Loanwords in Latin Wharton

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THE LIBRARYOFTHE UNIVERSITYOF CALIFORNIALOS ANGELES


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PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN.

BTE. R. WHARTON, MA.


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PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY.COUNCIL, 1889-90.

President.THE EEV. RICHARD MORRIS, LL.D., M.A.Vice-Presidents.WHITLEY STOKES, D.C.L., LL.D., M.A.ALEXANDER JOHN ELLIS, B.A., F.R.S.HENRY SWEET, M.A., Ph.D.JAS. A. H. MURRAY, LL.D., B.A.PRINCE LOUIS-LUCIEN BONAPARTE.THE REV. PROF. W. W. SKEAT, M.A., LL.D., Litt.Doc.

Ordinary/ MemHENRY BRADLEY, ESQ.E. L. BRANDRETH, ESQ.PROF. TERRIEN DE LACOUPERIEF. T. ELWORTHY, ESQ.C. A. M. FENNELL, Litt.Doc.T. HENDERSON, M.A.REV. C. S. JERRAM, M.A.JAMES LECKY, ESQ.E. L. LUSHINGTON, M.A., LL.D.PROF. R. MARTINEAU, M.A.

hers of Council.REV. J. B. MAYOR, M.A.W. R. MORFILL, M.A.PROF. NAPIER, M.A., Ph.D.J. PEILE, M.A., Litt.Doc.SIR J. A. PICTON.THEO. G. PINCHES, ESQ.PROF. J. P. POSTGATE, M.A.PROF. C. RIEU, Ph.D.THE REV. A. H. SAYCE, M.A.R. F. WEYMOUTH, D.Lit., M.A.Treasurer.

BENJAMIN DAWSON, B.A., The Mount, Hampatead, London, N.W.Hon. Secretary.

F. J. FURNIVALL, M.A., Ph.D., 3, St. George's Square, Primrose Hill, N.W.The Philological Society is formed to investigate, and to promote the study and

knowledge of, the Structure, the Affinities, and the History of Languages.Each Member pays two guineas on his election, one guinea as entrance fee, andone guinea for his first year's subscription. The Annual Subscription becomes dueon the 1st of January in each year. Any Member may compound tor his subscriptionby the payment of Ten Guineas, exclusive of his entrance-fee.The Society's Transactions are published yearly. An Abstract of its Proceedingsis posted quarterly to Members. Occasional volumes are also issued, as the Fundsallow. The Societ)''s New English Dictionary is in course of publication, under theEditorship of its former President, Dr. J. A. H. Mm-ray, and one of its Council,Mr. Henry Bradley, and the auspices of the Clarendon Press. Parts I. to IV. (in-cluding Vol. I., A-B) have appeared, 12s. %d. each. The first portions of Vols. II.and III. are at press. (Volunteers willing to read for the Dictionary should write toDr. Murray, Sunnyside, Banbury Road, Oxford.) The Society has approved of apartial scheme of Spelling Reform embodied m a pamphlet, " Partial Vorrectiotis ofEnglish Spellings.'''' Triibner & Co. (Sd.Members are entitled to a Copy of all Papers issued by the Society, to purchase atreduced prices the Society's publications, and the 12s. %d. Dictionary Parts at 7s., andto attend, and introduce a friend to, the Meetings of the Society, on the first and thirdFridays in gveiy month ,^from November to June.

Subscri^tpnJ jrfcjtd be fja^cT l ^e ^traAsureV. or" i


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LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN,By E. R. WHARTON, iT.A.

{Mead at the Society^s Meeting, Bee. 21, 1888.)

(1) The percentage of borrowed words in English is about75, in Persian 62, in Latin 14, in Greek 2|. English isprobably the most composite of all languages: to judge bythe lists at the end of Skeat's dictionary, half our vocabularycomes from Latin, and a quarter from other foreign sources.Next in order comes Persian, in which about five-eighths ofthe words are Arabic. In classical Greek, down to 300 B.C.,there are 41,100 words, of which perhaps 1000 are foreign :in classical Latin, down to a.d. 117, there are 26,300 words,of which about 3500 are from Greek and perhaps 300 fromother languages,' In all these figures Proper Names are

excluded. These proportions of course refer only to theCM words as given in a dictionar}-, not to their actual use inH literature : a page of Demosthenes or Cicero taken at random

will probably show no borrowed words at all, a page of a^ modern English novel will contain onl}' about 20 per cent.^ of Latin words.

For our present purpose it may suffice to consider onlythe Latin authors of the first rank (excluding in each casefragments) : viz., in chronological order, Plautus, Terence,Cicero Caesar Catullus Lucretius Sallust, Yergil HoraceLivy Tibullus Propertius Ovid, Persius, Tacitus, Juvenal.These sixteen authors use 16,900 words, of which 1080 arefrom Greek and perhaps 200 from other languages, makinga proportion of about 8 per cent, of loan-words.The Greek loan-words in Latin have been catalogued by

' The fifjures given in this essav I have arrived at bj' simple countinc:, a taskwhich, so tar as I know, no one of my predecessors has attempted : as Douse saysiu his " Grimm's Law," it is much easier to use statistics than to make them.

1


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Z LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN.E. R, WHARTON.Tuchhandler (' De vocabulis Graecis in linguam Latinaratranslatis,' 187G), F. O. Weise ('Die Griechischen Worter imLatein,' 1882), and Saalfeld ('Tensaurus Italograecus,' 1884).For Plautine words the late Professor Key's admirabledictionary is often useful. Some of the uu-Greek loan-words in Latin are treated by Yanicek (' Fremdworter imGriechiscben imd Lateiniscben,' 1878). Of the Greek loan-words 320 were introduced by Plautus, 200 by Cicero.

(2) I bave not attempted to define what a loan-word is;and the following sections will show that we may at willnarrow or enlarge our boundaries. A purist might excludeall afira^ Xeyofxeva, of which 130 fall within our province.In any case we must leave a considerable ' margin of transi-tion,' as a logician would call it, between genuinel}' foreignand genuinely native words : a margin embracing threeclasses of wordsthose which are reall}- Greek, those whichare really Latin, and those which are partly Greek andpartly Latin.As really Greek, and not loan-words at all, we maycount words directly quoted by Latin authors from Greeksources : viz.,

Cicero's apoproegmenon ardopliyhx aiiloedus hulenteriumcorddx coryphaeua exaeresimus gymnasiarclius logica melancho-licus *monogrammiis mystagogiis phUitia physiognomon pro-dgorus proegmenon prytaneum rho sofer :

Lucretius' homoeomerla 2J>'ester :Livy's agtma *aglaspides argyraspides *cestrosphendone dro-mas hemerodromus hepteres hexeres liijipagogus moneres peltasta

phalangltaprytank sansojihorns synedruii :Ovid's ai : Persius' chaere : Juvenal's chlronomunfa.(The asterisk here denotes that the original is not found in

extant Greek literature.)(3) Our second class consists of words which are reallyLatin and not Greek. Such are the following, cognate with,but not borrowed from, the corresponding Greek words :attdt or dtdt, drraTal.hardiis ' stupid,' */3pa6v


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LOAX-WORDS IN LATIX. E. K. WHAKTON. dVtv'ff, Kr]po


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4 LOAN-WORDS IN LAIIN.E. R, WHARTON.fenestra ' window '(âivw.fides 'lyre'

acîZ-q 'gut.'fiinda 'sling'aêvhovrj.

inula ' elecampane 'eXeviov.hjmjiha ' water 'NufX(f)r] : to which however h/mpha owes

its spelling, for ^liimpa from *dumpa, cf. Oscan Diumpals* JVymphis.'normayvcopi/xoii ' well known ' : norma was a carpenter's

square, shaped like L and (I would suggest) taking its namefrom that letter, the ninth in the Faliscan and Etruscanalphabets, so that nbrma-=^*non-ma *n6ni-ma as carmen ger-men=*canmen *genimen respectively, cf. Havet in Memoiresde la Societe de Linguistique VI. p. 31.pessulus 'bolt'TrdaaaXo'i 'peg'- i^fss ?'/?'?, I would suggest,from *2)ed-tus 'provided with a foot,' as if the bolt were the

* foot ' of the door.^7-og2(s ' pyre '^070? ' silo ' (to use a term of scientific

agriculture), see Foy in Bezzenberger's Beitrage XIV. p.41 sq.sorex ' shrew-mouse 'vpa^ : in Poenulus 1313 Goetzwrites saurex.stilus ' pen 'crTvXo'^ ' pillar.'tlpula ' water-spider 'tl^vj.So KopvXo^; ttXvvtijp irirvlrrjq^ the pretended originals of

corulus linter pltulta, are mere fiijments.The following arerather Latin than Greek :

^ Other instances of Eoman wit, besides r/dr>m, are :llacsus ' lisping ' from ^KaLa6s ' bandylegged ' ;redi-vlvus ' alive again,' i.e. used again ;rimcina ' plane ' from rutico ' deprive of hair ' (twigs planed off being comparedto hairs cut off) ;Icncino 'tear to pieces ' (quasi ' weigh out ') from lanz ' scale of a balance' ;siiffillo ' beat black and blue ' from si' .furca ' fork ' as an instrument for punishing thieves (fures) ;porrum ' leek' as a slang term fur 'head,' whence 7;o;>v'ô ' scurf' : cf. Moretum74 capiti nomen debentia porra ;/ow/ _' frame of a bed' quasi the place of 'libation' (ctttoi'S^) preliminary togoing to sleep ;lambero ' tear to pieces ' quasi ' lick up ' {lambo) ;ohturo ' stop up ' from taurus (a stopper compared to a bull, cf. ôvsM yXciaa^).See also below on Popular Etymology.


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LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN.E. R. WHARTON.ador * spelt,' cf. Gothic atisk ' cornfield * : not from

akevpov * wheaten flour' (and d from \ quasi ad, 'addition').cldssis ' class ' : not from *K\.dat


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b LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN.E. R. WHARTON.cluira ' horse-radisli,' KepaU Theophrastus Hist. Plant. IX.

155 (with a reference to Kepa


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LOAN-WOKUS IN' LATIN. E. R. WHAKION. 7and the word a trisyllable) from *condus, kovSo^: * knob '(Uesyehius) :dioboldrm ' worth two obols ' from '^diohohim, Sico^oXov :

iantenia ' lantern' (with termination oi lucenia) irom*ianfer,XafiTTTrip (sec. 7) :

/tiiintcit/ii-s 'skiff' (of. avunculus from avus) from */e)ius,Xrjvo^ 'trough.'

mirmillo * a kind of gladiator ' for *)nu)'miirl6 from*murmurulus, *munnurus, fiop/xvpo'i

' a fish ' {ixa his crest) :planguncula ' doll ' from *plangd, irXayycov :sandali-gcrula ' sandal-bearer ' from *sandalum, aavhakov :sjnntuniix (sec. 6) from *iiplnter, (nnvdijp :sponddlium 'hymn' from *sj)onda, airovSi] (see p. 4 note).Sobalatro 'jester' ('devourer') from *halatrum for *baratrum

i.e. barathrum, ,8dpa9pov (sec. 7) :baxca 'shoe' from *bax, */3a^ a byform (sec. 10) of ird^ inHesychius (as Sicilian ^aravr] of Trardvr}) :

catidiis 'pipe ' from *caiia, ^Kuvrj a byform of Kavvrj ' reed.'So the Adverbs duUce eunchetne pancrafice prot/tf/ine pre-

suppose Adjectives *dulicus *euschemns *pancraficus *profhp)nus{8ou\Lfc6


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8 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN.E. R. WHARTON.(5) "We now leave the Land Debateable, and enter our

proper territory. In the transliteration of Greek words somepeculiarities may be noticed. Vowels are occasionally modi-fied, as in pure Latin, by the influence of dialect, accent,adjoining letters, or analogy. First for the short vowels :

(a) In some Latin words (see ' Latin Yocalism,' sec. 2) obecomes u ; and so in the loan-words amurca (a/xopyr}), bulhus(/3oX/3o9), cunlla (kovlXt]), cothurnus (Kodopvo^i), lautumiae (cf.Xdro/jLiat), murra 'porcelain' {e?. /loppla), jjurjmm {iropt^vpa),tribulus (rpi/doXo'i). So fungus corresponds to a(f)6yyo


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LOAX-WORUS IN LATIN.E. R. WHARTON. 9(5) 'Popular Etymology' sometimes influences vowels.

Thus c becomes o in ollcum (eXaiFov) through a popular con-nexion with o/ens 'fragrant,' and / in indusium {*ivBvaiov)and exinterd {*^VTepe(o sec. 9) as though from in : it isomitted (I would suggest) in pitppis for *pupis or *pdpis from*iTr(07rc/ inconcliyUa (Koy^^yXca) is due (I would suggest) to edulia, ofthe first o in prblogus pruplno prbpbla (and thereforedoubtless in proscaenium protliijme p)rothtpn'uC) to pro : thediphthong in aurichalcum {*6pi-)(a\Ko/^î (Plautus : in Terence spelt 2:>/i//) triifjonustunnus and the Compound de-pugis, spelt I in cbllpJiia(Kco\v(f)ia) tngonus : from *Xa'yvvr} (which will be an Aeolicform of *\ay(ouri, larjbna, as ')(e\vvri of ')(ê\wvr)) came, I wouldsuggest, *h(guna, i.e. lagoeita or lagena ('Latin Vocalism 'sec. 10 fin.)To show the length of the vowel, e was some-times (as in laevis raemim) written ae : so in caepe (sec. 8 ^)paelex (sec. 10 : spelt oX&ojyeUex, as though from peUicib) scaeiiascaej)trum. The vowel o changes to u (' Latin Vocalism 'sec. 13) in glauciuna (sec. 8 fin.) puppis (sec. 5 fin.) scurra(sec. 9) : e never changes to I in loan-words, in Pocnulus 137liroe (XrjpoL) is a worthless conjecture (Goetz reads colhjrae).In ebus {rjuioq) we have the proper Latin shortening of vowelbefore vowel.Popular Etymology changes ii to e in placenta'cake' {irXaKovvTo) as though from pJacens, polenta 'pearlbarley' {^'KoXwrr) sec. 9) as though from pollen, and e to iiin spintuDiix (' a bird which carries charcoal off altars,' PlinyX. 36, from airivdt^p ' spark ' ) with termination from cbtiiniix.So u is shortened to e in reinulcum ' tow-rope ' {pvfxovXKovv'towing') as though from remulceb 'droop,' to o in ancora(dyKvpa) on the analogy (as I have suggested) of remora' hindrance ' : I (from et) is shortened in adij^- Nom. adeps{aXeiâ ' fat) ' as though from adipiscor ' acquire.'

Diphthongs :ei before a consonant =;, aliptes p'lrdta, before a vowel=


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10 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN.E. R. WHARTON.gynaeceum : Ovid's elegeia is a purism. Some words followthe Latin rule and shorten the e before another vowel to ^,conopium graphium, or e (the ' plebeian ' form, sec. 5 a fin.),balneum chorea platea.

oi^=Loe, poena: m in early words =oe, comoedus tragoedits,later o, edus herous prora.

atz=ae, diaeta ; dialectically (' Latin Vocalism ' sec. 11) e,mena murena ptnula. This when unaccented becomes I (asin exqulrb etc.) in ollvum (eXaiFop) and Achlcl {'A^acFoi).5= a, cidtri {*KXa6pot beside KkfjOpa, sec. 10 fin.).ev and av=eu and au respectively, euniic/ius aula.

ovz=u, durntcus : according- to the Latin rule this isshortened before final 7n, heduc]trum-=.7]hvxpovv, ostnim=.*6aTpovv from oarpeov, remulcum see above.

Onomatopoeic words sometimes keep the diphthongs un-changed : eia, oiei, but attatae habae eugepae papae.

(7) Consonants in our loan-words are sometimes afiectedby dialect, adjoining letters, or analogy.

(a) The dialectic / for d appears in lanrus from *8avpo^ (theLatin form would he*darvoH), Old-Irish f/r


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LOAN-WORUS IN LATIN. E. R. WHAKTON. 11(01(1 Iligli German tvnhfala, Ilavet in Mem, Soc. Ling. vi.p. 23-4 sq.) became *cotfunnx, written cblurnlc, and from thiscame Ovid's coturnlx through a popular connexion withcothunim {Kodopvos:) ' buskin,' quails being, I would suggest,artificially booted for fighting.

Shortly before Cicero's time the Greek aspirates came tobe represented in Latin by a Tenuis+ A, and two new letterswere added to the end of the alphabet to represent v and ^.But some words still retained the older transliteration (onthat of V see sec. 5 a and 6) :

')(^=c mcaltha sec. 5 /3 fin., codea {Ko-x^.la'i), corona {yopwvo'^Sinionides 174, from X'^P^^ ' dance '), in-cllo sec. 4 fin., soccus{avKxo^).

6=zt in halatro sec. 4, clafrl sec. 6 fin., menta (/ilvOo),tunmis, tus.

l^=ss in niu-sma {/xdâ), purpurismm [iropcfivpiôv), and theVerbs atticmo cdmh'ôr cijatlii>i>i6 graecisao iJialaci-s-ô moechmomus.so patrisNO pi/tmo sicelmd {drTLKLô) etc.). So in Plautusmodern editors write badissd {/BaBiô)) tarpesslta (MSS. trapezlta,TpaTre^t'rr;?), and, for initial ^, s,

sdmia sona {^n/j,ia ^covij).In earlier Latin initial p was represented by r, raphanus

resina riscus rosa ruta ; later by rJi, (as in a Corcyraean in-scription PHOFAIZI = /aoato-i), rln'tbr rhinoceros rhombusrhomphaca rh/jf/imicus.The slang dialect sometimes distorted words almost beyond

recognition :calicndruin ' wig ' for *cal!iiifrum. from KuWvvTpov ' orna-

ment ' :sandapila ' bier,' I would suggest, for *sancaliha from

*a7;âA,iy87;9 *a;âXt')3?;9, cf. Laconian aKxaXiâp ' bed ' (onthe ' Atfrication ' see sec. 10.) in Hesychius.

(/8) In pure Latin c cannot stand before a nasal : so insome borrowed words (1) in early times we have in suchcases either dvdTTTv^t


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12 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN.E. R. WHARTON.in the unaccented third syllable, loss of c with vowel-lengthening, ardnea= apd')(VT) : (2) later, c before n becomesg, ci/g>n(s=KVKvo'i as Progue^^Tlpoicvr}.In Latin t before Ibecomes c, and so in exanclo (i^avrXeco) : d before r becomest, citrus is older than cedrus {KSpo


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LOAN-WORUS IN LA'llN. E. K. WHARTON. 13

(/3) -/- ; conoids {K6'y)(ouWa 'balm.'Similarly ce/ux ' yacht' (/ceA.???) takes the termination ofvel-bx,enge {eirê) that of pulcre : draconeni konem beside BpuKovraXiovTU are formed from the Nominatives (h'oco led.

All loan Verbs from the Greek ^ are of the first conjuga-tion, not only when the Greek form corresponds with theLatin, boo gitberiiu harpagd {*dp7raydQ)) stranyulo subo {*av/3doi)coinans (from Ko/ideo), but also from Verbs in

-eo) : exanclo cxinfero iîêvrepew) obsoiio 2)aratrar/oed6 ther-mopoto {*6epfj,o7roTCii) :

-^co : atUciHHo etc., badissu, see sec. 7 :-vco: propliiu {TrpoTTlvw).Sometimes the meaning of the Greek ending was mis-

understood :(a) the Neuter >}toi? was taken for Masculine (Plant, cetum

Ace), the Neuters yXavKcofxa axvi^


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14 LOAX-WORDS IN LATIN.E. R. WHARTON.(9) Our loan-words prove that the following 93 words,

though found in no extant Greek author, were once livingGreek words:Substantives :aXw^opa 'salt market ' halagova (Plaut.).a\o(f)dvT7]


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LOAN-WORDS IN I-ATIN. E. K. WHARTON. 15XavTOfiiat 'stone-quarries' lautumiae, from *\aOTO/iiat, cf.

Xdrofxiai./ie^m? ' miasma ' mephitis (Verg.) : derivation unknown.fjbovoTToStop ' table with one leg' monopodiuni (Livy).fioppa 'porcelain ' murra, cf. [xoppia (Pausanias).fjL(bpo?or2(.s, cf. fiopov 'mulberry/

foreign.vrjvia ' dirge ' neiitn, cf. vr^viarov (Ilipponax), Phrygian.6pi')(^a\Ko


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16 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. E. R. WHARTON.(})pvyia)v ' embroiderer ' phyrgib (Plaut.), sec. 10, from

^pvyia.(pv\aKiaW]


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LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. K. R. WHARTON. 17

7ro\To0a7O9 ' i)u\se-e'dt'mg^ piilliphrif/Hs (Plaut,).7rTrjvo6r]piK(jfxo


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18 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN.E. R. WHARTON.(e) Doric = Ionic ov : *KcopdXiov cdralinm :if) K"^ for ;!^ ('Affrication,' cf. ^poK^o'^ for ^po^o


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LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN.E. R. WHARTON. 19(/) Initial aspiration preserved, *^euo


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20 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN.E. R. WHARTON.Neut. :

avajKatov necessary, anancaeum cup drained on a wager.BiKpoTov double-oared, dicrotimi bireme.fiaKpoKcoXov long-legged, macrocblum a kind of paper.IxrjKivov yellow, melinum yellow robe.vdphivov of nard, nardinum spiced wine.TrXdyiov crooked, plagium kidnapping.a-rjrdvLov of this year, setanium medlar. ^âfxedvanva of amethyst, amethi/stina purple robes.Krjpiva wax-coloured, cerina yellow robes,reaaapa four, tessera tally, each side being a square.Tpe')(ehei7rva running to dinner, trechedlpna light robes.Conversely the following. Substantives in Greek, are used

in Latin as Adjectives :eirUpoKov a garment, epicrocum transparent.oTrdSl^ palm branch, sj^ddix brown.(/3) the following, abstract in meaning in Greek, are inLatin concrete :d/jivîv, amussim sec. 7 a.fyeveai^ birth, genesis birth-star.e\e7%09 refutation, eknchiis ear-pendant (why?).cnrovh'), sponda sec. 3 note.Conversely the following, concrete in meaning in Greek,

are in Latin abstract :rêppa wickerwork, gerrae nonsense.aTo/xa'ô'; stomach, stomachus displeasure.')(ppr)^Lov dancing-school, choregimn preparing a chorus.(7) the etymologically possible meaning comes out

differently :/ji^6\Lov 'thrown in '= javelin, emboUum interlude (Aris-

totle's i/x/36\i/xov).iôhiov ' exit '= finale of a tragedy, exodium farce.k6Xv/x/3o


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LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. E. R. WHARTON. 21TTT^jfia ' fixture '= framework, pC'fjma bookcase, stage.')(a\Kdvdr]

' bronze-flower '= sulphate of copper, calt/ta pot-marigold.'Xeikodi 'use a lip '= surround with a rim, in-cild grin

(sec. 4 fin.).(8) the Latin meaning is extended from the Greek (on

/Q\at


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22 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN.E. R. WHARTON.* a grape-vine ' proeliiim rdna 7"una ' dart ' sagitta sepelio serrasilex shiiim ' bowl ' situla ' bucket ' spolium sudis sulfur taedatarmes ' woodworm ' iaxillus ' die ' taxua temetum ' wine 'tlnus ' a plant ' tzpula (sec. 3) tiro titulus trichila ' bower 'tugurium vagina.The following may with some confidence be referred todefinite sources : about 69 are from Aryan and 32 from non-Aryan languages.

A. Aryan :(a) Umbro-Sabellian : 2 1 words :Umbrian :arbiter ' witness/ cf. Umbr. a^pufrafi ' arbitratu ' (the

second vowel of each word is ii, ' Latin Yocalism ' sec. 2 fin.),from ad + a root gret ' speak,' Gothic qithan, Eng. quoth.rufus ' red,' cf. Umbr. rofa ' rufas ' : the Roman form would

be *rubus.sili-cernium ' feast at which they sat,' cf. Umbr. gersnatur* cenati ' : the first element is Latin sedeo.Oscan (which the Roman grammarians often call Sabine) :bos, cf /3o{}


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LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. E. R. WHARTON. 23be Sabine ; tutlcun ' public ' (of. Gothic theuda * people ') isCampanian (Livy).Verb : haeto (also spelt beto or hlto) ' go,' cf. Oscan haiteis' comest.'

(/3) Celtic : perhaps 43 words, some also quoted in Greek :Gaulish :(1) names for wheeled vehicles :carpentum (Florus).carrus (Irish carr).petor-ritum (Festus : cf. Welsh ^)ef/


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24 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. E. R. WHARTON.omasum ' triple ' (Philoxenus).rend ' fur pelisse ' (Yarro).saliunca ' Celtic nard,' Dioscorides' aXiovdaKa.tucetum 'beef (Isidore), TJmbrian toco.urus ovpo


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LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN.E. R. WHARTON. 25pllentim ' chariot ' ? See Diefenbach's Origines Europaeae

p. 399.(7) Teutonic : 5 words :harditus ' war cry ' (Tacitus), perliaps from a root hherdh,

whence irepdoo ' ravage,' Stokes in Mem, Soc. Ling. v. p.420.

cateja ' spear ' (Verg. : according to Servius Gaulish),framea 'spear' (Tacitus).glaesiim 'amber' (Pliny), Anglosaxon glaere.spams * spear,' Anglosaxon spar, Eng, spar.Perhaps, originally, also brCicae urns, see above.B. Non-Aryan :(a) Etruscan : perhaps 13 words:dtrium 'hall' (Yarro) cf. the Etruscan town-name Atria (and

the relation of fxiyapov ' hall ' to Meyapa).halteus * belt ' (Varro),cassis 'helmet' (Isidore).catamlfus, Etrusc. eatmite from *Kard[XL(j6o


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26 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. E. R. AVHARTON.

amhuhaja * fluteplaver,' cf. Syrian dvuvo 'pipe' : formed asthough from Lat. amhi-.fucus (]\Iasc.) 'rock-lichen,' Hebrew ^mkh 'paint,' whencealso


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THE PllOCEEDlNGSOF

THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETYFor tub Years 1842-1853. In 6 Vols. Clotu, 3.The circulation of these Volumes has until recently been limited to theMembers of the Society : the Six Volumes were issued during the years1842 to 1853, at a cost to the Members of TWELVE GUINEAS.The Council of the Society having been enabled to complete a limitedNumber of Sets by reprinting a portion, have now issued the sets at thereduced price of THREE POUNDS, 6 vols, cloth, lettered.The Philological Society's Transactions, 1854, 1855, 1856, OneGuinea each; 1857- Part L only. 10s.; 1858, 1859, 1802-G3. 12. each.The Philolog-ical Society's Transactions, 18GU-61 (including the

Play of the Sacrament, and a Cornish Poem, ed. bv Dr. Whitley Stokes). 12*.The Philological Society's Transactions, 1862-03. 126-.The Philological Society's Transactions, 1864, including tlieCreation of the World : a Middle-Cornish Drama. Edited by Dr. "Whitley Stokes,and Mr. Barnes' Grammar and Glossary of the Dorset Dialect. V2s.The Philological Society's Transactions, 1865, with a Glossaryof Reduplicated Words, by H. B. Wheatley, Esq. V2s.The Philological Society's Transactions, 1866, with a Treatiseon the Dialect of Banffshire, and a Glossary of Words not in Jamieson's Scot-tish Dictionary, by the Rev. Walter Gregor; and an Etymological Glossary ofthe Shetland Dialect, by T. Edmondston, Esip, of Buness. 12a-.The Philological Society's Transactions, 1867, with an Essay onPalaeotype, by A. J. Ellis, Esq. ; and a Glossary of the Lonsdale Dialect, by thelate R. B. Peacock, Esq. I'is.The Philological Society's Transactions, 1868-9, with Dr. "WhitleySlokes' Cornisli Glossary, and Mr. A. J, EUis's edition of the Only EnglishProclnmntion of Henry ill. 12*.The Philological Society's Transactions, 1870-2, Part L, 4.?.{Parts J/, and III. out of print.)The Philological Society's Transactions, 1873-4. Fart J., 5.s.{Parts JJ. and JJJ. out ofprint.) 1875-6, 15.s. 1877-9,18s. 1880-1, 1 7s. 1882-4, 1 156'. 1S85-7,15s. 1888-90, 1.

Index to Transactions and Proceedings, 1842-1879. 5s.The folloicing may he had separately :

The Philological Society's Early English Volume, 20*., in-cluding Liber Cure Cocorum, an Early Eni,'lish Cookery Book in Verso(ab. 1440 A.D.); edited by Hev. Dr. R. Morris. Hanipole's Pricke of Conscience(ab. 1340 A.D.); edited by llev. Dr. R. Morris. A Fourteenth-Century Transla-tion of Grosseteste'sChateaud'Amour(ab. 1320 A. D.); ed.byDr. R.F.Weymouth.

Levins's Manipulus Vocabulorum, the earliest English RhymingDictionary, lo75. Foolscap 4to. lO'.t.


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^xxv. ^^:to^-jlwuu \ji y.a arcvmrzuur^ "ana L/'arlbfulie, ediled byWhitley Sfokes, D.C.L. Parti. The Glosses and Translation.\_The Editor's copies only are on sale.On Early English Pronunciation, with especial reference toShaksDere and Chaucer, by A. J. Ellis, Esq., F.R.S. Four Parts, 10s. each ;Part V. 21s.MEDIEVAL GEEEK TEXTS : A Collection of the Earliest

Compositions in Vulgar Greek, prior to a.d. 1500. With Prolegomena andCritical Notes by "\V. Wagnek, Ph.D. Part I. Seven Poems, three of whichappear for the first time. London, 1870. 8vo. 10?. 6rf.LIBER CUEE COCOEUM. Copied and Edited from the Sloane MS.1986, by the Eev. Dr. Richaed Morris. 8vo. 3?.THE PEICKE OE CO^SCIE^^CE (STi:iIULUS COXSCIENTIAE).A Northumbrian Poem, by Richard Kolle de Hampole. Copied andEdited from Manuscripts in the British Museum, with an Introduction, Notes,and Glossarial Index, by the Rev. Dr. Richard Morris. 8vo. cloth. 12s.

CASTEL OFE LOIJE (Chateau d'amour or Carmen de CreationeMundi). An Early English Translation of an Old French Poem, bv RobertGrosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln. Copied and Edited from the MSS, withNotes, Critical and Exegetical, and Glossary, by Dr. Eichaed FrancisWeymouth, M.A., London. 8vo. cloth. 6s.TRUBNER & CO.'S LIST.

VEEXER'S LAW IX ITALY: An Essay in the History of the Indo-European Sibilants. By R. Seymour Coxway, Gonville and Gains College,Cambridge. With a Dialect Map of Italy by E. Heawood, B.A., F.E.G.S.Demy Svo. pp. viii. and 120, cloth. 5s.ELEMEXTS OF A COMPAEATIYE GEAMMAE OF THE INDO-Germanic Languages. By Karl Brugmaxn, Professor of Comparative Philo-logy in the University of Leipzig. Translated by Joseph Weight, Ph.D. Vol.I. Introduction and Phonetics. Demy 8vo. pp. xx. and 562, cloth. 18s.LIXGUISTIC AXD OEIEXTAL ESSAYS. AYritten from the year1846-1878. By R. N. Cust, Author of "The Modern Languages of the EastIndies." First Series. Pp. xii. and 484. 18s. Second Series, 1847-1887. 21sLINGUISTIC ESSAYS. By Cael Abel, Ph.D. Post 8vo. pp. xii.and 282, cloth. 9s.

SLAVIC AXD LATIX. Tlchester Lectures on Comparative Lexico-graphy. Delivered at the Taylor Institution, Oxford. By Carl Abel, Ph.D.Post 8po. pp. vi.-124. cloth. 5s.ILCHESTERLECTUEES OX GEEEKO-SLAYONIC LITEEATUEEand its relation to the Folk-Lore of Europe during the Middle Ages. With TwoAppendices and Plates. By M. Gaster, Ph.D. Cr. 8vo. pp.x. and 229, cl. 7s. Qd.THE EXGLISHM:aN AXD THE SCAXDIXAVIAN, or a Com-parison of Anglo-Saxon and Old Norse Literature. By Frederick Metcalfe,M.A. Post 8vo. pp. 512, cloth. 18s.LAXGUAGE AXD THE STUDY OF LAXGUAGE : TwelveLectures on the Principles of Linguistic Science. By W. D. Whitney.Third edition. Crown 8vo. pp. xii. and 504, cloth. lO-y. &d.LAXGUAGE AXD ITS STUDY, with especial reference to theIndo-European Family of Languages. Seven Lectures by W. D. Whitney,Professor of Sanskrit in Tale College. Edited by the Rev. R. Morris, M.A.,LL.D. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, pp. xii. and 318- 1880. 5s.GEAMMAE OF THE OLD FEIESIC LANGUAGE. By A. H.Cummins, A.M. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. pp. xvi. and 128, cloth. 6s.LECTUEES OX WELSH PHILOLOGY. By John Ehys. CrownSvo. cloth. Second revised and enlarged Edition, pp. xiv. and 466, cloth. 15s.

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