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In this unit you will learn. words and phrases to help you talk about people and relationships'

. to ask and answer questions about friends and family'

. to write an essay about advantages and disadvantages'

. to talk about wishes and use it's high time, had better andwould rather'

EI Match the words to make compound nouns'

L

I

3

4

5

6

c

d

e

f

gang

social

youth

police

community

death

officer

penalty

service

worker

counsellor

member

a

h

make sure the laws of a country are obeyed'

are influenced by their Peers.

provide for peoPle in need.

a violation of human rights?

give young peoPle advice.

He didn't go to prison for his ctime, but he did

*1*rrylffi*i,

EI Complete the sentences with the compound nouns from Task A'

Is the

1

)

3

4

5

6

a4r'

't, ,

@fr

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U N lT 1 7 E-ie: e'ilc r; *-'r I 1r=

l

ret Read the article quickly and find out what a 'beat ln' IS.

The latest statistics provided by the Nationol Youth

Gang Center reveal that there are over 25,000 gangs inthe US, with a total mernbership of over 600,000. It has

been suggested that these figures may be conservativeestirnates, and that there may actually be as many as

950,000 gang memhers in the United States.

Aicording to the police, a street gang is a structuredgroup'of individuals, usually between the ages of eleven

and ,twenty five, who generally operate under some

form of leadership while claiming a territory or turf.Cang'members wear distinctive clothing, use special

i:,.Sffit*3mes and symbols, and commit organised and'''spbiit&eous crirninal acts within the community.

Most experts agree that there are numerous reasons for

Stree Gangsk,in the USA

@;

teenagers becoming gang members. The popularityof gangs is partly due to films and music which have

sed gang cultute, but this is by no means then. Many members join a gang because theynot to or because of peer pressure, whichthem greatly. However, the decision to joinnot made lightly. In order to prove one's

potential gang member endures a 'beat in'.he 'beat in' the members punch, kick or even

in LA. A police officer phoned at three in the morning totell me that Taj was being held as she had been involvedin a drive-by shooting. I couldn't believe it! I had no

idea Taj was in a gang. I t-tow realise that I should have

paid more attention to what was going on at the time.

i wish I had insisted on meeting her new friends, and

I should have asked her where she was finding the

money to buy all those new clothes. Now it's too late;

she's growing up in prison and her life is ruinedl

Other parents realise there's a problem, but don't knowwhat to do. Mrs Jakes, mother of gang member Joe,

says: 'In the past two years, my son has gone ttrrougha complete personality change. I know he is involvedin illegal and criminal activities for his gang and I wishI knew what to do or where to go. I have tried timeand time again to talk to him, but he is detennined to

destroy his life. I wish someone would help me save

my son.'

Getting out of a gang can be even more dangerous.Many street gangs require the person wanting to leave

the gang to endure a 'beat out'. This beating is oftenmore severe than the beating taken to become a gang

member. CK, a gang member for five years, knowsit's high time he got out. 'I look at the way I live, andrealise all the things I've done. I've had enough ofthis life of violence. I can't sleep at night, you know?Whenever I close my eyes, I see the faces of the peopleI've hurt. I had better move on. I'd rather be back at

school, or maybe I could get a iob. But I know there'llbe a 'beat out'. I'll just have to deal with it, I guess.'

Social workers emphasise that the mostimportant thing for young people to understandis that becoming a Sang member is a lifetimecommitment to crime. Thev stress that schools andparents must teach )'ioung people that being a gang

member does not gain respect from )/our peers and thatdying is not romanlic.

."r..,::i club the new member.,rr;lil.ll:

Some parents, either throughignorance or denial, don't findout their son or daughter isin a gang until they get aphone call from a policedepartment, hospital oreven a morgue. Gangmember Thj's mother,

Anna, explains howshe discovered heronly daughter wasa member of one ofthe biggest gangs

CZi) u*', 17 Retationships

EI Read the article again and answer the questions.

How manv gan.- ni:irs:. :s it possible that there are in the USA?

How old do sans niemL'er: tend to be?

3 What are n\ o c'rf rhe reasons u hv young people join gangs?

4 How do some parents find out that their children are involved in gangs?

5 Why does Taj's mother re_qret not asking her daughter some serious questions?

n8 tcrlvcdnchar =rimeanf

lfieIate:

6 Why is it daneerous u'hen people want to get out of a gang?

7 What does CK \\'ant to do in the near future?

8 What do young people need to learn from their parents and schools?

JIOIT

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Vocabulary Link

f Find words in the article which have the following meanings.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

I

9

10

11

t2

the total number of people belonging to a club, society, etc (para

work (para 2)

easily recognised (paru 2)

not planned; done because you suddenly want to (para2)

a number of (para 3)

person the same age or status as yourself (para 3)

goes through; suffers (para 3)

hit with your fist (para 3)

lack of knowledge (para 4)

refusal to believe something (para 4)

demanded that something happens (para 4)

character (para 5)

1)

UNIT 17 Relationships fi@

f,| Read the paragraph and complete the family tree. Write the names on the top line in each box.

i- Terry's Farnily TreeTerry is an only chi d. His aunt is called Kay and her husband is John. Terry's grandmother,Helen, has two children: Kay and David. Sarah, who is married to David, and Kay are sisters-rn-law. Terry also has a cousin called George. George has a brother-in-law ca led Ben and agrandfather called Ken. Terry also has twin cousins called Nancy and Pau a. Paula's nephew iscalled Charlie and her niece is called Olivia.

= married to_-f*--

O = female

C = rnale

reI Now imagine you are Nancy. What relation is everyone to you? Write their relationship on the secondline in each box.

aunt brother cousin daughter father grandfatherhusband mother sister son unclegrandmother

[g,) ururr 17 Fietationships

a

Grammar Link

Look at these examples from the article.1 I wish I had insisted on meeting her new friends, ...

2 ... I wish I knew what to do ...3 I wish someone would help me save my son.

Which example(s):a refer to the present or the future?b refers to the past?

c expresses dissatisfaction with another person's behaviour?

and

Wish is followed by a past perfect tense when we talk about the and by a past tense whenwe talk about the or the When we talk about other people'sbehaviour we don't like, we use wish with and the infinitive without to.

Look at these examples from the article.I CK, ... knows it's high time he got out2 I had better move on.

3 I'd rather be back at school, ...

Do the above examples refer to the present or the past?

Which of the phrases in bold:a expresses a preference?b says what is advisable?c expresses that something should h4ppen as soon as possible?

Which form of the verb do we use after phrases like it's high time?

Which form of the verb do we use after had better and 'd rather?

,/

Study the Grammar Reference for Unit 17 on page 188-189 before you do the tasks.

Gt Complete the letter with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

Dear Sally.

I thought it n tt:.to.

I have not becrt

(2), he (3)

1 was goirtg [t t ','. J.: ' /

I knov' I'd .ie,.' r:.-rr'(s)

Well, tltat ', .;r, :,. .... -

Love,

Anna

,,.. bur I promise to write again and tell you how it went with Julie.

ititit rinte I (l) (write) to you as it seems like ages since I've done

r r,n ;:.itrp-\ loteh' as I fell out with my cousin, lulie, last week. I really wish wer r:, tt tusu€). It was all my fault. Now she won't speak to me. I wish

,let ) nte explain that I'm sorry.

i, t Ttltone me but I think I'd rather (4),,ulrl rnake up with Julie. Perhaps I'd better' -inLl see her at the weekend and apologise.

(ing) her first.

rnd

UNIT 17 Relationships @

11 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Use the given word

and write between two and five words.

The young man was sorry he gave in to peer pressure. wishes

The young man in to peer pressure.

2 You really should send those party invitations. time

It',s those party invitations.

The boy said

The boy said

I would likeI

a member of the gang. woulda member of the gang.

5 I don't want you to argue with your sister again. ratherI

-

argue with Your sister again.

Listen ing=l-*!,nlr

(:

t

he wished he was nothe

my dad to be a famous film star. wisha famous film star.

Cl you will hear people talking in eight diflerent situations. For questions 1-8, choose the correct answer,

a,borc.

1 A man and a woman are talking. The woman says she

a has a similar personality to her father.b looks like her mother.c physically resembles her father.

2 Two friends are talking about a couple. What did the couple recently decide to do?

a get marriedb break off their engagementc get divorced

3 Listen to this conversation. The girl thinks the boy is

a insensitive.b jealous.c untrustworthy.

4 Listen to this conversation. Who are the girls talking about?

a teachersb babysittersc parents

5 Two people are writing an advertisement to place in a newspaper. Which section will it be in?

a jobs availableb jobs wantedc flatmate wanted

6 Two friends are shopping. The woman is annoyed because the man is

a impatient.b indecisive.c dishonest.

Listen to this conversation. Why is the woman tired?

a Her neighbours upstairs were shouting all night.b The dog across the road was barking all night.c The people next door were having a noisy party.

A mother is talking about her son. How does she feel?

a She's proud of him.b She's angry with him.c She's worried about him.

Fod ,*'t i7 Relationships

Speaking Link

El Work with a partner. Ask and answer the questions.

Student A

Would you describe yourself as an outgoing person? Why/Why not?What other words would you use to describe yourself?Do your family members live near one another?Do you see each other regularly, or just on family occasions?

Student B

You catt choose your'fiiends but you can't choose your .family.What is vour reaction to this statement?

Do r.ou like to have friends who are similar or different to you?

Do vou think havin_e a good sense of humour is important?What qualities do I'ou think a parent should have?

UNIT 17 Retationships @

Writing Link

ln this unit, you are going to learn to write an essay aboutadvantages and disadvantages.

It Read the question and complete the essay with a word orphrase from the box.

Your teacher has asked you to write an essay discussing the

advantages and disadvantages of young people living on theirown.

a

b

c

d

e

fob

h

Furthermore

However

On the whole

In spite ofFor instance

On the other hand

In addition

On the one hand

These days more and more young people are choosing to leave home and live on their own.

There are both advantages and disadvantages to this trend.

fD, it's great for young people to be independent. q), having their own flat or

house means they can come and go as they please. ff---l, young people can invite their

friends round whenever they feel like it.

q), rhe biggest disadvantage is the lack of support. [f.) the fact that they feel

grown up, young people might find it difficult to cook and clean for themselves on a daily

basis. Gf-_l to this, some young people miss the company of living with their parents,

brothers and sisters. D, this isn't always the case. Family members can be annoying

sometimes, especially if they're always asking questions like 'Where are you going?' or

'What time will you be home?'

ff-), I think it's a good thing for young people to live on their own as long as they take

the responsibility seriouslY.

El Now write an essay. Use the hints and the outline to help you. (160-180 words)

MIN?SThink of lwo or lhree odvonloges ond disodvonioges before you slorl wriling.

Give reosons fol your opinions whenevel you con.

Use exomples lo support whol you soy.

Paragraph I

Paragraph 2

Paragraph 3

Paragraph 4

make a general statementSay what you're writing about and,

about the subject.

Give one side of youl argument - either the advantages or the disadvantages.

Give the other side of your argument.

Sum up by saying what your overall opinion is.

f@ ur.rrr 17 Retationships

tI

k

EI Match the fictionat crime fighters to their names.

Sherlock Holmes

Hercule Poirot

Inspector Jacques Clouseau

Batman

Zorro

James Bond

Whodunnit?

Learning LinkIn :i^. ir.i \tru sill learn. *,-.:i. i:J phrases to help you talk about crime.. :.' .',r:.lrre and contrast photographs and to give your opinion.. ia''\\ni3 an essav On a Set teXt.. Itr ir-k .rbtrut the past, the present and the future.

C]OOOC]O

I)

3

4

5

6

c

GI What qualities do you think are necessary in a detective? Do you think you could ever become asuccessful crime fighter?

UN|TlSWhodunnit, @

Reading Link

rel You are going to read an extract from a novel featuring SherlockHolmes called The Valley of Fear. A crime has been committedand people are being questioned. Read the extract quickly andsay which crime has been committed.

Mrs Douglas thought carefully before she answered.

'Yes,' she said at last. 'I have always felt that he was

in some kind of danger. He refused to discuss it withmc - he did not want me to become concerned. Hethought I would become anxious if I knew about it and

so he remained silent.''How did you know, then?'

Mrs Douglas's face lit up as shc smiled.'Can a husband cvcr keep a secret from a wife whotruly loves him? I knew about the danger because

of his refusal to talk about everything that hadhappened to him in America. I knew about it because

of ccrtain prccautions he took and because he nevertrusted strangers. I knew about it from some thingshe said by mistake. I was certain that he had somepowerful enemies, that he believed they were going tocome after him, and that he was always on his guardagainst them.''May I ask,' said Holmes, 'which words attracted yourattention?''Thc Valley of Fear,' the lady answered. 'That was an

cxpression he used when I questioned him. 'I have

bccn in the Vallcy of Fe ar. I am not out of it yet.' 'Willwc cver get out of the Valley of Fear?' I used to ask

him whcn hc was more serious than usual. 'Sometimes

I think we never shall,' he would reply.''Surely, you asked him what he meant by the Valleyof Fear?''I did, but he would become pale and just shake his

head. 'It is bad enough that one of us has been inits shadow,' he said. I am certain, though he did nottell me directly, that it was a real valley in which he

had lived and in which something really terrible had

happened, but I can tell you no more.''And did he mention any names?''Yes. Hewas deliriouswithfeverafter ahuntingaccidentthree years ago. I remember that he kept on repeatinga name. He spoke it with anger and horror. McGinty

was the name - Bod)..rnaster McGinn. After he had

recovered, I asked him who Bodrmaster McGintywasand whose body he was master of. 'Never of mine,

thank goodness!' he answered with a laugh. That was

all he told me but there was a connection betweenBodymaster McGinty and the Valley of Fear.'

'There is one other point,' said Inspector McDonald,'You met Mr Douglas in London and got engaged

to him there, did you not? Was there any romance,

anything secret or mysterious about the wedding?'

'There was romance. There is always romance. There

was nothing mysterious.''And he had no rival?'

52 'No, I was free.''You have heard, no doubt, that his wcdding ringhas been taken. Does that suggest anything to you?

Suppose that some enemy from his old life hadtracked him down and committed the crime, whatpossible reason could he have had for taking thewedding ring?''I really cannot tell,' she answered. 'It is certainly a

most extraordinary thing.''Well, we will not detain you any longer and we are

sorry to have put you to this trouble at such a time,'said the inspector.

She stood up and glanced at us, trying to get an idea ofhow we had reacted to her evidence. Then, with a bow,

she left the room.Holmes, who had been sitting with his head in his hands

in deepest thought, stood up and rang the bell.'Ames,'he said when the butler entered, 'what is MrCecil Barker doing now?'

'I2ll see, sir.'He came back in a moment to say that Mr Barker was

in the garden.

'Canyou remember, Ames, what Mr Barker had on hisfeet last night when you joined him in the study?''Yes, Mr Holmes. He was wearing a pair of slippers. I

77 brought him his boots when he went for the police.''Where are the slippers now?''They are still under the chair in the hall.''Very good. Ames. lt is, of course. important [or us

to know which tracks are Mr Barker's and which are

from outside.''Yes, sir. I noticed that the slippers were stained withblood and so. indeed, were my own.'

Whodunnit?

EI Read the extract again and choose the best answer a, b, c or d for each question.

Why didn't Mr Douglas talk to his wifeabout the danger he was in?a He wasn't confident enough.b He wanted everyone to remain silent.c He didn't want his wife to worry.d He wasn't sure about the danger he faced.

Mrs Douglas knew her husband had asecret becausea he was often suspicious of people he

didn't know.b he had hired bodyguards to protect him.c he had once spent time living in America.d she had found threatening letters from

his enemies.

What did Mr Douglas say about the Valleyof Fear?a He was unsure whether he would ever

escape from it.b It was somewhere he had once lived.c It caused him to shake with fear

whenever he mentioned it.d It was where something horrible had

happened.

Mr Douglas kept on saying the nameMcGintya because he was angry with him about the

accident.b when he talked about the Valley of Fear.c at a time when he was ill.d when he made a joke about being a

master of bodies.

Y9"'9-9.F.--g*!"?ryLink

a

b

c

d

e

fobh

According to Mrs Douglas, Bodl.rnasterMcGinty had something to do witha Mr Douglas.b Holmes.c her.d the Valley of Fear.

What did Mrs Douglas mean when she said:'No, I was free.' (line 52)a Nobody told her what to do.b There was no other man in her life.c She was no longer in prison.d She didn't have any secrets to hide.

What did Mrs Douglas say about themissing wedding ring?a One of Mr Douglas's enemies probably

took it.b She wasn't able to give an explanation.c A thief must have murdered her

husband to get it.d She can't remember exactly what it

looked like.

Who does'him' (line 77) rcfer to?a McGintyb Mr Douglasc Amesd Mr Barker

f| Match the words from the extract to their meanings. The words are in the same order as theyappear in the extract.

I remained

2 precautions

3 on his _suard

4 got engaged

5 rival6 exlraordinan7 glanced

8 slippers

soft'shoes' worn indoorsunusual

promised to marrystayed

looking out for; ready forcompetitorsafety measures

looked quickly

UNIT 18 whodunnitz 'jEi

f,| Circle the correct words.

The old lady was sadly stolen / robbed of her life savings.

The gang member was arrested for / with different criminal activities.

The woman on trial had committed / done three different crimes.

Joseph was given a fine / find because he had parked his car illegally.

Lee had committed fourteen bank burglaries / robberies before he was finally caught.

I've been accused for / of theft, but I'm innocent.

There was only one eye / first witness who claimed she'd seen everything.

He was sentenced to three years in jail by the lawyer / judge .

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

sl Match the phrasal verbs to their meanings.

break into

come after

get out oflook into

turn down

wear out

1

,3

4

5

6

Someone -

my house last week and stole my jewellery.

I've always been interested in the law, so when a friend offered to take me to see a court case,

I couldn't her

The prisoners jail by digging a tunnel under the wall.

Chasing the thief through the streets the policeman.I you!' threatened the criminal.

Are the police the theft of two paintings from the art gallery?

a escape from

b investigate

c make tired

d say'no'to something

e enter a building with force

find someone in order to harm them

EI Complete the sentences with the correct form of the phrasal verbs from task G.

3

4

5

6

1

2

i::

ffifiEi ururr 18 whodunnit?

S€,

:allery?

Grammar Link

Look at these examples from the extract.

L I have always felt that ...

2 ... a wtk who truly loves him.

3 After he had recovered, I asked him ...

4 You met Mr Douglas in London and got engaged to him ...

5 Holmes, who had been sitting...6 ... what is Mr Cecil Barker doing now?

7 I'll see, sir.

8 He was wearing a pair of slippers.

Find the full sentences in the novel extract form and underline them.

Which example talks about:

a two actions happening one after the other in the past?

b something happening at the moment of speaking?

c an action that was completed before another action in the past?

d something which started in the past and continues to the present?

e a continuous activity which took place before another action in the past?

f something being described at a particular moment in the past?

g a decision to do something made at the time of speaking?

h a general truth?

Study the Grammar Reference for Units 1-3 on pages 175-178 before you do the tasks.

!! Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. More than one answer may be possible.

A Terrible Mistake(have) a long hard time in this horrible prison and, believe me,

(look forward to) being free again.

When the robbery (3) _ (happen) ten years ago, I knew then it was a mistake.

We (4) (dream) of becoming rich for months and then the big day arrived.

As we drove along the road, we (5) (tulk) about how we would spend all the

money. The gang leader said,'I (6) (buy) a new car for myself and then I(7) (have) a holiday on a tropical island'. John, another member of the gang, said

'I (8) (decide) to buy a yacht and sail around the world with my money.'

'Mywife (9) (want) me to take her to Disneyland,'said another and everyone

started laughing. 'Oh yes!' said Tom, our leader, 'You (10)

time there!'

(have) agreat

As we neared the bank, I became more nervous and realised that I was making a

terrible mistake.

r (1)

r (2)

UNIT 18 Whodunnit? 1153

m Match the beginnings of the sentences to their endings.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

The police are going to set up

The mayor has arranged a meeting

In court, the criminal said

Nowadays, many television programmes contain

After the burglar was found guilty,

The murderer has been

The police believe

James had been working as a policeman

Listening Link

I Sp

Ea he was sentenced to tn'o years in jail.

b with the chief of police.

c far too much r,iolence.

d in jail for ten vears.

e roadblocks all over the city.

f that they will soon catch the gang.

g until he became a private detective.

h that he hadn't robbed the bank.

43

. One of the gang

thc gang

in the

1t ..f /.s * .*

ftr.

!&

&{*

lt*.&

ffi€ You will hear part of a television programme called CrimeWatch. For questions 1-10, complete thesentences.

Tonight CrimeWatch need help with an (L) .The National Bank concerned

is on the corner of (2) and Station Road. The gunmen went into the bankat (3)

The registration number of the van involved was (4)

members was called (5) . The (6)

was a woman. She had a rose-shaped tattoo on her (7)

Thc public have recently given the police information about (8)

Green Street area. (9)

Fortunately, a lot of the (10)

homes were burgled in the last few weeks.

has been returned.

[rs+) ur.rrr 18 wt'rodu*nmEt?

Speaking Link

f! Work with a partner. One of you should look at photos A and B and the other at C and D. Compare andcontrast them and say how you think the people responsible should be punished. Then discussthe questions below.

HINTSDon'l worry if you con't remember o word, or if you don'l know whol on obiect is cqlled. Soy somelhinglike:'Actuolly ldon't know whol lhis is colled.'or'l'm sorry, but l've forgotlen lhe word for lhis thing.' Youcould exploin whot lhe ilem is used for or where it would be found, insteod.

ln r our opinion, which of the crimesis the most serious?

Should any of them not betreated as crimes?

UNIT 18 Whodunnit, @

Writing Linkln this unit, you are going to learn to write an essay about one aspect of a set text.

trl Read the question and complete the essay with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

Think of a book you have read recently. Decide which character in the book you would most like to be,and why. Write about the character and give your reasons for wanting to be him her.

r (1) (love) all crime mysteries, but Murder on the Oienr Etpress b1' Agatl'a

Christie is one of my favourite books. ItI (2) (have to) choose one character

to be, I would choose Hercule Poirot, the Belgian detective.

Hercule Poirot is such a clever man, even though he often (3) (give) the

impression of being a bit stupid. What I like about him is that he always seems to suddenly

(4) (come up with) a brilliant idea and you realise that he

(s) (think) about the crime all the time and working out what happened.

In the book, Poirot investigates the murder of an unpleasant businessman. The man, whose name

is Sam Ratchett, (6) (poison) and then stabbed twelve times. Poirot takes

charge of the investigation and (7) _ (question) all the passengers. Of course

he (8) (solve) the mystery.j'

The main reason why I would like to be him is because, ' '

after he (9) (solve) the crime he

does something unexpected. He decides it would be

better not to te1l the police the truth about what

(10) (happen).

I think that makes him a very unusual detective.

rrrrrlr=rrI=rl

GI Now write an essay. Use the hints and the outlineto help you. (160-180 words)

&+ s +ai : -,, .;.

lf you intend lo onswer this type of quesiion, be sure you know. lhe slory.. the choroclels.. lhe ploces.o )/our opinions ond views on oll of lhe obove.

When you wrile obout the events in o book (or o film), remember to use present tenses.

,r

Paragraph IParagraph 2

Paragraph 3

Paragraph 4

Say which character you are going to write about.

Describe the character. Say what it is you like about the character.

Refer to something in the story your character does that you like.

Summarise your opinions about the character.

CEo) ururr 18 whodunnit?

Get the Message

Learning Link

ln this unit you will learn. words and phrases to help you talk about digital photography and the media.. to discuss who you should invite to a seminar.. to write a letter of complaint.. to give advice using should, ought to and shall.

GI What kind of information is communicated in the following ways?

advertisements

photographs

websites

radio programmes

newspaper articles

television

letters

**

*-F

UNIT 1e cet the tvtessage Cst)

Reading Link

GI Read the article quickly and find five advantages of using a digital camera.

m*Sfitat Fk$tegrafhsWhat is a digitat photograph?

A digital photograph is a photo,produced with computertechniques, made up of hundreds

of thousands or millions of tinysquaresof colour.[D lf you lookat a digital photograph through a

magnifying glass you can see theseparate dots of colour. The qualityof any digital photo depends on thenumber of pixels per square centi-metre - the more pixels, the betterthe photo, which is why you shouldalways try to buy the best digitalcamera you can afford.

lllhu should I 'go digital'?

There are many reasons whypeople ought to consider changingfrom ordinary cameras to digitalphotography. ff_]Vou don't wastetime going to the shops for your

films or photos, and you don't have

to spend money on films. There

is also the advantage that digitalphotography is instant. You can viewyour pictures immediately - allowingyou to decide which photos youwant to keep and which you don't.

IEL:.

No more wondering if you should

have taken a photo or not - withdigital cameras you can take thepicture first and decide laterwhetheror not you want it. Of course, withdigital technology you are ableto change your picture so that itlooks great anyway - that's anotherhuge plus when it comes to digitalcameras. Lastly, and something weall ought to think about, is the factthat digital photography doesn'tuse toxic chemicals that often end

up in our rivers and lakes.

Hotu does it urork?

You don't need to be a computerwizard to use digital cameras. Put

simply, what happens is that thecamera produces your picture indigital format - ie, made up ofpixels - so that it can then be 'read'

by your computer. Gfl] They can

be saved until you want to use

them, included in letters you'vewritten on your computer or sentto friends and family in an e-mail.

lllhich tupe of digital camerashould I buU?

First of all, when you're lookingat digital cameras and thinking,'Which one shall I buy?', bear in

mind that new digital cameras arebeing developed all the time, so

there are lots of strange shapesand sizes. (f-lSecondly, there is the cost. Atthe cheaper end of the market,there are the 'point and shoot'

cameras. These cameras are fullyautomatic and anybody just startingdigital photography - or just buyinga camera for the first time - shouldbegin with one of these. They'reso simple that after only a coupleof weeks, you should have learntall you need to know about howto use the camera. (fl] Some ofthese are a bit too complicated foreveryday use. At the top end of theprice scale are professional camerasand digital video cameras - veryexpensive and only necessary forthe serious photographer.

Checklist

lf you're buying a digital camerafor the first time, you can easily getconfused. Therefore, beforespending your money you shouldthink about why you want thecamera and what you are planningto use the pictures for. Will you betaking pictures indoors or outside?What kind of pictures do you wantto take - landscapes, portraits,sports shots, etc? Gl--l All thesequestions affect the kind of camerayou should choose. When you'vethought about all these questions,

you should be ready to make yourchoice.

vE

(tsa) uNrr 19 Get the Message

ItI

IThere are six sentences missing from the article. Read through it again and choose from sentences

A-G the one which fits each gap. There is one extra sentence that you do not need to use.

A Once your photos are stored on your computer, you can decide what you want to do with them.

B You can change these pictures with your digital camera if you follow the instructions.

C However, the design doesn't make any difference to the camera's performance and you

shouldn't be too influenced by this.

The technical name for these squares is picture-elements or pixels.

For more money you can buy one of the cameras with lots of megapixels which produce better

quality photos by using more pixels.

Do you want to take pictures of things close up or far away?

For a start, digital cameras save you both time and money.

D

E

F

G

vo-.e.F"-q=t-?."ry* "Ljnf

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

printedmade

methods

machines

piece of glass that makes things look bigger

piece of glass that makes things look different

discuss with others

think about carefully

a cheap

b immediate

a advantage

b disadvantage

a someone who can do magic

b someone who can do very clever things

a think about the fact

b ask about the fact

a step

b range

a pictures of the countryside

b pictures of a person

a events

b photographs

a worriedb affected

UNIT 19 Get the tvtessage G50

EI Find these words and phrases in the article and circle the correct meanings.

1 produced (para 1)

2 techniques (para 1)

3 magnif,iing glass (Para 1)

4 consider (para2)

5 instant (paraZ)

6 plus (paraZ)

7 wizard (para 3)

8 bear in mind (para 4)

9 scale (para 5)

10 portraits (para 6)

11 shots (para 6)

12 influenced (extract C)

f| Use the words in capitals at the end of each sentence to make words which fit in the spaces.

1 He spends a lot of money on equipment because he alu'avs wants to take

the best pictures. PHOTOGRAPH

depending on how much light there is. AUTOMATIC2

3

4

5

This camera adjusts

Francis works as a

Much of the credit for the

for his efforts. DIRECT

Since the

photographer for a magazine. PROFESSION

programme must go to the , who won an award

of satellite TV, more and more people have access to more and

camera. COMPLICATION

6

7

I9

more TV channels. INTRODUCE

The of newspaper articles is decided by the editors. LONG

to decide what she writesSandra is a freelance reporter, so she has the

about. FREE

Our started when we worked together on the same radio show. FRIEND

Having practical experience is very when you're looking for a job as a

photographer. ADVANMGE

It's not easy when there's so much choice, but you have to make a as to

which camera you want to buy! DECIDE

11 Isita that more megapixels don't necessarily mean better results when

you've printed the photos? FACTUAL

12 She's a beginner, so she really doesn't need a

10

I

i,,]

tii

Gl Complete the paragraph with these prepositions. You need to use some of them more than once.

about for from tn

Harriet and TimHarriet is very interested (1") current affairs, so she spends quite a lot of

money (2) newspapers and magazines. She also tries to watch current affairs

programmes (3) TV but only when she's alone. 'Why?'you might ask. Well,

(4) a start, her husband, Tim, never lets her have the remote control. He uses

it to change channels all the time. This really annoys Harriet because they end

(s) seeing nothing at all. Secondly, when she insists (6)

-

watching something (7) beginning (8) end, he gets confused

(9) the programme and asks Harriet lots of questions. She misses what the

people say and can't follow the programme properly. Still, Tim goes to play football two

evenings a week, so she stays at home and catches (10) with what's happening

in the world.

upto

I

li

il]

I

L

i3oo-] uurr 19 Get the Message

Grammar Link

Look at these examples from the article

1 ... people ought to consider changingfrom ordinary cameras to d4tal photography.2 No more wondering if you should have taken a photo or not ...

3 Wich one shall I buy?

4 ... you should think about why you want the camera ...

Which example asks for advice?

Which example refers to the past?

Which examples give advice in the present or future?

We use and when we want to give advice in the present or future.We use when we want to ask for advice. We use and a pastparticiple to criticise our own behaviour or somebody else,s.

the Grammar reference for Unit 19 on page 189 before you do the tasks.

@l Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use should/ought to, should haveor shall.

1 If you are not pleased with your

to the manager.

2 I think Naomi

home cinema, you (complain)

(buy) a more powerful lens, as the long distance shotsshe took with hers are not very clear.

3 There's Dad! I think we (tell) him now that we forgot to buyhis newspaper.

we have broken the camera! what on earth (*" / do) now?

(not leave) the lens cover off the camera! Now it is scratched!

(I / explain) to my grandmother what happened toher camera?

7 I probably

-

(not ask) for this camera for my birthday. It was veryexpensive when my Dad bought it for me.

(get) some advice before you decide what to buy.

4

5

6

You

How

8 You

UNIT 19 Get the tvtessage Ga

El Write a sentence for each of the situations below. Use the words given to help you. Some of thesentences will need a negative form.

I

I

i

,,-..,.,,, ..*1riPisn":*-g*ia!s

!| You will hear five people talking about the news and the media. Choose from the list (a-f) thesentence which best describes what each speaker says. Use each letter only once. There is one

extra letter that you do not need to use'

HTNTS

When you heor the speokers for lhe firsl lime, mork the likely onswers.During lhe second lislening, check lhol youl onswets ore correcl.

a I disapprove of the way the media reports the news.

b Sometimes I force myself to watch the news.

c I am no longer interested in the news.

d I don't think the news is suitable for all viewers.

e I go online to keep up with the news.

f I still use the daily paper to find out the news.

Speaker L

Speaker 2

Speaker 3

Speaker 4

Speaker 5

Goi ur'rrr 1e Get the Message

I Speaking Link

Work with a partner. lmagine you are helping to organise a seminar for young people called'Working in the Media'. You have the opportunity to invite two speakers to talk to the students.Look at the pictures below and decide which two speakers would be most interesting to invite.Give reasons for your answers.

L'LliitL| 1['lllrrliLLr tsome too

darh sometoo light

t waitedmore than2 wks!

/ didt/t.

t Writlng Linkln this unit you are going to learn to writea letter of complaint.

gl Read the question. Thenread the advertisement andthe notes you have made.

You sent your holidaypictures to be developed bya company in London thatyou had seen adyerfised.U nfortunately, the re werea number of problems withthe service you received.Look carefully at theadvertisement and yournofes. Write a letter to thecompany com pl a i ni ng a ndsaying what you expectthem to do.

Have your digital photographs developed by

t'

prints

rt Fast servke- prints deliveredwithi working days

)iscount coupoi everycustomer

Send your digital photos on cd to:Perfect Prints29,31 King's HillLondon NW3 5Q,

get one.

uNrT 19 Get the tvressage f;6d)

/

tI Match the informal sentences in column I to the formal sentences in column ll.

I'm writing to tell you about thephotos you just sent me.

You've made a mess of them.

I am absolutely furious.

Write back immediately.

You'd better do something quicklY.

You must give me my moneY back.

Let me know what you think.

I wish I'd never given you mY Photos.

Dear Sir or Madam,Say exactly why you are writing - give all the necessary info

Explain what has happened and why you are not happy.

Give more information about the problem - for example,

know that the camera and the digital photos weren't at faul

Say what you expect the company to do to remedy the situa

might ask for a refund or a credit note.

Say you want their views. Say you hope to hear from them

Yours faithfully,(your name)

I look forward to hearing from You.

I am very disappointed.

I would be grateful if you could take some action.

I'm writing in connection with the photographsI recently received.

They are not acceptable.

I'd be grateful for your views on this matter.

I now regret sending your company my film.

I would like you to arrange a refund for me.

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

a

b

c

d

e

fOb

h

Gl Which sentences from Task L are suitable for this kind of letter of complaint?

trI Now write a letter of complaint. Use the polite sentences from Task L, the hints and the outline to help

you. (160-180 words)

HINTSBefore you stort wilting, be cleor oboul whol lheproblem is, whol you think oboul il, ond whol youexpecl lhe olher person lo do. Remember lhotin letlers of comploinl, you should dwoys usepolite lqnguoge.Moke sure you cdwoys lefer lo lhe notes you'vemode on the text in Your leller.

a

I:A

IT

tr

GreetingParagraph 1

Paragraph 2

Paragraph 3

Paragraph 4

Closing ParagraphSigning off

how you

)n - you

ry soon.

I

I6o?) ur.rrr 19 Get the Message

The Performing Arts

Learning Link

In this unit you will learn. words and phrases to help you talk about the performing arts.

. to ask and answer questions about films, plays or concerts you

have seen or would like to see.

. to write a letter giving information.o to use the gerund and the infinitive.

Gt Look at these different kinds of performing arts. which do you enioy? ls there a particular kind that

you wouldn't like to see?

GI which woutd you recommend for the following types of people?

1 grandparents who rvant to take their young grandchildren somewhere

2 parents who have promised their 11-year-old son and one of his friends an outing for his birthday

3 a middle-aged couple uanting to enjoy an evening out

UNIT 20 The Performing Arts 6@

ISo Scriptecessary

A

Everybody knows that watching plays k not a new idea.

Audiences have enjoyed going to the theatre for manycenturies. Wat is perhaps a little more surprisingis thatthe theatre had become a popular form of entertainmenteven before humans developed language and found a

way of communicating with each other using words.'How?'you might ask. Well, rather cleverly, primitivepeople managed to show what they wanted by usingwhat we call 'mime' - they used signs and gestures to get

their message across without actually speaking.

B

In time, when spoken language had developed andpeople had begun to talk, they no longer needed touse mime to express their thoughts and wishes. Butthe ancient Greeks, instead of forgetting all aboutmime, went on to develop it into a form of theatre.They began pedorming everyday scenes and they triedto tesch moral lessons to the people who watchedthe.se short plays. In the fifth and fcturth centuies BCmuch longer mimes were performed at the Theatreof Dionysus in Athens. Groups of actors used towear masks and perform the 'silent plays' in frontof audiences o.f up to 10,000 at festivals in honourof Dionysus, the god of the theatre.

C

As time went by, mime spread throughout the westem

world - first to ltaly and later to other Europeancountries. It is now a .form of theatre that's popular

all over the world. The great thingabout mime is that language is no

barrier. As no words are used,

it doesn't matter if the actorsare African, English

or Finnish. As longas tltey are goodenough, everybody canunderstand the story ormessage.

Reading Link

@ Read the article quickly and find out what Tableau Vivant is.

D

Another advantage of mime is that the actors don't need a

lot of equipment. After many months of rehearsing, some

mime aftists start performing on the streets of big cities.

They don't need any props and often all they do is wear

some unusual clothes and make-up. As long as they are

good at miming, that's really all that matters.

E

Overthe centuies people have leamttouse mimeinmanydffirent ways. Sometimes mime is usedwith dance, and

sometimes it is used to make people laugh. Other mimeartists manage to tell very sad stoies using mime. One

rype of mime that is very popular and which you can see

all over the world, js Tableau Vivant. In this kind ofmime, the actor dresses up as somebody famous - forinstance, Charlie Chaplin or Napoleon Bonapafte - and

they stand very still on a busy street comer trying to bokexactly like a statue. In fact, you can't help wondeing ifthey really are statues! However, if you give the 'statue'

some monq), he starTs moving for you. It's a clever idea

and small children love to watch the statues come to life.

It's something they will remember seei.ng for a long time.

FMime has now become so popular that special mimeschools have opened in some countries - France andAmerica, for example. The schools help students to

leam all the dffirent types of mime by teaching not onlyacting but also dancing and clowning. Mime has nowchanged so much that some mime artists even includespeech in their peforrnances. Some people think thisis a good idea, but there are others who believe the old'

fashioned mime is the best and that a top-class mimeaftist shouW never need to say a word.

G

Despite the different opinions about modem mime, there is

one thing that most people agree on. Mime has come a long

way since the days of the ancient Greel<s, and it will go on

being a popular form of theatre for ffMny years to come.

6oG) umrr 20 rhe Performing Arts

[! Read the article again and answer the questions. Choose from paragraphs A-G'

In which paragraph of the ;i"I""d" *" ft"d out.l

that plays tried to show people the correct way to behave?

that it can be quite cheap for somebody to become a mime artist?

that people used to use mime instead of talking?

that mime is found worldwide?

that mime artists used to hide their faces?

that mime artists often dress differently from other people?

that mime can be used for both comedy and tragedy?

that mime artists now talk in some of their performances?

that future generations are likely to enjoy mime?

what the word'mime' means?

that the nationality of mime artists is not important?

about people being taught the art of mime?

that miming is sometimes combined with dancing?

that children find mime artists especially memorable?

about miming performances in ancient Greece?

&:lw_lutff*-'"'- .

rL_ffi-n&...._....

w_-'f,r '"-":as,._N'-'--.tt,r "-

tt- _--

&__,tr-'ulL

K]tr'- -tEL-- '

flr-.r&,!r*'- \s.ftTu,_.-.._.--,,

f| Find words and phrases in the article which have the following meanings.

1 people who watch a film, a play etc (part A)

2 belonging to a very simple society, without industry @art A)

3 movements of the body, usually the hands and arms (part A)

4 ethical (part B)

5 people who perform (Part B)

6 to show respect to (Part B)

7 problem (part C)

8 practising (part D)

9 objects used by actors in film or play (part D)

10 for example (part E)

11 a figure of a person (or animal) made of stone, metal, etc (part E)

12 one of the best (Part F)

UNIT 20 The Performins Arts G;t)

!l

f,f Use the words in capitals at the end of each sentence to make words which fit in the spaces.

1 There's nothing better than watching a film for a good night's , ENTERTAIN

2 I thought the mayor's before the concert was very touching. SPEAK

3 What are your on the subject of the National Ballet being sold? THINK

4 The great thing about this theatre group is that we travel abroad and meet actors of other

. NATION

5

6

7

8

I can't make lunch tomorrow; I'll be

The atmosphere at the children's pantomime was

The wonderful soundtrack made the film

He's so funny that he really should be a

for my new play. REHEARSAL

. MAGIC

. MEMORY

COMEDY

scenery showing special effects

that had been made by

2

3 apart from Kevin Costner, who played

I ever saw.

at the local cinema this weekend?

Unfortunately, his new play got really bad

always trust what the critics say.

7 Thepart of London hundreds ofyears ago.

8 That new science fiction film has so many wonderfula fortune to make.

in the papem. Still, you can't

was so realistic, you could imagine just what it was like living in a poor

168

@t Complete the sentences with these words.

ballet cast costumes performances reviews

all the children woreFor their end-of-year play,

their parents.

It was an excellent show; all the actors gave wonderful

It was a mainly unknown

4

5

6

the detective.

Swan Lake was the first

What's

I Urutr 20 The Perforrning Arts

that it must have cost

G

E

Look at these examples from the article.

I Audiences have enioyed going to the theatre "'2 ... found a way of communicating with each other "'3 ... primitive people managed to show what they wanted "'

Which form of the verb follows enioyed?

Which form of the verb follows managed?

Which form of the verb do we use after prepositions?

Study ZO.l and,20.2 ofthe Grammar Reference on pages 189-190 before you do the task'

Grammar Link

tt Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1 When he was a child, Marcel Marceau never imagined

-

(become) one of the

most famous mime artists in the history of theatre.

The boy asked the actor how he managed -

(learn) so many lines so well'

I am afraid we cannot afford (get) tickets for this performance.

(book) tickets at the cinema; there's always plenty of empty seats.

(book) the tickets for the concert.

We look forward to

-- (see) you when you come to our show in Athens'

The director volunteered (resign) when the film went over budget.

How about (come) to the circus with us this weekend?

,,

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

It's not worth

He offered

Andy considered (train) to become an actot,but then changed his mind'

'Pretend (cry),'the director told the actor'

Look at these examples from the article.

.... people had begun to talk, .'.

They began petforming ...

Is there a change in meaning if the verb begin is followed by a gerund or an infinitive?

Look at these examples from the article.

... the ancient Greel<s ... went on to develop it ..'

h[.'me ... will go on being a popular form.-.

Is there a change in meaning if the phrasal verb go on is followed by a gerund or an infinitive?

study 20.3 ofthe Grammar Reterence on page 190 before you do the task.

UNIT 20 The Performing Arts G;d)

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. More than one answer maybe possible.

1 When he was interviewed, Charlie Chaplin said that he didn't rememberin east London as a child.

(live)

1

3

4

5

6

7

I

9

10

11

t2

It started

Did you try

Most children love

They say that Marilyn Monroe often forgot

Stop

If you continue

The agent regrettedapologised to her.

I'll try

Did vou remember

(rain) as we were iust about to leave the house.

(get) the star's autograph after the performance last night?

(watch) cartoons on television.

(appear) for film shoots.

(talk) now; the performance is about to begin.

(behave) like that, the theatre manager will ask you to leave.

(shout) at the actress yesterday morning and has

(talk) to the ballet teacher in the morning, but I'm not sure I'll find her.

(buy) the book about performance in primitive societies?

After a

I love

3-hour rehearsal, they stopped (take) a break.

(watch) old films on DVD.

!l You will hear two people discussing three different summer camps. Each summer camp specialiseschoose the correct answer a, b or c.

5 According to the information provided, howmany camps offer sports activities?a oneb twoc three

In Tim's opinion, Sarah should attend themusic summer camp in order toa play different instruments.b improve her English.c meet students from other countries.

How long is the course specialising in music?a about a fortnightb nearly three weeksc about four weeks

Sarah decides against the music summercamp becausea she'lI miss her family while she's away.b she promised her parents she'd go on

holidaywith them.c the dates of the course don't suit her.

lJstening Link 4-=

in a particular area of interest. For questions 1-8,

1 Which sufllmer camp is located about an hourfrom hndon?a the theatre campb the music campc the film-making camp

2 What does Sarah not like about thefilm-making course?a the regulations regarding language levelb the minimum agec the location of the school

Why does Tim decide to go to the theatre camp?a It is not too expensive.b He wants to become a professional actor.c The cource dates are most suitable.

At theatre camp, you can learn how toa design special effects.b be a director.c use a camera.

G70 ur,rrr 2o rhe Performing Arts

q

f,

es

;ic?

Speaking Link

El Work with a partner. Ask and answer the questions.

Have you ever been to a concert or the theatre?If so, did you enjoy it? If not, would you like to go?

Many people say that they prefer to see live theatre rather than a film.Why do you think they might feel this way?

What advantages does film have over theatre?

In general, film stars earn much more money than stage actors. Do you think this is fair?

Some people believe that actors receive too much attention/publicity.Do you agree?

If you could spend a week watching a play being rehearsed or a filmbeing made, which would you choose? Why?

Use the hints and the expressronsin the box below to help you.

FIInl T S

Avoid jusi soying'Yes'or'No'. Try lo onswer queslions os fullyos possible, exploining ond juslifying where oppropriole.

I think people like/enjoy ...

The main advantage is ...

It's probably because ...

I agree that ... but I also think that ...

I disagree ...

I don't think... is fairiright.

I'd rather ... than ...

Now report back to the class.

UNIT 20 The Performing Arts fi7

Writing Link

ln this unit, you are going to learn to write an informal letter giving information.

lf Read the question. Then read the letter and choose the correct answet a, b or c for each gap.

Write a letter to your cousin telling himlher about a concert, play or film you have seen'

Dear Lynne,

sorry I C for ages. I've been b"ty D lots of homework and revision. How are you

anyway? I hopeyou're oK I betyou've tf---) hard too.

I A)tellyou about the fantastic film I saw the other evening called 'Joe Parker'. It is about

a young boy who wants g--__) his iik He's been a real problem for his parents and hot Gf-)into all kinds of trouble. In the fitm he is trying to Ef--t for everything by GD hard at school

to get good marks. He's decided he is Qf--_.) be a doctor instead of a criminal! Honestly, Lynne,

it was brilliant.

I felt very @f--_l because the endingr, C sad that I started to oy. It di!!1 matter,

t), br*un when the lights in the cinema went on eve,yone else was Gf--l, tuo! You

really (lf-ltry to see it if it comes to your local cinema.

Well, I'd better go now. Try (!f-] soon and tell me allyour news.

Love,

lanet

F

1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

L2

13

14

15

a wrotea makinga workinga musta change

a gota make outa to workatoa embarrasseda sucha althougha crieda oughta to write

h haven't writtenb beingb been workingb oughtb changingb goneb make dob workingb goingb excitedb sort ofb thoughb tocryb shouldb written

c don't writec doingc workc have

c to changec wentc make upc having workc going toc exhaustedcsoc evenc cryingc had toc writing

El Now write a letter. Use the outline to help you. (160''180 words)

Greeting

Paragraph 1

Paragraphs 2 and

Closing paragraph

Signing off

Dear (Lynne),

General'chat'

Tell your cousin about the concert/play/film - the story, the characters and

where you saw it. Recommend the concert/ play/ film to your cousin.

Ask your cousin to write soon.

Love,/Bye for now,(Janet)

L

fi7i ,t't 2o rhe Performins Arts

For questions 1-16, choose the correct answer, a, b, c, or d.

1 A burglar their house while they were out. 9a looked intob got out ofc broke intod came after

2 How can young people in gangs all the 10pressures and dangers they face?a considerb remainc insistd endure

3 They hadn't thought about it before. It was 11a _ decision.a primitiveb spontaneousc distinctived numerous

4 Jenny is having hera gestureb shotc portraitd statue

painted on Saturday.

5 Social help young people deal with theirproblems and difficulties.a membersb workersc officersd rivals

6 The bank robber was sent to prison by thea policeb prisonerc judged private detective

7 My purse was from my bag.a robbedb sentencedc committedd ;tolen

8 Severala firstb scale

c eyed glance

With digital photography the results area instantb moralc digitald toxic

Some teenagers do things they shouldn't becauseof __ pressure.a peerb ignorancec gangd personality

You don't have to be a computer to usethis camera!a editorb wizardc techniqued actor

12 My cousin is a freelancea reporterb directorc precautiond barrier

for a newspaper.

13 The cast are doing eight a week at themoment, which is very tiring.a special effectsb performancesc propsd reviews

I can't decide yet, but I will bear your ideasa for instanceb in honourc on my guardd in mind

Olly's for the play.a producingb rehearsingc influencingd operating

The really enjoyed the performance.a membershipb denialc audienced slippers

14

15

witnesses saw the accident. t6

BEVTEW 5 Units tz-zo @!

rammar

For questions 1-1 6, choose the correct answer, a, b, c, or d.

1 I wish I Polly some advice before she left. 9

a had been given

b had given

c gave

d was gMng

2 Thatbox looks heavy. I ask for help tocarry it?a Shouldb Oughtc Shouldn't haved Ought to

3 I wish I better. I want to go out tonight.a was feelingb had feltc been feelingd feeling

4 I wish Kate so fast.a drivenb drivec drivingd wouldn't drive

Pete, whoand left.a sittingb will sitc sat

by the fire, suddenly jumped up 13

d had been sitting

I need so I am going on holiday.a to relaxb relaxc to relaxingd relaxing

I buy this digital camera, or not?What do you think?

10

a Ought not tob Oughtc Shalld Shouldn't

11 It's high time wea insistingb to insistc insistedd insist

on some changes at work.

several crimes before he

L2 You brought the dog inside the house.

a shouldb shouldn't havec oughttod shall

I enjoya actingb to actc actd acted

I my dinner then washed the dishes. 15

a eatb had been eatingc ated was eating

If you are feeling ill, you

doctor.a oughtb shouldc shalld shouldn't

The man on trialwas caught.a commitsb had committedc is committingd was committing

L4 The robber in court later today.a had appearedb is appearingc appearedd has been appearing

['d better now. It's getting late.a to leaveb leavingc leaved have left

16 Stop , please; the film is aboutto start.a to talkb talkc talkingd has talked

on stage.

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to go and see a

We use this tense

Grammar Reference

things which are true jn general.

the laws of science and nature.

how often something happens.

This tense is used with the stative verbs be[ow,

which normally appear in simple forms.

(See 1.3 for more about stative verbs.)o emotion: odore, dislike, fear, forgive, hate,

like, love, need, wont, wish

. measurement: cost, equaL, measure, weigho mental activity: appear, believe, depend, doubt,

expect, forget, guess, hope, imogine, know, mean,mind, prefer, realise, remember, seem, suppose,think, understand

possession: belong to, hove, owe, own, possess

senses: feel, hear, notice, recognise, see, smeLL,

sound, toste

UmEt

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Large cities ore very busy pLaces.

Fish live in water.

My porents plant new fLowers in our gordenevery sping.

I absolutely adore your aportment.

How much does this fLot cost?

He doesnt understond why she moved house.

a

a

That house belongs to my grandfather.

Do you hear the dog barking?

We use this tense foro actions that are in progress at the time of

spea ki n g.

. actions that are in progress around thetime of speaking.

This tense can also be used with words Like oLways,

forever and continuously to complain abouthabituaI behaviour.

At the moment, I am cleaning my room.

John's uncle is building o house near the sea.

Martin's neighbours are always making toomuch noise.

Some stative verbs can be used in continuous forms, but there is always a change in meaning. Instead ofdescribing a state, they describe an activity.

Your house sppeqrs to need a coot of paint.

Most houses have solid foundations.

I see that you got a new fence.

When we cook food on our barbeque, it olwaystastes fantastic.

We think your designs ore very good.

The famous orchited is now appeoring at the town halL

AngeLa is having probLems with her landlord.

We are seeing a plumber about the centroLheating problems.

I am tosting the cheese because it smelb funny.

We are thinking of moving from this areo.

Grammar Reterence G7i

We use this tense foro compteted actions and states when the time is

not important. There is always a connection withthe present.

o actions and states that started in the past andstit[ continue.

. giving new information or announcing arecent event.

. saying how many times an action has happened.

Helen has used those builders and she slysthey're good.

He has lived here most of ,his life.

My sister has just bought a new bungalow.

I have never seen such a beoutiful house.

We hove just calted the estate agent.It's the first time I hove lived in on apartment.

This tense is used with words Like akeody, just, andyet and with phrases such as lt's the first/second/Losttime ..., this morning/evening (when the period of timehasn't finished), etc.

They have lived here for three years.

He has,made o lot of fiends.since he rnoved here.

This tense can be used with for and since.

for + a period of time

since + a point jn time

Remember.' Don't use this tense with words and phrases that refer to specific past time such as yesterday,in 1.972, last year, etc.

We use this tense foro actions which began in the past and have recentty

stopped. There is a connection with now.

. emphasising how long an action has beenin progress.

John has been gordening and he now needs tohave a shower.

We have been pointing the house for olmosttwo weeks.

This tense can also be used wilh for and since. He has been living in London for three yeors.

She has been decorating her house since March.

ilJnit

a We use this tense foro a state or completed action in the past when the

time is important.o a series of completed actions in the past.o the main events in a story.r an action which interrupted another action that

was in progress in the past.

Andrew stsrted his job four months ago.

She turned on the computer and insefted a USB stick.

He walked into the ffice and closed the door.

The telephone rang while we were having a meeting.

We use this tense foro actions that were in progress at a certain time

in the past.o two or more actions that were in progress at the

same time in the past.. an action that was in progress in the past and was

interrupted by another act'ion.o describing things in the past.

SheiLa wos working on a project when her bossosked her to come into his offrce.

Anno wos typing the reviews while Sally wasenturtng information into the computer.

She was driving home from work when the policestopped her for speeding.

The firemen were putting out the fire while thepolice were asking people whot had hoppened.

C76) cru.rar Reference

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We use this tense for an action or state that existedbefore another event, state, or time in the past.

The doctor saw the patient after he had looked otthe X-ray.

This tense is used with words like okeady,Tust and yet andwith phrases such as It wos the first/second/last time ... .

I had just closed the door when the telephone rang.It was the first time Tony had been for an interuiew.

This tense can be used with for and since. They hod worked together for three years whenthey decided to start 0 company together.Chis hsd wanted to become o policemon since hewos at school.

We use this tense foro an action that was in progress before another

action in the past.o an action that had just finished at a certain time

in the past but was sti[[ relevant at that time.

Naomi had been waiting for half an hour whenthe ffice monager finally hod time to see her.

They had'been,interviewing peopLe for oges ondstill couldn't find the ight person.

Secretaries used to use typewiters to wite lettersbut now they have computers.

She used to have on office of her own.

Women didnt use to work as often as they do now.

He would olways have o coffee and Look ot thepaper before he started work.

Unrt

&

tg.

We use used to + bare infinitive to tatk abouto an actjon that happened regularly in the past but

no [onger happens.o past states.

The negative form of used to is didn't use to.Used to can be reptaced by wouLd to ta[k about actjonsthat happened regularty in the past. It cannot bereplaced by would when it talks about past states.

Be used to + nounfgerund tatks about habits andstates that are not strange or new to us.

Get used to + nounfgerund tatks about the processof something becoming famjliar to us.

Martin is used to working oveftime at the hospitot.

She soon got used to toking responsibiLity for theother members of staff.

We use this tense foro making predictions, promises, and threats.o offering to do something for someone.. asking someone to do something.. making a sudden decision.

I'lt make the most beautiful dress ever.

I witl help you decide which bett to buy.

Witt you pass me that checked scorf, please?

I wilt take the red dress, please.

It is often used with the verbs think, beLieve, etc andphrases like I am sure ... to make guesses or give ouropinion about what wiLt happen jn the future.

I think long dresses will be in fushion agoin nut yeor

We use this tense too talk about an action that wiL[ be in progress at a

specific time in the future.o talk about an arrangement for the future.

o find out about somebody's p[ans when we want toask them a favour.

Mory wilt be watching the fashion show then, soshe con't come to lunch.

I will be shopping for my wedding dress on Soturdoy.

Will you be weoring your Leother jocket tomorrow?If not, con I borrow it?

Grammar Reference liii

We use this tense to talk about something that wil.L

have happened before a certain time in the future.i

The fashion show wilt have ended by the time we

get there.

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We use this tense to ta[k about how long somethingwiLL have been jn progress at a certain time inthe future.

This time next yeor, James will have been workingfor that fashion house for ten yeors.

We use this tense for schedules, timetabtes andprogrammed events.

The fashion show storfs at 3 o'clock in the afternoon.

We ore ottending o fashion show in the centre oftown tomorrow evening.

We use this tense for ptans and arrangements for thefuture. There must be a word or phrase in the sentencethat talks about future time unLess this can be

understood from the context.

We use be going fo + bare infinitive foro ptans and arrangements for the future.. making a prediction for the future based on a

present situation.

Sandra is going to meet me ot the boutique.

She is going to become a very successful designerone day.

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F

F

F

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We use can to tatk about ability in the presentor future. It js fottowed by a bare jnfinitive.

The negative form of can is connot (con't).

We use could to talk about a general abil"ity in thepast. It is fot[owed by a bare infinitive.

. The negative form of could is couLd not (couLdn't).

o Other forms of con are formed using the verbbe oble to.

Young people con hove o great time on odventureholidoys in the countryside.

The travel ogent can't change your fLight dates.

I used to have lots of free time, so I could go oway

for short breaks.

In the past, peopLe couldn't go on packoge hoLidays.

I'll be able to meet you in London next Saturday.

Sorry, but I wasn't able to book the flight to Pais.

Future tenses cannot be used in a future ctause withwhen. We use a present tense.

The same is true of future clauses with as soon as,

after, before, untiL, while, by the time, and no matterwhat/who/where/etc.

Note that we use the Present Perfect when we need toemphasise that one action must be compteted beforethe next one starts.

When you see Ruth, will you tell her to call me?I'lL look for a new bag when I'm shopping later.

As soon as you see her new haircut, tell her itLools nice.No motter where we go, I'll wear my new suit.

I wilL give you back the penciL when I have finishedwith it.

6zg) crurrar Reference

We use must and hove to to tatk about obl.igationand necessity. They are foltowed by a bare i-nfinitive.The negative forms of must and hove to aremust not (mustn't) and do not (don't) have to.Mustn't means that you are not allowed to dosomething, but don't have to means you canchoose whether you do something or not.The past form of must and have to is had to.The negative form of had to is didn't hove to.

o We use need to to talk about something that isnecessary. It is fotlowed by a bare 'infinitive.

o The negative form is don't need fo. We can atso useneedn't.

o The past form is needed to.

o We use didn't need to when somebody knew that itwas not necessary to do something.

o We use needn't have + past parLicipte when somebodydid something unnecessary in the past, but they didn'tknow it was unnecessaryr at the time.

?we

You must be carefuL when you cross the rood.You have to toke your possport when you troveL obroad.You mustn't park near the crossroads.You donT hsve to take a taxi. Take the bus insteod.

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We had to turn right as the rood wos blocked.You didn't have to stoy in the most expensive hotelin the city.

You need to buy o comera to take pictures when we,reon holiday.The guide says that we don't need to/needn,t takeumbreLLos with us.We needed to wait for the Locol ferry to toke usacross the iver.

He didnt need to be home early so he drove oLongthe coast rood.

You needn't have taken so mony photographs asthere are some beautifuL postcards available at thegift shop.

t lnil

The passive is made with the verb be and a past participLe. We change an active sentence into a passivesentence in the following way. The object of the active verb becomel the subject of the passive verb.The verb be is used in the correct form together with the past participte of the active verb.

The tabte betow shows how active verb forms change to passive verb forms.

Their best pLayer scored the goal. - The goaL wos scored by their best p@er.

Simple Present

Present Continuous

Past Simpte

Past Continuous

Present Perfect Simple

Past Pertect Simpte

Future Simpte

Future PerFect Simpte

Modals

Modats (past)

InfinitiveGerund

be going to

give/gives

am/are/is givinggave

was/were givinghave/has given

had given

wi[l. give

wi[[ have given

shoutd give

shoutd have given

to give

giving

am/are/is going to give

am/are/is given

am/are/is being given

was/were given

was/were being given

have/has been given

had been given

wit[ be given

wit[ have been given

shoutd be given

shoutd have been given

to be given

being given

am/are/is going to be given

The Present Perfect Continuous, Past PerFect Continuous, Future Continuous, and Future perfect Continuoustenses are not usuaLil, used in the passive form.Sometimes we want:c (r''c,r aho or what was responsibte for the action (the agent). In a passive sentencethe word by comes be-e-e :his information.

we use the word r,,r:r nhe- re ,tant to say what the agent used to do something.

The teom is manogd by'_-e Bt manaqer in the world.

The swimming pool wG dmt d vith speciol chemicaLs.

Grammar neference 679

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We make comparatives and supertatr'ves in the foltowing ways:

short shorter the shortestcLever cleverer the cLeverest

big bigger the biggest

crazy crazier the craziest

comfortobly more/Less the most/leostcomfortobLy comfortably

. We add -er/-est to adjectives/adverbs w'ith one

or two syttabtes.. The Last consonant is doubLed for one sytlabte

adjectives/adverbs with consonant-vowet-consonant.

. For one or two syllab[e adjectives/adverbs thatend in -y, the y changes to i and then we add

-er/-est.. We use more/most or less/leost with adjectives/

adverbs of more than two syttabtes.

Some adjectives/adverbs are irregular and the comparative and supertative forms shown in the tabte betow

must be learned.

the most

the worst

the farthest/furthestthe fewestthe best

the worst

the least/smallest

the most

the most

the oldest/eldest

m0re

worse

forther/furtherfewerbetterworse

Less/smaller

more

m0re

older/elder

o lot ofbad/badly

farfewgood/wetliu

Little

A Ferrari is foster than o Renault Clio.

It is slightly more expensive to troveL by train thonby bus.

It was a bit cheaper to go from Athens to Crete by ferrythan by plane.

It is much more comfortable to travel first class on the plone.

There are o lot more cars in London thon in Dover.

We use than with the comparative when twopeople, groups, places, or things are compared.

SLightly, o bit, much and o lot can be used

with the comparative form to give us moreinformation.

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(not) as + adjective/adverb + as

fhe + comparative, fhe + comparative

comparative + and + comparative

prefer+ gerund/noun + to + gerundfnoun

wouLd rother + bare infinitive + than + bare

infinitive

The new deporture Lounge at the oirport is not ascomfortoble as the oLd one.

The faster he dives, the sooner he will get home.

Cors are getting foster and faster.Some people prefer taking the metro to diving to the city.

She prefers her Ford to her husband's Porsche.

Many possengers on the bus would rother stand than sit.

a

a

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I 180 Grammar Reference

[.!mit

@Questions tags are short questions at the end of a

and auxjliary verbs.or negative sentence. They are formed wjth modaI

_)

I

Believe, consider, expect, hope, know, report, say, think, etc can be used in the foLLowing passive structures:

It is beLieved thot the problem of litter is getting worse.

The problem of Litter is believed to be getting worse.

o ImpersonaI Structure.If + passive verb + that + clause

o PersonaI Structuresubject + passr've verb + fuLL infinitive

The villagers sent the minister letters of protest.The minister wos sent letters of protest bythe villogers.

Letters of protest were sent to the minister bythe villogers.

Some active verbs have two objects.We usuaLty use the personal object as the subject in a

passive sentence.

Note the use of the word fo when the impersonaLobject becomes the subject of the passive sentence.

We use questions tags. ,when we want someone to agree with what we

are saying.o to make sure that what we are saying is right.

You exercise everyt day, don't you?Those pills give poin relief, don't they?

He can't poy by check, con he?

She used to work in thot hospital, didn't she?

I'm in good shope, aren't I?Let's go jogging, shall we?Call the doctor, will you/won't you?This is the medicine the doctor recommended, isn't it?Those are bad habits that mode him iU, aren't they?

Note the way the fottowing tags are formed:o I om ..., aren't I?o Let's ..., shall we?o Imperotive ..., will you?/won't you?o This/Thot is ..., isn't it?o These/Those ore ..., aren't they?

When who, what, or which is the object of a question,the word order changes.

Who did she see about her sore tooth?What did the doctor tell him?

When who, whot, or which is the subject of a question,the word order does not change.

Whot made her do that?Who calted the ombulonce?

An indirect question is a question introduced by one of the fottow'ing phrases:

Coutd you let me know how much it costs?

Do you know what kind of treatment they gave thepatient?

I wander if you know where I can find o dentist.

I would like to ask you whot I shoutd do if I feelout of breoth.

Could you let me knor; ...?Can you tell me ...?Do you know ...?Hove you any idea ...?I would like to knovi ... .

I wonder if you knov, ... .

I woult' like to ask you ... .

I don't suppose you K.ct, ...

Note that the word or..' :'= :'':- :.restion changes when it becomes an indirect question.

Where is the hopitol?When should she take the nsc-e?Why did the nurse speok sc '-:e:-,?

Can you tell me where the hospital is?I'd like to know when she shoutd take the medicine.Have you any idea why the nurse spoke so rudely?

Grammar R"f"r"n"" GBi)

We make negative questions with not.We use negative questions. to express surprise.o to show we are annoyed.. when we expect the answer to be yes.

UnitdD

Didn't you toke the doctor's advice?

Didnt the dentist take the tooth out in the end?Didn't I tell you to call me if she needed ony help?Didn't we see the surqeon last yeor?

When the reporting verb is in a past tense, the tenses used by the speaker change as fottows:

Simp[e Present'I work at the LocaL Librory,' she said.

Simple PastShe said (thot) she worked ot the locaL Library.

Present Continuous'We are meeting the sociaL worker soon,' Mark said.

Past ContinuousMark said they were meeting the social worker soon.

Present Perfect'He has wanted that job for oges,' she said.

Past Perfect

She said he had wonted that job for oges.

Present Perfect Continuous'I have been waiting for the repair man,' he said.

Past Perfect ContinuousHe said he hod been waiting for the repair man.

Simpte Past'I renewed my Librory cord,' she soid.

Past PerfectShe soid she had renewed her Library cord.

Past Continuous'She was woiting for two hours,' he said.

Past Perfect ContinuousShe soid she had been waiting for two hours to see

the mayor.

con'I can help you,' she soid.

couldShe said she could help me.

may'I may be abLe to visit her,' he said.

mightHe soid thot he might be oble to visit her.

must'You must see the dentist about your tooth,'he soid.

hod toHe said I had to see the dentist about my tooth.

wiLL

'I will help you raise the money for chaity,'he said.

wouLd

He said he would help me roise the money for choi\.

don't'Don't expect the police to help you,' she said.

not toShe told me not to expect the police to help me.

If we report something and we know that it is stil"ttrue, we do not need to change the verb tenses.

'I have o LoveLy niece,' he said.He said he has a LoveLy niece.'The police are there to heLp,' they said.They said the police sre there to help.

When direct speech tatks about a law of scienceand nature, the tenses do not change whenit is reported.

'The Earth goes around the Sun,' said the library ossistont.The library assistont said the Eorth goes around theSun.

0gl crurrar Reference

Sometimes there are time and pLace changes in reported speech. Changes are as fotlows:@

-

@.k:Li*Sgffitoday

'I wilL be ovailoble to see you today,' he said.

lr.:irLL-,]&

-

thot c:-,

He said he would be ovoiLoble to see me thot day.

yesterday

'She gave some money to charity yesterdoy,' he soid.

fho e,- -;:,-'.c

He soid she hod given some money to choity theday befora

last week/ month/year, etc

'We met John last week,' they soid.

the r,eeK,imonth/year before, etc

They soid they hod met John the week before.

tomorrow

'We con go to the town hoLL tomorrow,' they said.

the foli.ovting day

They said they could go to the town holl thefotlowing doy.

next week/month/year, etc

'You cqn expect the letter from the organisotion nextweek,' he said.

th e foLlowi ng week/ month/year, etc

He soid I could exped the Letter from theorganisation the following week.

this/these

'These ore my librory bool<s,' he soid.

thot/those

He said those were his Librory bools.

ago

'We went to the health center two weels ago,' they soid.

before

They soid they had gone to the health center twoweels before.

now

'We need the money now,' he soid.

then

He said they needed the money then.

here

'I will be here tomorrow,' he soid.

there

He said he wouLd be there the next doy.

at the moment

'I am too busy to see you at the moment,' soidthe manoger

at that moment

The manager soid she wos too busy to see me atthat moment.

The changes in tenses are the same as the ones we make in reported statements.

When a direct question has a question word like r,vho,

what, how, etc., this word is used in thereported question.

'Where is the poLice stotion?' I asked.I asked where the police stotion was.

'Do vou do any voluntory work?' he asked.He asked me if/whether I did any voLuntary work.

When a direct question doesn't have a question wordlike who, what, how, etc, if/whether is used in thereported question.

Remembef.' In reported questions, the verb follows the subject, as in ordinary statements.We do not use question marks.

L

Grammar Reference G8i)

i Sometimes we use verbs other than say, ask or te[[ to report speech.

i ogree/refuse/decide/offer + fuL[ infinitive

apologize+for+gerund

occuse + object + of+ gerund

blame + object +for+ gerund

congratulate + subject + on + gerund

suggest (that) + subject + (should) + bareinfinitive

suggest (that) + subject + verb in Past Simpl"e

I ltl*te that suggest can be followed by a gerund

I when the speaker is involved in the action.L.

'Yes, I can see you tomorrow,' she soid.

She agreed to see me the next day.

'I wiLl not allow you to volunteer for thot job,' he said.

He refused to allow me to voLunteer for that job.

'I am sorry for making such a mistoke,' he said.

He apologized lor moking such o mistoke.

'You broke the window on purpose,' they said.

They accused me of breaking the window on purpose.

'It wos Andrew who started the fire,' soid David,

David blamed Andrew lor starting the fire.

'You did a wonderful job,' she said to the policemon.

|he congratuloted the policeman on doing awonderful job.

'Let's cotlect some money for the poor people in ourtown,' they soid.

They suggested (that) they (should) collect somemoney for the poor people in their town.

'Why don't we visit Polly,' he suggested.

He suggested (thot) they visited PoLLy.

'Let's buy chaity cards,'said John.

John suggested buying choity cords.

Relative clauses give more information about the subject or the object of a sentence.

Relative clauses are introduced by the fotlowingwords (retative pronouns and adverbs):

who for people

which for things

whose for belongings

when for time

where for places

There are people who hove survived natural disosters.

The flood which hoppened Lost manth was the worst ino decade.

Those ore the children whose money was sent to the

flood victims.

There comes o time when we need to offer our supportto those in need.

The building where they keep the fire engines isspotlessly clean.

G80 crur.ar Reference

UnitIn some retative clauses, the information is necessary and in others it is extra.

This type of retative ctause gives us information thatwe need to be able to understand who or what thespeaker is tatking about. We do not use commas toseparate it from the rest of the sentence.

The man who told us about the hotel wos very helpful.

There ore mony vocotions ovailable that aren'ttoo acpensive.

The womon whose sister is my best fiend hos beenworking in Africa for two years.

I remember o time when holidays obroad werenot common.

This type of relative ctause gives us extra information.We use commas to separate it from the rest ofthe sehtence.

My fathel who travels a lot on business, has visitedmany counties.

While we were in Sontoini we slw the black sand,which is a result of a volcanic eruption thousandsof years ogo.

The ffices of Go Tours, whose hotidays ore reollygaod, ore nert b the town hall.

L972, when I first went to France, wos the yearmy brother was born.

She went to the Caibbeon, where she enjoyed thenaturol beauty all oround her.

I lni*

rrrIN"'ConditionaI sentences tatk about the resutts of reaL or imagined actions or states.

The zero conditional talks about habitual facts in thepresent or the future. When can be usedinstead of f.If/When + present tense, present tense

If Angela goes jogging, she tokes a bottle of waterwith her.

When she hos a problem with her weight, she tiesto do more exercise.

The first conditjonal talks about things that wiL[probably happen now or jn the future.

f + present tense, will/can/may + bare infinitive

Note that unLess can be used in this conditionat.Unless means the same as if not.

If Anna continues to eot Lots of chocolate, she willput on weight.If John geB himself fit, he can ploy for us na<t week.

You may hurt yourseLf if you try to lift those weights.

We'll go swimming unless it rains.

We use the second conditional to talk about thingso that probab[y won't happen now or in the future.

. we know wi[[ not happen.

ff+ past tense, would/couLd/might + bare infinitive

If you ote Less, you might be thinner.If you wonted, you could take up tennis.

If I were asked to play for Manchester lLnited,it would be a dream come true.

We use the third conditional to tatk about the past.It always talks about hypothetical things because wecannot change the past.

If + past pertect, woud/couh/mfgn! + hwe + pastparticipte

If they hod scored that penalty, they would havewon the cup last year.

My grondfather could have been on athlete if he'dtrained harder.

She might have been the best tennis player in theworld, if she hod not had so many injuies.

Grammar Reference f 8C

Provided (that) the referee arives on time, the gome

wiLL staft at seven.I wilL Let you borrow my exercise bike as long os youpromise to be careful with it.

We can use provided (that) and as long as in thefirst conditional instead of f.

I won't play with her again even if she changes herstyle.Even if he changed tactics, the team would never win.They wouldn't have beaten Real Madid even if theyhod had the best p\avers in the world.

We can use even f in the first, second, and thirdconditjonaI to mean it doesn't motter if .

Take your jocket when you go jogging in case itstarts raining later.

She odvised her son to wear two poirs of socks incase the weather changed.

We use in case to exptain that somebody doessomething because it is possible that somethingelse might happen. In case can be used to tatkabout the present, the future, or the past. It is notfollowed by a future tense.in case + present tense (present/future time)

in case + past tense (past time)

I wouLd like a can of lemonade, please.

We buy meat once a week, usually on Saturdoy.

I had a sondwich for lunch. (The sandwich hadchicken ond tomato in it.)She worl<s as a dietician in a healtlt club.

A / An is used

o with singuLar countabLe nouns.o to mean per/each, in expressions of frequency.o to mention something for the first time.

(When we continue talking about it we use the.)o to show job, status, etc.

I made a cake and some cookies yesterdoy.The cake had been eaten by lunchtime!

Ihe is used with singu[ar and p[ural, countab[e and

uncountable nouns, to taLk about something spe-cific when the noun is mentioned for a second time.

The sun was shining for our picnic.

The Titanic had the finest restaurants ever built on o ship.

The Amazon is the Lorgest river in the world, althoughit is not the Longest.

WouLd you play the piano for us ofter dinner, Simon?

The ltaLians are fomous for their pizza.

It is importont that the young eat a botonced diet.

That is the finest wine we hove ever drunk.

Let's take sandwiches to the beoch with us.

In the morning, Nancy likes to eat toast.

It is also used before. unique nouns

. names of cinemas, theaters, ships, hotels, etc.

. names of rivers, deserts, mountain ranges, andnames or nouns with ofi,

o musicaI instruments.. nationalities.. adjectives used as nouns.

. superlatives.

o beach, countryside, stotion, jungle, etc.. morning, afiernoon, evening, night.

figo) cr"rrar Reference

o

I

'tp-

h

)

a

a

Each is used with a singuLar noun.

It can also be used with of and ptural nounsbut takes a singular verb form.

Ihe is not used before

. proper nouns. I Chrtstopher prefers eggs for breakfast.

. names of sports, games, cotours, days, months, I Lunch will be served at one o'cLock, so don't be

drinks, hotidays, meals, and languages (not I late.fotlowed by the word longuage).

I. subjects of study. I A fnend of mine is studying food science ot coltege.

. names of countries (but fhe IJSA, the NetherLonds), I You willfind a magnificent bistro halfway aLong

cities, streets (but the M5, the High Street), squares, I George Street.bridges (but the Golden Gote Bidge), parks, stations,individuat mountains, islands, Lakes, continents.

c bed, church, school, hospital, pison, university, I She's taking a catering course at university andcoilege, court when we tatk about the reason they I wonts to open her own restauront one day.

exist. (Work never takes fhe).

. means of transportation in expressions like by car, I When we went out for a meol last Saturday,etc (rn the car). I we went by taxi to the restauront.

o Both is used with ptural nouns and means one andthe other.

Both fruit and vegetables shouLd be eaten tomaintain a healthy diet.

None (of) is used with plural nouns and means nofany of.

None of the dishes was particulorly tasty.

They all/All of them liked the posta.

Mum made some cokes and the chiLdren ate themall/all of them.The customers all agreed that the seruice wos good.The customers are all sotisfied with the service.

Everyone loved her recipes.

All the village came to the wedding reception.The whole vilLage came to the wedding reception.

. All is used with a personaL pronoun.

. All goes before the main verb but after theverb be.

. We don't usually use all in sentences where we can

use everyone or everything.o All has the same meaning as whole but the word

order is different.

Either is used with or to mean one or the other.

It can atso be used wjth a singutar nounor pronoun.

Either we eat in a restauront or we stay at home;I don't mind.Would you like either a mug or o cup?

Neither James nor Anthony objects to helping laythe tobLe.

I osked her which of the two she wonted and shesaid neither.

o Neither is used with nor to mean not one or theother. lhe verb shouLd be singuLar.

o It can atso be used as the negative equivalentof both.

Each boy has to heLp with the preparations.

Each of the chiLdren eats their dessert after lunch.

Grammar Reference fi87

Moy and might are used to taLk about possibitity.

o When they taLk about the present or future,they are fo[[owed by a bare infinitjve.

o When they ta[k about the past, they arefoLlowed by have and a past participte.

-u*t

una *r;t.r. .'rr.o to trtk ,b*t *rtrlrty./vlusf means that we are sure something happens,witl happen or did happen and can't means we are

sure something doesn't happen, won't happen ordidn't happen.. When they tal"k about the present or the future,

they are foltowed by a bare infinitjve.

o When they tal"k about the past, they are

foLlowed by have and a past participte.

Education moy become more expensive in the future.I might study moths, but I'm not sure.

This book might have helped you to doyour homework.

Poul may have been able to heLp you with your schoolprojed.

It's one o'clock. The meat must be reody.lvlaia con't know the onswer or she would tell us.

She must have left the milk out of the fidge allnight as it has gone off.Penny can't have esten all that cake by herself.

E.!rtEB--.ft-t

Wish is used to tatk about a situation or an actionwe are sorry about.

t Wish is foltowed by a past tense when it talksabout the present or the future.

. Wish is fotlowed by a past perfect tense when ittalks about the past.

o Wish is foltowed by would and a bare infinitivewhen it tatks about other peopLe's annoyinghabits, or to say that we wouLd [ike somethingto be different in the future. We use it foractions, not states.

We hove our air conditioning system seruiced once o yelr.He is having o sotelLite dish instolled next week.

I had my mobile phone stolen last week.

We use the causative. to say that we arrange for somebody to do

something for us.

. to tatk about an unpleasant action thathappens to somebody.

We use have/get + object + past participle.

I wish I had a brother or a sister.

lvly sister wishes she had studied horder for herexaminotions last month.

I wish my neighbours would stop shouting.

@ Grammar Reference

We use lt's high ffme when we want to say thatsomething shoutd happen immediatety or shoutd reattyhave happened already.

It's (high) time + subject + past tense

I{s high time you wrote to your grandmother andthanked her for your present.

Had better + bare infinjtive is used to give somebodyadvice or say what somebody should do.

You'd better apologise to your father.

We use would rother to talk about preference.

wouLd rother + bare infinitivewould rather + subject + past tense

I'd rather go and visit my friend.

I'd rather you didn't invite Shejta next weekend.

Should and ought to are used to give advice.They are fotlowed by a bare infinitive.

The negative forms are should not (shouldn't)and ought not to.

She should apply for thot job os a newsreader.I think you ought to try and read more baoks.

He shouldn't buy a video camera yet.You ought not to throw those magazines awoy.

You should hove asked me for some heLp withthot article.

He shouldn't have written that letter tothe newspaper.

We use should + hove + past participte when wecriticise our own behaviour or somebody e[se's.

The negative form is shouldn't + hove + past participte.We use it when we want to say that somethinghappened although jt wasn't a good idea.

We use shqll + bare infinitive to ask for advice. What shall I do about this probLem?

L!aaEt

6s$

[,EmEt

6??!y#r;1

I

Here are some common verbs that can be fottowedby a verb in the gerund form:

admit enjoy mindavoid foncy miss

consider feel like practise

delay finish recommend

deny imagine iskdiscuss keep suggest

We are considering going to see thqt newplay ot the theotre next week.

He keeps telting me how good the film was

lqst week.

Do you mind listenfng to the concert on therodio tonight?

Here are some expressions that are fotlowed by a

verb in the gerund form:

It's (not) worth ...

It's no use/good ...

There's no point ...... can't heLp ...

... con't stond ...

There's no point trying to get tickets for thepop concert; it's sold out.

I can't help thinking thot you shouLd havebeen o comedion.

Note that we often use the ce--after prepositions.

He's interested in becoming an octor.

I'm looking forward to seeing the reviews ofmy play.

Grammar Reference G80

Here are some common verbs that can be fotlowedby the fulL infinitive:

afford demand prepore

ogree deserue pretend

ailow expect promise

appelr fail refuse

arrange hope seem

osk learn threoten

attempt manage volunteer

cLaim offer wait

decide plan want

He's agreed to work on the new ploy in the autumn.Actors deserve to be paid well for what they do.

She promised to toke her children to the pantomimeat Chistmos.They refused to give us our money back even thoughthe show wos canceLLed. !

1-

\.

Some common verbs can be fotlowed by either a gerund or a fu[l. infinitjve without a change in meaning.

begin dislike

intend Love

continue hate

like start

Some octors hate having/to have their photograph inthe newspapers.She's stsrted toking/to take singing lessons.

Some other common verbs can atso be fottowed by a verb jn the gerund or a full infinitive, but there js achange in meaning.

juget I. -forget

what happened I . forget to do somethingI'LL never forget seeing that comedy Last year. I I forgot to buy the theatre tickets.

goan Io continue an activity I o stop one thing to do something else

He went on teaching drama for the rest of I H" went on to become on actor.

She regrets leaving the theotre cLub. I I regret to telt you that the has performancehas been concelled

his tife. I

regret I

o be sorry about what happened I . be sorry to have to give unpleasant information

remember I

o remember what happened I . remember what to doI remember seeing that actor in London once. I I'LL remember to collect the tickets for the opera

ofter work today.)LUp. no longer do something I o stop an activity to start something new

The singer stopped toking lessons when I The singer stopped to have q break.she wos 25.

Itrv io do something to see if it is successful | . make an attempt to do somethingI tried taking singing Lessons, but I was teribLe. i I tried to sing, but I couldn't.

4

tGg0 cru.rar Reference

II

Answers to Units 8 and 9

SSrx$* 6.& ffre World Around Us

'! ln

0n

I

!

*$rsd* 6.! ln-Store lnnovations

A church singer invented Post-ito notes"Arthur Fry, who worked as a chemist, sang in his church choir. He Loved singing buthated it when hjs bookmarks fe[[ out of his song book when he stood up to sing.Another man who worked with Fry had developed a glue that wasn't very sticky andnever dried. The two men got together and came up with Post-ito notes.

An artist who worked as a secretary invented Liquid Papero.

Bette Graham, an artjst, was working as a secretary. she decided to make a smatlbottte of'paint' to cover her typing mistakes. soon other secretaries where sheworked wanted one. Liquid Paper@ became so poputar that she stopped working as asecretary and started her own company. By the mid-1970s, her company had sotd 25miltion bottlesl

3 A man who went hunting with his dog invented Vetcroo"

George de MestraL had been hunting with his dog and when they got home, he triedto get a particu[ar type of seed (prickl"y burrs) off his dog's fur. He found it verydifficutt, so he Looked at a seed under his microscope and discovered that it wascovered in tiny hooks. He borrowed money from the bank and tried to create thesame effect with material. He succeeded with nylon and came up with Ve[cro@.

4 A tailor who had a difficult customer invented the riveted pockets on jeans.

Jacob Davis was a tailor who bought material from Levi Strauss in San Francisco.One of Davis' customers kept tearing the pockets off his trousers so Davjs came upwith the idea of putting smaL[ pieces of metal (rivets) at the corners of the pocketsto make them stronger. The trousers became very popular and he decided to get apatent to stop other people stealing his idea. He didn't have the money to appLyfor one so he asked Levi Strauss to be his business partner. They opened a factoryproducing these jeans and jn about 1890 these trousers were qiven the number 501,which they are stitL caLLed today.

',.Ij" o" *o- ' '-**vve aLL

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191