Limba Engleza Anul II

8/12/2019 Limba Engleza Anul II

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SUPORT DE CURS

ANUL II

Cluj Napoca

2008

UNIVERSITATEA BABE-BOLYAI, CLU-NAPOCA

C!"#$ul %! &o$'a$! Co"#("u) *( +"))'."# la D(/#a")

&acul#a#!a %! #(("! Eco"o'(c! *( !/#(u"!a A1ac!$(lo$

Sp!c(al(a$!a3 Toa#! /!c#((l!

D(/c(pl("a3 curs practic de limba englez aplicat ndomeniul afacerilor


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3/83

I4 I"1o$'a(( 5!"!$al!

Da#! %! (%!"#(1(ca$! a cu$/ulu(

Da#! %! co"#ac# al! #(#ula$ulu( %! cu$/3

Nume: DIANA ZAGAN ZELTER iKOVCS RKA

Birou: Campus, !, e"a# I

Te$e%o&: '( )**

+a:

E-mai$: .ia&a/0e$"er1$i&2ua/u334$u#/ro

re5a/5o6a4s1$i&2ua/u334$u#/ro

Co&su$"a7ii: $u&i, #oi, 8/!9-

Da#! %! (%!"#(1(ca$! cu$/ *( co"#ac# #u#o$(3

Nume$e 4ursu$ui: Lim3a mo.er&;


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>/ Broo5es, i4Jae$ Business English, Teora, >99>

!/ Bu.ai Ls0$: Gramatica englez. Teorie i exerciii, Teora, >99>

'/ Fo$$i&2er, A$ea&.er Test Your Business English Vocabulary, Teora, >99>

*/ o&es, Leo e! "nternational Business EnglisJ, Cam3ri.2e ?u3$isJi&2 Fouse, )

)/ a4Ke&0ie, Ia& English for Business #tu$ies, Cam3ri.2e M&i6ersi" ?ress, 8

8/ as4u$$, Bi$$:Business Vocabulary in %se, Cam3ri.2e M&i6ersi" ?ress, >99'

(/ Tu$$is, GraJam e! "nsights "nto Business English, Lo&2ma&, >999

/ Topa$=, Dra2o V$a. Dicionar economic englez&rom'n, E.i"ura E4o&omi4=,


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Cal!"%a$ al cu$/ulu(

S)p#)'."a

"ema "erme&

pre.are

9 ar5e"i&2 &oiem3rie

2 +i&a&4e a&. A44ou&"i&2

: Impor" - Epor" .e4em3rie

; S"ar"i&2 a Busi&essTJe Busi&ess ?$a& mar"ie

< Ba&5, S"o45s a&. SJares

= I&sura&4e

> Corpora"e A$$ia&4es a&. A4uisi"io&s mai

Pol(#(ca %! !alua$! *( "o#a$!

- "ipuri$e .e e6a$uare 4e 6or %i u"i$i0a"e: "es" .e "es"are a 4ompe"e&7ei $i&26is"i4e P$is"e&i&2, rea.i&2,6o4a3u$ar, E&2$isJ i& use, @ri"i&2Q

- 4ri"erii$e .e &o"are: e6a$uarea s"u.e&7i$or se 6a rea$i0a 4o&%orm re0u$"a"e$or primi"e $a "es"u$ .e"es"are a 4ompe"e&7ei $i&26is"i4e

- s"u.e&7ii "re3uie s= p=s"re0e "oa"e sar4i&i$e rea$i0a"e pe par4ursu$ 4ursu$ui p&= $a primirea &o"ei%i&a$e

- %orma su3 4are s"u.e&7ii 6or primi %ee.-3a45 $a sar4i&i$e rea$i0a"e: pri& e-mai$, pri& 4omu&i4are.ire4"= pe&"ru 4ei 4e so$i4i"= a4es" %ee.-3a45

El!'!"#! %! %!o"#olo5(! aca%!'(c)

Co.u$ .e .eo&"o$o2ie a4a.emi4= re2$eme&"ea0= urm="oare$e:

(rau$a se refer la:

a/ 4opia" Pu"i$i0area .e ma"eria$e sau i&%orma7ii &eau"ori0a"eQ, %a$si%i4=ri, i ori4e a$"e a4"i6i"=7i4are po" a%e4"a o 4ore4"= e6a$uare a per%orma&7e$or s"u.e&7i$or

3/ a#u"oru$ a4or.a" a$"ora


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S#u%!"( cu %(a6(l(#)(

Eis"= .ispo&i3i$i"a"ea .e a $ua $e2="ura 4u s"u.e&7ii a%e4"a7i .e .i0a3i$i"=7i mo"orii sau i&"e$e4"ua$epe&"ru a i.e&"i%i4a e6e&"ua$e so$u7ii


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CONTENTS

o.u$e AR?ETIN )

o.u$e > &INANCE AND ACCOUNTIN

o.u$e ! IPORT - E@PORT !

o.u$e ' STARTIN A BUSINESSTE BUSINESS PLAN '9

o.u$e * BAN?S, STOC?S AND SARES ')

o.u$e ) INSURANCE *8

o.u$e 8 CORPORATE ALLIANCES AND ACUISITIONS )>


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ODULE 9

AR?ETIN

Ba/(c Co"c!p#/3

a$!#("5, #! 'a$!#("5 '(F, p$o%uc#, p$o'o#(o", a%!$#(/("5

!"!$al o6j!c#(!/ 3

a4 #o ('p$o! /#u%!"#/G co''a"% o1 E"5l(/

64 #o !lp /#u%!"#/ %!!lop a"% p$ac#(c! 6a/(c /(ll/ #o !"a6l! #!' #o op!$a#! !11!c#(!lH ("

$!al l(1! /(#ua#(o"/

c4 #o ("c$!a/! /#u%!"#/G "ol!%5! o1 6u/("!// #!$'/

Sp!c(1(c o6j!c#(!/3

a4 #o p$o(%! ("1o$'a#(o" a"% !Fpla"a#(o"/ a6ou# "o#(o"/ $!la#!% #o 'a$!#("5J

64 #o ('p$o! oca6ula$H $!la#!% #o #! 1(!l% o1 'a$!#("5

c4 #o $!(/! 5$a''a$ "ol!%5! a6ou# co"%(#(o"al/

R!co''!"%a#(o"/3

a4 $!a% #! #!F#/ ca$!1ullH a"% #$H #o a%%$!// #! co$$!/po"%("5 #a//

64 u/! #! %(c#(o"a$H #o ('p$o! Hou$ oca6ula$H

c4 1ocu/ o" co"#!"# a"% o" la"5ua5! u/!

%4 ('p$o! Hou$ co"#$ol o1 5$a''a$ a"% 6u(l% Hou$ oca6ula$H 6H p$ac#(c("5

%(11!$!"# #Hp!/ o1 !F!$c(/!/

EFp!c#!% $!/ul#/3

a4 ('p$o! /#u%!"#/G co''a"% o1 E"5l(/

64 6u(l% up /p!a("5 a"% $(#("5 /(ll/


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c4 p$ac#(c! $(#("5 1o$ /p!c(1(c pu$po/!/

%4 !"cou$a5! #! ("%!p!"%!"# /#u%H a"% /!l1-("/#$uc#(o"

ROUP DISCUSSION:

CJoose o&e o% "Je .e%i&i"io&s a3o6e a&. ep$ai& @J ou 4o&si.er i" "Je mos" sui"a3$e %or "Je %ie$. o%

mar5e"i&2/

TJe K'a$!#("5 '(FK is pro3a3$ "Je mos" %amous pJrase i& mar5e"i&2/ TJe e$eme&"s are "Je mar5e"i&2

"a4"i4s/ A$so 5&o@& as "Je K1ou$ P/K, "Je mar5e"i&2 mi e$eme&"s are p$(c!,plac! ,p$o%uc#,a&.

p$o'o#(o"4

Some 4omme&"a"ors @i$$ i&4rease "Je mi "o "Je K1(! P/K, "o i&4$u.e p!opl!/ O"Jers @i$$ i&4rease "Je

mi "o KS!!" P/K, "o i&4$u.e pH/(cal !(%!"c! Psu4J as u&i%orms, %a4i$i"ies, or $i6erQ a&. p$oc!//

Pi/e/ "Je @Jo$e 4us"omer eperie&4e e/2/ a 6isi" "o "Je Dis&e or$.Q/ TJe "erm @as 4oi&e. 3 Nei$ F/Bor.e& i& Jis ar"i4$e )The *once+t of the ,ar-eting ,ix)i& )*/

TJe 4o&4ep" is simp$e/ TJi&5 a3ou" a&o"Jer 4ommo& mi - a 4a5e mi/ A$$ 4a5es 4o&"ai& e22s, mi$5,

%$our, a&. su2ar/ Fo@e6er, ou 4a& a$"er "Je %i&a$ 4a5e 3 a$"eri&2 "Je amou&"s o% mi e$eme&"s

4o&"ai&e. i& i"/ So %or a s@ee" 4a5e a.. more su2ar I" is "Je same @i"J "Je mar5e"i&2 mi/ TJe o%%er

ou ma5e "o ou 4us"omer 4a& 3e a$"ere. 3 6ari&2 "Je mi e$eme&"s/ So %or a Ji2J pro%i$e 3ra&.

i&4rease "Je %o4us o& promo"io& a&. .ese&si"i0e "Je @ei2J" 2i6e& "o pri4e/

P$o'o#(o"

A&o"Jer o&e o% "Je '?s is promo"io&/ TJis i&4$u.es a$$ o% "Je "oo$s a6ai$a3$e "o "Je mar5e"er %or

mar5e"i&2 4ommu&i4a"io&/ As @i"J Nei$ F/ Bor.e&Us mar5e"i&2 mi, mar5e"i&2 4ommu&i4a"io&s Jas

i"s o@& promo"io&s mi/ TJi&5 o% i" $i5e a 4a5e mi, "Je 3asi4 i&2re.ie&"s are a$@as "Je same/

Fo@e6er, i% ou 6ar "Je amou&"s o% o&e o% "Je i&2re.ie&"s, "Je %i&a$ ou"4ome is .i%%ere&"/ I" is "Je same

@i"J promo"io&s/ Hou 4a& i&"e2ra"e .i%%ere&" aspe4"s o% "Je promo"io&s mi "o .e$i6er a u&iue

4ampai2&/ TJe e$eme&"s o% "Je promo"io&s mi are:

/ P!$/o"al S!ll("5

>/ Sal!/ P$o'o#(o"

!/ Pu6l(c R!la#(o"/

'/ D($!c# a(l

*/ T$a%! &a($/ a"% EF(6(#(o"/
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)/ A%!$#(/("5

>4 Spo"/o$/(p

TJe e$eme&"s o% "Je promo"io&s mi are i&"e2ra"e. "o %orm a 4oJere&" 4ampai2&/ As @i"J a$$ %orms o%

4ommu&i4a"io&, "Je messa2e %rom "Je mar5e"er %o$$o@s "Je 4ommu&i4a"io&s pro4ess as i$$us"ra"e.

a3o6e/ +or eamp$e, a ra.io a.6er" is ma.e %or a 4ar ma&u%a4"urer/ TJe 4ar ma&u%a4"urer Pse&.erQ pas

%or a spe4i%i4 a.6er" @Ji4J 4o&"ai&s a messa2e spe4i%i4 "o a "ar2e" au.ie&4e Pe&4o.i&2Q/ I" is "ra&smi""e.

.uri&2 a se" o% 4ommer4ia$s %rom a ra.io s"a"io& Pessa2e me.iaQ/ TJe messa2e is .e4o.e. 3 a 4ar

ra.io P.e4o.i&2Q a&. "Je "ar2e" 4o&sumer i&"erpre"s "Je messa2e Pre4ei6erQ/ Fe or sJe mi2J" 6isi" a.ea$ersJip or see5 %ur"Jer i&%orma"io& %rom a @e3 si"e PRespo&seQ/ TJe 4o&sumer mi2J" 3u a 4ar or

epress a& i&"eres" or .is$i5e P%ee.3a45Q/ TJis i&%orma"io& @i$$ i&%orm %u"ure e$eme&"s o% a& i&"e2ra"e.

promo"io&a$ 4ampai2&/ ?erJaps a .ire4" mai$ 4ampai2& @ou$. pusJ "Je 4o&sumer "o "Je poi&" o%

pur4Jase/ Noise represe&"s "Je "Jousa&. o% mar5e"i&2 4ommu&i4a"io&s "Ja" a 4o&sumer is epose. "o

e6er.a, a$$ 4ompe"i&2 %or a""e&"io&/


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ROUP DISCUSSION:

Ji4J e$eme&" o% "Je promo"io&s mi .o ou 4o&si.er as 3ei&2 "Je mos" impor"a&" us"i% our

a&s@er/

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

+or ea4J .e%i&i"io& 4Joose "Je 4orre4" @or. or pJrase Pe/ -4Q:

/ ?ro6i.i&2 mo&e "o 4u$"ura$ or spor"i&2 a4"i6i"ies i& e4Ja&2e %or a.6er"isi&2 ri2J"s

aQ promo"io& 3Q 2ra&" ai. 4Q spo&sorsJip

>/ A 3usi&ess @Ji4J spe4ia$i0es i& 2i6i&2 a.6i4e a&. suppor" "o 4ompa&ies a3ou" mar5e"i&2 a&.

mar5e"s

aQ mar5e"i&2 4o&su$"a&4 3Q 4ou&se$$i&2 ser6i4e 4Q 4ompa& a&a$s"s

!/ A& e4o&om @Ji4J a$$o@s ope& a&. reaso&a3$ %ree e4Ja&2e 3e"@ee& pri6a"e 4ompa&ies

aQ 4omma&. e4o&om 3Q 4o&ser6a"i6e e4o&om 4Q %ree mar5e" e4o&om

'/ A mar5e" i& @Ji4J "Jere are "oo ma& supp$iers pro.u4i&2 simi$ar pro.u4"s

aQ sa"ura"e. mar5e" 3Q 3uersU mar5e" 4Q Jea6 mar5e"

*/ A mar5e" i& @Ji4J "Jere are %e@ supp$iers pro.u4i&2 2oo.s "Ja" a $o" o% peop$e @a&" "o 3u

aQ @ea5 mar5e" 3Q se$$ersU mar5e" 4Q $i2J" mar5e"

)/ A perso& @Jo uses "Jeir spe4ia$is" 5&o@$e.2e o% a spe4i%i4 mar5e" "o "r "o ep$ai& @Ja" Jas

Jappe&e. a&. pre.i4" @Ja" @i$$ Jappe&

aQ mar5e" a&a$s" 3Q %ore4as"er 4Q mar5e" 3ro5er

8/ A spe4i%i4 promo"io&a$ a4"i6i" o6er a $imi"e. perio. o% "ime

aQ 4ampai2& 3Q seaso& 4Q "re&.

(/ TJe a4"i6i" o% mo6i&2 2oo.s %rom "Je pro.u4er "o "Je 4o&sumer

aQ se$$i&2 3Q .is"ri3u"io& 4Q orie&"a"io&


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/ TJe propor"io& o% "Je "o"a$ mar5e" @Ji4J o&e 4ompa& 4o&"ro$s

aQ .omi&io& 3Q mar5e" p$a4e 4Q mar5e" sJare

9/ Ja" a 4ompa& or or2a&i0a"io& sas i" i&"e&.s "o .o %or i"s 4us"omers a&. "Je 4ommu&i"

aQ 4orpora"e missio& 3Q s"ra"e2i4 p$a& 4Q 4orpora"e ima2e

TYPES O& PROOTION

/ CJoose "Je 4orre4" a$"er&a"i6e %or ea4J se&"e&4e/ I& o&e 4ase, 3o"Ja$$ o% "Je a$"er&a"i6es are possi3$e/

/ .ire4" mai$i&2 mai$ or.er pos"a$ a.6er"isi&2

Se&.i&2 pro.u4" or ser6i4e i&%orma"io& 3 pos" "o spe4i%i4 i&.i6i.ua$s or 4ompa&ies is 4a$$e. $irect

mailing.

>/ perso&a$ se$$i&2 .ire4" se$$i&2

A se$$i&2 "e4J&iue 3ase. o& ma5i&2 a perso&a$ 4a$$ "o a& i&.i6i.ua$ or 4ompa& is 4a$$e. W

!/ a& i&-s"ore promo"io& a spe4ia$ o%%er

A promo"io& 3ase. o& a.6er"isi&2 i& "Je a4"ua$ sJop is W

'/ poi&"-o%-sa$e a.6er"isi&2 o&-pa45 promo"io&

A promo"io& me"Jo. "Ja" i&6o$6es "Je pa45a2i&2 o% a pro.u4", su4J as i&4$u.i&2 a %ree samp$e or

4oupo& is 4a$$e. W

*/ spo&sorsJip perime"er a.6er"isi&2

A.6er"isi&2 arou&. "Je p$ai&2 area a" spor"s 2rou&.s is 4a$$e. W

)/ 3ar2ai& se$$i&2 BOGO+

A promo"io& me"Jo. %or %as" mo6i&2 4o&sumer 2oo.s @Ji4J i&6o$6es 3ui&2 o&e a&. 2e""i&2 o&e %ree

is 4a$$e. W

8/ o&$i&e a.6er"isi&2 a.6er"isi&2 o& "Je @e3 I&"er&e" a.6er"isi&2

?romo"i&2 our a4"i6i"ies or our 4ompa& a&. i"s pro.u4"s or ser6i4es o& "Je i&"er&e" is 4a$$e. W


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(/ 4o$. 4a$$i&2 .oor-"o-.oor se$$i&2

Te$epJo&i&2 .ire4" "o Jomes or 3usi&esses "o "r "o i&"eres" peop$e i& our ser6i4es or our pro.u4"s is

4a$$e. W

SPEA?IN

/ Dis4uss "Je %o$$o@i&2 @i"J a par"&er:

Ne2o"ia"e a $is" i&4$u.i&2 @Ja" ou 4o&si.er "o 3e "Je DOs a&. DONUTs o% promo"io&a$ sa$es/

>/ Dis4uss o& "Je %o$$o@i&2 "opi4s, a2reei&2 or .isa2reei&2 o& "Je "ru"J 6a$ue o% ea4J s"a"eme&":

-A.6er"isi&2 .oes &o" prese&" a rea$ ima2e o% "Je pro.u4", ea22era"i&2 i"s 4Jara4"eris"i4s/

-A.6er"isi&2 raises pri4es a&. 3ri&2s %e@ 3e&e%i"s/

-A.6er"isi&2 some"imes persua.es 4us"omers "o 3u pro.u4"s "Je .o &o" &ee./

!/ Rea. "Je %o$$o@i&2 "e" a3ou" .ire4" mai$ a&. epress our perso&a$ opi&io&s a3ou" "Je issues

prese&"e. "Jere:

D($!c# a(lK/ D!a%lH S("/

+romApr$ Du&4a&,

Hour Gui.e "oA.6er"isi&2/

Fo@ mu4J #u&5 mai$ .o ou re4ei6e ea4J .a Do ou rea. i" Toss i"

No@ pu" ourse$% i& "Je sJoes o% our .ire4" mai$ re4ipie&"s/ A6oi. .ire4" mai$ .ea.$ mis"a5es or our

ma"eria$s @i$$ e&. up i& "Je "rasJ "oo/

Be%ore ou e6e& 3e2i& "o pu" our .ire4" mai$ 4ampai2& "o2e"Jer, ou6e 2o" "o 5&o@ @Jo our "ar2e"

mar5e" is/ Are "Je @ome& ?are&"s Hou&2 O$. M&.ers"a&. @Ja" mo"i6a"es "Jem/ Ja" are "Jeir
http://advertising.about.com/mbiopage.htmhttp://advertising.about.com/mbiopage.htmhttp://advertising.about.com/http://advertising.about.com/http://advertising.about.com/mbiopage.htmhttp://advertising.about.com/mbiopage.htmhttp://advertising.about.com/


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$i5es a&. .is$i5es

ri"e as i% oure "a$5i&2 "o "Jem/ A&. e6e& use "erms "Jese "pes o% peop$e @ou$. use/

Bu" a$$ "Je %a&4 2rapJi4s a&. "Je mos" 3eau"i%u$$ 4rea"e. se&"e&4es i& "Je @or$. @o&" .o ou a 3i" o%

2oo. i% ou .o&" 4are%u$$ se$e4" "Je peop$e o& our mai$i&2 $is"/ I% oure se$$i&2 a.u$" .iapers, ou

@a&" "o "ar2e" se&ior 4i"i0e&s///&o" >!-ear-o$.s/

Ti2J"e& our mai$i&2 $is" as mu4J as possi3$e "o 3e sure i"s "ai$ore. "o our &ee.s/ I"s "ou2J "o ma5e

peop$e 3e$ie6e "Je &ee. our pro.u4" a&. e6e& Jar.er "o 4o&6i&4e "Jem "Je &ee. i" &o@/ Bu" i%

ou6e resear4Je. our $is", ou Ja6e a Ji2Jer 4Ja&4e o% Ji""i&2 po"e&"ia$ 4us"omers i&s"ea. o% "Je "rasJ

4a&/

Hou6e ma.e our $is" a&. 4Je45e. i" "@i4e, so-"o-spea5/ I"s "Je per%e4" $is"/ No@ i"s "ime "o @ri"e/

De%i&e our o3#e4"i6es 3e%ore ou s"ar" @ri"i&2/ S"a %o4use. a&. Ji" "Je poi&"s o% our o3#e4"i6e/ I%

ou 2e" o%% "ra45, our rea.er is 2oi&2 "o s"op rea.i&2/

Spe&. a $o" o% "ime o& our Jea.$i&e/ us" remem3er Jo@ ou %ee$ @Je& rea.i&2 mai$ "Ja" 4omes "o

ou/ A%"er ou rea. "Ja" Jea.$i&e, .o ou 5eep rea.i&2 TJe Jea.$i&e 4a& ma5e or 3rea5 our .ire4"

mai$ 4ampai2&/

Does pri4e rea$$ ma""er No" u&$ess ou 5&o@ @Ja" oure 2e""i&2 %or "Ja" pri4e/ Foo5 our rea.er

@i"J a$$ o% "Je pro.u4" 3e&e%i"s/ B "Je "ime "Je 2e" "o "Je e&., "Je sJou$. 3e sai&2, XI 4a&" $i6e

@i"Jou" "Ja"X

A&. "Je& ou $e" "Jem i& o& "Je pri4e/ E6e& i% "Je pri4e is e"reme$ $o@, ou Ja6e "o "e$$ po"e&"ia$


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4us"omers a3ou" "Je pro.u4" %irs"/

Dis4$osi&2 "Jis pri4e sJou$.&" pu" peop$e i&"o sJo45/ Is our pro.u4" pri4e. a44or.i&2 "o "Je mar5e" I%

oure se$$i&2 a &e@ "e.. 3ear, i" sJou$. 3e pri4e. @i"Ji& reaso&/ No" ma& peop$e @i$$ pa Y9 %or a"i& "e.. 3ear, ri2J" Tru"J is, a $o" o% .ire4" mai$ 2oes u&a&s@ere. 3e4ause "Je pro.u4"s are

u&reaso&a3$ pri4e./

Su44ess Hour po"e&"ia$ 4us"omer rea. a$$ "Je @a "Jrou2J our mai$i&2/ No@ @Ja"

Di. ou "e$$ "Je rea.er @Ja" ou @a&" "Jem "o .o Hou 4a&" se$$ i% ou .o&" "e$$/

Hour rea.ers &ee. a 4a$$ "o a4"io&/ Te$$ "Jem "o se&. i& "Je 4ar., 4a$$ ou, e"4/ TJe& "e$$ "Jem a2ai&/

O&4e our .ire4" mai$ is rea. "o 2o, "es" se6era$ sma$$er mai$i&2s 3e%ore se&.i&2 ou" a Ju2e 4Ju&5/

Tes" ea4J o% "Jese mai$i&2s 3 4Ja&2i&2 a %e@ i"ems @Je& ou se&. "Jem ou"/

Fa6e "@o or more sa$es $e""ers ou "es" a2ai&s" ea4J o"Jer/ B "es"i&2, ou @i$$ %i&. ou" @Ji4J o% "Josemai$i&2s are 3ri&2i&2 i& more respo&ses a&. - Jope%u$$ - more or.ers/

S"i45 @i"J "Je 4$ear @i&&ers/ Remem3er "Je sai&2, XI% i" ai&" 3ro5e, .o&" %i i"/X

Dire4" mai$ is a @as"e o% mo&e %or a $o" o% peop$e/ Bu" i" .oes&" Ja6e "o 3e %or ou/ M&.ers"a&.i&2

.ire4" mai$ .ea.$ mis"a5es -- a&. a6oi.i&2 "Jem -- @i$$ $ea. ou "o sa$es su44ess

'/ Rea. "Je %o$$o@i&2 eamp$e o% a .ire4" mai$ a&. "r "o .e%i&e "Je 3asi4 %ea"ures o% su4J a $e""er:


16/83

I S L A N D

LONG DISTANCE

Sep"em3er (, >99

u$ie Sm"Je

?resi.e&"

A$"er&a"i6e Re"ai$i&2 888 Eas a Los A&2e$es, CA

YOU CAN CUT YOUR COPANYKS LON DISTANCE

PONE E@PENSES BY :0M

Dear s/ Sm"Je:

I"s "rue Is$a&. Lo&2 Dis"a&4e sa6es .ire4" mai$ re"ai$ers #us" $i5e ou as mu4J as

!9 o%% "Jeir mo&"J$ $o&2 .is"a&4e pJo&e 3i$$s/

e o%%er "Je same %i3er op"i4 "e$epJo&e $i&es "Ja" our 4urre&" ser6i4e &o@ o%%ers,

e4ep" @e 4Jar2e a $o" $ess %or our Ji2J ua$i" ser6i4e/ A&., @i"J Is$a&. Lo&2

Dis"a&4e, ou &e6er Ja6e "o @orr a3ou" $os" sa$es .ue "o a po@er or ss"ems %ai$ure/

I& "Je e6e&" o% a& emer2e&4, our 4ompu"er @i$$ au"oma"i4a$$ rerou"e "Je 4a$$s %rom

our (99 ss"em "o a&o"Jer $o4a"io& o% our 4Joosi&2/

a3e oure @o&.eri&2 @J ou6e &e6er Jear. o% us/ TJa"s 3e4ause u&$i5e AT[Ta&. CI, @e .o&" spe&. mi$$io&s o% .o$$ars o& epe&si6e a.6er"isi&2 4ampai2&s/ e

4Joose "o pass "Jis sa6i&2s o& "o ou/ I& %a4", mos" o% our &e@ 3usi&ess is 2e&era"e.

"Je o$. %asJio&e. @a: our 4us"omers re4omme&. us "o "Jeir 4o$$ea2ues/

Bu" "Ja"s &o" a$$/ Is$a&. Lo&2 Dis"a&4e o%%ers:


17/83

D!laH!% paH'!"# op#(o"/ %u$("5 Hou$ o11-p!a 'o"#/4 As a 4$o"Ji&2

re"ai$er, @e u&.ers"a&. our 3usi&ess Jas pea5s a&. 6a$$es, a&. @ere

prepare. "o Je$p ou "Jrou2J "Je 6a$$es/ Simp$ 4Joose o&e o% our

4o&6e&ie&" pame&" op"io&s "Ja"s 3es" %or our &ee.s/

ua$a"#!!% $a#!/ 1o$ #o H!a$/4AT[T, CI, a&. Spri&" raise "Jeir ra"es

>9 e6er %our mo&"Js P"Jose 4$e6er "e$e6isio& 4ommer4ia$s sure 4os" a $o" o%

mo&eQ/ e .o&", a&. !Kll pu# (# (" $(#("54

ua$a"#!!% /a#(/1ac#(o"4I% a%"er usi&2 our $o&2 .is"a&4e %or 9 .as oure

&o" 4omp$e"e$ sa"is%ie. %or a& reaso&, @e$$ s@i"4J ou 3a45 "o our o$.

ser6i4e %ree/

A &REE 'o"# o1 lo"5 %(/#a"c! #o "! cu/#o'!$/4

Bu" p$ease .o&" #us" "a5e Is$a&.s @or. o& i"/ Feres @Ja" some o% 4us"omers "Ji&5

a3ou" us:

X"slan$ ong Distance has cut our long $istance +hone bills by /0123

\Ellen 4al-er5 6resi$ent5 6eacoc- (ashions

X")ll ne7er forget the hurricane that $o!ne$ our +hone lines for one !ee-. 8n$ ")ll

ne7er forget ho! 9uic-ly "slan$ ong Distance reroute$ our calls to our e! Yor-

branch. They sa7e$ us $uring our busiest sales season23

\8lan (isher5 #ales Director5 *an$y&By&,ail

I6e e&4$ose. a 3ro4Jure "Ja" %ur"Jer .e"ai$s our s"a"e-o%-"Je-ar" rerou"i&2 ss"em a&.

.e$ae. pame&" op"io&s/ Pl!a/! 6! a%(/!% #! 1$!! 'o"# o1 lo"5 %(/#a"c! (/aa(la6l! o"lH #o "! cu/#o'!$/ o /(5" (# u/ 6H ulH 94Hou mus" a4" ui45$

"o "a5e a.6a&"a2e o% "Jis e4ep"io&a$ sa6i&2s oppor"u&i"/

I. $i5e "o mee" @i"J ou "o .is4uss Jo@ Is$a&. Lo&2 Dis"a&4e 4a& imme.ia"e$ 3e2i&

sa6i&2 ou up "o !9 o& our mo&"J$ $o&2 .is"a&4e epe&se/ I$$ 3e 4o&"a4"i&2 ou


18/83

&e" @ee5 "o s4Je.u$e a& appoi&"me&"/ I $oo5 %or@ar. "o mee"i&2 @i"J ou soo&/

Si&4ere$,

Samue$ oJ&so&

?resi.e&"

?/S/ Do&" %or2e", ou mus" si2& @i"J Is$a&. Lo&2 Dis"a&4e 3 u$ , >99 %or our

%ree mo&"J o% $o&2 .is"a&4e ser6i4e

>/ ri"e a simi$ar $e""er promo"i&2 a pro.u4" or ser6i4e a" our 4Joi4e/


19/83

RAAR

Co"%(#(o"al/

&($/#, S!co"% a"% T($% Co"%(#(o"al/

TJere are "Jree mai& "pes o% 4o&.i"io&a$s se&"e&4es/

a/ +irs" 4o&.i"io&a$ Por Tpe 4o&.i"io&a$Q:

I% I see A&.re@ a" "Je mee"i&2, IU$$ 2i6e Jim our messa2e/

?rese&" Simp$e +u"ure Simp$e

3/ Se4o&. 4o&.i"io&a$ Por Tpe > 4o&.i"io&a$Q:

I% m pare&"s @ere a$i6e, "Je @ou$. 3e 6er prou. o% me&o@/ ?as" Simp$e @ou$. ] I&%/

4/ TJir. 4o&.i"io&a$ Por Tpe ! 4o&.i"io&a$Q:

I% sJe Ja. @or5e. Jar.er, sJe @ou$. Ja6e passe. "Je eams/

EF!$c(/!/

I/ TJe %o$$o@i&2 se&"e&4es are %irs", se4o&. or "Jir. 4o&.i"io&a$/ ?u" "Je 6er3s i& 3ra45e"s i&"o "Je

appropria"e %orm:

/ e @a&"e. "o 2o ou" es"er.a 3u" "Je @ea"Jer @as "erri3$e/ I% i" P3eQ a &i4e .a, @e P2oQ %or a pi4&i4/

>/ J .o&U" ou ep$ai& e6er"Ji&2 "o Jim I% ou P&o" "e$$Q Jim "Je "ru"J, IUm sure ou Pre2re"Q i" o&e

.a/

!/ e&&i%er @as Jere &o" $o&2 a2o/ I% ou P4ome rou&.Q ear$ier, ou PseeQ Jer/

'/ Appare&"$, "Je %err 4ompa& are p$a&&i&2 "o 4$ose "Je por" i& "Jis "o@&/ I% "Ja" PJappe&Q, "Je "o@&P$oseQ a 2rea" .ea$ o% mo&e/

*/ I PJe$pQ ou @i"J i" i% I PJa6eQ more "ime, 3u" IUm a%rai. I Ja6e&U" 2o" a& spare "ime a" a$$ a" "Je

mome&"/

)/ TJe 2o6er&me&" is epe4"i&2 "o @i& "Je &e" e$e4"io&, 3u" i% i" P$oseQ, "Je ?rime i&is"er Presi2&Q

%rom po$i"i4s/


20/83

8/ I am so 2$a. "Ja" ou "oo5 me "o our %rie&.Us par"/ I% @e P&o" 2oQ "Jere, I P&e6er mee"Q A.ria&/

(/ I"Us ri.i4u$ous "Ja" "rai&s are so epe&si6e/ I% %ares P3eQ 4Jeaper, IUm sure more peop$e PuseQ "Je "rai&

a&. $ea6e "Jeir 4ars a" Jome/

/ I% sJe P2e"Q "Ja" #o3 sJe app$ie. %or, sJe P3eQ .e$i2J"e./ A&. I "Ji&5 sJeUs 2o" a 2oo. 4Ja&4e o% 2e""i&2

i"/

9/ +or"u&a"e$ "Je ep$osio& "oo5 p$a4e a" &i2J" @Je& "Je s"ree"s @ere emp"/ I" P3eQ a .isas"er i% i"

PJappe&Q i& "Je mi..$e o% "Je .a/

/ TJe "a$5s 3e"@ee& "Je "@o $ea.ers 5eep 3rea5i&2 .o@&/ I% "Je P3rea5 .o@&Q a2ai&, i" is possi3$e

"Ja" "Jere P3eQ a @ar 3e"@ee& "Je "@o 4ou&"ries/

>/ I% A$iso& P5&o@Q a&"Ji&2 a3ou" 4ar me4Ja&i4s, IUm sure sJe PJe$pQ us %i "Je 4ar, 3u" I "Ji&5 sJe

5&o@s e6e& $ess "Ja& @e .o/!/ TJeU6e 3ee& marrie. %or "@e&" ears &o@ 3u" I .o&U" "Ji&5 sJe PmarrQ Jim i% sJe P5&o@Q @Ja" a

se$%isJ ma& Je @as/

'/ CJi$.re& spe&. "oo mu4J "ime @a"4Ji&2 "e$e6isio& a&. p$ai&2 4ompu"er 2ames/ IUm sure "Je P3eQ

Jappier i% "Je Pspe&.Q more "ime p$ai&2 ou"si.e/

*/ amie Jas e6er"Ji&2 Je @a&"s 3u" JeUs a$@as moa&i&2/ IUm sure "Ja" i% I PJa6eQ so mu4J mo&e, I

P&o" moa&Q a$$ "Je "ime/

II/ ?u" "Je 6er3s i& 3ra45e"s i&"o "Je appropria"e %orm:

/ OJ .ear, I "Ji&5 @eUre a 3i" $a"e/ I% "Je 4o&4er"Us a$rea. s"ar"e., @e P&o" 3e [email protected] "o 2o i&/

>/ Fe @ou$.&U" 3e 4omi&2 Jere i% Je P&o" @a&"Q "o/

!/ I% ou @ere p$a&&i&2 "o $ea6e our Jus3a&., I Pa.6iseQ ou a2ai&s" i"/

'/ Fe 4ou$. 3e ear&i&2 $o"s o% mo&e &o@ i% Je rea$$ P@a&"Q "o, 3u" I .o&U" "Ji&5 "Ja"Us @Ja" Je @a&"s/

*/ Hou 4a& s"a Jere "o&i2J" i% ou P&o" Ja6eQ a&@Jere e$se "o s"a/

)/ I% I 4ou$. Ja6e pJo&e. ou, I P"e$$Q ou @Ja" @as Jappe&i&2/

8/ I% ou PJa6eQ a& pro3$ems, 2i6e me a ri&2/

(/ I% ou P2e"Q Jere a" a3ou" ( oU4$o45, IU$$ 3e @ai"i&2 %or ou


21/83

/ e 4ou$. Ja6e 2o" "Jere i& "ime i% ou PpJo&eQ us ear$ier/

9/ I% "Jis sJou$. Jappe& a2ai&, P4omeQ a&. P"e$$Q me a3ou" i" imme.ia"e$/

/ Hou 4a&U" epe4" 5i&.&ess a&. suppor" %rom our %ami$ i% ou P&o" 2i6eQ "Je same "o "Jem/

>/ I% sJeUs 3ee& @or5i&2 a$$ .a, sJe P3eQ 6er "ire. @Je& sJe 2e"s i&/

!/ I% "Je ma&a2eme&" @ere "o rei&s"a"e "Je s"ri5e $ea.er, "Je s"ri5e P3e 4a$$e. o%%Q/

'/ I% I P5eepQ @or5i&2 o& "Jis essa, IU$$ Ja6e %i&isJe. i" 3 "o&i2J"/

*/ I% I 4ou$. 3orro@ some mo&e, I P.e%i&i"e$ 4omeQ o& "Je Jo$i.a @i"J ou, 3u" I "Ji&5 i"Us u&$i5e$/

)/ I mi2J" Ja6e 3ee& a3$e "o Je$p ou i% ou Pep$ai&Q "Je pro3$em "o me/

8/ I% I 4ou$. $i6e @Jere6er I @a&"e. "o, I "Ji&5 I P4JooseQ "o $i6e o& a S4o""isJ is$a&./

(/ I% "Je Ja. 3ee& $is"e&i&2 more 4are%u$$, "Je Pmi2J" u&.ers"a&.Q @Ja" I @as sai&2/

/ I% I P3eQ a ear o$.er, I 4ou$. #oi& "Je arm/

>9/ I% I P2e"Q a pa rise, IUm 2oi&2 "o 3u a &e@ 4ar/

B(6l(o5$apH

94 Cull!", V4 L!"(5!$, D4 2000 B for Business. Q"c!"3 aF u!6!$V!$la5

24 Du6(ca, I4 OG?!!11!, 4 200=Market Leader Advanced. E%("6u$53P!a$/o" Lo"5'a"

:4 oll("5!$, A4 2002 Test Your Business English Vocabulary. Bucu$!/#(3T!o$a

;4 ongman Business English Dictionary :;00999QDicionar economic englez&rom'n. Bu4ure"i: E.i"uraE4o&omi4=

>4 Topa$a, V/[ ?a"ri4iu, S/ PQDicionar economic englez&rom'n. Bu4ure"i:E.i"ura E4o&omi4=


22/83


23/83

ODULE II

&INANCE AND ACCOUNTIN

Ba/(c Co"c!p#/3

A44ou&"i&2, a44ou&"a&", asse"s, $ia3i$i"ies, au.i"i&2, 3a$a&4e sJee", i&6oi4e

!"!$al o6j!c#(!/3

a4 ('p$o! /#u%!"#/G co''a"% o1 E"5l(/

64 !lp /#u%!"#/ %!!lop a"% p$ac#(c! 6a/(c /(ll/ #o !"a6l! #!' #o op!$a#! !11!c#(!lH ("

$!al l(1! /(#ua#(o"/

c4 ("c$!a/! /#u%!"#/G "ol!%5! o1 6u/("!// #!$'/

Sp!c(1(c o6j!c#(!/

a4 #o p$o(%! ("1o$'a#(o" a"% !Fpla"a#(o"/ a6ou# "o#(o"/ $!la#!% #o accou"#("5J

64 #o ('p$o! oca6ula$H $!la#!% #o #! 1(!l% o1 1("a"c! a"% accou"#("5

c4 #o $!(/! 5$a''a$ "ol!%5! a6ou# ("%($!c# /p!!c

R!co''!"%a#(o"/3



c4 1ocu/ o" co"#!"# a"% o" la"5ua5! u/!

%4 ('p$o! Hou$ co"#$ol o1 5$a''a$ a"% 6u(l% Hou$ oca6ula$H 6H p$ac#(c("5 %(11!$!"# #Hp!/o1 !F!$c(/!/

EFp!c#!% $!/ul#/3

a4 ('p$o! /#u%!"#/G co''a"% o1 E"5l(/


24/83

64 6u(l% up /p!a("5 a"% $(#("5 /(ll/

c4 p$ac#(c! $(#("5 1o$ /p!c(1(c pu$po/!/

%4 !"cou$a5! #! ("%!p!"%!"# /#u%H a"% /!l1-("/#$uc#(o"

BE&ORE YOU READ

/ Hou .e4i.e "o se" up our o@& 3usi&ess/ Ja" are "Je mai& reuireme&"s %or su4J a 6e&"ure

>/ Ja" "pe o% 3usi&ess or2a&i0a"io& are ou 2oi&2 "o se" up Ja" ma our op"io&s 3e

!/ As a sma$$ 3usi&ess o@&er .o ou &ee. "o Jire pro%essio&a$ a44ou&"i&2 ser6i4es or 4a& ouma&a2e 3 ourse$%

'/ Is i" e&ou2J "o Ja6e a pro%essio&a$ a44ou&"a&" or .o ou Ja6e "o 5&o@ some"Ji&2 a3ou" %i&a&4ia$opera"io&s ourse$%

*/ I& our opi&io& @Ja" par"i4u$ar s5i$$s .o a44ou&"a&"s &ee.

READIN

Rea. "Je ar"i4$e a3ou" *om+any (ormation/ CJoose "Je 3es" se&"e&4es %rom "Je $is" 3e$o@ PA-FQ "o %i$$

ea4J 2ap P-*Q/ TJere is o&e se&"e&4e "Ja" ou .o &o" &ee./ TJere is a& eamp$e a" "Je 3e2i&&i&2 P9-DQ

A/ TJe 3i2 a.6a&"a2e o% %ormi&2 a pu3$i4 $imi"e. 4ompa& is "Ja" a.6er"iseme&"s ma 3e pa4e. i&

%i&a&4ia$ &e@spaper i&6i"i&2 "Je pu3$i4 "o app$ %or sJares: a +ros+ectus, as "Jis a.6er"iseme&" is 4a$$e.,

2i6es .e"ai$s o% "Je 4ompa&Us pas" "ra.i&2 re4or. a&. es"ima"es o% %u"ure ear&i&2s, "o2e"Jer @i"J o"Jer

i&%orma"io& reuire. 3 $a@/

B/ O& "Je o"Jer Ja&., 3oo55eepers are respo&si3$e %or o3"ai&i&2 "Je %i&a&4ia$ .a"a "Ja" "Je a44ou&"i&2

ss"em pro4esses/ A& a44ou&"i&2 ss"em 4a&&o" opera"e @i"Jou" 2oo., a44ura"e 3oo55eepi&2, 3u" a

3oo55eeper 4a& 2e&era$$ 3e "rai&e. i& a ear or "@o/

C/ As a 4o&seue&4e, o@&ers i& a 4orpora"io& Ja6e $imi"e. $ia3i$i"/ i"J $imi"e. $ia3i$i", "Je o@&ers

are respo&si3$e %or "Je .e3"s o% "Je 3usi&ess o&$ "o "Je e"e&" o% "Je amou&" "Je Ja6e i&6es"e./

D/ ?erJaps ou @a&" "o 3e4ome a par"-o@&er o% a 4orpora"io& 3 3ui&2 sJares o& i"/ Hou ma @a&" "o

i&6es" i& a par"&ersJip 3 3e4omi&2 a s$eepi&2 par"&er or ou ma @a&" "o $oo5 i&"o %ra&4Jise/


25/83

E/ os" pro3a3$ ou @i$$ Ja6e "o emp$o a s5i$$e. perso& "o 5eep "Je ea4" re4or.s o% our 3usi&ess

a&. possi3$ "o 2i6e ou some pro%essio&a$ a.6i4e as @e$$/

+/ TJere are more so$e proprie"orsJips "Ja& a& o"Jer "pes o% 3usi&ess i& "Je M&i"e. S"a"es e4o&omi4

ss"em, 3u" i" is "Je 2ia&" 4orpora"io&, espe4ia$$ "Je mu$"i&a"io&a$ o&e, "Ja" Jas 3e4ome "o ma& "Je

sm3o$ o% "Je pri6a"e Ameri4a& e&"erprise ss"em/

G/ TJeir perso&a$ sa6i&2s a&. possessio&s 4a&&o" 3e "a5e& "o pa "Je 4orpora"io&Us .e3"s/

F/ Msua$$, a$$ "Je par"&ers Ja6e perso&a$ u&$imi"e. $ia3i$i" %or .e3"s "o 4re.i"ors/ A par"&er @Jo

i&6es"s mo&e i& a par"&ersJip 3u" @Jo .oes &o" ru& "Je 3usi&ess is 4a$$e. a s$eepi&2 par"&er/

Co'pa"H &o$'a#(o"

A perso& s"ar"i&2 a &e@ 3usi&ess mus" .e4i.e @Ji4J "pe o% or2a&i0a"io& is 3es"/ To some e"e&" "Je

a&s@er .epe&.s o& "Je perso&, "Je "pe o% 3usi&ess, "Je mo&e &ee.e., a&. "Je 5i&. o% pro.u4" or

ser6i4e "o 3e pro6i.e./ I% ou are 2oi&2 i& a res"aura&" 3usi&ess, ou ma .e4i.e o& a so$e

proprie"orsJip or a par"&ersJip/ PWW9WW-DQ

PWWWWQ

TJe mo&e &ee.e. "o s"ar" a 3usi&ess is 4a$$e. 4api"a$/ I% ou .o &o" Ja6e e&ou2J 4api"a$ ou ma

3orro@ some %rom "Je 3a&5 i& "Je %orm o% a $oa& or a& o6er.ra%"/ Be%ore "Je 3a&5 @i$$ 2i6e a $oa& ou

mus" pu" up some se4uri" Psu4J as our o@& JouseQ i& 4ase ou 4a&&o" pa 3a45 "Je mo&e/

I% "Je 3usi&ess o@&e. 3 ourse$% Pso$e proprie"orQ ru&s i&"o "rou3$e, ou are $ia3$e "o pa a$$ "Je .e3"s

"o our 4re.i"or, e6e& i% ou Ja6e "o se$$ our pri6a"e possessio&s/ A so$e proprie"or is perso&a$$ $ia3$e

"o JisJer 4re.i"ors/


26/83

Some"imes "@o or more peop$e o@& a&. ru& a 3usi&ess/ TJis is 4a$$e. a par"&ersJip/ ?eop$e @Jo i&6es"

mo&e i& a 3usi&ess are 4a$$e. i&6es"ors or 3a45ers/ TJe 3a45ers i& a par"&ersJip are a$$ par"&ers a&.

o@&ers/ PWW>WWQ Some"imes a s$eepi&2 par"&er 4a& Ja6e $imi"e. $ia3i$i"^ JisJer $ia3i$i" is $imi"e.

"o "Je amou&" o% mo&e JesJe i&6es"s/

A 4ompa& or a 4orpora"io& is a 3usi&ess "Ja" is $e2a$$ re2ar.e. as a separa"e e&"i", as _some"Ji&2

"Ja" eis"s i&.epe&.e&"$`/ TJa" mea&s "Ja", as %ar as $a@ is 4o&4er&e., "Je 4orpora"io& Jas a separa"e

eis"e&4e %rom "Je peop$e @Jo o@& i"/ I" Jas a $i%e o% i"s o@&/ PWW!WWQ E6e& i% "Je 3usi&ess %ai$s,

"Je o@&ers 4a&&o" $ose more "Ja& "Je Ja6e i&6es"e./ PWW'WWQ Limi"e. $ia3i$i" 4ompa&ies are

e4o&omi4a$$ 6er e%%i4ie&"/ A$"Jou2J o&$ a3ou" ) per4e&" o% a$$ 3usi&esses i& "Je M&i"e. S"a"es are

4orpora"io&s "Je ear& a3ou" 8 per4e&" o% "Je 4ou&"rUs i&4ome/

I&6es"me&" i& a $imi"e. 4ompa& is i& "Je %orm o% sJares/ E6ero&e @Jo 3us sJares i& "Je 4ompa& is

a sJareJo$.er/ TJe $ia3i$i" o% ea4J sJare is $imi"e. "o "Je amou&" o% o&eUs i&6es"me&"/ I% ou Ja6e

sJares i& a 4ompa&, ou Ja6e s"a5e or Jo$.i&2 i& "Je 4ompa&/ I% ou Jo$. >9 o% "Je sJares, ou

Ja6e a >9 s"a5es/ I% a sJareJo$.er Jas more "Ja& *9 Jo$.i&2, "Ja" perso& is a ma#ori" sJareJo$.er

a&. Jas a ma#ori" or 4o&"ro$$i&2 i&"eres" i& "Je 4ompa&/

A pu3$i4 $imi"e. 4ompa& is &orma$$ "Je $ar2es" %orm o% 3usi&ess u&i" i& "Je pri6a"e se4"or^ i"s sJares

are o%"e& uo"e. o& "Je s"o45 e4Ja&2e/ os" prese&" .a pu3$i4 4ompa&ies @ere o&4e pri6a"e, Ja6i&2

a" o&e s"a2egone +ublic@i"J "Je Je$p o% a 3a&5/ PWW*WWQ

O&e o% "Je mai& reaso&s %or sma$$ 3usi&ess %ai$ure is &o" ma&a2eria$ i&4ompe"e&4e, 3u" i&a.eua"e

%i&a&4ia$ p$a&&i&2/ TJere%ore, i& or.er "o e&sure our su44ess ou Ja6e "o $ear& some"Ji&2 a3ou" "Je

mar5e" ou @a&" "o e&"er, "Je 2oo.s a&. ser6i4es a$rea. eis"i&2 a&. ou Ja6e "o u&.ers"a&. some3asi4 3usi&ess a&. a44ou&"i&2 pri&4ip$es/ PWW)WWQ TJis mea&s @ri"i&2 .o@& 4re.i"s a&. .e3i"s, a&.

a..i&2 up 4o$um&s a&. %i2ures usua$$ 3oo55eeperUs .u", 3u" a$so re4or.i&2 4asJ %$o@ a&. "Je 6a$ue

o% asse"s a&. $ia3i$i"ies, 4a$4u$a"e $osses a&. pro%i"s e"4/ @Ji4J is @Ja" a& a44ou&"a&" .oes/ Hou @i$$

Ja6e "o 5&o@ a&. u&.ers"a&. "Je mea&i&2 o% some 3asi4 a44ou&"i&2 #ar2o& su4J as 4asJ re4eip"s,

#our&a$, 4Je45 re2is"er, .ou3$e e&"r, +I+O, "ria$ 3a$a&4e/ Hou &ee. a$$ "Jis, as @e$$ as %i&a&4ia$


27/83

s"a"eme&"s, 3u.2e"s, 4asJ-%$o@ pro#e4"io&s, 3o"J "o measure "Je su44ess o% our 4ompa& a&. "o Je$p

ou ma5e .e4isio&s a3ou" a$$o4a"i&2 our resour4es %or %u"ure pro#e4"s/

:8$a+te$ from >ea$y for Business=

COPREENSION UESTIONS

/ Ja" .o ou u&.ers"a&. 3 so$e proprie"orsJip

>/ Ja" .o ou u&.ers"a&. 3 par"&ersJip

!/ J are $imi"e. $ia3i$i" 4ompa&ies e4o&omi4a$$ e%%i4ie&"

'/ Ja" are "Je mai& reaso&s %or sma$$ 3usi&ess %ai$ure

ENLIS IN USE

94 u!/#(o"/ 9-90

+or ea4J 3$a&5 P-9Q, "Ji&5 o% "Je @or. "Ja" 3es" %i"s i& "Je 4o&"e"/ Mse o&$ o&e @or. i& ea4J spa4e/

A44ou&"i&2 is a" $eas" "Je se4o&. o$.es" pro%essio& i& "Je @or$./ Bu" @Ji$e ear$ier pro%essio&a$s rapi.$

2o" "o 2rips WWPQ 3asi4 "e4J&iues a&. e6e& i&"ro.u4e. re%i&eme&"s, i" is remar5a3$e "Ja" 2e&era"io&s

o% "a 4o$$e4"ors s"a22ere. WWP>Q %or "Jousa&.s o% ears WWP!Q %i&.i&2 a sa"is%a4"or 2e&era$

me"Jo. o% 5eepi&2 a WWP'Q o% "Jeir a%%airs/ TJis sJou$. ser6e WWP*Q a @ar&i&2/ TJe pro3$em is

4ommo& se&se 3u" "Je a&s@er is &o"/ I" is Ji2J$ 4o&"ri6e. a&. WWP)Q some respe4"s s"i$$ imper%e4"/

A 3usi&ess ma 3e pi4"ure. as a 3o/ TJe 3o Jas 4o&"e&"s a&. WWP8Q 6ir"ue o% o@&i&2 "Je 3o, "Je

o@&er Jas a 4$aim WWP(Q "Je 6a$ue o% "Je 4o&"e&"s/ As "Je 3usi&ess 3us a&. se$$s 2oo.s a&. ser6i4es,

so "Je 6a$ue o% "Je 4o&"e&"s o% "Je 3o @i$$ i&4rease or WWPQ, .epe&.i&2 o& @Je"Jer "Je 3usi&ess

ma5es a WWP9Q or a $oss/

24 u!/#(o"/ 99-20

+or ea4J 3$a&5 P->9Q, .e4i.e @Ji4J o% "Je op"io&s A, B, C or D is 3es"/ O&$ o&e a&s@er is 4orre4"

a&. "Jere is a$@as o&e 4orre4" a&s@er/


28/83

Je& "Je i&.epe&.e&" au.i"or 3e2i&s a& au.i" WWPQ, Je WWP>Q "Ja" "Je i&"er&a$ 4o&"ro$ ss"em o%

"Je WWP!Q is appropria"e a&. WWP'Q^ "Ja" "Je 2e&era$$ a44ep"e. a44ou&"i&2 pri&4ip$es Ja6e 3ee&

app$ie. i& a$$ a44ou&"i&2 pro4esses WWP*Q "Je %i&a&4ia$ s"a"eme&"s^ "Ja" "Jese 2e&era$$ a44ep"e.

a44ou&"i&2 pri&4ip$es u"i$i0e. Ja6e 3ee& app$ie. WWP)Q 3e"@ee& "Je 4urre&" a&. "Je prior perio.s^

a&. "Ja" "Jere is a& a.eua"e amou&" o% i&%orma"i6e %i&a&4ia$ WWP8Q i& "Je %i&a&4ia$ s"a"eme&"s a&.%oo"&o"es/ E6i.e&4e 2a"Jeri&2 a&. i"s e6a$ua"io& e&a3$e "Je au.i"ors "o WWP(Q or 4o&%irm "Jese

assump"io&s/ TJus "Je au.i"orUs @or5 i&6o$6es "Je a&a$"i4a$ pro4ess o% 2a"Jeri&2 su%%i4ie&" e6i.e&"ia$

ma""er o& a "es" or WWPQ 3asis "o e&a3$e a 4ompe"e&" pro%essio&a$ "o epress a& opi&io& as "o

@Je"Jer a 2i6e& se" o% %i&a&4ia$ s"a"eme&"s mee"s WWP>9Q s"a&.ar.s o% %i&a&4ia$ repor"i&2/

/ A assor"me&" B "as5 C assi2&me&" D respo&si3i$i"

>/ A pre"e&.s B assumes C assures D i&sures

!/ A e&"er"ai&me&" B es"a"e C e&"erprise D %irm

'/ A e%%e4"i6e B pro%i4ie&" C a%%e4"i6e D pro.u4"i6e

*/ A u&.er"a5i&2 B 3asi&2 o& C u&.er2oi&2 D u&.er$i&2

)/ A 4o&seue&"$ B 4o&si.era3$ C 4o&sis"e&"$ D 4o&se4u"i6e$

8/ A .is4o&"e&" B .isp$a C .is4repa&4 D .is4$osure

(/ A .e& B re$ease C re#e4" D .ire4"

/ A samp$i&2 B .a"i&2 C s"ampi&2 D mo.e$$i&2

>9/ A s"a"e. B %ou&.e. C %ou&.$i&2 D es"a3$isJe.


29/83

u!/#(o"/ 29-2->*Q, "Jere %our u&.er$i&e. par"s, A, B, C a&. D/ +or

ea4J se&"e&4e, %i&. "Je u&.er$i&e. par", A, B, C or D, "Ja" ma5es "Je se&"e&4e i&4orre4"/ TJere is a$@as

o&e possi3$e a&s@er/

>/ Au.i"i&2 is PAQ a& a&a$"i4a$ pro4ess app$ie. "o e6er.a 3usi&ess si"ua"io&s/ PBQ Ji$e i" is 4$ose$

re$a"e. "o eis"i&2 3usi&ess pra4"i4es/ i"Jou" PCQ %irs" Ja&. 5&o@$e.2e o% "Je &a"ure o% "Jese pra4"i4es

a&. "Jeir se""i&2, "Je au.i"or @ou$. re$ e4$usi6e$ PDQ o& a6ai$a3$e %i&a&4ia$ .a"a/

>>/ TJis @ou$. #eopar.i0e PAQ "Je "@o au.i" e%%i4ie&4 a&. e%%e4"i6e&ess/ TJere%ore PBQ a 2e""i&2-

a4uai&"e. pJase P@Ji4J usua$$ i&4$u.es a 6isi" "o a 4$ie&"Us %a4i$i"ies a&. 4er"ai& a&a$"i4a$ pre$imi&ar"es"s a&. i&uiriesQ PCQ i&i"ia"es "Je "pi4a$ au.i" pro4ess/ Su4J _2e""i&2-a4uai&"e.` pre$imi&aries "o

"Je 4o&.u4" o% a& au.i" are PDQ s"a&.ar. pro4e.ures "o.a/

>!/ TJe au.i"orUs e6a$ua"io& o% "Je 4o&"ro$ ss"ems PAQ opera"i&2 @i"Ji& "Je e&"erprise Jas a .ire4"

i&%$ue&4e o& PBQ "Je s4ope o% "Je eami&a"io& PCQ Je u&.er2oes a&. "Je &a"ure o% "Je "es"s Je 4o&.u4"s/

PDQ Fo@e6er, @e mus" remem3er "Ja" e6e&"ua$$ 3o"J "Je ss"em a&. "Je .a"a i" pro.u4es are 4o6ere.

3 "Je au.i" pro4ess/

>'/ E6i.e&"ia$ ma""er suppor"i&2 %i&a&4ia$ s"a"eme&"s 4o&sis"s o% "Je u&.er$i&2 a44ou&"i&2 .a"a a&. a$$

PAQ 4o$$a3ora"i&2 i&%orma"io& a6ai$a3$e "o "Je au.i"or/ TJe au.i"or "es"s PBQ u&.er$i&2 a44ou&"i&2 .a"a

PCQ 3 a&a$sis a&. re6ie@, re"ra4i&2 some o% "Je pro4e.ura$ s"eps %o$$o@e. i& "Je ori2i&a$ a44ou&"i&2

pro4ess a&. PDQ re4o&4i$i&2 "Je e6e&"s @i"J "Je i&%orma"io& repor"e./

>*/ TJe au.i"orUs e6i.e&"ia$ ma"eria$ is "Je resu$" o% "es"s, se$e4"e. o3ser6a"io&s, a&. s"a"is"i4a$ samp$i&2

@Jere $ar2e PAQ 4ompi$a"io&s o% .a"a are i&6o$6e./ TJe au.i"or mus" a$@as PBQ 3a$a&4e up "Je &a"ura$

.esire %or more e6i.e&"ia$ ma""er "o suppor" a& opi&io& a2ai&s" PCQ "Je 4os"$i&ess a&. so4ia$ use%u$&ess

o% 4omp$e"e$ re4o&s"ru4"i&2 "Je PDQ u&.er$i&2 .a"a a&. pro4esses "Ja" pro.u4e. "Je %i&a&4ia$

s"a"eme&"s/

:4 u!/#(o"/ 2=-:0


30/83

Mse "Je @or. 2i6e& i& CA?ITALS a" "Je e&. o% ea4J 2appe. $i&e P>)-!9Q "o .eri6e a @or. "Ja" %i"s a

spa4e/

Bu" @Ja" P>)Q WW is a44ou&"i&2 I" is 6er .i%%i4u$" "o %i&. a pi"J S?ECI+IC

.e%i&i"io& "Ja" is a$$-P>8Q WW 3u" @e 4a& sa "Ja" a44ou&"i&2 is INCLMDE

4o&4er&e. @i"J "Je P>(Q WW o% i&%orma"io& i& ?ROVIDE

P>Q WW "erms "Ja" @i$$ Je$p i& .e4isio&s 4o&4er&i&2 resour4e +INANCE

P!9Q WW, a&. "Je prepara"io& o% repor"s .es4ri3i&2 "Je e%%e4"s ALLOCATE

o% pas" .e4isio&s/


31/83

RAAR

I&.ire4" Spee4J

I& .ire4" spee4J @e 2i6e "Je ea4" @or.s o% "Je spea5er, @Ji$e i& i&.ire4" spee4J @e repor" usi&2 our

o@& @or.s @Ja" some3o. Jas sai./

e 4Ja&2e "Je pro&ou&s, &ames a44or.i&2 "o "Je mea&i&2 o% "Je repor"e. se&"e&4e/

-Reues"s a&. 4omma&.s are repor"e. @i"J "Je i&%i&i"i6e/

_?+en the $oor2@ Ae or$ere$ me to o+en the $oor.

_Dont fee$ the cat2 Ae tol$ me not to fee$ the cat.

R!po$#!% S#a#!'!"#/

Je& "Je mai& 4$ause 4o&"ai&s a 6er3 i& "Je prese&" "e&se "Je 6er3 o% "Je su3or.i&a"e Po3#e4" 4$auseQ

remai&s i& "Je same "e&se as i" @as i& "Je Dire4" Spee4J/

_" bro-e the 7ase yester$ay@. Ae tells me :that= he bro-e the 7ase yester$ay.

Je& "Je 6er3 i& "Je mai& 4$ause is i& "Je pas" "e&se a$$ "Je "e&ses i& "Je su3or.i&a"e 4$ause mo6e 3a45

i&"o "Je pas"/ P3a45sJi%"Q

?rese&" Simp$e ?as" Simp$e

?rese&" Co&"i&uous - ?as" Co&"i&uous

?rese&" ?er%e4" - ?as" ?er%e4"

?rese&" ?er%e4" Co&"i&uous - ?as" ?er%e4" Co&"i&uous

?as" Simp$e - ?as" ?er%e4"

?as" Co&"i&uous - ?as" ?er%e4" Co&"i&uous

?as" ?er%e4" - ?as" ?er%e4"

?as" ?er%e4" Co&"i&uous - ?as" ?er%e4" Co&"i&uous

+u"ure Simp$e - +u"ure i& "Je ?as"


32/83

+u"ure Co&"i&uous - +u"ure Co&"i&uous i& "Je ?as"

_" $ont li-e soft roc-.@ C Ae sai$ :that= he $i$nt li-e soft roc-.

_6eter is rea$ing a boo-.@& Ae tol$ me :that= 6eter !as rea$ing a boo-.

_" ha7e change$ my min$.@ C #he ex+laine$ :that= she ha$ change$ her min$.

-o.a$ 6er3s 4Ja&2e "oo/

ma - mi2J"

4a& - 4ou$.

mus" - Ja. "o @as, @ere "o

Ja6e "o - Ja. "o

@i$$ - @ou$.

sJa$$ - sJou$.

_I ma Je$p ou/` - Fe sai. P"Ja"Q Je mi2J" Je$p me/

-A.6er3s a&. pro&ou&s 4Ja&2e "oo/

Jere - "Jere

&o@ - "Je&

"o.a - "Ja" .a

es"er.a - "Je .a 3e%ore"Je pre6ious .a

$as" @ee5 - "Je @ee5 3e%ore"Je pre6ious @ee5

"omorro@ - "Je &e" .a"Je %o$$o@i&2 .a

&e" @ee5 - "Je &e" @ee5"Je %o$$o@i&2 @ee5

"Jis - "Ja"

"Jese - "Jose


33/83

_" am here.@ & Ae sai$ :that= he !as there.

_"t is raining no!.@ & Ae relate$ :that= it !as raining then.

_4e shoul$ ha7e gone on a tri+5 if the !eather ha$ been fine.@ & ,y frien$ tol$ me :that= !e shoul$

ha7e gone on a tri+ if the !eather ha$ been fine.

R!po$#!% u!/#(o"/

Je& @e repor" ues"io&s "Je @or. or.er o% "Je su3or.i&a"e 4$ause %o$$o@s "Je "opi4 o% "Je .e4$ara"i6e

se&"e&4e/

_4here $o you li7e@ & Ae as-s me !here " li7e.

_4hen are you both lea7ing@ C Ae !ante$ to -no! !hen !e both !ere lea7ing.

_8re you coming@ & Ae as-e$ me if " !as coming.

_Do you eat sou+ or not@ & Ae in9uire$ !hether " ate sou+ or not/


34/83

EF!$c(/!/

I/ Repor" "Je %o$$o@i&2 usi&2 "Je pas" simp$e o% "Je 6er3 i& 3ra45e"s/

aQ _?u" our 3a2s i& "Je 4ar` Je sai. "o me/ P"e$$Q

3Q _Do&U" @ai" %or me` sJe sai. "o Jim/ P"e$$Q

4Q _?$ease .o&U" "e$$ m pare&"s` sJe sai. "o us/ Pas5Q

.Q _Ca& ou $oo5 a" m essa` Je sai. "o Jer/ P@a&"Q

eQ _Cou$. ou mo6e up a 3i"` sJe sai. "o "Jem/ Pas5Q

%Q _?$ease .o&U" p$a m CDs @i"Jou" as5i&2` sJe sai. "o Jim/ P@a&"Q

II/ CJa&2e "Je s"a"eme&"s i&"o repor"e. spee4J/

aQ _I am a po$i4ema&/` Fe sai.W

3Q _eUre &o" s"ai&2 i& a Jos"e$/` TJe sai.W

4Q _TJe 3os @e&" Jome a" "e& oU4$o45/` TJe sai.W

.Q _IUm a 6e2e"aria& a&. I .o&U" ea" mea"/` SJe sai. W

eQ _IU6e $os" m purse/` Ni4o$a sai.W

%Q _I 4a&U" rea. "Je @ri"i&2 o& "Je 3oar./` TJe 3o sai.W

2Q _eU$$ pJo&e o& Sa"ur.a/` TJe sai.W

JQ _TJe e22s are .e$i6ere. %resJ i& "Je mor&i&2/` SJe sai.W

iQ _I .i.&U" @or5 "Je ear$ sJi%" o& Su&.a/` Tom sai.W

III/ CJa&2e "Je .ire4" ues"io&s i&"o repor"e. ues"io&s/

aQ _Ja"Us our &ame` SJe as5e. meW

3Q _Di. ou see "Je %i$m o& TV $as" &i2J"` Fe @a&"e. "o 5&o@ W

4Q _Jere .o ou 4ome %rom` TJe as5e. us W

.Q _Je& are ou 3o"J $ea6i&2` Fe @a&"e. "o 5&o@ W

eQ _Do ou $i5e Cor&@a$$` TJe repor"er as5e. a5e W

%Q _Di. ou 2o "o Lo&.o& %irs"` SJe as5e. me W

2Q _Fo@ o$. are ou` TJe repor"er as5e. me W

JQ _Ca& ou "ea4J me "o sur%` Ni4o$a as5e. Jim W

iQ _i$$ ou e6er 6isi" Cor&@a$$ a2ai&` SJe as5e. a5e W

:#na+shot 6re&"nterme$iate=


35/83

B(6l(o5$apH

/ A$ea&.er, L/G/ P((Qongman English Grammar. E.i&3ur2J: ?earso& Lo&2ma&

>/ +re&.o, E/ [ aJo&e, S/ P>99*QEnglish for 8ccounting. Ber$i&: Cor&e$se&

!/ ongman Business English Dictionary :;00


36/83

ODULE III

IPORT E@PORT

Ba/(c Co"c!p#/3

Impor", epor", "ra.e, "ari%%, uo"a, au"ar5, .umpi&2

O6j!c#(!/3

a4 #o ('p$o! /#u%!"#/G co''a"% o1 E"5l(/


$!al l(1! /(#ua#(o"/

c4 #o ("c$!a/! /#u%!"#/G "ol!%5! o1 6u/("!// #!$'/

Sp!c(1(c o6j!c#(!/

a4 #o p$o(%! ("1o$'a#(o" a"% !Fpla"a#(o"/ a6ou# "o#(o"/ $!la#!% #o ("#!$"a#(o"al #$a%!J

64 #o ('p$o! oca6ula$H $!la#!% #o #! 1(!l% o1 ('po$# a"% !Fpo$#

c4 #o $!(/! 5$a''a$ "ol!%5! a6ou# #! /u6ju"c#(! 'oo%

R!co''!"%a#(o"/3



c4 1ocu/ o" co"#!"# a"% o" la"5ua5! u/!

%4 ('p$o! Hou$ co"#$ol o1 5$a''a$ a"% 6u(l% Hou$ oca6ula$H 6H p$ac#(c("5 %(11!$!"# #Hp!/o1 !F!$c(/!/

EFp!c#!% $!/ul#/3

a4 ('p$o! /#u%!"#/G co''a"% o1 E"5l(/

64 6u(l% up /p!a("5 a"% $(#("5 /(ll/

c4 p$ac#(c! $(#("5 1o$ /p!c(1(c pu$po/!/

%4 !"cou$a5! #! ("%!p!"%!"# /#u%H a"% /!l1-("/#$uc#(o"


37/83

BE&ORE YOU READ

/ Ja" is 4ommer4e

>/ Ja" 4ommer4ia$ ser6i4es .o ou 5&o@

!/ J is "Je .is"ri3u"io& o% 2oo.s as impor"a&" as "Jeir pro.u4"io&

READIN


38/83

a# Co''!$c! (/ a6ou#

A/ a u'a" ac#((#H co''!$c! (/ co"c!$"!% (# #! /#u%H o1 #$a%! - (4!4 #! 'o("5 o1 #! 5oo%/

1$o' #! /!ll!$ #o #! 6uH!$ a"% #! a(%/ #o #$a%!, o1 #! 6u/("!// u"(#/ (c p$o(%! 5oo%/ a"%

/!$(c!/4

T! 5oo%/ a$! al'o/# alaH/ p$o%uc!% 1a$ aaH 1$o' #! plac! o1 co"/u'p#(o" a"% #!($ aH

1$o' #! p$o%uc!$ (/ lo"5 a"% !$H co'pl(ca#!%4 T!$!1o$!, (# (/ #! 1u"c#(o" o1 co''!$c! #o o11!$

a l(" 6!#!!" #! /#a5!/ o1 #(/ p$oc!// a"% #! "!c!//a$H ("/#$u'!"#/ #o 'a! (# o$4

T! 'a(" 1u"c#(o"/ p!$1o$'!% 6H co''!$c! a$! a/ 1ollo/3

T$a%! (/ #! 6a/(c co''!$c(al ac#((#H4 I# (/ !//!"#(allH #! !Fca"5! o1 5oo%/ a"% /!$(c!/

6!#!!" p$o%uc!$/ a"% co"/u'!$/4 T$a%! co"/(/#/ o1 o'! %o'!/#(c #$a%! ("clu%("5 ol!/al!

#$a%! a"% $!#a(l #$a%!, a"% 1o$!(5" o!$/!a/ #$a%! %!al("5 (# ('po$# a"% !Fpo$# #$a%!4

Bu# co''!$c! ("clu%!/ 'o$! o#!$ 1u"c#(o"/ (" a%%(#(o" #o #$a%!4 D(/#$(6u#(o" ("ol!/ 5!##("5

5oo%/ 1$o' #! 'a"u1ac#u$!$ #o #! co"/u'!$4 (#ou# /op(/#(ca#!% /H/#!'/ 1o$ /#o$("5 5oo%/

a"% /!ll("5 #!' #o #! co"/u'!$/, (# oul% 6! ('po//(6l! 1o$ 1($'/ #o 1("% cu/#o'!$/ 1o$ #!($

5oo%/4

Ba"("5 a"% 1("a"c(al /!$(c!/ o11!$!% 6H 6a" a"% o#!$ ("/#(#u#(o"/ a//(/# co''!$c! 6H

p$o(%("5 loa"/ a"% o#!$ /!$(c!/ (c allo 6u/("!// #o 1u"c#(o" a"% ("!/# (" 1u#u$!

p$o%uc#(o", a"% !"a6l! co"/u'!$/ #o pu$ca/! 5oo%/ a"% /!$(c!/4

Co''u"(ca#(o", (" 6o# $(##!" a"% !l!c#$o"(c 1o$', allo/ 1($'/ #o o$%!$ a"% /!ll #!($ 5oo%/

!11(c(!"#lH a"% c!aplH4 No #$a"/ac#(o" (/ po//(6l! (#ou# co''u"(ca#(o"4

T$a"/po$# (/ co"c!$"!% (# #! 'o("5 o1 5oo%/ 6H la"%, /!a o$ a($ a/ !ll a/ #! '!a"/

"!c!//a$H #o %o (#4


39/83

I"/u$a"c! allo/ $(// #o 6! #a!" (#ou# 1!a$ o1 lo//4 I# 5(!/ /!cu$(#H a"% /#a6(l(#H #o co''!$c!

a/ (# !"a6l!/ #! 6u/("!// p!opl! #o /u$(! lo//!/ 6H %a'a5!, /(p$!c, 1($!, 6u$5la$H !#c4

(#ou# a%!ua#! ("/u$a"c! 'a"H !"#!$p$(/!/ oul% 6! #oo $(/H #o u"%!$#a!4

A%!$#(/("5 al/o paH/ a" ('po$#a"# pa$# a/ (# !"a6l!/ 1($'/ #o l!# p$o/p!c#(! cu/#o'!$/ "o

#!($ o11!$4 I# ("clu%!/ a (%! $a"5! o1 1o$'/ 1$o' a"%-%(/#$(6u#!% l!a1l!#/ #o (5lH

/op(/#(ca#!% #!l!(/(o" co''!$c(al/4

:>ea$y for Business=


/ Ja" is "Je usua$ .e%i&i"io& o% 4ommer4e

>/ Fo@ @ou$. ou .e%i&e "ra.e

!/ Ja" is mea&" 3 4ommer4ia$ ser6i4es

'/ Ja" @as o% .is"ri3u"io& 4a& ou e&umera"e

*/ Jo is a @Jo$esa$er a&. a re"ai$er

)/ Ja" .oes impor" "ra.e .ea$ @i"J

8/ Ja" .oes epor" "ra.e .ea$ @i"J

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

/ Gi6e s&o&ms %or: 4ommer4e, 4ommer4ia$, %orei2& "ra.e, Jome "ra.e, "o pro6i.e, "o e&a3$e, ai.,"o assis", prospe4"i6e, 4us"omer, $i&5, 2oo.s/>/ a"4J "Je %o$$o@i&2 @or. @i"J "Jeir 4orrespo&.i&2 .e%i&i"io&s/

/ 2oo.s

>/ ser6i4es!/ pro%i"'/ "ur&o6er*/ s"o45)/ pro.u4er 2oo.si&.us"ria$ 2oo.s8/ 4o&sumer 2oo.s(/ 4ommo.i"/ 4o&sumer ou"$e"9/ "ra.e


40/83

aQ "Je mo6i&2 o% 2oo.s %rom "Je se$$er "o "Je 3uer3Q "Je amou&" o% mo&e "Ja" is ma.e 3 a 3usi&ess, e/2/ @Je& i" se$$s some"Ji&2 %or more "Ja& i"4os"s4Q ar"i4$es o% "ra.e or 4ommer4e^ @ares, mer4Ja&.ise^ pro.u4"s as oppose. "o ser6i4es.Q "Je @or5 pro6i.e. %or o"Jers as a& o44upa"io& or a 3usi&esseQ i"ems su4J as %oo. or 4$o"Ji&2 pro.u4e. %or "Je %i&a$ 4o&sumer%Q i"ems mea&" "o 3e use. i& pro.u4i&2 o"Jer pro.u4"s2Q "Je ra"e a" @Ji4J 2oo.s are so$. a&. res"o45e.JQ a& spe4i%i4 mar5e" @Jere 4o&sumers 3u 2oo.s, su4J as a sJop, a s"ore, a mer4Ja&", a& a2e&4,a& ope&-air s"a$$iQ a& a44umu$a"e. supp$ o% 2oo.s^ "o 5eep a supp$ o% 2oo.s#Q aQ ra@ ma"eria$ su4J as 2rai&, 4o4oa, 4o%%ee, @oo$, 4o""o&, ru33er3Q 2oo.s re2ar.e. i& e4o&omi4s as "Je 3asis o% pro.u4"io& a&. e4Ja&2e

!/ +i$$ i& "Je 3$a&5 4Joosi&2 %rom "Jese @or.s: cash&an$&carry5 chain5 $iscount5 $eman$5mi$$leman5 o7erhea$s5 security5 stoc-&control5 turno7er5 !holesaleraQ TJe amou&" o% mo&e "a5e& P@i"Jou" a& .e.u4"io&Q or "Je amou&" o% 2oo.s so$. is "Je WW3Q De4i.i&2 Jo@ ma& i"ems sJou$. 3e or.ere. @Je& is a ma""er o% WW4Q A &um3er o% sJops 3e$o&2i&2 "o o&e 4ompa& is a WW.Q SJops possess sa%es %or WWeQ A @Jo$esa$er o%%ers Jis 2oo.s a" a WW "o e&a3$e "Je re"ai$er "o pro.u4e a pro%i"/%Q A re"ai$er 3us Jis s"o45 %rom a WW2Q TJe 4os"s o% ru&&i&2 a 3usi&ess 4ause. 3 $i2J"i&2, Jea"i&2, re&", @a2es e"4/ are i"s WWJQ TJe @Jo$esa$er is "Je WW 3e"@ee& "Je ma&u%a4"urer a&. "Je re"ai$er/iQ TJe e6er.a &ame %or a @areJouse %rom @Ji4J "Je re"ai$er 4o$$e4"s "Je 2oo.s Jimse$% is WW#Q TJere are i&.us"ries @Jere 2oo.s Ja6e "o 3e ma.e se6era$ mo&"Js i& a.6a&4e o% "Je mai& 3ui&2

%or seaso&a$ WW:>ea$y for Business=

SPEA?IN

/ Gi6e ar2ume&"s proa2ai&s" %ree "ra.e a&. pro"e4"io&ism/

Ta5e i&"o 4o&si.era"io& as 2ui.i&2 $i&es "Je %o$$o@i&2 ues"io&s:

J .o mos" e4o&omis"s oppose pro"e4"io&ism

Ji4J are "Je mai& pro"e4"io&is" me"Jo.s

J .o 2o6er&me&"s impose impor" res"ri4"io&s P"ari%%s, uo"asQ


41/83

RAAR

Su6ju"c#(! a"% U"$!al Pa/#

P$!/!"# Su6ju"c#(!3

?rese&" Su3#u&4"i6e is use. mai&$ i& 4er"ai& %ie. pJrases a&. i& %orma$, imperso&a$ E&2$isJ/ I& morei&%orma$ $a&2ua2e @e 4ommo&$ use "Je ?rese&" Simp$e or _sJou$.`

e use "Je ?rese&" Su3#u&4"i6e:

- i& _"Ja"`- 4$auses , a%"er repor" 6er3s, a.#e4"i6es or &ou&s "o epress p$a&s, ur2e&4, i&"e&"io&s orsu22es"io&s: The +olice insiste$ the car :shoul$= be mo7e$ imme$iately. The +olice insist the car is bemo7e$ imme$iately/

or.s o%"e& %o$$o@e. 3 a ?rese&" Su3#u&4"i6e are:

Ver3s: insist5 suggest5 re9uest5 or$er5 recommen$5 +ro+ose5 thin-/

A.#e4"i6es: a$7isable5 essential5 $esirable5 +referable/Nou&s: $ecision5 insistence5 $eman$5 re9uirement5 con$ition/

- a%"er _i%`:"f he :shoul$= be foun$ is foun$ guilty5 hell be Faile$ for ten years/

- a%"er _@Je"Jer`: 4hether she :shoul$= agree agrees or not5 !ere going to ha7e to go ahea$/

- a%"er _@Ja"e6er`: 4hate7er his reasons be are5 they are insufficient to excuse him/

- "Je ?rese&" Su3#u&4"i6e is 4ommo& i& par"i4u$ar pJrases:(ar be it from meH #o be itH Be thatas it mayH #uffice is to sayH *ome !hat mayH Aea7en forbi$2H ong li7e the Iueen.

Pa/# Su6ju"c#(!3

e use "Je ?as" Su3#u&4"i6e P_@ere` i& a$$ perso&sQ i& %orma$ E&2$isJ/ I"s mea&i&2 is simi$ar "o M&rea$

?as":

I% "Je mi&is"er @ere Jere, Je @ou$. &o .ou3" re%u"e "Je a$$e2a"io&s/ P %orma$Q

- Jo@e6er, i"Us more 4ommo& "o use _@as` a&. _@ere` i& "Jeir usua$ @as: I @isJ Je @as&U" su4J a3i2Jea./ P i&%orma$Q

- _@ere` is 4ommo& o&$ i& "Je pJrase _i% I @ere ou` a&. i& "Je %orma$ 4o&.i"io&a$ pa""er&

_@ere` ] su3#e4" ] i&%i&i"i6e: I @ou$.&U" ar2ue @i"J Jer i% I @ere ou/ ere "Je 6o"e 2o a2ai&s" me,IU. resi2&/

U"$!al Pa/#3

e use M&rea$ ?as" or ?as" Su3#u&4"i6e "o .is4uss ima2i&ar si"ua"io&s, "o epress impossi3$e @isJes,

a&. "o ma5e proposa$s a&. po$i"e reues"s:


42/83

- a%"er _i%` @Je& @e "Ji&5 i" is u&$i5e$ or impossi3$e "Ja" "Je 4o&.i"io& @i$$ 3e %u$%i$$e.:"f she!ere to eat ate more often5 she might get to li-e it.

- "o rep$a4e a& _i%`-4$ause @Je& @e ima2i&e pas", prese&" or %u"ure e6e&"s 3ei&2 .i%%ere&":Aa$ heagree$5 he$ ha7e become the team ca+tain. 4ere he to agree5 he$ +robably become the next coach.

- a%"er _i% o&$` "o epress re2re"s a&. %rus"ra"io&:"f only he !ere !as more a$7enturous. "f only" ha$nt $run- so much coffee2 :J but " $i$=

- a%"er _@isJ` @Je& @e are @isJi&2 %or "Je 6ir"ua$$ impossi3$e/ +or more reaso&a3$e @isJes, @e4ommo&$ use _@ou$.` or _4ou$.`:" !ish " !erent !asnt ha7ing the inFection tomorro! :J but "am= " !ish "$ listene$ to you. :J but " $i$nt=. _ou$.` is use. @Je& "Je spea5er @a&"s some3o. orsome"Ji&2 e$se "o 4Ja&2eK " !ish he !oul$ change his min$ an$ marry Lane. " !ish it !oul$ sto+raining.TJe use @i"J _@ou$.` is o%"e& use. "o .es4ri3e a& a&&oi&2 Ja3i":" !ish you !oul$nt ma-esuch a mess/

- a%"er _@ou$. ra"Jer` a&. _ @ou$. soo&er` "o epress pre%ere&4es:Do you mean you$ sooner "!erent !asnt here H "$ rather you ha$nt s+o-en so ru$ely to him/

- a%"er _as i%` a&. _as "Jou2J` @e use ?rese&" a&. ?rese&" ?er%e4" %orms "o su22es" some"Ji&2 is

$i5e$ "o 3e "rue/ M&rea$ ?as" su22es"s i" is u&$i5e$ or u&"rue: The man s+ea-s as if he !as ha$ ne7erhear$ of the +lace. Ae acts as though he o!ns o!ne$ the +lace/

- a%"er impera"i6e _suppose` a&. _ima2i&e` P?rese&" Te&se is a$so possi3$eQ:"magine he !ere totell you tol$ you tells you his most +ersonal secrets.H #u++ose she !ere to ha7e follo!e$ ha$

follo!e$ your a$7ice. :J but she $i$nt=

- a%"er _i"Us "imeW`:"ts time " !asnt here.H "ts time !e left. "ts time to lea7e/

EF!$c(/!/

I/ ?u" ea4J 6er3 i& 3ra45e"s i&"o a& appropria"e %orm:

a/ IU. ra"Jer ou P&o" @a"4JQ "e$e6isio& @Ji$e IUm rea.i&2/

3/ I"Us Ji2J "ime ou Ps"ar"Q @or5i&2 serious$/

4/ I @isJ I Pspe&.Q more "ime s@immi&2 $as" summer/

./ Fe$e& is 3oss/ SJe a4"s as i% sJe Po@&Q "Je p$a4e/

e/ I @isJ ou P&o" 5eepQ 4omi&2 $a"e "o 4$ass/

%/ Suppose a 4omp$e"e s"ra&2er P$ea6eQ ou a $o" o% mo&e i& "Jeir @i$$

2/ I @isJ I P2oQ "o our par" a%"er a$$/

J/ TJe 2o6er&me&" .ema&.e. "Ja" "Je am3assa.or P3eQ re4a$$e.i/ Hou are $u45 2oi&2 "o I"a$/ I @isJ I P2oQ @i"J ou/

II/ Corre4" "Je errorPsQ i& ea4J se&"e&4e:

a/ I @isJ I 3ou2J" "Ja" o$. Jouse/

3/ IU. ra"Jer ou .o&U" ea" a$$ "Je 3rea./


43/83

4/ I"Us "ime I 2o/

./ I @isJ I o@& a mo"or3i5e/

e/ I @isJ @e are &o" $ea6i&2 i& "Je mor&i&2/

%/ Sue @ou$. ra"Jer rea.i&2 "Ja& @a"4Ji&2 "e$e6isio&/

2/ Come 4omes/ IU$$ 3e o& our si.e/

J/ I Jope i" @ou$. s"op rai&i&2/

i/ IU. pre%er i% ou .i.&U" @ai"/

#/ I @isJ I .i.&U" $is"e& "o ou 3e%ore/


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B(6l(o5$apH


>/ Cu$$e&, V/ [ LeJ&i2er, D/ P>999QB for Business. b&4Je&: a Fue3er Ver$a2

!/ongman Business English Dictionary :;00


45/83

ODULE IV

STARTING A BMSINESSTFE BMSINESS ?LAN

Ba/(c Co"c!p#/3

Busi&ess, e&"repre&eursJip, so$e "ra.er, par"&ersJip, pri6a"e $imi"e. 4ompa&, 3usi&ess p$a&

O6j!c#(!/3

a4 #o ('p$o! /#u%!"#/G co''a"% o1 E"5l(/


$!al l(1! /(#ua#(o"/

c4 #o ("c$!a/! /#u%!"#/G "ol!%5! o1 6u/("!// #!$'/

Sp!c(1(c o6j!c#(!/

a4 #o p$o(%! ("1o$'a#(o" a"% !Fpla"a#(o"/ a6ou# #Hp!/ o1 co'pa"(!/

64 #o ('p$o! oca6ula$H $!la#!% #o #Hp!/ o1 co'pa"(!/ a"% #! 6u/("!// pla"

c4 #o acu($! "ol!%5! a6ou# o #o %$a up a 6u/("!// pla"

R!co''!"%a#(o"/3

!4 $!a% #! #!F#/ ca$!1ullH a"% #$H #o a%%$!// #! co$$!/po"%("5 #a//


54 1ocu/ o" co"#!"# a"% o" la"5ua5! u/!

4 ('p$o! Hou$ co"#$ol o1 5$a''a$ a"% 6u(l% Hou$ oca6ula$H 6H p$ac#(c("5 %(11!$!"# #Hp!/o1 !F!$c(/!/

EFp!c#!% $!/ul#/3

!4 ('p$o! /#u%!"#/G co''a"% o1 E"5l(/

14 6u(l% up /p!a("5 a"% $(#("5 /(ll/

54 p$ac#(c! $(#("5 1o$ /p!c(1(c pu$po/!/

4 !"cou$a5! #! ("%!p!"%!"# /#u%H a"% /!l1-("/#$uc#(o"


46/83

BE&ORE READIN

/ I% ou Ja. a $ar2e sum o% mo&e, @ou$. ou s"ar" our o@& 3usi&ess J I% es, .es4ri3e i"/

>/ Fo@ @ou$. ou .es4ri3e a& e&"repre&eur Ja" s5i$$s @ou$. Je sJe reuire

!/ Ja" sJou$. a 3usi&ess p$a& i&4$u.e a5e a $is" o% "Je mai& aspe4"s ou @ou$. 4o&si.er i&@ri"i&2 o&e/

READIN

Loo("5 a# #! P$oj!c#

A$! Hou up #o (#

Be%ore 4arri&2 ou" a& .e"ai$e. @or5 o& our propose. 3usi&ess ou sJou$. 4o&si.er:

-our perso&a$ am3i"io&s a&. "Je ro$e o% "Je 3usi&ess 6e&"ure i& "Jeir %u$%i$$me&"

-"Je aspira"io&s o% our 4o$$ea2ues a&. @Je"Jer ou %orm a @e$$-3a$a&4e. "eam

-"Je mar5e" o% our pro.u4"

-a rea$is"i4 s"ra"e2 "o ep$oi" "Ja" mar5e"

You a"% Hou$ 'a"a5!'!"# #!a'

I& "Je ear$ s"a2es o% 3usi&ess, ou a&. possi3$ a sma$$ &um3er o% 4o$$ea2ues @i$$ 3e respo&si3$e %or

a$$ aspe4"s o% "Je 3usi&ess, @Je"Jer i" 3e 4o&4$u.i&2 a ma#or sa$es 4o&"ra4" or e&suri&2 a& a.eua"e

supp$ o% s"a"io&er/

+i&a&4iers su4J as 3a&5ers or 6e&"ure 4api"a$is"s @i$$ &o" suppor" a 3usi&ess @Ji4J Jas i&a.eua"e

ma&a2eme&"/ TJus, our 3usi&ess sJou$. 4omprise a 4ommi""e. "eam @i"J 4omp$eme&"ar s5i$$s/ I&

a..i"io&, a si2&i%i4a&" %i&a&4ia$ 4ommi"me&" %rom e&"repre&eurs is reuire. 3 mos" i&6es"ors/

T! 'a$!#

TJe %irs" "Ji&2 "o 3e 4o&si.ere. is "Je mar5e" i& @Ji4J ou are 2oi&2 "o opera"e a&. i" is esse&"ia$ "Ja"

ou sJou$. Ja6e "Je %our ?s o% mar5e"i&2 %ie. i& our mi&./


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You$ 6u/("!// /#$a#!5H

Hou sJou$. se" rea$is"i4 o3#e4"i6es %or our 3usi&ess a&. .e6e$op appropria"e s"ra"e2ies "o a4Jie6e "Jem/

TJese o3#e4"i6es mus" 3e 4ompa"i3$e @i"J our perso&a$ am3i"io&s a&. 6a$ues/ os" su44ess%u$

s"ra"e2ies "e&. "o 3e simp$e a&. 4o&4e&"ra"e o& "Je 3usi&essUs s"re&2"Js @Ji$e 3ui$.i&2 a& a.eua"e

.e%e&4e a2ai&s" i"s @ea5&esses/

P$!pa$("5 a 6u/("!// pla"

A 3usi&ess p$a& is primari$ a ma&a2eme&" "oo$/ I" Je$ps ou "o %o4us, i& a $o2i4a$ a&. or2a&ise. @a,

o& "Je %u"ure 2ro@"J o% our 4ompa&/ TJe 3usi&ess p$a& a4"s as a 4o&"ro$ .e6i4e a2ai&s" @Ji4J

ma&a2eme&" 4a& measure a4Jie6eme&"/

A" ("#$o%uc#(o" #o #! 6u/("!//

TJe "@o-pa2e summar is "Je mos" impor"a&" par" o% "Je .o4ume&", i" sJou$. 3e a 4o&4ise o6er6ie@ o%"Je 3usi&ess a&. i"s pro.u4"s a&. ser6i4es, i&4$u.i&2 "Je 3a452rou&. o% "Je 3usi&ess, "Ja" is, @Je& i"

@as s"ar"e. a&. "Je Ji2J$i2J"s o% i"s pro2ress, as @e$$ as a& ou"$i&e o% "Je 5e ro$es o% "Je ma&a2eme&"

perso&&e$, pre6ious %i&a&4i&2 arra&2eme&"s @Jere app$i4a3$e a&. "Je 4urre&" o@&ersJip o% "Je

3usi&ess/

T! 6u/("!//G/ o6j!c#(!/ a"% $!la#!% /#$a#!5H

TJese "ar2e"s @ou$. i&4$u.e "Je $e6e$ o% sa$es, pro%i"a3i$i" a&. Jo@ mu4J ou @i$$ "a5e ou" o% "Je

3usi&ess 3 @a o% remu&era"io&/ Hou sJou$. .es4ri3e Jo@ a&. @Jere ou p$a& "o se$$ a&. .is"ri3u"eour pro.u4" or ser6i4e/

Hou mus" ep$ai& @J 4us"omers @i$$ 3u %rom ou a&. .emo&s"ra"e "o prospe4"i6e i&6es"ors "Ja" ou

u&.ers"a&. Jo@ our mar5e" sJou$. 3e se2me&"e., a&. "Ja" ou Ja6e "Je a3i$i" "o se$$ a&. .e$i6er our

pro.u4" or ser6i4e e%%e4"i6e$ "o "Je 4orre4" "ar2e"s/

TJe pri4i&2 s"ra"e2 a&. po$i4 %or our pro.u4" or ser6i4e sJou$. 3e ep$ai&e., a&. 4ompare. "o our

4ompe"i"io&/ SJo@ Jo@ our pri4i&2 approa4J @i$$ e&a3$e ou "o: pe&e"ra"e "Je mar5e", mai&"ai& a&.

i&4rease mar5e" sJare i& a 4ompe"i"i6e e&6iro&me&" a&. ma5e a pro%i"/

T! p$("c(pal ac#((#(!/, p$o%uc#/ a"% (/#o$H

Be%ore $e&.i&2 ou mo&e, a po"e&"ia$ sour4e o% %i&a&4e @i$$ @a&" "o 5&o@ a$$ a3ou" our pro.u4" or

ser6i4e a&. "Je Jis"or o% our 3usi&ess/


48/83

T! 'a$!#/, cu/#o'!$/ a"% co'p!#(#(o"

TJe %i&a&4ier sJou$. 3e 4o&6i&4e. "Ja" "Jere is a .ema&. i& "Je mar5e" %or "Je par"i4u$ar 2oo.s or

ser6i4es o% our 3usi&ess, "Ja" ou 5&o@ our pro.u4"s a&. "Je &i4Je "Ja" i" %i$$s i& "Je mar5e" p$a4e a&.

"Ja" ou Ja6e 4o&%i.e&4e i& "Je pro.u4" a&. ser6i4e/

Hou sJou$. a$so pro6i.e a& a&a$sis o% eis"i&2 a&. po"e&"ia$ 4us"omers, "Je mar5e" si0e a&. "re&., a&.

a& 4ompe"i"io&/

R!/!a$c a"% %!!lop'!"#

Hou sJou$. .es4ri3e "Je s"a2e o% .e6e$opme&" o% "Je pro.u4", 4os"s i&4urre. "o .a"e, a&. "Je e"e&" "o

@Ji4J %ur"Jer %i&a&4e is reuire. "o 4omp$e"e .e6e$opme&", "es" a&. es"a3$isJ "Je pro.u4" i& "Je mar5e"-

p$a4e/

T! 'a"a5!'!"#Hou sJou$. ep$ai& Jo@ our 3usi&essUs ma&a2eme&" "eam is or2a&ise. a&. .es4ri3e ea4J mem3erUs

primar ro$e, .emo&s"ra"i&2 Jo@ "Je ma&a2ersU ro$e 4omp$eme&"s ea4J o"Jer/ I&6es"ors are $oo5i&2 %or

a "eam @i"J a 3a$a&4e o% mar5e"i&2, %i&a&4ia$ ma&a2eme&" a&. pro.u4"io& s5i$$s, as @e$$ as eperie&4e

o% "Je pro.u4" or ser6i4e ou are .e6e$opi&2/

ajo$ $!/ou$c! $!u($!'!"#/

Hou sJou$. 2o i&"o 2rea"er .e"ai$ o& "Je %i&a&4e reuire., "Je reaso&s %or i" a&. "Je "ime-s4a$e o6er

@Ji4J "Je %u&.i&2 is reuire./

&("a"c(al ("1o$'a#(o"

TJe 3usi&ess p$a& sJou$. i&4$u.e "Je %o$$o@i&2 %i&a&4ia$ i&%orma"io&: pro#e4"e. pro%i" a&. $oss

s"a"eme&", 4asJ %$o@ %ore4as"s, pro#e4"e. 3a$a&4e sJee"s, 3rea5-e6e& a&a$sis P@Jere "Je i&4ome %rom

our sa$es is eua$ "o our epe&.i"ure o& pur4Jases a&. o"Jer o6erJea.sQ/

P$("c(pal $(//

TJe 3usi&ess p$a& sJou$. 2o o& "o .es4ri3e "Je i&Jere&" ris5s "o @Ji4J our 3usi&ess is 6u$&era3$e a&.Jo@ ou i&"e&. "o mo&i"or a&. 4o&"ro$ "Jem/ Hour %i&a&4ia$ pro#e4"io&s sJou$. i&4$u.e "Je se&si"i6i"

a&a$ses me&"io&e. a3o6e, Ji2J$i2J"i&2 Jo@ our pro%i" a&. 4asJ %$o@ %ore4as"s @i$$ 3e a%%e4"e. 3 %or

eamp$e: .e6ia"io&s %rom %ore4as" sa$es, a& 4Ja&2e i& "Je 4os" o% sa$es, a& possi3$e 4Ja&2es i& "Je

pri4i&2 po$i4, %$u4"ua"io&s i& i&"eres" ra"es e"4/

T! lo"5-#!$' pla"/ o1 #! 6u/("!//


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TJis is a& oppor"u&i" "o se" o3#e4"i6es %or our 3usi&ess i& "Je me.ium "o $o&2 "erm, 3ase. o& our

%ore4as"s a&. pro#e4"io&s i& "Je sJor" "erm/

D!#a(l!% ("1o$'a#(o"

+i&a$$ ou @i$$ &ee. "o i&4$u.e i& appe&.i4es a$$ "Je .e"ai$e. i&%orma"io& o& our 3usi&ess p$a& %or

eamp$e: "Je .e"ai$e. 3u.2e"i&2 s4Je.u$es, assump"io&s, .e"ai$s o% ma&a2eme&", pro.u4" $i"era"ure e"4/

S!##("5 up #! 6u/("!//

TJese are "Je 6arious ma""ers @Ji4J @i$$ &ee. 4o&si.era"io& 3e%ore our "ra.i&2 e&"i" 4a& ma5e "Je

%irs" pro.u4", se$$ "Je %irs" i"em or supp$ "Je %irs" ser6i4e: 3a&5 a44ou&"s mus" 3e ope&e., "ra.i&2

premises mus" 3e %ou&., "ra.i&2 "erms mus" 3e se", re$e6a&" au"Jori"ies mus" 3e i&%orme., emp$oees

re4rui"e. Pi% &e4essarQ, app$i4a"io&s %or VAT re2is"ra"io& mus" 3e ma.e, $e""erJea.s, i&6oi4es a&.

s"a"io&er mus" 3e pri&"e., &amep$a"es o3"ai&e., i&sura&4e 4o6er mus" 3e o3"ai&e./

:8$a+te$ from Getting #tarte$=

SPEA?IN

/ Dis4uss a3ou" "Je a.6a&"a2es a&. .isa.6a&"a2es o% 3ei&2 a so$e "ra.er, a3ou" "Je a.6a&"a2es a&.

.isa.6a&"a2es o% "Je par"&ersJip a&. a3ou" "Je .i%%ere&4es 3e"@ee& par"&ersJip a&. #oi&" s"o45

4ompa&ies/

>/ or5 i& pairs a&. .e4i.e @Ja" sor" o% 3usi&ess ou @ou$. $i5e "o s"ar"/ Gi6e .e"ai$s 4o&4er&i&2: "Je

"pe o% 4ompa&, "Je pro.u4" or ser6i4e, "Je mar5e", perso&&e$, mar5e"i&2 s"ra"e2ies, premises,

ma4Ji&er, e"4/

RITIN

Dra%" "Je p$a& o% our 3usi&ess/

B(6l(o5$apH


>/ Cu$$e&, V/ [ LeJ&i2er, D/ P>999QB for Business. b&4Je&: a Fue3er Ver$a2

!/ongman Business English Dictionary :;00


50/83

E.i"ura E4o&omi4=


51/83

ODULE V

BANKS, STOCKS AND SFARES

Ba/(c Co"c!p#/3Ba&5s, s"o45s, sJares, 4re.i", s"o45 mar5e", .ea$er

!"!$al o6j!c#(!/3

a4 #o ('p$o! /#u%!"#/G co''a"% o1 E"5l(/


$!al l(1! /(#ua#(o"/

c4 #o ("c$!a/! /#u%!"#/G "ol!%5! o1 6u/("!// #!$'/

Sp!c(1(c o6j!c#(!/

a4 #o p$o(%! ("1o$'a#(o" a"% !Fpla"a#(o"/ a6ou# 6a"/ a"% #! /#oc !Fca"5!

64 #o ('p$o! oca6ula$H $!la#!% #o 6a"("5

c4 #o $!(/! 5$a''a$ "ol!%5! a6ou# $!la#(! clau/!/

R!co''!"%a#(o"/3

(4 $!a% #! #!F#/ ca$!1ullH a"% #$H #o a%%$!// #! co$$!/po"%("5 #a//

j4 u/! #! %(c#(o"a$H #o ('p$o! Hou$ oca6ula$H

4 1ocu/ o" co"#!"# a"% o" la"5ua5! u/!

l4 ('p$o! Hou$ co"#$ol o1 5$a''a$ a"% 6u(l% Hou$ oca6ula$H 6H p$ac#(c("5 %(11!$!"# #Hp!/o1 !F!$c(/!/

EFp!c#!% $!/ul#/3(4 ('p$o! /#u%!"#/G co''a"% o1 E"5l(/

j4 6u(l% up /p!a("5 a"% $(#("5 /(ll/

4 p$ac#(c! $(#("5 1o$ /p!c(1(c pu$po/!/

l4 !"cou$a5! #! ("%!p!"%!"# /#u%H a"% /!l1-("/#$uc#(o"


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BE&ORE YOU READ

/ Ji4J are "Je mos" represe&"a"i6e 3a&5s i& Roma&ia

>/ Ja" 5i&. o% ser6i4es .o "Je o%%er

!/ Ja" 5i&. o% 3a&5i&2 %a4i$i"ies .o ou use

'/ Ja" 4Ja&2es Ja6e "Jere 3ee& i& perso&a$ 3a&5i&2 re4e&"$

*/ Fas "Je i&"ro.u4"io& o% e$e4"ro&i4 3a&5i&2 Ja. a si2&i%i4a&" impa4" o& 3a&5i&2 a4"i6i"ies I%

es, @J

)/ Ja" %ur"Jer 4Ja&2es .o ou %oresee i& "Je %u"ure

READIN

BRD Ro'a"(a A Ba" 1o$ #! &u#u$!

BRD PTJe Roma&ia& Ba&5 %or De6e$opme&"Q is "Je se4o&. $ar2es" 3a&5 o& "Je Roma&ia& mar5e"/ I"s

Jis"or 2oes 3a45 "o >! @Je& "Je Na"io&a$ So4ie" %or I&.us"ria$ Cre.i" @as %ou&.e./ TJe o3#e4"i6e

o% "Jis pu3$i4 i&s"i"u"io& @as "o %i&a&4e "Je Roma&ia& i&.us"r/

A44or.i&2 "o "Je &a"io&a$i0a"io& $a@ %rom u&e '8 i" 3e4ame TJe Cre.i" Ba&5 %or I&6es"me&"/ I&

*8 TJe Cre.i" Ba&5 4Ja&2e. i"s &ame i&"o TJe Ba&5 %or I&6es"me&" a&. i" Ja. a" "Je "ime a

mo&opo$ posi"io& i& "Je %ie$. o% me.ium a&. $o&2 "erm %i&a&4i&2 i& "Je i&.us"ria$ se4"or/

TJe 3ir"J o% BRD as a 4ommer4ia$ 3a&5 o44urre. i& 9/ TJe 3asis o% i"s a4"i6i" @as pro6i.e. 3 "Je

"a5i&2 o6er o% "Je asse"s a&. $ia3i$i"ies o% TJe Ba&5 %or I&6es"me&", 3u" i" a$so s"ar"e. ope&i&2 a2e&4iesa&. su3si.iaries a$$ o6er "Je 4ou&"r @Ji4J s"imu$a"e. "Je orie&"a"io& "[email protected] a""ra4"i&2 .eposi"s %rom

4ompa&ies a&. i&.i6i.ua$s 3u" a$so "[email protected] 2ra&"i&2 i&6es"me&" 4re.i"s %or "ra.i&2 %irms/

BRD @as 4Jose& 3 "Je Roma&ia& 2o6er&me&" "o 3e4ome "Je %irs" pri6a"e 4ommer4ia$ 3a&5/ TJe

a4uisi"io& o% "Je ma#ori" s"o45 3 "Je 2roup So4ie"e Ge&era$e @as %i&a$i0e. i& ar4J / Ver


53/83

soo&, BRD 3e4ame a $ea.er o& "Je mar5e" o% &e@ pro.u4"s su4J as 3a&5 4ar.s a&. 4o&sumer 4re.i"s/

iss S/N/ Jas 3ee& @or5i&2 %or BRD %or 9 ears i& "Je 4re.i" .epar"me&"/ SJe sas: _?ra4"i4a$$, IU6e

3ee& 2ro@i&2 up @i"J "Je 3a&5/ A" "Je 3e2i&&i&2, @Je& I 2o" Jire. "Jere, "Je 3a&5 pro6i.e. 4re.i"s

espe4ia$$ %or sma$$, me.ium-si0e a&. s"a"e-o@&e. 4ompa&ies/ I& "ime, re"ai$ 3a&5i&2 Jas .e6e$ope.

@i"J 4re.i"s %or %armers, %or 3ui$.i&2 Jouses a&. pur4Jasi&2 4ars/ La"e$, @e Ja6e a$so o%%ere.

4o&sumer 4re.i"s, @Ji4J mea&s "Ja" a 3orro@er 4a& 2e" "Je 4re.i" %or a& perso&a$ &ee.s a&. Je is &o"

reuire. "o a""a4J a& #us"i%i4a"io& .o4ume&"s/ Our 3a&5 a$so Jas o"Jer %orms o% %i&a&4i&2 su4J as

%a4"ori&2, %or%ei"i&2, $easi&2 a&. o6er.ra%"/

#o3 a" "Je 3a&5 is "o a&a$0e 4re.i" %i$es a&. "o .e4i.e @Je"Jer "Je 4ompa& is @or"J 4re.i"i&2 or

&o"/ Su4J a %i$e 4o&"ai&s .o4ume&"s a3ou" "Je 4ompa&, a %i&a&4ia$ a&a$sis o% "Je 3a$a&4e sJee" a&. "Je

$as" "ria$ sJee", as @e$$ as a 4ommer4ia$ a&a$sis o% "Je mar5e" a&. 4ompe"i"io&/ TJe 3a&5 ma a$so as5

%or i&%orma"io& a3ou" "Je asse"s o% "Je 4ompa&, "Je e6o$u"io& o% i"s sJares o& "Je s"o45 mar5e" or "Je

si"ua"io& o% o"Jer $oa&s "Ja" "Je 4ompa& mi2J" Ja6e "o re"ur& mea&@Ji$e/ I% e6er"Ji&2 is O/K/ "Je&

"Je 4ompa& 2e"s "Je 4re.i"/

Besi.es 4re.i"s %or 4ompa&ies a&. i&.i6i.ua$s, BRD o%%ers a $ar2e ra&2e o% 3a&5i&2 ser6i4es su4J as:ope&i&2 a44ou&"s, ma5i&2 .eposi"s a&. o"Jer sa6i&2 i&s"rume&"s, 2i6i&2 $oa&s, "ra&s%erri&2 %u&.s,

e"er&a$ pame&", e$e4"ro&i4 3a&5i&2/ BRD Jas a @e$$-.e6e$ope. AT &e"@or5 a$$ o6er "Je 4ou&"r

a&. i" issues 3o"J 4re.i" 4ar.s a&. .e3i" 4ar.s/ TJe 3a&5 is a$so i&6o$6e. i& "rai&i&2s a&. semi&ars %or

s"u.e&"s a&. 2ra.ua"es i& e4o&omi4s/ _


/ Ja" posi"io& .oes BRD Jo$. o& "Je Roma&ia& mar5e"

>/ Ja" 5i&. o% 3a&5 is BRD

!/ Jo o@&s "Je ma#ori" s"o45 o% "Je 3a&5

'/ Ja" "pes o% 3a&5i&2 ser6i4es .oes BRD o%%er

*/ Ja" sor"s o% .o4ume&"s .oes a 4re.i" %i$e 4o&"ai&


54/83

)/ Ja" is a 4o&sumer 4re.i"

8/ I% ou Ja. a $ar2e sum o% mo&e a&. @a&"e. "o .eposi" i" i& a 3a&5, @ou$. ou 4Joose BRD

J es &o"

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

/ a"4J "Je %o$$o@i&2 @or.s @i"J "Je 4orrespo&.i&2 .e%i&i"io&s 3e$o@:

aQ 4orpora"e 3a&5i&2 /"pe o% $oa& se4uri" use. %or 3ui$.i&2s

a&.

$a&.

3Q re"ai$ 3a&5i&2 >/ arra&2eme&" 3e"@ee& a 3a&5 a&. a supp$ier

3

@Ji4J "Je 3a&5 3us "Je ri2J" "o 4o$$e4" "Je .e3"s %rom

appro6e. 4us"omers

4Q 4re.i" 4ar. !/ 3a&5i&2 pro.u4"s a&. ser6i4es %or

4ompa&ies

.Q .e3i" 4ar. '/ "Je pur4Jase 3 "Je 3a&5 o% me.ium a&.

sJor"-"erm 3i$$s o% e4Ja&2e a44ep"e. 3 "Je

.ra@ee i& i&"er&a"io&a$ "ra&sa4"io&s

eQ mor"2a2e */ "pe o% 4ar. "Ja" a$$o@s "Je o@&er "o 3e

.e3i"e. 3 "Je 3a&5 @i"J a 4er"ai& sum

a44or.i&2 "o Jis i&4ome

%Q %a4"ori&2 )/ a me"Jo. o% usi&2 a& asse" @i"Jou"

&e4essari$ pur4Jasi&2 i"

2Q %or%ei"i&2 8 3a&5i&2 pro.u4"s a&. ser6i4es %or i&.i6i.ua$s

JQ $easi&2 (/ "pe o% 4ar. "Ja" a$$o@s "Je o@&er "o

@i"J.ra@ o&$ as mu4J mo&e as JesJe Jas i&


55/83

"Je a44ou&"


56/83

SPEA?IN

/ Dis4uss "Je %o$$o@i&2 @i"J a par"&er:

Do peop$e usua$$ 3u or re&" "Jeir Jouses i& our 4ou&"r

Jere .o mos" peop$e 2e" "Je mo&e "o 3u "Jeir Jouses

Je& peop$e 3orro@ mo&e %or a Jouse or %$a", @Ja" is "Je usua$ repame&" perio. Are i&"eres" ra"es

%ie. or 6aria3$e

BE&ORE YOU READ

/ I% ou Ja. a $ar2e sum o% mo&e, @ou$. i&6es" i" i& sJares J es &o"

>/ I% es, @ou$. ou use "Je ser6i4es o% a 3ro5er

!/ Fo@ @ou$. ou se$e4" Jim Jer

'/ Do ou "Ji&5 ou 4a& use "Je I&"er&e" o& "Jis purpose

READIN

TJe DIH Approa4J

?u""i&2 our mo&e @Jere our mou"J is pre"" @e$$ sums up .ire4" i&6es"me&" i& s"o45s a&. sJares/

Hou Ja6e "o pi45 "Je ri2J" s"o45s/ Hou Ja6e "o "ra45 .o@& possi3$e a6e&ues o% resear4J a&. 6i"a$

i&%orma"io& a%%e4"i&2 "Jese sJares/ Hou Ja6e "o .e4i.e o& "imi&2 @Je"Jer "Jis is %or 3ui&2, Jo$.i&2

or se$$i&2 sJares/

TJa&5s "o "Je I&"er&e", .ire4" .ea$i&2 i& s"o45s a&. sJares is &o@ mu4J easier %or "Je sma$$er i&6es"or/

CJe45 ou" "Je @e3si"es o% 3ro5era2es o%%eri&2 a& i&"era4"i6e i&"er&e" %a4i$i"/ TJis is par"i4u$ar$

impor"a&" %or i&6es"ors $i6i&2 i& .i%%ere&" "ime 0o&es/ Some 3ro5era2e ser6i4es i&4$u.e "Je s4ope %or

4$ie&"s "o "ap i&"o perso&a$ por"%o$io 6a$ua"io&s, a44ess i&.i6i.ua$ sJare pri4es a&. 6a$ua"io&s a&. "Je

$a"es" mar5e" resear4J/


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Be%ore rusJi&2 i& "o a& .ea$ as5 ourse$% some esse&"ia$ ues"io&s/ Is "Je sour4e o% resear4J re$ia3$e

Ja" o"Jer areas o% 4ompa& resear4J 4ou$. su3s"a&"ia"e @Ja" ou Ja6e a$rea. Fa6e ou %a4"ore. i&

e6er"Ji&2 "Ja" 4ou$. a%%e4" "Je i&6es"me&" e4o&omi4 "re&.s, mar5e" issues, 4urre&4 ris5 a&. so o&

Je& i" 4omes "o a4"ua$$ .ea$i&2, i&6es"ors &ee. "o Jire a s"o453ro5er/ Esse&"ia$$, "Jere are "@o $e6e$s

o% ser6i4e/ +or "Jose "Ja" are &o" Japp @i"J 4o&%ro&"i&2 some o% "Je ues"io&s $is"e. i& "Je %irs"para2rapJ o% "Jis ar"i4$e, a s"o453ro5erUs a.6isor ser6i4e @i$$ 3e o% mos" i&"eres"/ TJis op"io& pro6i.es

"Je 4Ja&4e "o "a$5 "Jrou2J a& .ire4" i&6es"me&" 3e%ore i" is ma.e/

Gi6e& "Ja" our .e4isio&s ma @e$$ res" upo& su4J a.6isor sessio&s, i" is esse&"ia$ "o 4Je45 "Je

s"o453ro5erUs 4re.e&"ia$s/ Ke ues"io&s @i$$ i&4$u.e: Jo@ $o&2 Jas "Je 3ro5erUs 4ompa& 3ee& i&

3usi&ess Jo are "Je par"&ers, a&. @Ja" is "Je 4ompa&Us o@& %i&a&4ia$ posi"io& Fo@ $o&2 Jas "Je

3ro5er 3ee& @i"J "Je 4ompa& Ja" is "Je ua$i" o% resear4J a6ai$a3$e "o "Je 3ro5er

O% eua$ impor"a&4e is "Je %a4" "Ja" "Je re$a"io&sJip 3e"@ee& 3ro5er a&. 4$ie&" is a& i&"ima"e o&e/ Do

ou %ee$ 4om%or"a3$e @i"J "Je 3ro5er Does Je "a$5 se&se Does Jis 6ie@ o% "Je @or$. o% i&6es"me&"s

.o6e"ai$ @i"J our o@& +i&. ou" ea4"$ @Ja" "Je %ees are per Jour 3e%ore si2&i&2 up, a&. 4Je45 ou"

Jo@ mu4J ouU$$ pa per "ra&sa4"io&/

TJe o"Jer op"io& is "o Jire a 3ro5era2e Jouse o& a& ee4u"io&-o&$ 3asis/ Broa.$, "Jis is a ser6i4e

@Ji4J 4arries ou" a$$ "Je .ea$s as i&s"ru4"e. 3 "Je i&6es"or/ A&. "Ja" is i" - c&o resear4J, &o "ips, &o pre-

.ea$i&2 4Ja", a&. &o a.6i4e/ SJop arou&. 3e"@ee& s"o453ro5ers %or "Jis ser6i4e as "Je e"e&" o% ser6i4es

a&. 4Jar2es 6ar Ju2e$/

Je& si2&i&2 up @i"J a 3ro5er, o& @Ja"e6er $e6e$ o% ser6i4e, ma5e sure Je or sJe is a@are o% our

s"a"us a&. appropria"e .o4ume&"a"io& is use. so "Ja" "a is &o" .e.u4"e. %rom .i6i.e&.s/

A&. 3e%ore pu""i&2 pe& "o "Je .o""e. $i&e, i" is 6i"a$ "Ja" ou 4Je45 @Ji4J re2u$a"or 3o. is super6isi&2

"Je 3ro5era2e Jouse/ TJe 4au"ious i&6es"or @ou$. ru& a .ou3$e 4Je45 a&. 4o&"a4" "Je re2u$a"or

au"Jori"ies "o 4Je45 "Je 4ompa& is o& "Je au"Jorise. $is"/


58/83

M&%or"u&a"e$, "Jere is a $ar2e u&.er@or$. o% .o.2 sJare sa$es peop$e/ Fo@ "o spo" su4J %rau.s"ers is

&o" a$@as eas/ Be@are o% pos"a$ o%%ers su22es"i&2 "Ja" ou Ja6e 3ee& espe4ia$$ se$e4"e. %or a 4Ja&4e

"o 3u sJares/ Ne6er e6er respo&. "o a& i&6i"a"io& "o par" @i"J mo&e "Ja" 3e2i&s @i"J, or sou&.s _"oo

2oo. "o 3e "rue`/ I% i" is, @J @ou$. "Je 3e sJari&2 i" @i"J ou Be 6i2i$a&" o& "Je i&"er&e" as "Jis is a

@Jo$e &e@ p$a2rou&. %or %rau.s"ers/

TJe MKUs Se4uri"ies [ I&6es"me&" Boar. o%%ers a.6i4e a&. i&%orma"io& "o e&uirers o& "Je 3o&a %i.es

o% sJare .ea$i&2 4ompa&ies a&. a$"Jou2J i" ma 3e a 3ore "o $o2 o%% a&. 4Je45, 3e""er "Ja" "Ja& a rip o%%/

:Aannah Beecham=


/ I& @Ji4J @a .oes "Je i&"er&e" ma5e sJare-.ea$i&2 "ra&sa4"io&smu4J easier %or "Je sma$$er i&6es"or

>/ Ja" 5i&. o% ues"io&s sJou$. a& i&6es"or as5 Jimse$% 3e%ore ma5i&2 su4J a

.ea$

!/ J is i" &e4essar "o 4Je45 %irs" "Je s"o453ro5erUs 4re.e&"ia$s

'/ J is so impor"a&" "Je re$a"io&sJip 3e"@ee& "Je 4$ie&" a&. "Je 3ro5er

*/ Ja" is a 3ro5era2e Jouse

)/ Fo@ 4a& o&e spo" possi3$e %rau.s"ers i& "Je %ie$.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

/ +i&. @or.s i& "Je "e" "Ja" mea& "Je %o$$o@i&2:

aQ "o .e"e4" Ppara2rapJ Q

3Q "o 6eri% Ppara2rapJ >Q

4Q 4apa4ious&ess Ppara2rapJ >Q

.Q "o u&.er"a5e Ppara2rapJ >Q

eQ "o 4o&si.er Ppara2rapJ !Q

%Q "o 4oi&4i.e Ppara2rapJ )Q

2Q ues"io&a3$e Ppara2rapJ 9Q

JQ 4Jea"i&2 Ppara2rapJ Q


59/83

RAAR

R!la#(! Clau/!/

_Broa$ly5 this Mthe bro-erage houseN is a ser7ice !hich carries out all the $eals as instructe$ by the

in7estor.@PQ

_B>D5 !hich is the secon$ largest ban- on the >omanian mar-et5 became a commercial ban- in

OPP0.@P>Q

TJe 4$auses i& i"a$i4s Ja6e "Je %u&4"io& o% .es4ri3i&2 "Je &ou& 3e%ore^ "Je per%orm, as "o sa, "Je

%u&4"io& o% a& a.#e4"i6e/ Su4J 4$auses are 4a$$e. Re$a"i6e C$auses 3e4ause "Je _re$a"e` "o "Je &ou& 3

mea&s o% a re$a"i6e pro&ou&, i& "Jis 4ase @Ji4J/ Re$a"i6e C$auses, $i5e a.#e4"i6es, 4a& .es4ri3e perso&s,

"Ji&2s a&. e6e&"s/

I& se&"e&4e PQ "Je Re$a"i6e C$ause _!hich carries out all the $eals as instructe$ by the

[email protected] esse&"ia$ i&%orma"io& a3ou" "Je &ou& a&. "Je mai& 4$ause .oes&U" ma5e proper se&se

@i"Jou" i"/ Su4J a re$a"i6e 4$ause is 4a$$e. De%i&i&2 PRes"ri4"i6eQ Re$a"i6e 4$ause/

I& se&"e&4e P>Q "Je re$a"i6e 4$ause _!hich is the secon$ largest ban- on the >omanian mar-et@

pro6i.es a..i"io&a$ i&%orma"io& a3ou" "Je su3#e4" a&. "Jus i" 4a& 3e omi""e./ TJis is @J i" @ri""e&

3e"@ee& 4ommas/ Su4J a Re$a"i6e C$ause is 4a$$e.: No&-De%i&i&2 PNo&-Res"ri4"i6eQ Re$a"i6e C$ause/

Re$a"i6e C$auses are i&"ro.u4e. "Jrou2J re$a"i6e pro&ou&s su4J as: @Jo P%or peop$eQ, @Ji4J P%or

"Ji&2sQ, "Ja" P%or 3o"JQ, @Jom, @Jose, @Jere, @Je&, @J Pa44ompa&ie. or &o" 3 preposi"io&s %or

re$a"i6e 4$auses o% p$a4e, "ime a&. reaso&Q e"4/ _TJa"` is &e6er use. i& &o&-.e%i&i&2 re$a"i6e 4$auses/

EF!$c(/!/

I/ Re@ri"e "Je %o$$o@i&2 as o&e se&"e&4e usi&2 re$a"i6e 4$auses i&"ro.u4e. 3 @Je&, @Jere or @J:

/ TJe peop$e I @or5 @i"J are "Je reaso&/ TJis is @J I @ou$. &e6er 4Ja&2e m #o3/

>/ TJis is "Je ri2J" mome&"/ Hou Ja6e "o se$$ our sJares/

!/ a$$ S"ree" is "Je p$a4e/ os" s"o45 "ra&sa4"io&s are ma.e Jere/

'/ TJa" .a o% a 4Ja&2e. m $i%e %ore6er/ I %ou&. ou" "Je& "Ja" I Ja. i&Jeri"e. Y mi$$io& .o$$ars/

*/ ( is "Je ear/ I "oo5 a $oa& %rom "Je 3a&5 a&. I 2uara&"ee. @i"J m Jouse/


60/83

II/ CJoose "Je mos" sui"a3$e @or.s u&.er$i&e./

/ Ja" @as "Je &ame o% "Je perso& that !hich3ou2J" our o$. 4ar

>/ A$$ "Je .oors @ere ope&, that !hichseeme. ra"Jer o../

!/ I @i$$ s"a Jere "i$$ si, 3 that!hich"ime a&e sJou$. Ja6e pJo&e./

'/ 4hate7er 4hiche7erou .o, .o&U" press "Jis re. 3u""o&/

*/ TJis is "Je s4Joo$ @Ji4J" use$ to go " use$ to go t

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Limba Engleza Anul II