , 2009 in Istanbul

The Guidelines were handed over to HIH the Crown Prince of Japan from Mr. Matsuura, Director General of UNESCO

Mr. Shinsuke Ota, Executive Vice President of JWA

Mr. Eugene Z. Stakhiv, Technical Director of ICIWaRM

Mr. Haydar Kocaker, General Director of General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works of Turkey

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The Conceptual IWRM ‘Double Helix’

Planning Process “SVP”

Historical IWRM Adaptation

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Part 1 Principles Part 2 Implementation

4. Structure of the IWRM Guidelines at River Basin Level

• Decision Makers • Policy Planners • Government Officials • River Basin Organizations

• Government Officials • NGOs • River Basin Organizations • Other Stakeholders

Part2-1 IWRM Coordination

Part2-2 Flood Management

Part2-3 Invitation for Irrigation practitioners Part1 Principles

Launched at 5th World Water Forum

Target Group Target Group

Introduction to the IWRM Guidelines at River Basin Level

as a WWAP Side Publication

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US WATER WITHDRAWALS FORECAST 1950–2000

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Keys to Implementing IWRM: Lessons Learned Embark on IWRM whether the institutional processes are

well-developed or not IWRM principles can be implemented at the project level

vis ‘horizontal integration Regulations, enforcement and monitoring are a keystone

of effective IWRM. Water resources development coordinated among various

sectors and users at the watershed level is essential – ‘horizontal integration’

‘Coordination’ is a stepping stone towards ‘integration’: Recognize that water is managed by many disparate agencies, organizations and individuals, each with their own policies.

Actors outside the water box are essential to mobilize political will, sectoral support and public pressure for IWRM implementation

Upgrading and introducing new technologies is vital for continual effective performance within the water sector

Although not essential for IWRM, river basin organizations provide a sound institutional framework for implementing both ‘vertical’ and ‘horizontal’ IWRM

The application of IWRM by basin organizations will vary according to each river basin’s specific conditions and requirements

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Finis-Thanks (Questions?)

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