lobby & advocacy restoring the social contract in fragile contexts

» POSITION PAPER JULY 2014

CORDAID’S APPROACH AND TRACK RECORD

LOBBY & ADVOCACYRESTORING THE SOCIAL CONTRACT IN FRAGILE CONTEXTS

JULY 2014 © CORDAID

LOBBY & ADVOCACY: RESTORING THE SOCIAL CONTRACT IN FRAGILE CONTEXTS

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FOREWORD

“ Through local partnerships based on expertise and trust, Cordaid works towards restoring confidence and social cohesion.”

One quarter of the world’s population lives in societies affected by fragility, conflict and violence. This number will only increase in the years to come. Cordaid and its partners aim to reverse this trend by restoring the social contract between citizens and the state. This contract, so often broken in the countries where Cordaid is active, stipulates the level of citizen engagement and social accountability within a society.

Our strength is that we link our implementing power, the experiences and knowledge from communities in the field to specific and often unique networks. We do so by empowering people and their communities, gathering evidence, and making sure that the impact of policies on their daily lives is taken into account by policy-makers – at local, national and international level. Not surprisingly, this all starts by building trust.

Our approach is to create space for dialogue and not to shout down from the rooftops. We link up with like-minded actors but also with opponents, from the private sector, civil society or government. So we enter the rooms of (former) adversaries because we are convinced that to change things, we need all the parties involved around the table. This calls for courage, a clear vision and stamina, especially in fragile settings where underlying tensions can ignite so easily.

The cases in this paper describe the way we use our convening power to foster dialogue. They illustrate the complexity of the issues at stake, the perseverance of our partners and staff, and the impact of their hard work. Without their courage and their commitment to bring about real change, social contracts will never be restored.

Simone Filippini

CEO Cordaid



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CONTENTS

executive summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

citizen engagement and social accountability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Focus on fragility: a growing consensus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Lobby and advocacy in fragile contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Cordaid’s approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Change through constructive dialogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Transformative agents supported by open development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Open data in practice: result-based financing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

case 1: oil and gas in the niger delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Resource rich, development poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Strengthening community voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Oil Spill Regulatory Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Communities not criminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Lobby links local to global . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

case 2: transition monitor in afghanistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Monitoring women’s security in transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Evidence makes the difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Women-inclusive peace deal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

case 3: amplifying the voice of civil society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Cordaid’s role . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Country level mobilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Integrating a gender perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

appendix 1 theory of change for policy influencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

appendix 2 cordaid lobby and advocacy networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21



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One quarter of the world population lives in societies affected by conflict. Inequality and poverty hit people living in such fragile contexts twice as hard. While the international community is reshaping the future of development cooperation, consensus is growing on the importance of focusing international development efforts in fragile and conflict-affected situations.

Cordaid’s mission is to contribute to the structural social change that is needed to build flourishing communities in fragile contexts. People living in fragile contexts have to deal with insecurity, social divisions, weak formal institutions and power divisions at the local and national level. Aggravated by global processes, these dynamics leave them with limited scope to voice their needs and concerns. The level of citizens engagement and social accountability is below standard or even absent. In other words the social contract between citizens and the state is broken down.

For people to be able to live decent lives in safety requires establishing positive relations within communities, between communities and the state, and between communities and other influential national and international stakeholders. This is the reason that Cordaid’s programs in fragile and conflict-affected situations focus on strengthening the influence of local communities in an integrated manner through local, national and international lobby and with a strong focus on women advocacy.

Lobby and advocacy in fragile contexts is about building trust, gathering evidence and engaging with all parties. And then: urge for change.

Together with large networks of international partners, Cordaid connects local perspectives to global dialogues, such as the International Dialogue on Peacebuilding and Statebuilding and the consultations on the Post-2015 Global Development Agenda. Cordaid’s objective is to make sure that local communities can voice their needs, that they have access to representative and responsive institutions and that their perspectives are taken into account by policymakers, on all relevant levels.

Cordaid has a proven track record in lobby and advocacy in fragile and conflict-affected situations. The success of Cordaid’s work lies in an inclusive and comprehensive approach. Efforts start at community level, centered on the perspectives and priorities of local women and men. Through local partnerships based on expertise and trust, Cordaid works towards restoring confidence and social cohesion. Through its convening power, Cordaid builds strategic relations to make sure that the agendas of fragile communities are connected to national and international policy levels where decisions are taken.

Cordaid’s seven pathways to inclusive policies in fragile contexts:

1. Civil society empowerment: Supporting the protection of and enlarging the space of civil society organizations and communities to express their voices and to strengthen their capacity to fully participate in agenda setting, monitoring and policy influencing.

2. Evidence-based policy influencing: The information that serves as key input for national and international influenc-ing is based on the needs and issues raised by local commu-nities, complemented with participatory and scientific research.

3. Social stakeholding and creating space for dialogue and action: A systemic approach including all relevant stakeholders sharing common ground to address root causes of fragility and poverty and to support peace and statebuilding.

4. Linking local-global: Linking local actors and national/international decision-makers and direct advocacy to key decision-makers and/or influential people/networks in order to connect local reality to global levels of decision-making.

5. Silent diplomacy: Cordaid focuses on relationship building, setting the stage for constructive dialogue to restore confidence and social cohesion.

6. Using new technologies: Strengthening voices and reach-ing out, making issues known to a wider public by commu-nication and using media (radio, films, social media) to influence public opinion and the public agenda.

7. Tracking policy changes: Monitoring and organizing feedback systems and promoting constituent feedback to ensure that changes in policies are effectively implemented.

This position paper shows case-based evidence from Afghanistan and the Niger Delta, illustrating Cordaid’s multifaceted approach to lobby and advocacy in complex fragile contexts and the importance of long-term engagement to make a real impact. The case of the Civil Society Platform for Peacebuilding and Statebuilding (CSPPS) exemplifies Cordaid’s brokering role in safeguarding and solidifying civil society engagement in fragile contexts, linking local voices to global policy arenas.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY



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Lobby and advocacy in fragile contextsCordaid’s mission is to contribute to the structural social change and transformation needed to build flourishing communities in fragile contexts. For people to be able to live decent lives in safety requires establishing positive relations within communities, between communities and the state, and between communities and other influential national and international stakeholders. To achieve this, local communities must be able to voice their needs, advocate their rights and have access to representative and responsive institutions. In practice, however, weak or dysfunctional local and national institutions in fragile and conflict-affected situations lack legitimacy. That leaves communities with limited scope to voice their needs and concerns, which breaks down the social contract.

The situation is further complicated because the problems that fragile countries face - insecurity, social divisions, weak (formal) institutions, and power divisions at the national level - are aggravated by global processes7. The fact that global common goods are shared unfairly and unsustainably affects already fragile local societies disproportionally and has resulted in food crises, rising inequality, environmental pollution and resource depletion. On top of this, gender inequality remains a fundamental cause of fragility as it intersects with other power imbalances in the economic, political and religious domains of life.

This is the reason that Cordaid’s programs in fragile and conflict-affected situations focus on strengthening the influence of local communities in an integrated manner through local, national and international lobby and with a strong focus on women advocacy. Working simultaneously on improving services, economic opportunities, and security and justice can contribute to better relationships with public and private stakeholders, and to restoring the social contract. See appendix 1 for an elaborated theory of change.

Social contracts that benefit people equally are necessary to build trust and to remove the barriers to peace and stability. Strengthened state-society relationships are therefore a condition for effective and accountable governance regarding e.g. investment in livelihoods, resource management and improvements in the social and economic conditions of vulnerable communities.8 More balanced power relationships, representative institutions and joint agendas for change are indispensable to reach citizen engagement and social account-ability. And vice versa, in fragile contexts, improved service delivery by the state may prove an entry point for enhancing state-civil society relations.

Focus on fragility: a growing consensusThe international community is reshaping the future of development cooperation. The post-2015 agenda is framing the discussions on issues of inequality and poverty, realities that hit people in fragile contexts twice as hard. There is a growing consensus globally on the importance of focusing development efforts in fragile and conflict-affected situations. The urgency firstly lies with the numbers: 1.4 billion people, or roughly one quarter of the world’s population,1 live in societies affected by fragility, conflict and violence. According to the World Bank, this will have gone up to 32% by 2015.2 Even more, it is foreseen that two-thirds of poor people will live in fragile states and conflict countries in 2025.3

Secondly, fragility hinders sustainable development. Since the launch of the Millennium Development Goals in 2000, absolute poverty as a percentage of the world population has declined and the lives of many poor people have improved. However, progress on the MDGs has been very slow, if not stagnant, in low-income fragile countries.

It is estimated that by 2015 half of the world’s people surviving on less than $1.25 will live in fragile states.4

There, fundamental human needs continue to go unsatisfied: women are unsafe and exploited, children are malnourished and unschooled, and communities are divided and insecure. Without focusing on the most vulnerable people in fragile and conflict-affected situations, global poverty will not be eradi-cated. The issue of peace and security remains one of the most contested issues in the ongoing international consultations on the Post-2015 Global Development Agenda.5

Cordaid believes that fragility should not be tackled only to allow millions of women, men and children to live decent lives in safety.6 It needs to be addressed because, in our world of economic interdependencies and globalization, unstable countries and contexts and increasing inequalities between countries undermine global peace.

CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT AND SOCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY



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To support local stakeholders’ efforts to increase institutional legitimacy and accountability Cordaid works through a multi-stakeholder approach, through temporary coalitions of a variety of actors around one issue, and a collective and shared analysis of a problem. In the course of years of evidence- based policy influencing Cordaid has built up a mandate and credibility that has resulted in considerable convening power. Cordaid uses this power in a structured and strategic manner, which has resulted in the development of seven distinct lobby and advocacy pathways.

Change through constructive dialogueCentral to Cordaid’s lobby and advocacy work is – wherever possible - a non-activist and cooperative attitude. The dyna-mic multi-stakeholder approach allows a variety of actors with multiple backgrounds and vested interests to work effectively together in order to achieve the desired changes. Cordaid adopts the role of broker for an even further-reaching multi-stakeholder engagement by supporting dialogue with like-minded and adversary actors that have different or even opposite interests.

Cordaid’s identity as a Catholic organization has proved to be a vital comparative advantage, reflected in extensive community outreach, legitimacy and influence, especially in fragmented societies. About half of Cordaid’s 700 partners in 28 focus countries are church or faith-based organizations. Cordaid continuously seeks to strike a balance between the autonomous vision and the valuable relationship with the church structure while contributing to international debates on peace and development. Its worldwide partner network gives Cordaid a unique position to map the needs of vulner-able and marginalized people, and to address them at the appropriate levels.

Cordaid’s approach Cordaid has a proven track record in lobby and advocacy in fragile and conflict-affected situations. The success of Cordaid’s work lies in an inclusive approach. Efforts start at community level, centered on the perspectives and priorities of local women and men. Through local partnerships based on expertise and trust, Cordaid works towards restoring confidence and social cohesion. It helps to build strategic relations to make sure that the agendas of fragile communities are connected to national and international policy levels where decisions are taken.

The 4th High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness (Busan, South Korea, 2011) reconfirms the vital role of civil society in promot-ing sustainable development, including the rights and duties of civil society. It is a two-way approach: the right to be vocal (lobby and advocacy) and the duty to contribute with content (networks, expertise and factual results). Cordaid therefore ensures that lobby and advocacy efforts are not only focused on changes in policy and their implementation, but also on strengthening the lobby and advocacy capacity of civil society organizations. For example, following Busan, where the donor community and g7+ agreed upon the New Deal pilot in seven fragile states, Cordaid has taken up the role of coordinating civil society engagement in the donor initiative (see case 3).

For local actors to become social change agents who contribute to the reform of social systems, requires a systemic approach touching all levels of society: local, national and international.

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LOCAL IMPLEMENTATION

NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION

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CIVIL SOCIETY

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LOBBY AND ADVOCACY:RESTORING THE SOCIAL CONTRACT IN FRAGILE CONTEXTS

Food Security

Extractives

Empowerment

Gender Equality

Justice

Investments

Health

Education

Disaster response& resilience

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LOCAL POLICIES

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LOCAL POLICIES

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Empowerment

Gender Equality

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Food Security

Extractives

Empowerment

Gender Equality

Justice

Investments

Health

Education


Empowerment

Gender equality

Justice

Health

Education

Disaster response & resilience

Food security

Investments

Extractives

Community

RESTORING THE SOCIAL CONTRACT IN FRAGILE CONTEXTS



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Transformative agents supported by open development Citizen engagement has always been present, whether pro-active or less visible to the public eye. New technologies offer remarkable opportunities for communities to voice their needs, and track developments that concern them. Access to and availability of information on the ground, at community level, is a stepping-stone towards opening up democratic space for fragile communities. Through the open development approach, Cordaid aims to transform the role of communities from recipients of aid to customers who actively use evidence-based information to set the agenda for their priorities, and to evaluate the efforts made towards achieving them.9 This allows Cordaid and partners to lobby and advocate more effectively, as it provides information on what is actually taking place on the ground It helps to assess what kind of support communi-ties require the most. Both Open RBF and the Flourishing Community Index are part of Cordaid’s open development agenda.

Cordaid’s seven pathways to inclusive policies in fragile contexts:

1. Civil society empowerment: Supporting the protec-tion of and enlarging the space of civil society organi-zations and communities to express their voices and to strengthen their capacity fully participate in agenda setting, monitoring and policy influencing.

2. Evidence-based policy influencing: The information that serves as key input for national and international influencing is based on the needs and issues raised by local communities, complemented with participatory and scientific research.

3. Social stakeholding and creating space for dialogue and action: A systemic, full-spectrum approach including all relevant stakeholders sharing common ground to address root causes of fragility and poverty and to support peace and statebuilding. ‘Neutral’ spaces are convened for different stakeholders to meet and work out common agendas, including adversary parties.

4. Linking local-global: Opening windows for civil society organizations to influence policies at local, national and international level. Linking local actors and national/international decision-makers and direct advocacy to key decision-makers and/or influential people/networks to connect local reality to global causes of problems and high levels of decision-making.

5. Silent diplomacy: Cordaid focuses on relationship building, setting the stage for constructive dialogue to restore confidence and social cohesion.

6. Using new technologies: Strengthening voices and reaching out, making issues known to a wider public by communication and using media (radio, films, social media) to influence public opinion and the public agenda.

7. Tracking policy changes: Monitoring and organizing feedback systems and promoting constituent feedback to ensure that changes in policies are effectively implemented.

Connection with global policy frameworks

New Deal

Cordaid continuously calls upon the international community to specifically invest in fragile states. Regarding the New Deal and the International Dialogue on Peacebuilding and Statebuilding (IDPS), which aims to tackle poverty in low-income, fragile and post-conflict countries, Cordaid successfully lobbies for a specific approach in the post-2015 process based on the in-depth knowledge from communities in fragile contexts.

1325

Cordaid supports women’s groups in conflict areas and builds women’s networks across fragile contexts. In 2000, UN Resolution 1325 was adopted by the UN Security Council reaffirming the important role of women in the prevention and resolution of conflicts, as well as the differential impact of armed conflict on women and men. Since then six subsequent resolutions on women, peace and security (WPS) have been further adopted. Cordaid’s lobby and advocacy helps to address the key impediments to the effective implementation of women, peace and security resolutions. Cordaid supports a large number of women’s groups to ensure civil society and women’s participation in peace processes, monitoring the imple-mentation of 1325, and security sector reform. It has been a signatory and active member of the Dutch National Action Plan on 1325 since 2008, and is a member of the European Peacebuilding Liaison Office (EPLO).

Ruggie Principles

Cordaid contributed to the improvement of corporate social responsibility (CSR) standards through the multi-stakeholder approach by engaging with (local) govern-ments, companies and (local) NGOs and communities. These activities are in line with the Ruggie principles endorsed in June 2011, which seek to provide an authori-tative global standard for preventing and addressing the risk of adverse human rights impacts linked to business activity.

Universal Health Coverage

Cordaid strives to improve healthcare services and spearheads sexual and reproductive health and rights for women and girls, a priority shared by the Dutch govern-ment. In many countries where Cordaid is active, taboos and stigmas restrict the access of women and people with HIV AIDS to healthcare. Cordaid constructively engages with Catholic and faith-based organizations to extend health systems to make them more inclusive. Furthermore, in line with international calls for accessi-ble health programs in developing countries, it uses result-based financing (RBF) to support structural reforms in healthcare systems. Cordaid engages with the private sector to offer affordable health products, espe-cially aimed at mothers and children.



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In the remainder of this paper three selected cases are elabo-rated which illustrate Cordaid’s approach and track record in lobby and advocacy in fragile contexts. The examples of Afghanistan and the Niger Delta clearly show the importance of long-term engagement with realities on the ground to feed meaningful lobby at national and international level. The case of the Civil Society Platform for Peacebuilding and Statebuilding (CSPPS) exemplifies Cordaid’s brokering role in safeguarding and solidifying civil society engagement in fragile contexts. By describing the different lobby processes, it becomes clear what convening power means and how it works in practice to link local realities to global policies. Furthermore, the crucial role of evidence-based information to boost these processes by sharing and being transparent is well illustrated.

Open data in practice: result-based financingIn Sub-Saharan Africa, Cordaid was the first organization to introduce result-based financing (RBF) for the health sector. It now implements RBF in thirteen countries, in cooperation with local and national governments. RBF helps to improve the quality of health services by making a direct link between patient experience and results and payments made to clinics and hospitals. Cordaid now uses an open source IT tool to strengthen current RBF programs. This Open RBF approach (http://openrbf.org) increases the efficiency and transparency of programs by using innovative technologies and public accessibility to real time data. Once validated, it allows the budgets, targets and performances of any clinic or hospital to be displayed in real time on the internet for everyone to see. The information, interpreted in an understandable manner, enables citizens to hold their governments to account for their efforts to provide better healthcare for all. And above all, it empowers communities to hold service providers and funders to account.

Starting in 2006, Cordaid initiated RBF Health in Burundi. During 2006-2010, the quality of health services and trans-parency improved drastically.

“ Thanks to Open RBF, people in Burundi can help improve their country’s health system. For the first time, their opinions about the services offered to them really count. They contribute to planning through health committees, they verify performance, and every quarter this information is discussed with them. It puts communities in the driver’s seat.”Dr. Rose Kamariza, Cordaid Program Officer in Burundi.

The Burundi government was convinced of the value of RBF and by end 2010 responsibility for RBF was handed over to the government, which followed up by initiating a multi-donor basket investment fund. It is now scaling up to full coverage across the country, while Cordaid is playing a new role as technical assistant to the government in the process. Confidence in Cordaid’s approach has resulted in the initiation of RBF Education and RBF Security.

Flourishing Community Index

Giving local communities a global voice

Cordaid has developed an innovative methodology for the objective and inclusive assessment of the development priorities of local communities. The Flourishing Community Index (FCI) is a community-owned methodo-logy to voice community needs and enhance informed decision-making at all levels. It captures the needs and aspirations of communities independently of specific projects, development actors or donors. Modern technolo-gies make it possible to collect and aggregate quantitative and qualitative data and to share this information on a large scale. This gives local communities a global voice. It is designed to allow feedback loops back to communities so they become more and more the drivers of their own demands and the lobby agenda.

Features of the FCI: ▪ Smart data collection: By using tablets or smartphones

communities articulate what matters most to them through storytelling, complemented with questions for signification. This provides a unique combination of independent and authentic qualitative and quantitative information that can be aggregated and analyzed.

▪ Community-owned information: The primary beneficiaries of the FCI are communities themselves. Information is fed back through workshops, local radio, billboards, newspapers or SMS messaging. Communities use this information to prioritize the development activities they need most.

▪ Multi-use: The analyzed and aggregated information can also be used by service providers, local and national governments, social enterprises and (i)NGOs.

▪ Scalable: The easily applicable and replicable methodology can be used on a large scale in local communities in different countries.

http://openrbf.org



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has caused deep-felt resentment. The Niger Delta today is a fragile area entangled in economic and political conflicts that involve a complex chain of local, national and global actors.

Strengthening community voice Cordaid first started working in the Niger Delta in 2004, aiming to contribute to poverty alleviation, rehabilitation of the environment and conflict transformation. As in all fragile situations where Cordaid works, local communities and their concerns are the entry point. To help communities make their voice heard and lobby for influence in policy-making, Cordaid has invested in strategic financing, capacity building and empowerment of local civil society organizations. And with

The exploitation of oil and gas in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria continues to cause large-scale environmental pollution and has damaged the traditional livelihoods of farmer and fishing communities. This has resulted in a culture of conflict and deep distrust between local people, international oil companies and the Nigerian government. Cordaid supports local communities and civil society in the Niger Delta, to strengthen their voice and make sure that their interests are represented in the negotiations that are starting to bring all stakeholders together. Goal: sustainable solutions for peace and local development.

Resource rich, development poorNigeria is perhaps the best-known case of a country affected by the ‘resource curse’. The oil sector accounts for 96% of export earnings and the government earns more than $50 billion from oil annually. At the same time, 85% of Nigerians live on less than $2 a day.10 The lives of communities in the Niger Delta, the largest wetland in Africa and the third largest mangrove forest in the world and home to 31 million people, have changed dramatically since oil exploitation started over 50 years ago11. Environmental degradation due to major pollution threatens the rich biodiversity of the region and has dealt a massive blow to people’s traditional fishing and farming activities. From being a net food exporter, the Delta now imports 80% of its food and indicators of poverty have deteriorated in past decades.12 The fact that vast company profits and government revenues have not translated into any development gains for local people

CASE 1: OIL AND GAS IN THE NIGER DELTARESTORING THE ECONOMY OF TRUST

AcronymsECCR: Ecumenical Council for Corporate ResponsibilityEITI: Extractives Industry Transparency Initiative JIV: Joint Investigation VisitMOSOP: Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People NACGOND: National Coalition on Gas Flaring and Oil Spills in the Niger Delta PWYP: Publish What You PaySDN: Stakeholder Democracy Network SPDC: Shell Petroleum Development Company (Shell Nigeria)UNEP: United Nations Environment ProgrammeUPR: Universal Periodic Review

NIGERIAN OIL AND GAS FIELDS

benin city

warri

owerri

NIGERIA

abacalabar

port harcourt

Oil field

Gas field

Crude pipeline

Refinery

Export terminals

Cordaid office

7000 km / 2700 miles pipeline in the Niger Delta

SOURCE Platts



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step forward was taken in 2011 with the establishment of the National Coalition on Gas Flaring and Oil Spills in the Niger Delta (NACGOND), a network of 25 local civil society organiza-tions. Elly Rijnierse, Senior Advisor at Cordaid Extractives: “This reflected an important switch in our strategy. NACGOND was set up to address the massive problem of oil spills and gas flaring that causes environmental devastation in the Niger Delta. We decided to focus on a concrete problem that concerns all actors and to use this as a vehicle to search for common ground between environmental civil society organizations, oil companies and government authorities.”

success. Cordaid facilitated the establishment in 2004 of the Stakeholder Democracy Network (SDN), a Nigerian organiza-tion that today represents the interests of local communities at national and international discussion tables. In 2010, SDN initiated a milestone meeting in Chatham House in London, where representatives from oil companies and the Nigerian government for the first time sat together with civil society organizations to speak about solutions for better governance and environmental management in the Niger Delta. “Ten years ago, civil society organizations in the Niger Delta were very weak,” says Inemo Samiama, director of SDN. “Cordaid has played an invaluable role in supporting us with core funding, and equally important, it has linked up organizations such as ours with international networks. The forces of political and economic power in the oil industry are so strong that having international partners who share best practices and strategy is indispensable to be on top of our game.”

Oil Spill Regulatory MechanismWhile Cordaid’s lobby and advocacy activities give centre stage to the priorities of local communities, the ultimate objective is to create mutual understanding and resolve the entrenched antagonism between local communities and other stakehold-ers in the oil industry. Cordaid’s vision is to move from an economy of distrust towards an economy of trust. A significant

TIMELINE NIGER DELTA

Establishment SDN Partner Consultation Niger Delta Network in Douala, Cameroon

▪ February: Nigeria civil society, Cordaid and Justitia et Pax lobby on UPR Nigeria, Geneva

▪ October: Partner consultation on Access to Land in the Niger Delta - Lagos

2004 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

▪ June: Visit Minister Ploumen to the Niger Delta

▪ Publication Community Empowerment Model - SDN

Support MOSOP

Cordaid member global EITI MSG

▪ February: Retreat on roles, actors and practices in peace processes for civil society leaders in the Niger Delta - Abuja

▪ February: Publication of the ECCR report “Shell in the Niger Delta: A Framework for Change”

▪ May: Chatham House Round Table meeting London: Nigerian civil society and government and oil companies

▪ January: Cordaid participation in Dutch Parliament “Round Table on Corporate Social Responsibility in West Africa”

▪ June: Establishment NACGOND ▪ September: Baseline study CS Niger Delta Pyt Douma ▪ November: Publication: “Oil spills in the Niger Delta: ‘global‘ action

on social responsibility and development”, by Elisabeth Rijnierse ▪ December: Assessment Stakeholder interests dynamics within the

Political Economy of the Niger River Delta by Pyt Douma

▪ January: Appointment Ledum Mittee as chair Nigerian EITI MSG ▪ April: Social Accountability in Resource-Rich Developing

Countries – Nigeria case study presentation at the World Bank Spring Meetings - Washington

▪ August: Stakeholder Consultation workshop Niger Delta Oxfam Novib and Cordaid

▪ November: Publication “Communities, not Criminals, by SDN

▪ October: ND UPR Coalition in Geneva for 2nd Nigeria UPR

▪ September: Cordaid country office Port Harcourt open

“ Our relationship with Shell has evolved from mutual accusations in the media to a cautious but constructive engagement. Some element of trust is developing, and I strongly believe that this is the way forward if we are to solve the critical issues of the Niger Delta.”

Inemo Samiama, director of the Stakeholder Democracy

Network



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Communities not criminalsIn 2013 the Stakeholder Democracy Network published the report ‘Communities not criminals: Illegal oil refining in the Niger Delta’.13 It serves as an excellent example of what Cordaid envisages with evidence-based policy influencing. An estimated 150,000 barrels of crude oil are stolen every day in Nigeria. The vast majority of this is sold internationally, but approximately 25% stays in the Niger Delta for refining and consumption. Illegal oil refining is a major cause of environmental degrada-tion and an issue of great controversy for both oil companies and the Nigerian government. However, many Niger Delta communities consider it a fair response to a ruined local economy and the government’s failure to deliver basic public services.

The SDN report reflects the first ever research to try and gain an in-depth quantitative and qualitative understanding of how the business works, analyzing its political, economic and societal drivers and impacts. “The fact that civil society today is able to conduct research like this is simply invaluable,” says Inemo Samiama. “Government and oil companies used to accuse us of shouting unfounded claims from the rooftops. SDN wanted to correct that image and Cordaid helped us by building our research capacity. An important reason why civil society is taken much more seriously today is because our criticism now is fact-based.” The SDN report was an important item on the agenda of the round table convened, at the invita-tion of Shell Nigeria, with Cordaid and SDN, who have been sharing an office building in Port Harcourt since 2013. “A meeting such as this would have been unthinkable only a couple of years ago,” says Elly Rijnierse. “However small, it is a vital step in the right direction.”

NACGOND has quickly become a respected player in the Niger Delta. It conducts research and carries out advocacy on environmental management issues. NACGOND creates awareness among Delta communities that it is not only the bad practices of oil companies but also the vandalism of infrastructure and stealing of oil by local people that has serious negative consequences for their own health, safety and livelihoods. An important success is that Shell Nigeria has accepted NACGOND as an independent participant in the Joint Investigation Visits (JIV) that are conducted when oil spills occur. “Before, there was a lack of transparency about the JIVs, which are meant to establish objectively what happened, who was responsible and whether compensation was due or not,” says Father Edward Obi, national coordinator of NACGOND. “The community representatives that participated in the visits were either not literate enough to read the forms they were asked to sign, or were influenced to look the other way. In some cases, we were told, signed JIV forms were completed back in Shell offices. All that has changed now, and the fact that NACGOND is an independent observer on the JIVs means that the process has become much more transparent. Even though we are not always on the same page with the company and government represent-atives investigating the incident, the JIVs have become another tool for constructive dialogue between all of us.”

Daughters of the Niger DeltaIn 2010/2011, Cordaid funded the FEMSCRIPT capacity building project, which trained nine young women in participatory research and filmmaking to let them frame their own stories about life in the Niger Delta. The result is the documentary ‘Daughters of the Niger Delta’, funded by the German embassy in Nigeria, which has won several prizes at film festivals in Abuja, Los Angeles and London. Cordaid facilitates showing of the film in villages across the Niger Delta to create awareness of gender injustices and to increase public recognition for women’s roles as bread-winners, bridge builders, and change agents for develop-ment in the region.

For more information see www.daughtersofthenigerdelta.org

“ It is well known that SPDC operates in a complex environment in the Niger Delta. We find that there are very few critics who are prepared to work hard to understand the issues in depth, to engage constructively and look for solutions. So Cordaid’s support for organizations that are really interested in a positive future, like SDN and NACGOND, is very important. They have never lost their critical edge, and we would never want that. We have had some very difficult conversations, but we are building mutual trust. SPDC’s view is that building trust in the face of complexity is fundamental to resolving the social and environmental problems in the Niger Delta.”

Mutiu Sunmonu, Managing Director, Shell Petroleum

Development Company of Nigeria

Woman in Niger Delta

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In 2010, Ledum Mittee withdrew as the president of MOSOP and was subsequently appointed as chair of the Multi Stakeholder Group of the Extractives Industry Transparency Initiative (EITI) in Nigeria. Cordaid’s involvement with EITI and with Publish What You Pay (PWYP) is an example of the lobby strategy of linking local to global. Both initiatives work for more transparency in the worldwide oil, gas and mining industry. Since 2010, Cordaid has participated in the global EITI Multi Stakeholder Group (MSG) as one of two civil society representa-tives for the ‘Global North’. The Nigerian national secretariat of PWYP and the global PWYP secretariat in London, with both of which Cordaid maintains close relationships, are also members of the same MSG. At the initiative of civil society members, the EITI standard that participating states need to comply with has been significantly revised in 2013, and now requires owners of oil and mining licenses to make available information on their operations through audit reports on a country-by-country and project-by-project basis. Mittee urges civil society organi-zations in Nigeria to make use of this new standard: “The impact of the Nigeria EITI in the oil and gas industry depends to a large extent on the ability of civil society organizations to make use of the available information and to initiate debates, constructive engagements and advocacy for reforms to bring about the change we desire.”

Lobby links local to globalCordaid’s work in Nigeria started in 2004 with support for the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP), a strictly non-violent organization that has been deeply involved in the long-running controversy between Shell Nigeria and local communities in Ogoniland over environmental devasta-tion caused by oil production. Under the presidency of Ledum Mittee, MOSOP lobbied at the UN for an independent investiga-tion to help put an end to the dispute. In 2011, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) published a report that documents how the soil and groundwater in Ogoniland are contaminated with petroleum, mangrove forests are coated with thick layers of bitumen, and fish farms and other businesses in the region have been decimated.14

Shell, the Nigerian government, and local and international civil society have all accepted the outcomes of the report. Unfortunately, since 2011 there has been insufficient progress in implementing its recommendations.

“ Cordaid acts like capillaries that connect the arteries in the human body. Top-down, bottom-up, our goal is to connect transnational civil society networks. If you trust that the DNA of your work is similar in different places at the same time, and if you have a clear focus, then these networks are bound to come together at some point - and together they will move ahead.”Elly Rijnierse, Senior Advisor at Cordaid Extractives

Building bridges between adversaries in Bodo In 2008 and 2010, major incidents of oil spills occurred in Bodo, a community in Ogoniland. Even though Shell accepted responsibility for the oil spills, disagreement in the negotiations between Shell and the Bodo community over the compensation and clean-up package led to an ongoing court case in London. In 2011, the then Dutch ambassador to Nigeria, Bert Ronhaar, organized a meeting in Abuja as follow-up to the above-mentioned Chatham House meeting in 2010. To sit around one table in a multi-stakeholder setting was a new experience and one that was highly appreciated by all parties. Building on the trust that this generated, Ronhaar, in his current position as Special Envoy on behalf of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs and supported by SDN and Cordaid, started to facilitate a mediation process in 2013 between Shell and the Bodo community, a prime example of social stakeholding and creating space for dialogue. “The scale of the problem is beyond the capacity of one actor to solve,” says Ronhaar. “There is no other choice but for all parties to come together in constructive dialogue. The willing-ness is there, but distrust runs deep.” In June 2014, Dutch minister Lilianne Ploumen visited Bodo village in the Niger Delta. Cordaid, SDN and NACGOND, aligned with Amnesty International and Friends of the Earth (Nigeria and Netherlands), have asked the minister to initiate an international multi-stakeholder process to accelerate the implementation of the UNEP recommendations for cleaning up the environmental pollution in Ogoniland. “With her visit to Bodo community and her subsequent meetings with both civil society organizations and Shell Nigeria, the minister has delivered a very strong message,” says Samiama. “It is everyone’s dream to resolve this long-running problem.”

Niger Delta fishermen

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Decades of conflict in Afghanistan have had many negative impacts on women, including displacement, poverty and ongoing insecurity. Women face violence if they go against accepted gender norms and their voice is hardly heard in the public domain. And yet, the inclusion of Afghan women’s voices in policy-making is vital for sustainable peace and development to stand a chance.

Cordaid has been working in Afghanistan for fifteen years, focusing on improving the security and social, economic and political opportunities of Afghan women. From the field office in Kabul, Cordaid staff work together with Afghan women’s organizations and networks that give a voice to the concerns of ordinary Afghans in towns and rural areas across the country. Cordaid has supported the empowerment of civil society organizations through capacity building programs for project management and lobby and advocacy. The organization’s long-time local partners work tirelessly in perilous conditions to lobby for

CASE 2: TRANSITION MONITOR IN AFGHANISTANINCLUDING LOCAL WOMEN’S VOICES ON PEACE AND SECURITY

kunduzfood securitytransition monitor

balkhfood securityhealthcaretransition monitor

kabulwomen’s leadershipsecurity & justicetransition monitor

nangarharfood security healthcaresecurity & justicetransition monitor

daikundifood security

uruzganhealthcare

zabulhealthcare

parwanfood security transition monitor

kandaharhealthcaretransition monitor

herattransition monitor

badagshantransition monitor

bamyantransition monitor

laghmantransition monitor

samangantransition monitor

kapisatransition monitor

GEOGRAPHICAL FOCUS OF CORDAID IN AFGHANISTAN

Projects of Cordaid partner organizations

Transition Monitor: tracking women’s experiences of safety and security

AcronymsANSF: Afghan National Security Forces APPRO: Afghanistan Public Policy Research Organization APT: Afghans for Progressive Thinking AWN: Afghan Women’s Network AWRC: Afghan Women’s Resource CentreCEDAW: Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against WomenCSW: Commission on the Status of WomenENNA: European Network of NGOs in Afghanistan EUPOL: European Union Police Mission in AfghanistanGNWP: Global Network of Women Peacebuilders ISAF: International Security Assistance ForceNATO: North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationSIPRI: Stockholm International Peace Research InstituteUNAMA: United Nations Assistance Mission in AfghanistanUNSCR 1325: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325WIIS: Women in International Security



13

parwanfood security transition monitor

laghmantransition monitor

“ The Transition Monitor reflects Afghan women’s unique perspectives on security in their communities. The nuances of local realities are not always easy for policy-makers outside Afghanistan to grasp. The Transition Monitor proves to be a valuable instrument in bridging this information gap and fostering dialogue between stakeholders from the local community up to the global policy arena.” Dewi Suralaga, Cordaid Policy Advisor Women’s Leadership for Peace and Security

This unique research project started in 2012 in seven provinces and has since been extended to twelve provinces across Afghanistan. Every four months, researchers revisit the selected provinces and districts and interview hundreds of women leaders, housewives, doctors and midwives, women working in government offices, community elders and security personnel. Hasina Safi, director of AWN, a coalition of 112 non-governmental organizations and 5,000 individuals, insists: “I think their voice is the real voice. The situation of people who live in the capital is far different from that of women in the provinces. In order to make a realistic monitor-ing report, we definitely need the voices from the village.” Through the project’s systematic approach, developments in women’s security and women’s rights can be signaled early on.

national legislation to prevent discrimination and violence against women and to push for the implementation of interna-tional laws and resolutions such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and UNSCR 1325. Cordaid’s collaboration with Afghan’s civil society is extended to lobby and advocacy with the United Nations, the European Union, NATO and international donors.

Monitoring women’s security in transitionSince the Taliban government was toppled in 2001, the position of Afghan women has improved and some important gains in women’s rights have been made. However, women’s organizations are concerned whether the gains made in women’s status and rights will be protected now that the responsibility for security in the country is being transferred from NATO to the Afghan National Security Forces – a transi-tion that should be completed by the end of 2014. To monitor what is actually happening, and to track policy changes and their impact, Cordaid – together with the Afghan Women’s Network (AWN) and the Afghanistan Public Policy Research Organisation (APPRO) – started a project called Afghanistan: Monitoring Women’s Security in Transition. Known as the ‘Transition Monitor’ for short, this is a periodical survey that solicits evidence about the local security situation from ordinary women across the country. It tracks and documents the impact of the transition on women’s lives in three areas: overall security and access to justice, access to work and public life, and mobility and access to services.

CORDAID PRESENCE IN AFGHANISTAN

Cordaid starts with medical emergency aid – refugee camps in Pakistan

Opening Cordaid offices Kabul, Kandahar and Mazar

1998 2002 2003 2007 2008 2009 2012 2014

Healthcare programs in Laghman and Zabul

Healthcare programs in Urozgan

Midwife training programs in Urozgan, Nangarhar, Balkh, Nangarhar and Kandahar

Food Security (agricultural cooperatives)

Co-founder Dutch Consortium Uruzgan (DCU)

Nutrition projects in Kandahar

▪ Start Transition Monitor Project

▪ Start PBF pilot in Urozgan

▪ Start Security and Justice projects ▪ Start large Healthcare programs

with Afghan Ministry of Public Health and Worldbank in Urozgan and Zabul



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This creates a dynamic understanding of how communities are affected and what can be done to support them. The interviews with women across the country illustrate that their perspec-tives on security are much broader than traditional paradigms of state security. Women, more than men, articulate very practical safety needs that are felt in their communities. They stress that security is not just about the silence of guns. It is about dignity and a basic quality of life. A decent life in safety requires improving relations within communities, freedom from fear and the absence of gender-based violence, improve-ment of health systems and education for all, food security, equal economic opportunities for women and men as well as access to justice and political participation.

Women in Afghanistan are not passively waiting for NGOs to come and ‘rescue’ them. Instead, Hasina Safi noted, women are constantly looking for ways to contribute to a better future for their communities and country. If international organizations

Barometer of women’s peace and securityThe Transition Monitor is part of a broader Cordaid policy to develop a monitoring methodology for peace and security processes at the local level, known as the ‘Barometer of local women’s peace and security’. It is currently also being implemented in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Colombia. The first step is for local women to define what security means to them and how to measure it. Interviews are conducted at regular intervals, and the information the women provide is analyzed. The outcomes are used to develop and monitor policies and their implementation, and feed the lobby and advocacy agenda at the local, national and global level. The outcomes are also returned to the local women through workshops, local radio and television, billboards, etc. The Barometer helps to break the isolation of vulnerable women in fragile and conflict-affected situations and gives them a voice, linking local to global. The process raises women’s collec-tive awareness and strengthens their power to take action to address their concerns about security in their communities.

TRANSITION MONITOR

Inception June:

1st Cycle

June

Launch with Afghan government, national and international community, Kabul and Brussels.

October:

2nd Cycle

June:

3rd Cycle

2012 2013 2014

March

Presentation at CSW, New York

May

Meeting by SIPRI, WIIS, Belgrado Center for Security and Policy on Development of NATO balancing score-card, Belgrade

June

Preliminary findings presented at meeting Belgium Embassy, Kabul

▪ Recommendations for EU and NATO officials at European Parliament roundtable, Brussels

August: 3rd Cycle findings

National consultation organized by AWN and Cordaid with NATO participation, Kabul

September

NATO Summit – discussion on outcomes of national consultations from August, Wales

December

Presentation at Follow-up of 2012 Tokyo donor conference, London

December ▪ NATO workshop, Brussels ▪ Meeting with Ministry of Foreign

Affairs & Defense, The Hague ▪ Presentation at Anniversary Dutch

NAP 1325 at Dutch Foreign Ministry, The Hague

November

European Union, Brussels

October: 2nd cycle

Preliminary findings presented at roundtable organized by Netherlands Embassy, Kabul

want to help these women and support their initiatives also after 2014, she says, they will have to acquire a better under-standing of the diversity of women in Afghanistan.

The findings from the Transition Monitor reflect this diversity in priorities and concerns as expressed by women across the country (see box).

“ A young woman who has just graduated from the university of Kabul needs to be trained in leadership, while the needs of a woman in a remote village who was married off very young are completely different. In a place like Kandahar security is probably the biggest priority, but in Balkh women might need better access to education.”

Hasina Safi, director of AWN



15

United Nations

To influence the UN Security Council and other UN agencies’ position on Afghanistan, Cordaid, AWN and GNWP organized High Level Side Events hosted by the Permanent Mission of Finland to the UN during the UNSCR 1325 Anniversary in October 2012 and the 58th Session of the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) in March 2014. Both events were attended by representatives from various UN agencies, the government of Afghanistan, Permanent Missions to the UN, the US State Department and civil society.

“ Cordaid, together with its respected partner organizations AWN and APPRO, is well-placed to provide critical views and recommendations to international actors involved in Afghanistan such as NATO. In the context of the ISAF drawdown and the possibility of a smaller train, advise and assist follow-on mission, the necessity to continue to liaise with civil society and be informed by independent research initiatives on women’s security, and their perceptions of the ANSF in guaranteeing their security, will be as important and relevant as ever.”

Mari Skåre, NATO Secretary General’s Special Representative for Women, Peace and Security

NATO (Brussels and Kabul offices)

Policy dialogues with NATO and NATO member states, espe-cially the Netherlands and the United States, focus on provid-ing recommendations for ISAF’s role during the transition period, for the ’Review of the Practical Implications of UNSCR 1325 for the Conduct of NATO-led Operations and Missions’, and for the NATO-led post-2014 Resolute Support mission.

▪ A series of dialogues took place with NATO Secretary General’s Special Representative for Women, Peace and Security, Ms. Mari Skåre, who facilitated several meetings with NATO’s personnel in Brussels and in Kabul. Cordaid, AWN and APPRO provided input to the ‘Review of the Practical Implications of

Evidence makes the difference The Afghan government and the international community insist that NATO’s withdrawal from Afghanistan should not be at the cost of women’s rights. However, to know how the transition is actually affecting people’s security, policy-makers have to rely almost exclusively on aggregated figures from international organizations. The fact that the Transition Monitor describes this impact from the perspective of the Afghan women themselves, down to the district level, makes it a unique source of information and a valuable and convincing tool for evidence-based policy influencing. Cordaid conducts interna-tional advocacy based on the outcomes of the Transition Monitor in partnership with AWN and APPRO, as well as with the Global Network of Women Peacebuilders (GNWP) based in New York, and the European Network of NGOs in Afghanistan (ENNA) based in Brussels.

Key findings of the Transition Monitor

Cycle 1 Report, released June 201315

▪ Women’s security in Afghanistan has deteriorated as a result of the withdrawal of international forces, particularly in rural areas where opposition groups have gained ground.

▪ Nevertheless, there is widespread support for the transfer of responsibility to the Afghan Security Forces, who, however, need long-term international support for capacity building and equipment.

▪ The Afghan Local Police are often not trained, do not wear uniforms and are less gender-sensitive than the national police. Women and communities feel less safe and protected by them.

▪ The majority of women feel excluded from the consultations that have informed the steps and activities of the security handover. They say that the transition process itself has paid very little attention to gender sensitivity, and that there is a lack of transparency about the ongoing peace negotiations between the government and different opposition groups.

Cycle 2 Report, released October 201316

▪ Women’s safety, particularly in the more remote areas of Afghanistan, has deteriorated since the first round of interviews.

▪ Prominent Afghan women feel more at risk.

Cycle 3 Report, to be released August 201417

▪ Findings show a more diverse picture than before: in some districts security has improved, in others it has deteriorated.

▪ Women increasingly worry about the lack of economic opportunities, which is closely related to the withdrawal of donor funds that seems to go hand-in-hand with NATO’s withdrawal.

▪ As development programs for women come to an end, their mobility and opportunities to leave the home and participate in public space is reduced considerably.

Afghan women being interviewed for the Transition Monitor

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International community in Afghanistan

To complement the policy dialogue that AWN conducts with the Afghan government, Cordaid and partners also engage the international community in Afghanistan. The first report was launched at a large gathering in Kabul with representatives from the Afghan ministries of Interior and Defense, the international community and media. The second report was presented at a round table convened at the Dutch embassy in November 2013, where representatives from NATO Afghanistan, the EU, UNAMA and other embassies were present. The Belgian and Finnish embassies both convened follow-up meetings. Preliminary findings from the third report were presented during a meeting hosted by the Belgian Embassy in Kabul in June 2014.

Women-inclusive peace deal As foreign forces are leaving the country, the Afghan govern-ment is working on a negotiated settlement with the Taliban and other insurgent groups. Afghan women’s organizations are concerned that the peace deal will compromise the gains in women’s rights made in the past decade. High-profile interna-tional pressure, for example from former US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, along with tireless lobbying from the Afghan women’s movement, however, has resulted in the inclusion of women in the peace process. This is a significant victory. Cordaid’s partner, the Afghan Women’s Network, has led the way in supporting women’s participation in the official peace process. The 2010 Loya Peace Jirga included 160 women among 1,500 delegates, while nine women were elected to be among the 61 members of the High Peace Council, which operates under the Afghanistan Peace and Reintegration Program. “Our participation in the peace jirga was a good example of how the members of our network serve as role models for women across Afghanistan,” says Hasina Safi, director of AWN. “By standing on such an international platform we have shown women just what can be achieved. At the end of the day, the rights of women, in their families, their communities and in society in general, are always at the heart of the matter.” The Afghan women’s key demands are loud and clear: any peace negotia-tions must address the root causes of conflict and secure the rights and gains of women.

UNSCR 1325’ and were invited as part of a selected group of NGOs to NATO headquarters to give feedback on the findings of the Review. Several of the recommendations outlined in the 2nd Transition Monitor report have since been included in NATO’s implementation plan.

▪ In May 2014, findings from the Transition Monitor were shared at a meeting organized by SIPRI, WIIS and the Belgrade Center for Security Policy on the development of a NATO Score Card on UNSCR 1325. Cordaid will also participate in the two follow-up meetings (Washington, 2014 and Brussels, 2014/2015)

▪ Cordaid and AWN, in close cooperation with NATO Afghanistan, are organizing a national consultation to take place in August 2014 in Kabul to discuss the findings of the 3rd Transition Monitor report. The national consultation will provide input for the NATO Summit (September 2014, Wales) and the follow-up to the 2012 Tokyo donor conference (December 2014, London).

European Parliament and EU Member States

In collaboration with ENNA, Cordaid presented the Transition Monitor at several meetings with the European Union (European External Action Service) and European Parliament (especially the Delegation for Inter-Parliamentary Relations with Afghanistan). In November 2013, Cordaid and AWN presented the findings from the second report at the EU, followed by a meeting with the Dutch Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Defence. Findings from the third report were presented during the Roundtable Discussion on Women’s security in Afghanistan, organized by ENNA (June 2014 in Brussels), which provided recommendations for the conduct of ISAF and EUPOL.

Bayan: involving youth on women’s rightsTogether with the Afghan Women’s Resource Centre (AWRC) and Afghans for Progressive Thinking (APT), Cordaid supports a social media project to engage Afghan youth with the issue of women’s rights. The project, Bayan, which means ‘to express oneself’ in the Dari and Pashtu languages of Afghanistan, exemplifies Cordaid’s strategic use of new technologies. The anonymity of the Bayan social media platform makes it possible especially for young Afghan women to become socially and politically engaged without facing the risks normally associated with express-ing their views. “It allows them to call the critical issues by their name,” says Zohra Askeer, Cordaid coordinator for Women’s Leadership in Kabul. “For instance, that violence against women continues because the majority of courts, going against the Constitution of Afghanistan, still give preference to Sharia law over secular laws, and that traditional socio-cultural practices that value Afghan women less than human beings must be publicly de-nounced in our fight to achieve an equal society.” The Bayan platform contributes to this fight by allowing both mobile phone and internet users throughout Afghanistan free access to content, to share information, interact and learn from others, network and advocate for change. See: www.facebook.com/bayannetworking with currently 26,000 friends.

Afghan women and Cordaid partners share the findings of the Transition Monitor during international meetings like the CSW in New York (March 2014)

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emerging crisis situations and the role and influence of private sector involvement. In this process, Cordaid ensures that the views and concerns of people in places affected by conflict and fragility are properly taken into account.

“ For a long time civil society was perceived as adversarial and as opposed to government. Thanks to the work of CSPPS, civil society is now perceived as a respected partner. It offers civil society organizations the ability to meet, plan and synthesize their voice for a collective and constructive response to peacebuilding issues.”

Siafa Hage, Coordinator International Dialogue on

Peacebuilding and Statebuilding

Country level mobilizationIn 2013, under the coordination of Cordaid, CSPPS successfully fostered g7+ country level engagement of its members in the New Deal process. It has supported civil society coalition building, broadened and deepened civil society engagement in national and international dialogues, and helped civil society organizations to arrange in-country coordination agreements. The latter has resulted in direct participation in the elabora-tion and practical application of New Deal instruments (e.g. DRC, Guinea). In its efforts to support in-country coalition building, Cordaid has supported awareness-raising activities on peacebuilding and statebuilding issues and has successfully initiated capacity building of civil society organizations.18 “The CSPPS is a credible opportunity for civil society stakeholders to promote democratic values in fragile states,” says Ibrahima Seck, ND Focal Point for the Government of Guinea. “The challenge now lies with maintaining the momentum and producing convincing results in fragile countries.”

The New Deal for Engagement in Fragile States, adopted in 2011, is the key agreement of the International Dialogue on Peacebuilding and Statebuilding (IDPS). The New Deal places the relationship between citizens and the state at the core of any development process that aims to contribute to the transformation of fragile and conflict-affected areas to stable and peaceful societies. It emphasizes that the trans-formation out of fragility needs to be owned and led by the countries themselves.

Cordaid hosts the global secretariat of the Civil Society Platform for Peacebuilding and Statebuilding (CSPPS). The goals of CSPPS are to develop and strengthen the voice and capacity of civil society at national and global levels to engage in the process of the International Dialogue – in agenda setting, policy negotiation and the roll out and implementation of the New Deal. This strategic position allows Cordaid to relate directly to an international network of Southern and Northern non-governmental peacebuilding and development organiza-tions from more than 25 countries, including the g7+ countries.In the CSPPS 30 national and international civil society organi-zations are active, representing 1,000 organizations worldwide in over 25 countries.

AcronymsCSPPS: Civil Society Platform for Peacebuilding and StatebuildingDRC: Democratic Republic of CongoIDPS: International Dialogue on Peacebuilding and StatebuildingMDG: Millennium Development GoalUNDP: United Nations Development ProgrammeUNGA: United Nations General AssemblyUNSCR: United Nationals Security Council Resolution WB: World Bank

Cordaid’s roleCordaid’s mission is to ensure that civil society is considered as a credible and legitimate partner and is meaningfully engaged in all processes for building peace and development in fragile and conflict-affected situations. It strives to infuse the peace-building values and concerns of CSPPS into the International Dialogue and in related policy processes globally. Cordaid’s responsibilities as coordinator of the Platform are primarily related to content, to the quality of strategic partnerships and to the question of how to relate to international processes. The Platform has advocated issues such as legitimate and inclusive politics, the needed structural focus on underlying causes of conflict and fragility, the role of gender in the implementation of the New Deal, the need to respond effectively and in time to

CASE 3: AMPLIFYING THE VOICE OF CIVIL SOCIETYCIVIL SOCIETY PLATFORM FOR PEACEBUILDING AND STATEBUILDING

IDPSInternational Dialogue for Peacebuilding and Statebuilding: The IDPS is an innovative tripartite forum for political dialogue that brings together conflict-affected and fragile countries, international partners and civil society to catalyze successful transitions from conflict and fragility towards resilience.



18

Integrating a gender perspectiveThe New Deal offers an important policy arena to advance women, peace and security issues, referring to the implemen-tation of UNSCR 1325 and other commitments on gender equality where only limited progress has been made in the past few years. In partnership with CSPPS, Cordaid uses the New Deal and UN resolution 1325 as entry points to highlight the interrelationship between gender inequality and fragility. “Gender equality and women’s participation are critical to the realization of the central aims of the New Deal, and gender analysis is a valuable tool for unpacking some of the key concepts of inclusion, state-society relations and the power dynamics that are present in fragile contexts,” says Dewi Suralaga, Cordaid Policy Advisor Women’s Leadership for Peace and Security. Cordaid and the IDPS Secretariat jointly hosted a lunch discussion on Gender, Peace and Security in the Post-2015 Development Framework during the IDPS Steering Group Meeting in December 2015 in Juba, South Sudan.

Several strategic entry points for civil society engagement which Cordaid has identified in the run-up to 2015 are shown in figure 1. As host of the secretariat of the CSPPS and as part of the continued efforts of its Women’s Leadership for Peace and Security (WLPS) program, Cordaid stresses the importance of governments and civil society in g7+ and donor countries seizing these opportunities to ensure complementarity, coordination and cross-learning among stakeholders who are working on fragility, gender inequality and the MDGs.

“ The CSPPS ensures systematic engagement by civil society in the New Deal and the International Dialogue. It offers an expert voice different from governments and donors, which helps to ensure that the role of non-state, local and informal processes and actors are taken into account. Cordaid’s Gender report provided important visibility to an issue that continues to receive too little emphasis.”19 Christian Lotz, Peacebuilding Advisor at UNDP

Post-2015 AgendaThe post-2015 agenda’s credibility and effectiveness will depend on how it succeeds in connecting development to the other major challenges of the 21st century: the impact of climate change, the increased scarcity of natural resources, growing inequality, and, last but not least, conflict and instability. In its role of CSPPS coordinator, Cordaid has contributed to policy documents and has lobbied at the United Nations General Assembly (in 2012 and 2013) to plead specifically for the inclusion of commitments related to sustainable peace and governance in the post-2015 agenda; and more specifically for distinct goals and targets that will help bring about peaceful and inclusive societies. Cordaid stresses the post-2015 agenda should also look to main-stream crosscutting issues related to peace across the framework (e.g. referring to targets on gender equality, reduction of inequality and mitigating climate change).

List of key events attended, (co-)organized and/or facilitated in 2013:

▪ Discussion on Gender, Peace and Security in the Post-2015 Development Framework; Cordaid/CSPPS - the Permanent Missions of the Netherlands and South Sudan to the UN, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), New York, 6 March 2013

▪ WB Civil Society Forum Panel Discussion: Peacebuilding, Statebuilding and Resilience: Linking Lessons from the New Deal to the Post 2015 Debates, Washington DC, 19 April 2013.

▪ UNGA Side Event and released CSPPS Statement: “Putting Sustainable Peace and Safe Societies at the Heart of the Development Agenda: Priorities for post 2015”, New York City, 23 September 2013.

▪ IDPS Steering Group Meeting in Kinshasa, November 2013 and released CSPPS Statement: “Helping the g7+ Lead in the Post 2015 Peace and Stability Agenda.”

new deal unscr 1325 post-mdgs

Piloting of New Deal approach in seven g7+ countries (2013)

Agreement on global/country-level indicators for the PSGs (mid-2013)

Meetings of the Steering Group and Technical Working Groups of the International Dialogue on Peacebuilding and State-building (ongoing)

Open Debates and Report of the UN Secretary-General on UNSCR 1325 (annual)

Reporting by govern-ments and civil society on NAPs (annual)

Collecting data against the global indicators on UNSCR 1325 (annual)

15th anniversary of UNSCR 1325 and Beijing +20 (2015)

Report of the High Level Panel (May 2013)

High-level meeting at the UN General Assembly (Sept 2013)

Presentation of the Sustainable Development

Goals (Sept 2013)

Source: Gender Inequality and Fragility in the post-MDG framework. Policy Paper, Cordaid, March 2013

FIGURE 1: ENTRY POINTS FOR CIVIL SOCIETY ENGAGEMENT



19

NOTES

1 OECD, Fragile States 2014. Domestic Revenue Mobilisation in Fragile States. Paris, 2014.

2 WorldBank,WorldDevelopmentReport2011.Conflict,SecurityandDevelopment. Washington 2011.

3 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, A World to Gain: A New Agenda for Aid, Trade and Investment, April 2013.

4 OECD,FragileStates2013.Resourceflowsandtrendsinshiftingworld. Paris, 2012.

5 The UN Open Working Group developed the Zero Draft listing 17 sustainable development goals to be attained by 2030. The 16th proposed goal relates to fragile states: “achieve peaceful and inclusive societies, access to justice for all, and effective and capable institutions”. http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/4044zerodraft.pdf

6 Cordaid, Focus on Fragility. Position paper, The Hague, November 2013.

7 SupportingCapacityDevelopmentinConflictandFragileSettings.UNDP2012.

8 USAID, Ending extreme poverty in fragile contexts. Getting to Zero: A USAID discussion series, January 28, 2014

9 Open Development Movement. Co-Creation leads to transformation. Positioning Paper, Cordaid, The Hague, May 2014

10 MoredetailedinformationcanbefoundinCordaid’sBriefingNoteonExtractivesin Nigeria, August 2013; https://www.cordaid.org/en/topics/extractives/briefing-notes/

11 http://www.wetlands.org/OurWork/OurCases/tabid/2661/ArticleType/ArticleView/ArticleID/3426/PageID/2604/Default.aspx

12 ShellintheNigerDelta:AFrameworkofChange–fivecase-studiesfromcivilsociety, ECCR, February 2010; http://www.eccr.org.uk/ShellintheNigerDelta

13 http://www.stakeholderdemocracy.org/uploads/SDN%20Publications/CommunitiesNotCriminals.pdf

14 UNEP, 2011, Environmental assessment of Ogoniland, UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya; http://www.unep.org/nigeria/

15 AWN, APPRO & Cordaid (June 2013) in an overview of recent research in ‘Afghanistan: Women’s Security in Transition – Baseline report’.

16 AWN, APPRO & Cordaid (October 2013) ‘Afghanistan: Monitoring Women’s Security in Transition – Cycle 2 Report

17 AWN, APPRO & Cordaid (June 2014) ‘Afghanistan: Monitoring Women’s Security inTransition–SynopsisofCycle3Report.The3rdreportwillbeofficiallypresented in August 2014.

18 Strengthening Civil Society Participation in Fragile States. CSPPS 2013, Annual Report.

19 ‘Integrating Gender into the New Deal for Engagement in Fragile States’, see http://www.cordaid.org/en/publications/gender-new-deal/. September 2012.



20

APPENDIX 1 THEORY OF CHANGE FOR POLICY INFLUENCING

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21

European Network on Debt and Development (EURODAD)

http://www.eurodad.org/European Network of NGOs in Afghanistan (ENNA)

http://www.ennanet.eu/European Peacebuilding Liaison Office (EPLO)

http://www.eplo.org/Extractives Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI)

http://eiti.org/Global Network of Women Peacebuilders

http://www.gnwp.org/Global and Regional Advocacy for Small Producers (GRASP)

http://graspadvocacy.wordpress.com/about-2/GPPAC

http://www.gppac.net/nlHuman Security Collective

http://www.hscollective.org/INTRAC

http://www.intrac.org/Knowledge Platform on Security and Rule of Law

http://www.kpsrl.org/Partos

https://partos.nl/Publish What You Pay (PWYP)

http://www.publishwhatyoupay.org/Share-Net

http://www.share-net.nl/Stakeholder Democracy Network

http://www.stakeholderdemocracy.org/Tax Justice NL

http://nl.tackletaxhavens.com/Verband Katholieke Maatschappelijke Organisaties (VKMO)

http://www.katholieknetwerk.nl/pagina/1/homeVoluntary Organizations in Cooperation in Emergencies (VOICE)

http://www.ngovoice.org/WANEP

http://www.wanep.org/wanep/Wo=Men

http://www.wo-men.nl/

A selection of our lobby networks:

Action for Global Health

http://www.actionforglobalhealth.eu/Afghan’s Women Network (AWN)

https://www.cordaid.org/nl/partners/afghan-women-network-awn/Agency Coordinating Body for Afghan Relief and Development

(ACBAR)

http://www.acbar.org/Agri-ProFocus

http://www.agri-profocus.nl/Association for women’s rights in development - AWID

http://www.awid.org/Broad Human Rights Platform (BMO)

http://www.bmoweb.nl/Caregivers Action Network

http://www.caregiversactionnetwork.org/Caritas Africa

http://caritas-africa.org/Caritas Asia

http://caritasasia.org/Caritas Europe

http://www.caritas-europa.org/Caritas Internationalis

http://www.caritas.org/ Caritas Latin America

http://www.caritaslatinoamerica.org/CIDSE

http://www.cidse.org/Civil Society Platform for Peacebuilding and Statebuilding

(CSPPS)

http://www.cspps.org/Coalition of European lobbies on Eastern African Pastoralism

(CELEP)

http://www.celep.info/CONCORD

http://www.concordeurope.org/Coordination Europe-Haiti

http://www.coordinationeuropehaiti.eu/

APPENDIX 2 CORDAID LOBBY AND ADVOCACY NETWORKS

contact

P.O. Box 164402500 BK The Hague

Lutherse Burgwal 102512 CB The HagueThe Netherlands

+31(0)70-31 36 [email protected]

more information

Akinyi WalenderDirector Women’s Leadership [email protected]

Ingrid HagenDirector Corporate [email protected]

Matthew BlissDirector [email protected]

Sjef van der LansDirector Corporate [email protected]

about cordaid

Cordaid is the Catholic Organisation for Relief and Development Aid, with its headquarters in the Hague and country offices in 11 countries. It has been fighting poverty and exclusion in the world’s most fragile societies and conflict-stricken area’s for a century. It delivers innovative solutions to complex problems by emphasizing sustainability and performance in projects that tackle security and justice, health and economic opportunity. Cordaid is deeply rooted in the Dutch society with more than 300,000 private donors. Cordaid is a founding member of Caritas Internationalis and CIDSE.

Documents

lobby & advocacy restoring the social contract in fragile contexts