Locomotion Support Student Copy

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Biology Module 2013 : Locomotion & Support

PART A: Activities Section

Learning Outcomes:

- Describe problems that could be faced by humans and animals in support andlocomotion

- Explains how problems in support and locomotion are overcome in humans and

animals

1. What is the difference between locomotion and movement?

Locomotion: ______________________________________________________

Movement: _______________________________________________________

2. Three types of skeletons in animals are _______________, ______________and

________________ _________________.

3. Fill in the blanks using appropriate answers.

2.1 Support &

Locomotion in

Humans and animals

Needs forsupport

Problems of

Humans

Joints

Skeletalsystem

Muscularsystem

Axial Appendicular Muscles Tendon Ligament

Musclesaction

Movement

AnimalsEarthwormGrasshopperFish

Overcomed by

Consists of Position & nature of

Bring about

eg.1

2

3

4 65

1


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Learning Outcomes:- Name the bones that make up the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton ofthe human body

- Label the bones, the skeletal muscles and tendons in diagram of the arm- Explain how movement is brought about in a limb

The Vertebral Column4. Fill in the name of general vertebral structure parts:

Name and describe special characteristic for each vertebrae

1. Name: ______________________

Special Characteristics:___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

2. Name: ______________________


___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

2

1___________________________________

2________________________________5__________________

6________________ 4___________________

3_________________

Vertebral General Structure


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3. Name: ______________________


___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

4. Name: ______________________


___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

3

coccyx


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5. Label all the structures:

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5

10

11

12

7

8

9

3

5

4

21

14

15

16

13

20

19

17

18

22

21

6

23


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Appendicular Skeleton6. Name all of the appendicular parts.

6

1

2

3

4

5

6

10

11

1213

The Upper LimbThe Lower Limb

8

9

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The action of antagonistic muscles7. Fill in the blanks with correct answers.

7

C

C

C) _________

A) ____________

D)____________

B) Biceps muscle, B _____________

while

Triceps muscle, C - _____________

E)____________

H)_______________

F) _______________

G)Biceps muscle, B _____________

while

Triceps muscle, C - _____________


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Muscles Involved in Walking8. Please arrange back all the process according to the right sequence:

a) The whole sequence is repeated with the left legb) Next, the quadriceps muscle contracts, pulls the femur forward and extends the

leg

c) The hamstring muscle contracts to pull the femur back and bends the knee. Theleg is raised

d) When the extension of the leg is completed, the foot then regains contact with theground with the heel touching the ground first. The weight of the body is nowsupported on the right leg

e) The calf muscle contracts and raises the heelf) In doing so, it exerts a forward thrust by pushing the ball of the foot against the

groundg) As the right foot loses contact with the ground, the weight of the body is now

supported by the left leg which is still in contact with the ground

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8


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Appreciating A Healthy Muscoskeletal System

9. Tick for the right statement and X for the wrong one.

1 Clothing should not inhibit the movement of the body2 Keep the body adequately dehydrated during vigorous

activities

3 Exercising with objects tied around the waist, or with ill-fitting footwear can distort the posture4 Do not warm up before involve in sport activities

because it will make you cramp5 Drink a fruit juice or a sports beverage if you are

working out in hot weather6 Physical activities strengthen joint structures, increase

muscular perfomance and delay the progress of arthritis7 Stilettoes should not be used for walking because the

weight of the body is on the front part of the feet8 Taking adequate amounts of calcium and phosporus will

help us maintain our musculoskeletal system

Supports in Aquatic and Terrestrial Plants

10. Fill in the blanks:Need for

Achieved by Achieved by

Examples ExamplesExamplesExamples

Collenchyma

Schlerenchyma

Cell turgidityXylem

In

Types

9

1 2 3 4

5


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11. Complete all articles using the words given:

A. The mechanism of locomotion in an earthworm

downwards

stronglowpressure

aerofoil

uppercoracoidbottom

sternum

forceliftsgliding

The locomotion of bird flight occurs through two ways, namely flapping the wings and__________. When flapping the wings _________ , the ________ and large pectoralmuscles contract. Air resistance towards the movement of the wings downwards producesa force that acts upwards against the wings.

This force is sent from the wings to the ________ until the _________ and ______ the wholebody of the bird upwards.When gliding, the wing acts as an ___________. Air moves faster on the _________ surface ofthe aerofoil. An area of ______ pressure exists on the upper surface and area of high pressure on

the ________ surface.A lifting _______ is produced at the bottom of the wings and lifts the bird.

B. The mechanism of locomotion in an earthworm

shorterhydrostaticlongitudinal

cavitycoelomcircular

muscleschaetaeperistaltic

Earthworm have a _________ skeleton. The force is applied to a fluid-filled ________ called the__________. The ___________ is surrounded by two antagonistic layers of __________: the

___________muscles and the ___________ muscles. When the circular muscles contract, thelongitudinal muscles relax. The earthworm becomes thinner and longer. When the longitudinalmuscles contract, the circular muscles relax. The earthworm becomes _________ and thicker. Anearthworm has _________ which anchor parts of the body to the ground so that the other partscan be pulled towards the anchored parts. During locomotion, the contraction and relaxation ofboth muscles produce a ____________ wave which begins at the front and moves towards theend of the body.

C. The mechanism of locomotion in a grasshopper

antagonisticjumping

pulled

extensorflexor

propelling

contractsupwards

extensor

A grasshopper has ___________ muscles called the flexor and ________ muscles which areattached to the interior of the exoskeleton. The rear legs of a grasshopper are adapted for___________. When the _____________ muscle in the upper part of a grasshoppers leg___________, the lower leg is __________ towards the body. When the ___________ musclecontracts, the leg jerks backwards, ____________ the grasshopper forward and __________ intothe air.

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C. The mechanism of locomotion in a fish

reducemyotomessweep

Streamlinedcontractpushing

resistancewavesbackwards

A fish has a ____________ and slimy body to ________ water _____________ while swimming.Each side of the fishs body has __________ which are W-shaped muscle segments. Myotomesare antagonistic muscles. When the muscles on one side ___________, those on the other siderelax. This produces alternating ________ of contraction and relaxation which pass down themyotomes on either side of the body to the tail. As a result, the different parts of the body__________ from side to side, ____________ the water ____________ and the fish forwards.

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PART B: Structured Item Section

1. Figure 1 shows the arrangement of feathers and flight muscles of a bird

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(a) (i) Name two other groups of animal that can fly.

_________________________________________________________________

(2 m)

(ii) State two differences between the musculoskeletal system of one groupnamed

in (a) (i) and the musculoskeletal system of birds.

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

(2 m)

(b) State three body characteristics that enable a bird to fly in air.

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

(3 m)

(c) How does the arrangement of feathers on a bird help it fly in the air?

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

(2 m)

(d) Describe the characteristics of birds bones that allow the bird to gainelevation in

the air.

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(a) Name the type of joint shown in the figure.

___________________________________________________________________

(1 m)

(b) What is the function of the structure labelled V?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(2 m)

(c) The ends of the two bones are covered by X. What is the main function of X?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(2 m)

(d) What is W?

___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

______ (1 mark)

(e) What is the importance of W?

__________________________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________________________

(1 mark)

(f) (i) Give one example of a pair of bones that has this type of joint.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

(1 mark)

(ii) Name a different type of joint from the one in the figure.

____________________________________________________________

______

__________________________________________________________________

(1 mark)

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3. Figure 3 shows Ramu (A) and Johari (B) adopting two different postures. ExamineFigure 3 carefully and then answer the following questions

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(a) Define the term posture.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(1m)

(b) What is meant by a correct posture?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

(2m)

(c) Which student is adopting the correct posture, student A or B?__________________

(1m)

(d) How can you adopt the correct posture while standing?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

(2m)

(e) What is the effect of a bad posture on the human body? Answer this questionin

terms of:

(i) Energy

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

(2m)

(ii) Breathing mechanism

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_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

(2m)

(f) How can physical exercise help you to adopt the correct posture?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______

(2m)

4. Figure 4(a) shows a series of movement of a worm on a surface. Figure 4(b)hows

the muscle, bone and joint that are involved in the movement of the arm.

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4(A) 4(B)

(a) Name the muscle involved in the movement in the

(i) Worm:____________________________________________________________

(ii) Arm:_____________________________________________________________

(2m)

(b) Describe the muscle actions that allow movement in the

(i) Worm

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

(2m)

(ii) Arm

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

(2m)(c) Explain the function of the liquid found in the worms body that allow it tomove

forward

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X


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___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(2m)

(d) (i) Compare the skeletal strength of the worm and the vertebrate animal

_________________________________________________________________

(1m)

(ii) Give reasons to your answers in (d)(i)

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

(1m)

(e) If bone X of a person breaks,

(i) State two nutrients that the person should take

________________________________________________________________

(2m)

(ii) Explain why these nutrients are needed

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

(2m)

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5. Figure 5 shows three types of plants P, Q and R. Each type of plants have specialadaptations to gain more support.

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(a) Classify all this plants to two categories according to its habitat

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

(2m)

(b) (i) Explain how plant P gains support which enable it to survive in its habitat.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

(1m)

(ii) Draw the special tissue involve in support in (b)(i) above

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(2m)

(c) Terrestrial plants need support forone main purpose. State the main

purpose.

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

(1m)

(d) (i) Explain the differences between P and Q and R referring to the stemcondition.

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

(1m)

(ii) How plant Q obtain support?

___________________________________________________________

______

_________________________________________________________________

(2m)

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(e) Draw the cross section of area XY and label all parts that give support to Qsstem.

(3m)

Documents

Locomotion Support Student Copy