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Long Long - - term change and ecological term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River estuarine restoration of the Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem in past decades ecosystem in past decades Yaqu Chen, Weimin Quan, Liyan Shi Key and open laboratory of Marine and Estuarine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, China

Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

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Page 1: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

LongLong--term change and ecological term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River estuarine restoration of the Yangtze River estuarine

ecosystem in past decadesecosystem in past decades

Yaqu Chen, Weimin Quan, Liyan Shi

Key and open laboratory of Marine and Estuarine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of

Fisheries Sciences, China

Page 2: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

Introduction

Yangtze River is the longest river in China,

Yangtze River Estuary is from Xuliujing to east

China sea.

Width: 90km

distance: 223km

Covering Squire: 3000km2

Page 3: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

Jiangshu

Shanghai city

Zhejiang

North channel

North channelSouth channel

South channel

South branch

South branch

South branch

North branch

North branch

North branch

South waterway

North waterway

Definition of the Yangtze River estuary

Page 4: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

With economic development in estuarine

area of Yangtze River, its environment and

ecosystem have been damaged. It has

also threaten to both ecosystem and public

health of human being.

Page 5: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

Present situation of aquatic ecosystem

• serious pollution in part water

• Communities structure of aquatic organisms is changed

• Biomass decreased sharply

• Diversity Index and species of aquatic organisms decreased

• Fish catch land reduced seriously

• Endanger rare and protected species disappeared in great

number

Page 6: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

Long-term variation of sediment loads and nutrients concentration

2

3

4

5

6

7

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000Years

Sedi

men

t loa

d(10

8 t y-1

)

0

30

60

90

120

150

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000Years

Nitr

ate-

N

0.0

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

1.5

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000Years

SRP

Page 7: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

Eutrophication and red tide

11.2

41.5

28.4

18.9

0

10

20

30

40

50

Jiangsu the estuary Zhejiang Fujian

Freq

uenc

ies o

f red

tide

(%)

Page 8: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

Over-fishing

a

0

600

1200

1800

1959 1969 1979 1989 1999Years

b

0

200

400

600

1959 1969 1979 1989 1999Years

c

0

200

400

600

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990Years

d

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005Years

Osbeck's grenadier anchovy (Coilia mystus ) Japanese grenadier anchovy (Coilia ectenes )

Juvenile Anguilla japonicaHemisalanx prognathus

Page 9: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

Land-reclamation

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000-Periods

Tota

l are

a(km

2 )

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Ann

ual m

ean(

km2 )

totalmean

Habitat destruction

Page 10: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

Impact of Large Engineer on the Estuary Ecosystem

• Fragment and loss of habitat

• Migrating pathway of fish was changable

• Wetland loss

• Biodiversity declined

• Fishing ground change

Page 11: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

Tidal flatPhragmites

Scirpus mariqueter

Spartina alterniflora

Spread of invasive plant Spartina alterniflora

Dongtan wetland

Jiuduansha wetland

Page 12: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem

N

10

S9S

98

NNorth dam5

N6

N

N7N

S7South dam

8

N4N3

3S S2

N N21

S

56S

S4 S

1

Chongming island

Shanghai city

Yangtze

River

Changxingisland

Hengshaisland

In 2002, 3080 individuals of Chinese sturgeon are released

In 2004, About 25000 adult individuals of Chinese mitten-hand crabs are released

In 2002 and 2004, total 30t benthos (mainly oyster Crassostreaplicatula )are released

Page 13: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

About 3080 individuals of

Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser

sinensis Gray) have been

released in the Yangtze River

estuary in 2002.

Restoration Restoration ⅠⅠRebuilding the population of endangered aquatic species

Page 14: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

Restoration Restoration ⅡⅡReleasing Chinese mitten-hand crab

30000 individual Chinese mitten-hand crab had been released into the Yangtze River estuary in December 2004.

Page 15: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

About 30t benthos (mainly oyster Crassostrea sp.) were released to concrete dam of Navigation Channel, which became 74 km2

artificial oyster reef.

Restoration Restoration ⅢⅢCreating artificial oyster reef

Page 16: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8
Page 17: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

2004-4 2004-9 2005-6 2007-8Time

Den

sity(

ind.

/m2 )

, Bio

mas

s(g/

m2 ) Density

Biomass

restoration After one year

Increase of oyster populationIncrease of oyster population

After three year

Results

Page 18: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

Species 2004-4 2005-6 2007-8Crustaceans Alpheus japonicus Miers + + Balanus albicostatus Pilsbry + + + Exopalaemon annandalei + Exopalaemon carinicauda + Geograpsus crinipes + + Hemigrapsus sanguineus + + Metopograpsus latifrons + + Macrobrachium nipponensis + Palaemon gravieri + Pilumuns seabriusculus + + Pseudidotheidae sp. + + Scylla serrata + + Sesarma haematocheir + + Sesarma tripectinis Shen + + Synidotea laevidorsalis Miers + + Mollusks Barbatia bistrigata + + + Littorinopsis intermedia + + Mitrella bella + + Mytilus edulis Linne + + Nassarius variciferus + Nerita striata Burrow + + Trapezium liratum + + Annelids Neanthes japonica + + Serpula vermicularis + + Actiniaria Sagartitidae sp + +

MacrobenthosMacrobenthos in artificial created oyster reefin artificial created oyster reef

2 20 25

Page 19: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

Habitat value of artificialHabitat value of artificial created oyster reef for Nektoncreated oyster reef for NektonSpecies S2 N2 S5 N6 S8 N9

Coilia ectenes + Coilia mystus + + + + +Protosalanx hyalocranius + Harpodon nethereus + + +Anguilla japonica + + Saurogobio dumerili + Cultrichthys erythropterus + Arius sinensis + + + + +Liza haematocheila + + + + + +Liza carinatus + Eleutheronema tetradactylum + + + +Lateolabrax japonicus + + + + + +Coillichthys lucida + + + + +Johnius belengeri + Nibea albiflora + + Synechogobius ommarutus + + + Tridentiger trogonocephalus + + + + + +Odontamblyopus rubicundus +Takifugu bimaculatus + Takifugu niphobles + Takifugu xanthopterus +

Anguilla japonica

Cynoglossus gracilis

Coilia ectenes Arius sinensis

Lateolabrax japonicus

Eriocheir sinensis

Scylla serrata Eleutheronema tetradactylum

Page 20: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

Cu Zn Pb Cd Hg As BCFs (×103) 14.28±2.41 12.75±2.02 0.56±0.79 14.51±3.71 0.09±.04 0.59±0.20BSAFs 26.78±4.5 23.24±3.69 1.04±1.47 16.62±4.25 0.41±0.17 11.91±4.11

Bio-concentration factors of the oyster Crassostrea sp. for heavy metals

Items Average concentration (mg·kg-1 fresh weight)

Standing stock (kg)

N 8.36×103 1462×103 P 0.57×103 100×103 Cu 141.4 24745 Zn 332.9 58257 Pb 3.48 609 Cd 1.45 254 As 1.88 329 Hg 0.001 0.18

Standing stocks of nutrients and heavy metals accumulated by the oyster Crassostrea sp.

EcologicalEcological functionfunction-- purified waterpurified water

Page 21: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

Restoration Restoration ⅣⅣRestoration of artificial lagoon

Artificial lagoon

We rebuild the aquatic ecosystem

Page 22: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

We culture macroalgae to prevent and control eutrophication and red tide in artificial lagoon Hangzhou Bay.

Gracilaria tenuistipitata

Page 23: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

Metapenaeus monoceros

Acanthopagrus schlegel

Page 24: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

Nephtys californiensis Pseudosiciaena crocea

Tegillarca granosa

Page 25: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

Mactra quadrangularis Ruditapes philippinarum

Exopalaemon carinicauda Thais clavigera Kuster

Page 26: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

Rebuilding aquatic ecosystem of artificial lagoon

Page 27: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8
Page 28: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

After-restoration

Before-restoration

Page 29: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

2005-05 2006-04 2006-09 2006-11 2007-01 2007-03 2007-05 2007-07 2007-09

DIP

(m

g/L )

Monitoring values

Standard values

0.00

0.30

0.60

0.90

1.20

2005-05 2006-04 2006-09 2006-11 2007-01 2007-03 2007-05 2007-07 2007-09

DIN

(m

g/L )

Monitoring valuesStandard values

Page 30: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

0. 00

0. 01

0. 02

0. 03

2005- 05 2006- 04 2006- 09 2006- 11 2007- 01 2007- 03 2007- 05

Cu(

mg/L

)Mi ni t or i ng val ueSt andar d val ue

0. 000

0. 002

0. 004

0. 006

0. 008

2005- 05 2006- 04 2006- 09 2006- 11 2007- 01 2007- 03 2007- 05

Pb(

mg/L

Mi ni t or i ng val ueSt andar d val ue

Page 31: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

ConclusionIn past decade, many ecological restoration projects have been carried out

successfully in the Yangtze River estuary and adjacent water.

•Chinese Sturgeon and Chinese mitten-hand crab were released successfully, It

got environmental and ecologic effects.

•An artificial oyster reef has been built on the concrete dams of deep water

navigation channel. The oyster reef played an important role in improving

water quality, sustaining biodiversity, and providing breeding and nursery

habitant for many economical aquatic organisms in Yangtze River estuary.

Page 32: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8

• Although we have succeed to set up an artificial oyster reef

and restore the artificial lagoon, restoration of the whole

Yangtze estuarine ecosystem is a very hard and long-term

task. More aspects including ecology, economy and society

should be considered in future restoring project.

Page 33: Long-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River ...€¦ · Restoration of Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem N 10 S9 S 9 8 N 5 North dam N6 N N7 N S7 South dam 8