1

1

Long Term Evolution (LTE) & High Speed Packet Access (HSPA)

Day 2February 13th, 2010

Harri Holma, Antti ToskalaNokia Siemens Networks

2

Day 2

•LTE voice solutions•LTE Frequency variants

– LTE RF requirements•LTE TDD Mode•LTE Advanced requirements

– ITU-R and 3GPP•LTE Advanced•HSPA Market situation•HSPA Evolution in Release 7-9•HSPA Performance•LTE Benchmarking with HSPA+

2

3

LTE Voice Solutions

4

Voice is Still Important in LTE

Paging in LTE

2G/3G RAN

MMEE-UTRANMSC-S MGW

CS call setup in 2G/3G

CS Fallback handover

• Voice with LTE terminals has a few different solutions• The first voice solution in LTE can rely on CS fallback handover where

LTE terminal will be moved to 2G/3G to make CS call • The ultimate LTE voice solution will be VoIP + IMS• CS voice call will not be possible in LTE since there is no CS core

interface

3

5

LTE Voice Evolution

Broadband LTE introduction

MGW MSS

LTEHSPA & I-HSPA

2G/3G

CS/PS

Increased radio efficiency for voice

serviceLTE

HSPA & I-HSPA2G/3G

Full IMS centric multimedia service

architecture

LTEHSPA & I-HSPA

PS

Evol

utio

n to

IMS

VoI

P so

lutio

n

Intr

oduc

e N

VS V

oIP

solu

tion

NVSIMSMGW MSS NVS

CS/PS

Data only LTE Fast track LTE VoIP IMS multimedia

• CS fallback handover

• VoIP• SR-VCC

• VoIP• SR-VCC

6

Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SR-VCC)

LTE VoIP

2G/3G CS voice

LTE VoIP

2G/3G CS voice 2G/3G CS voice 2G/3G CS voice

Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SR-VCC)

• Options for voice call continuity when running out of LTE coverage• 1) Handover from LTE VoIP to 3G CS voice

– Voice handover from LTE VoIP to WCDMA CS voice is called SR-VCC– No VoIP needed in 3G

• 2) Handover from LTE VoIP to 3G VoIP– VoIP support implemented in 3G

4

7

LTE Voice Capacity

• Voice capacity is limited by the uplink performance• Semi-persistent scheduling defined in 3GPP R8, but dynamic scheduling

provides very similar voice capacity

8

05

101520253035404550

GSM EFR GSMAMR

GSMDFCA

WCDMACS voice5.9 kbps

HSPAVoIP/CS12.2 kbps

HSPA CS5.9 kbps

LTE VoIP12.2 kbps

Use

r per

MH

z

Voice Spectral Efficiency Evolution from GSM to LTE• 15 x more users per MHz with 3GPP LTE than with GSM EFR!

5

9

LTE Voice Coverage with TTI Bundling (1)

• LTE uplink voice coverage suffers for high peak power requirements due to short 1 ms TTI

• Uplink coverage can be improved by TTI bundling with 4 TTIs

1 ms

20 ms

No TTI bundling with retransmissions

= First transmission

= Possible retransmission

4 TTI bundling with retransmissions

20 ms

20 ms 20 ms

1 ms

20 ms

No TTI bundling, no retransmissions

20 ms

10

LTE Voice Coverage with TTI Bundling (2)

Number of TTIs bundled

1 4

Transmission bandwidth

360 kHz (2 resource blocks)

360 kHz (2 resource blocks)

Number of retransmissions

6 3

Required SNR -4.2 dB -8.0 dB

Receiver sensitivity

-120.6 dBm -124.4 dBm

• Up to 4 dB coverage gain with TTI bundling

No bundling With bundling

6

11

LTE Frequency Variants

12

3GPP Supported FDD Frequency Bands

12345

789

62x25

2x752x602x60

2x70

2x45

2x352x35

2x10824-849

1710-17851850-19101920-1980

2500-2570

1710-1755

880-9151749.9-1784.9

830-840

Total [MHz] Uplink [MHz]

869-894

1805-18801930-19902110-2170

2620-2690

2110-2155

925-9601844.9-1879.9

875-885

Downlink [MHz]

10 2x60 1710-1770 2110-217011 2x20 1427.9-1447.9 1475.9-1495.9

1800

2600900

US AWS

UMTS coreUS PCS

US 850Japan 800

Japan 1700

Japan 1500Extended AWS

Europe /Asia Japan Americas

788-798 758-768777-787 746-756 US700

2x102x1013

12 2x18 698-716 728-746

14704-716 734-7462x1217

US700

US700

EU800

815-830 860-8752x1518US700

830-845 875-8902x1519832-862 791-8212x3020

Japan new 800Japan new 800

35001447.9-1462.9 1495.9-1510.92x1521

3410-3500 3510-36002x9022Japan 1500 ext

7

13

3GPP Supported TDD Frequency Bands

3334353637

3940

3820

601520

40

60

100

501910-1930

1850-19102010-20251900-1920

1880-1920

1930-1990

2300-2400

2570-2620

Total [MHz] Uplink [MHz]

USAUSA

UMTS bandUMTS band

USA2600 mid

Europe AmericasChina / Asia

China/Asias

14

First 2.6 GHz Auctions – Norway, Sweden and Finland

• Norway (29 M€)– Telenor 2x40 MHz– Teliasonera 2x20 MHz– Hafslund 2x10 MHz– Craig Wireless 1x50 MHz

• Sweden (225 M€)– Telenor 2x20 MHz– Telia 2x20 MHz– Tele2 2x20 MHz– HI3G 2x10 MHz– Intel 1x50 MHz

• Finland (4 M€)– DNA 2x20 MHz– Teliasonera 2x25 MHz– Elisa 2x25 MHz– Finnet 1x50 MHz

2500

2505

2510

2515

2520

2525

2530

2535

2540

2545

2550

2555

2560

2565

2570

2575

2580

2585

2590

2595

2600

2605

2610

2615

2620

2625

2630

2635

2640

2645

2650

2655

2660

2665

2670

2675

2680

2685

0.67 MEUR 0.82 MEUR 0.83 MEUR 1.47 MEUR

DNA20 MHz

Sonera25 MHz

Elisa25 MHz

Finnet 1x50 MHz

DNA20 MHz

Sonera25 MHz

Elisa25 MHz

8

15

Digital Dividend (EU800 – UHF Band) for LTE

791 821 862832Downlink Uplink

• Total spectrum 790-862 MHz• Enables 2x30 MHz FDD operation• 3 operators, each having 10 MHz LTE FDD carrier• Optimized spectrum for coverage LTE coverage

16

Digital Dividend (EU800) Status in European UnionPlans for BWA

Considering BWA

Undecided

Plans for DTT

List of countries:• Finland• Sweden• Germany• France• UK• Spain• Denmark• Switzerland (non EU)

Germany will be the first

EU pushes for EU800 band

9

17

Spectrum Resources – Typical European Case

EU800 (10 MHz) LTE 10 MHz

900 (10 MHz) GSM 1xHSPA+ GSM

1800 (15 MHz) GSM LTE 15 MHz

2100 (15 MHz) 3xHSPA Multicarrier

HSPA

2600 (FDD 20 MHz) LTE 20 MHz

Current Future

LTE capacity and high data rates

HSPA capacity

LTE capacity

HSPA coverage + GSM maintenance

LTE coverage

• HSPA and LTE typically deployed at different frequencies

18

ECC SE42 (CEPT Report 019) applied to2.6 GHz ECC band plan

TDD

2570

Restricted block, max TDD EIRP=25 dBm / 5 MHz ⇒Pico / Femto BTS

FDDFDD

2570 2575

262040 MHz

2500 2690

Potential FDD to TDD interference

2615 2620

10

19

LTE TDD Mode

20

TDD Multiple Access• In LTE TDD mode same multiple access as in FDD• This is a big difference compared to WCDMA where TDD was totally different

– Some harmonization was done e.g. chip rates and channel coding solutions

• In 3GPP especially China Mobile active on this from operator side– As evolution step for the on-

going TD-SCDMA deployment

– Their allocation is TDD band• Term “TD-LTE” also being

used for LTE TDD

UE with TDD support

TDD eNode B

OFDMA

SC-FDMA

f1

f1

Downlink TX allocation

Time

Uplink TX allocation

Time

11

21

LTE TDD Frame Structure

TDD may change between uplink and downlink either with 5 or 10 ms periodThe specific fields (DwPTS, GP, UpPTS) are inherited from TD-SCDMA • GP = Guard Period, DwPTS/UpPTS = DL/UL pilots• 1 ms sub-frame otherwise same as FDD UL or DL sub-frame

10 ms frame

0.5 ms slot

1 ms sub-frame

One half-fame (5 ms)

UpPTSDwPTS

GP

Change between DL and UL

22

TD-SCDMA co-existence with LTE TDD

• With the common frame structure (& slot) duration it is still possible to parameterize the LTE TDD mode to operation so that the site can have compatible uplink and downlink split

– This would need to be rather static parameter

0.5 ms slot

1 ms LTE TDD sub-frame

UpPTSDwPTS

GP

Change between DL and UL

…

…

TD-SCDMA slot

Adjusted relative timing to avoid UL/DL overlap

12

23

Differences in procedures for TDD

The reason for differences procedures is the needed change between uplink and downlink• This impacts especially the control signaling • Cell search symbols (PSS and SSS) have different location • ACKs/NACks in one go more than in FDD (with varying

timing, see next slide)

DL UL UL DL DL UL UL DLS S

SSS

PSSS-RACH/SRS

RACH

P-BCH D-BCH

SSS

PSSS-RACH/SRS

RACH

SF#0 SF#2 SF#3 SF#4 SF#5 SF#7 SF#8 SF#9

1 ms

SF#1 SF#6

24

Differences in procedures for TDD - HARQ

The HARQ timing is not constant like in FDD• This has made some combinations not feasible (like semi-persistent scheduling + TTI bundling) in TDD.

Data DATA3ms

1ms

Data ACK DATA ?? ACK3ms 3ms 3ms5ms1ms

ACK ACK3ms1ms

3ms

3ms DATA

(a) Conceptual example of FDD HARQ Timing (propagation delay and timing advance is ignored)

(b) Conceptual example of TDD HARQ Timing (special subframe is treated as ordinary DL subframe)

13

25

TDD performance – For coverage FDD had advantage

UL Coverage for TDD and FDD, UE target bitrate 2 Mbps

3

8

13

18

23

28

33

38

43

48

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50

Distance [km]

# of

PR

B

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

Bitr

ate

[Mbp

s]

UE BW FDDUE BW TDDBitrate FDDBitrate TDD

Data rates

Resources

When coming closer to cell edge, TDD needs to earlier to try to increase bandwidth as TX time is reduced

26

Differences Between FDD and TDD in General (LTE)

FDD TDDSpectrum in Europe3.5 GHz not included

800, 900, 1800, 2100, 2600 = Total 540 MHz

2100 + 2600 = Total 85 MHz

BTS synchronization No need for BTS synchronization BTSs synchronized with GPS. Same asymmetry in adjacent cells.

Spectrum in China3.5 GHz not included

850/900, 1800, 2100= Total 310 MHz

2100 + 2300= Total 135 MHz

Spectrum in Americas2.3 GHz not included

700 (36), 850, 1900, AWS = Total 296 MHz

2500= Total 190 MHz

Peak bit rate 2x2 MIMO downlink 20 MHz 150 Mbps with 2x20 MHz

Frequency variants 20 frequency variants in 3GPP 8 frequency variants in 3GPP

Beamforming Grid of fixed beams User specific beamforming based on uplink sounding signal

85 Mbps (Config 1) 1x20 MHz115 Mbps (Config 2) 1x20 MHz

Peak bit rate 2x2 MIMO uplink 20 MHz 50 Mbps with 2x20 MHz 20 Mbps (Config 1) 1x20 MHz

10 Mbps (Config 2) 1x20 MHz

Inter-operator coordination No need for coordination TDD operators are synchronized

and use same asymmetry

Downlink - uplink asymmetry

Fixed spectrum allocation. DL:UL spectral efficiency 2:1.

Flexible, but all cells need to use the same DL:UL asymmetry

Uplink coverage Continuous UE transmission for maximal coverage

Discontinuous transmission reduces uplink coverage by 3.5−6.5 dB

14

27

LTE-Advanced

28

LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) in 3GPP Release 10

• ITU has defined schedule for IMT-Advanced (IMT-A) with submission deadline October 2009

• 1st technical 3GPP workshop in April 2008– Until end of 2008 the clear focus was on LTE Release 8 – The same multiple access to be used also in LTE-Advanced as in LTE– 3GPP during 2009 to work with the LTE-Advanced study item, no

specifications available until end of 2010 (technical report in 2009), specification to be frozen approximately 06/2011

2011

3GPP

2007 2008 2009 2010

1st Workshop Study Item Start

Technology Submissions

Specification Created

ITU

-R

Circular Letter

Close Study & Start Work Item

Evaluation Process

Specification Created

15

29

Requirements for LTE-Advanced

• The ITU-R has defined the requirements for a technology to quality as IMT-Advanced technology• Data rates required:

– Local area data rate up to 1 Gbps and wide area 100 Mbps

• For the capacity both 3GPP and ITU have defined requirements– 3GPP has in some cases slightly different requirements that ITU-R– Analysis (in 3GPP study item) has shown that requirements can be

met, but needs some technologies which at this time are more formeeting the requirements than market needs

For example downlink 8 antenna transmission only included to fullfill ITU-R requirementsHighest cases with capacity requirement up to 3 bits/Hz/cell

• Also larger bandwidths and frequency band aggregation needed

30

Bandwidth Extension

• High peak data rate of 1 Gbps in downlink and 500 Mbps in uplink can be achieved with bandwidth extension from 20 MHz up to 100 MHz.

• Backwards compatibility requirements with Release 8 LTE is achieved with carrier aggregation

• We combine N Release 8 component carriers, together to form N x LTE bandwidth, for example 5 x 20 MHz = 100 MHz etc.

• LTE terminals receive/transmit on one component carrier, whereas LTE-Advanced terminals may receive/transmit on multiple component carriers simultaneously to reach the higher bandwidths.

16

31

Coordinated Multipoint Transmission (CoMP)

Other-cell interference traditionally degrades the cellular system capacity. It is beneficial to isolate the cells by a wall.

The target in CoMP is to turn the other cell interference into useful signal. In that case, it is beneficial to “tear down the wall”.

… But, practical challenges remain as many studies assume e.g. ideal signal estimation and/or ideal connection between sites (no delay, infinite bandwidth

32

Relays (RN=Relay Node)

eNB

UEUE

UE

UE

IP network

High capacity wired backbone

UE

BS signal is not received well

indoors, but RN signal level is good

RN1

Direct connection to BS possible but no high data rates without RN

RN2

Second hopFirst hop

Link between BS and MS

• Main focus is on single-hop relays.• Main assumption self-backhauled base stations but alternatives are still

being discussed.• Each relay looks like an independent cell, backhaul provided by an in-band

connection to the serving base station.

Multiple hops

required only in

extreme deployments

17

33

LTE-Advanced Push Performance = clear gain

= moderate gain

• LTE-Advanced includes a toolbox of solutions improving radio performance

Carrier aggregation1

MIMO enhancements2

Peak rate

CoMP3

Average rate (capacity)

Cell edge rate (interference)

Coverage (noise limited)

++ + ++ +++(o)

++(+)

++(+) o

o + ++ ++Heterogeneous

networks4 o ++ ++

Relays5 o o + ++

1Multiple component carriers on the same or different spectrum2Including more transmit and receive antennas in downlink and in uplink, () without increasing the number of antennas3Coordinated multipoint transmission4Optimized usage of local and wide area cells5Decoding and encoding relay – similar to self backhauled base station

+

34

Technology Evolution Enables LTE-Advanced

Optical transport

availability

Multiple power

amplifiers in UE4-8

antennas in UE

More spectrumMultiband

UE and BTS capability

Carrier aggregationMIMO

enhancementsCoMP

Heterogeneous networksRelays

Multi-antenna BTS site

Baseband processing capability

Low cost small BTS

• LTE-Advanced features can take benefit technology evolution in baseband and RF area, the new available spectrum and the optical fiber availability

LTE-A

18

35

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

HSPA R6 HSPA R10QC+MIMO

LTE R82x2 MIMO

LTE R84x4 MIMO

LTE-A R102x2 MIMO

LTE-A R104x4 MIMO

bps/

Hz/

cell

DownlinkUplink

Spectral Efficiency Improves but Only Moderately• Shannon law limits link performance improvements• Only moderate gain in spectral efficiency

HSPA

LTE

LTE-A

36

Technology Evolution

42-168 Mbps

1.21-1.91

bps/Hz/cell

162 dB

HSPA+

150-300 Mbps

1.7-2.71

bps/Hz/cell

162 dB

LTE

1 Gbps

2.4-3.71

bps/Hz/cell

-

LTE-A targets

14-rx mobile

7-14 Mbps

1.0 bps/Hz/cell

162 dB

HSPA

70-150x

2-4x

~1x

• Peak bit rate increases by a factor of 100x • Spectral efficiency increases by a factor of 3x (=interference limitation)• No substantial improvements in coverage (=noise limitation)

New radio solution needed to improve coverage and capacity ⇒ active antennas, high density of small BTS, C-MIMO and relaying

Peak bit rate

Spectral efficiency

Coverage (1 Mbps)

19

37

HSPA Market Situation

38

HSPA Deployments Growing Globally

• 303 commercial HSPA networks in 130 countries• Further boost for 3G when India, Pakistan and Thailand start UMTS

20

39

Broadband Subscribers in Finland Ficora Mid-2009 Report (Finnish Communications Regulatory Authority)

• 664.000 HSPA subscribers, which is 12.5% penetration of the whole population (5.3 M population)

• Other wireless solutions close to non-existent: Digita 450 Flarion 32 ksubs and WiMAX 11 ksubs

• HSPA penetration has increased 115% during the last 12 months and 40% during the last 6 months

• DSL penetration has decreased 4% during the last 12 months

http://www.ficora.fi/attachments/suomimq/5jdCGapBJ/Markkinakatsaus_2_2009.pdf

40

HSPA Makes 30% of All Broadband Connections in Finland

HSPA

21

41

HSPA Data Volume Increased by 5x in 12 Months. Usage per Sub More than Doubled.

0.7 GB /sub /month

1.2 GB /sub /month

1.5 GB /sub /monthMany operators report that

average laptop user consumes 2-3 GB/moth over HSPA

42

UMTS900 Provides Nationwide Broadband

Finnish operators are rolling out >1000 UMTS900 BTS per year – that is faster than ever before in the history of mobile communications. The target is to

improve mobile broadband coverage.

22

43

Feederless Sites

• Example base station site from Finland in the picture

• Many operators use today Feederless sites where the RF module is place close to the antenna

• Feederless site provide best radio performance since the cable loss can be avoided

Sonera Flexi 40-W RF modules for UMTS900

Sonera dual xx-pol antennas for

GSM900 and UMTS900

Digita 450

DNA Ericsson UMTS900 RF

modules

Elisa GSM900

DNA dual xx-polantennas for GSM900 and

UMTS900

44

NSN Position in HSPA/LTE and Radio R&D

23

45

NSN Position in HSPA/LTE – Nokia Capital Market Day Presentation

46

NSN Investment in R&D – Nokia Capital Market Day Presentation

24

47

HSDPA Performance

48

HSDPA Peak Data Rates

• Max Layer 1 and Layer 2 (RLC) throughput shown below• Max application layer throughput can be very close to RLC

throughput

5 codes QPSK 1.8 Mbps 1.6 Mbps

# of codes Modulation Max L1 data rate

Max RLC data rate

5 codes 16-QAM 3.6 Mbps 3.36 Mbps

10 codes 16-QAM 7.2 Mbps 6.72 Mbps

15 codes 16-QAM 10.7 Mbps 9.6 Mbps

15 codes 16-QAM 14.0 Mbps 13.3 Mbps

12

UE category

5/6

7/8

9

10

25

49

HSDPA Link Performance with Turbo Coding Approaches Shannon Limit

Higher bit rates can be obtained only with more antennas (MIMO) and/or wider bandwidth.

Sup

porte

d ef

fect

ive

data

rate

[Mbp

s]

0.1

1.0

10.0

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

16QAM

0.01

Instantaneous HS-DSCH C/I before processing gain [dB]

QPSK

HSDPA linkadaptation curve

Shannon limit:3.84MHz*log (1+C/I)2

15 HS-PDSCH allocation(Rake, Pedestrian-A, 3km/h)

50

Link Simulations in Fading Channel – Including Link Adaptation, CQI Errors and Feedback Delay

-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400

2

4

6

8

10

12

SINR(dB)

Thro

ughp

ut (M

bits

/s)

5 codes, PedA5 codes VehA5 codes fit10 codes PedA10 codes VehA10 codes fit15 codes PedA15 codes VehA15 codes fit

10 Mbps requires very high SINR >30

dB

3 Mbps requires very high SINR >24 dB

15-code

10-code

5-code

With low SINR < 5 dB, 5-code HSDPA gives similar

throughput as 10/15-code HSDPA since the throughput

is interference, not code limited

26

51

HSDPA Data Rate vs RSCP

RLC throughput shown, 5 codes, total BTS power 20 W, Release 99 power 0-10 W

-115 -110 -105 -100 -95 -90 -85 -800

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

CPICH RSCP [dBm]

kbps

15 W HS-DSCH10 W HS-DSCH5 W HS-DSCH

More power increases data rate

52

HSDPA Scheduling and Cell Capacity

27

53

Fast Proportional Fair Scheduling

UE2

Channel quality(CQI, Ack/Nack, TPC)

Channel quality(CQI, Ack/Nack, TPC)

Data

Data

UE1

Multi-user selection diversity(give shared channel to “best” user)

TTI 1 TTI 2 TTI 3 TTI 4

USER 1 Es/N0USER 2 Es/N0

Scheduled user

Node-B scheduling can utilize information on

the instantaneous channel conditions for

each user.

54

Proportional Fair Algorithm

• Principle is to schedule the user who currently has the highest ratio of instantaneous throughput to average throughput. The averaging time is typically a few 100 ms.

• The user with the highest selection metric at a given time is selected for scheduling in the following TTI

• In practise, the gain in cell capacity is up to 30%

[ ][ ]nTnRM

k

kk ≡

Rk = instantaneous supported data rate for user k based on CQI report

Tk = average throughput for user k with 100-200 ms averaging period

Mk = selection metric where higher value gives higher probability of being scheduled

28

55

3GPP HSDPA Terminal Performance Requirements

Performance requirements

Baseline receiver

3GPP Release

Performance gain

Minimum requirement

1-antenna Rake

Release 5 Basic receiver

Enhanced type 1

2-antenna Rake

Release 6 Better performance also against other cell interference with 2 antennas. HSDPA reference receiver for relative LTE performance evaluation.

Enhanced type 2

1-antenna Equalizer

Release 6 Improved performance against intra-cell interference

Enhanced type 3

2-antenna Equalizer

Release 7 Combines the gain mechanisms of intra-cell interference mitigation and receiver diversity

56

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

Rake 1-ant Equalizer 1-ant Rake 2-ant Equalizer 2-ant

kbps

Round robin 5 codesRound robin 10 codesProportional fair 5 codesProportional fair 10 codesProportional fair 15 codes

1 Mbps

2.5 Mbps

4 Mbps

5-code BTS and single antenna UE Rake provides 1 Mbps10-code BTS and single antenna UE provides 2.5 Mbps15-code BTS and dual antenna UE provides 4 Mbps

HSDPA Capacity [kbps/Sector/5 MHz]

29

57

Maximum HSDPA Subscribers 1+1+1

Cell capacity 5 Mbps

Convert Mbps to GBytes

Busy hour averageloading 50%

Busy hour carries 15% of daily traffic

30 days per month

3 sectors per site

From simulations

/ 8192

x 50%

/ 15%

x 30

x 3x 3

3600 seconds per hour x 3600

Total 660 subs/site

1 GB traffic per user / 1 GB (660 GB/site/month)

Cell capacity 5 Mbps

Required user data rate

3 sectors per site

From simulations

0.5 Mbps

x 3

Overbooking factor 45

Total 600 subs/site

Traffic volume based dimensioning Data rate based dimensioning

Busy hour averageloading 50%

58

HSDPA and Iub Capacity

30

59

HSDPA & Iub• HSDPA improves Iub efficiency compared to Release’99 packet data

since HSDPA is a time shared channel with a flow control in Iub• Release’99 requires dedicated resources from RNC to UE. Those

resources are not fully utilized during TCP slow start, during data rate variations or during inactivity timer

• Additionally, HSDPA does not use soft handover ⇒ no need for soft handover overhead in Iub

= User 1= User 2= User 3

Iub link 1

Iub link 2

HSDPA Iubcapacity

1 2

1 = TCP slow start2 = Inactivity timer

Iub efficiently utilized by HSDPA

21

60

Iub Capacity with E1s

0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.0

10.0

1 x E1 2 x E1 3 x E1 4 x E1 5 x E1 6 x E1 7 x E1

Mbp

s

5-code QPSK UE (Cat 12)5-code 16QAM UE (Cat 6)10-code 16QAM UE (Cat 8)15-code 16QAM UE (Cat 9)Iub limit

Iub overheads today• Common channels• RLC 5%. Will be <1% in R7• Frame protocol 3%• AAL2+ATM 17%

31

61

Transport Solution Must Support High Data Rates

= Very high data rate solutions beyond 100 Mbps= High data rate solutions beyond 10 Mbps= Voice and low data rate solutions

Ethernet

E1

SHDSL.bis

ADSL2+

LTE

Ethernet

GPON

DSM L3

VDSL2 LTE

PeakData rate Downstream /

Downlink Upstream / Uplink

WiMAX

HSPA WiMAX

HSPA

WCDMA

GPON

10 G

1 G

100 M

10 M

1 M

0,1 M

WCDMAEDGE

evolution

EDGE

DSM L3

VDSL2

ADSL2+

ADSL

SHDSL.bis

E1

ADSL

E1

EDGEEDGE

EDGEevolution

62

HSDPA Terminals

32

63

Latest HSPA Modems

• Data rate 7.2 Mbps downlink– Now even 10 Mbps or 21 Mbps

• Data rate 2.0 Mbps uplink• Power class 3 = 24 dBm• Dual band 900/2100 MHz• In some also RX diversity available• USB stick as the latest form factor

64

Motorola Cliq Smart Phone

Dual band HSPA 7.2 Mbps

Receive antenna diversity

33

65

Nokia CS-18 USB Modem

HSDPA 14.4 Mbps HSUPA 5.76 Mbps Triple band HSPA

Receive diversity with the high bands

66

Huawei USB Modem

HSDPA 21 MbpsHSUPA 5.76 Mbps

Four HSPA bands Inter-cell interference cancellation

Receive antenna diversity

34

67

HSPA900 Refarming

68

Europe: EU Approves Release of 900-Mhz GSM Spectrum for Mobile BroadbandThe European Union (EU) has voted to free up the bandwidth, currently reserved for 2G GSM use, to encourage the roll-out of mobile broadband services across the bloc. The EU has chosen to allow operators freedom to choose how to make best use of the spectrum, providing an open and competitive landscape for the development of mobile services in Europe.The EU has approved plans to liberate radio spectrum in the 900-MHz band, which is currently reserved for mobile 2G GSM networks. EU member states have voted to free up the largely defunct bandwidth for use in providing next-generation mobile services and encouraging the roll-out of mobile broadband services across the bloc.The vote effectively removes the last obstacle to the re-allocation of the spectrum, as the European Parliament and the commission has already given the proposals the green light, and many domestic regulators have already begun the process of reallocating the frequencies.The vote will give member states the freedom to distribute the bandwidth, as long as this does not encroach on GSM services still in use, from the start of October this year.

GSM Directive Removed in Europe in July 2009Boosting WCDMA 900 deployments

35

69

Coverage Impact of the Spectrum

Okumura-Hata with 6 dB lower antenna gain with 800 and 900. TDD link budget loss 3 dB.

Typical site coverage area in suburban area

34.7

29.4

12.3

9.9

5.8

3.4

0 10 20 30 40

EU800

900

1800

2100

2600 FDD

2600 TDD

MHz

km2

Best coverage with low bands =

900 and 800

70

All New 3G Terminals Support 900

Handheld terminals

Integrated laptops

USB modem

For example, >30 models from Nokia

36

71

Operator View About UMTS900 UE Penetration

72

Refarming has Turned out Relatively Simple• Starting point full coverage GSM900 + city coverage UMTS2100

GSM900 GSM900 GSM 900

GSM 900

UMTS900 UMTS900GSM 900

GSM900 GSM900 GSM 900

GSM 900

GSM 900

• UMTS900 refarming outside cities is typically simple due to low GSM traffic

GSM900 GSM900 GSM 900

GSM 900

UMTS900 UMTS900GSM 900

• UMTS900 refarming in cities gets easier when UMTS2100 has absorbed part of GSM900 traffic

UMTS 2100

UMTS 2100

UMTS 2100

UMTS 2100

UMTS 2100

UMTS 2100

UMTS 900

UMTS 900

UMTS 900

UMTS 2100

UMTS 2100

UMTS 2100

37

73

Co-existence of UMTS900 + GSM900• 4.2 MHz is enough for WCDMA/HSPA carrier when deployed together

with GSM assuming. • 5.0 MHz is required for uncoordinated GSM + WCDMA deployment

(different operators). • 10 MHz total spectrum allows typically

– GSM 2+2+2 and UMTS 1+1+1 if no GSM AMR– GSM 4+4+4 and UMTS 1+1+1 with GSM AMR

WCDMA/HSPA

4.2 MHz2.8 MHz 2.8 MHz

Total = 10 MHz

= WCDMA/HSPA= GSM

2.2 MHz

10 MHz allocation allows 28 GSM carriers + 1 WCDMA carrier

74

900 MHz Allocation in Finland

• Final allocation 57 GSM carriers per operator (DNA 58) by end-2010• Each operator has allocated UMTS900 carrier in such a way that 2nd UMTS

carrier can be activated later without touching 1st carrier. – 2nd carrier assumes that GSM900 traffic must be very low. We can have max 16 GSM

carriers together with 2xUMTS, which implies max GSM 1+1+1.

= DNA = Sonera = Elisa = Current UMTS900 center frequency = Current UMTS900 channel occupancy (4.2 MHz)

= Potential future 2nd UMTS900 carrier (4.2 MHz) = Guard carrier

GSM only

1xUMTS

2xUMTS

38

75

HSUPA Performance

76

Benefit of Fast Retransmissions

10−2

10−1

100

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

BLEP at 1st transmission

Eff

ecti

ve E

b/N0 [

dB]

No HARQHARQ (IR)

0.8 dB gain providing 20%

higher cell throughput

HSUPA allows to use higher BLER because of fast retransmissions

R99

HSUPA

39

77

Benefit of Node-B Based Fast Scheduling

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Noise Rise [dB]

Pro

babi

lity

VA 3 km/h − 20 users/cell − 5% NR outage = 6 dB

RNC PS

Node B PS

5-10% cell throughput

gain

78

Uplink cell throughput [kbps]

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

WCDMA R99 HSUPA

kbps

HSUPA Capacity

Release’99

HSUPA

40

79

Coverage of high data-rate

Coverage gain

0.5 – 1.0 dB

UE capabilitybeyond 384 kbps

Peak data rate1.4-5.8 Mbps

Capacity gain 20-

50%

Cell throughput

gain

Latency gain

<50 ms

Quality of end user

experience

HSUPAHSUPA

Lower costs in transport

Iub capacity gain

Higher add-onPS Traffic

Savings in BB capacity costs

Saves BTS sites (~10%) and adds PS traffic

Savings in transport – in Dedicated VCCsolution max 25%

Higher add-onPS traffic

HSUPA Performance Gains

80

HSPA Evolution

41

81

UTRAN Evolution

• Best CS + PS combined radio• Spectrum shared with current 3G• Higher data rate and lower latency• Lower mobile power consumption• Flat architecture option• Simple upgrade on top of HSPA

HSPA evolution in R7 and beyondHSPA evolution

in R7 and beyondLTE new radio

access in R8LTE new radio

access in R8

HSDPA/HSUPA3GPP R6

HSDPA/HSUPA3GPP R6

• Optimized for PS only• New architecture• New modulation• Spectrum and bandwidth flexibility• Further reduced latency

Similar technical solutions applied both in HSPA evolution and in LTE

82

3GPP RAN Evolution in Release 5 – Release 8

3GPP R63GPP R6 3GPP R73GPP R7

• HSUPA 5.76 Mbps

• MBMS

• Continuous packet connectivity

• L2 donwlinkoptimization

• MIMO • 64QAM HSDPA• 16QAM HSUPA• High speed FACH• Flat architecture• MBMS evolution

3GPP R53GPP R5

• HSDPA 14 Mbps

3GPP R83GPP R8

• CS voice over HSPA

• High speed RACH • Enhanced UE DRX• Uplink L2

optimization• Flat architecture

optimization• Dual Cell HSDPA• LTE inter-working• LTE: New PS only

radio

HSDPA + HSUPA HSPA evolution

LTE ……

42

83

Uplink DTX + downlink DRX

Uplink DTX + downlink DRX

L2 optimization (Flexible RLC)

L2 optimization (Flexible RLC)

High speed FACH + High speed RACH

High speed FACH + High speed RACH

Downlink 64QAM, MIMO and Dual carrier

Downlink 64QAM, MIMO and Dual carrier

CS voice over HSPACS voice over HSPA

Uplink 16QAMUplink 16QAM

Lower UE power consumptionLower UE power consumption

Higher voice capacityHigher voice capacity

Higher L2 throughput and less processing requirements

Higher L2 throughput and less processing requirements

Lower latency = better response times

Lower latency = better response times

More efficient common channels = savings in channel elements

More efficient common channels = savings in channel elements

Higher downlink peak data rates and higher data capacity

Higher downlink peak data rates and higher data capacity

Higher uplink peak data ratesHigher uplink peak data rates

Flat architecture optimization

Flat architecture optimization Less network elementsLess network elements

Overview of HSPA Evolution Features

*

*

*

*

* = Nokia-NSN work item

84

MIMO and 64QAM

43

85

64QAM Modulation in Release 7

QPSK 2 bits/symbol

16QAM 4 bits/symbol

64QAM 6 bits/symbol

R5/R6 HSPA modulation• Dowlink QPSK and 16QAM• Uplink QPSK

R7 HSPA modulation• Dowlink QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM• Uplink QPSK and 16QAM

86

MIMO in HSDPA in Release 7

• MIMO for HSDPA is based on D-TxAA (Double Transmit Adaptive Array) with fast L1 feedback

• 2x2 MIMO peak data rate 28 Mbps with 16QAM and up to 42 Mbps with 64QAM

+

+

Coding, spreading

Coding, spreading

Demux

Base stationFeedback weights from UE Terminal

2 antennas & MIMO decoding capability

Transmitter with 2 branches per sector

44

87

MIMO Modes

High CQI Multistreamtransmission

Low CQISingle stream

diversitytransmission

• Single stream transmission is similar to Release’99 closed loop transmitdiversity, but with two differences

– The preferred antenna weights are delivered from UE to Node-B on HS-DPCCH, not on DPCCCH

– The used antenna weights in downlink are signaled on HS-SCCH while in Release 99 no explicit signaling was used. Therefore, Release 99 UE had to use antenna verification to identify the used antenna weights.

Double data rate

Interference resistance

88

Original HSDPA Release 7 MIMO has Problems

• Transmission to non-MIMO UEs causes problems– Option 1 : open loop transmit diversity (STTD) used for non-MIMO ⇒ equalizer

performance suffers– Option 2 : use only antenna power amplifier used for non-MIMO ⇒ the second

power amplifier in NodeB is poorly utilized• Code multiplexing degrades MIMO performance• Initial MIMO deployments can be done only on dedicated frequency

HS-DSCH1X

X

Σ

Σ

Other channels

HS-DSCH2

X

X

Other channels

MIMO NodeB MIMO UEFeedback from UE

45

89

Workaround Solution Needed to fix HSDPA MIMO

Release 7 Original MIMO Work-around MIMO

CPICH Diversity CPICH Secondary CPICH

Transmission to non-MIMO UEs

Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD)

Virtual antenna mapping (VAM)

Precoding feedback weights 4 2

• 3GPP UE correction will be included into March 2010 specifications• HSDPA MIMO deployments will happen later during 2010 due to these

UE corrections

90

HSDPA Terminal Categories (Single Carrier)

Cat Codes Modulation MIMO Coding Peak 3GPP

12 5 QPSK - 3/4 1.8 Mbps Release 56 5 16QAM - 3/4 3.6 Mbps Release 58 10 16QAM - 3/4 7.2 Mbps Release 59 15 16QAM - 3/4 10.1 Mbps Release 510 15 16QAM - 1/1 14.0 Mbps Release 5

13 15 64QAM - 5/6 17.6 Mbps Release 714 15 64QAM - 1/1 21.1 Mbps Release 715 15 16QAM 2x2 5/6 23.4 Mbps Release 716 15 16QAM 2x2 1/1 28.0 Mbps Release 7

17181920

Release 8Release 8

Release 7Release 7

23.4 Mbps28.0 Mbps

42.2 Mbps

15 64QAM or MIMO 5/615 64QAM or MIMO 1/115 64QAM 2x2 5/6 35.3 Mbps15 64QAM 2x2 1/1

DC-HSDPA

-----

----

--

--

46

91

HSDPA Evolution Link Performance

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26G-factor [dB]

kbps

HSDPA 2x2 MIMO

HSDPA 2-Eq 15 codes 64QAM

HSDPA 2-Eq 15 codes 16QAM

64QAM with SNR > 12 dB

MIMO provides some gain over the whole cell area (10-20%)

92

3.6

14.4

21.6

28.8

43.2

2.85.3 5.5 6.2 6.2

05

101520253035404550

5-code16QAM

15-code16QAM

64QAM MIMO 64QAM+MIMO

Mbp

s

Peak Average

HSDPA Evolution Increases Peak Data Rates

• HSPA evolution pushes peak rates – but less increase in average cell capacity

Peak rate by +200%

Average rate by +20%

47

93

64QAM Usage in Macro Cells

Two-antenna equalizer, ITU Pedestrian A, 3 km/h, 15 codes

0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

User throughput [kbps]

Cum

ulat

e di

strib

utio

n

RR, without 64QAMRR, with 64QAMPF, without 64QAMPF, with 64QAM

64QAM used 10-25% of the cell area

94

Dual Cell HSDPA (DC-HSDPA)

48

95

Dual-Cell HSPA Concept

• Downlink: Transmit on two parallel 5 MHz carriers to single UE

• No changes to uplink. Uplink only 5 MHz since multicarrier transmission would be difficult for UE

2 x 5 MHz1 x 5 MHz

2 x 5 MHz1 x 5 MHz

UE1

UE2

Uplink Downlink

96

DC-HSDPA vs MIMO Peak Rates

• MIMO requires 2 transmit antennas in BTS and 2 receiver antennas in UE

• DC-HSDPA can provide the same peak bit rate with 1 transmit antennain BTS and 1 receiver antenna in UE

• DC-HSDPA with 2x2 MIMO can provide theoretical peak rate of 84 Mbps– but not in Release 8

Single carrier DC-HSDPA

21 Mbps 42 MbpsPeak bit rate with 1 antenna tx and 1 antenna rx

42 Mbps 84 MbpsPeak bit rate with 2 antenna tx and 2 antenna rx

49

97

Data Rate Gain with DC-HSDPA

Number of users

User data rate [Mbps]

DC-HSDPA2 x SC-HSDPA

1

3

1 = Double data rate at low number of users2 = Capacity gain with certain user data rate3

2

= Slightly higher data rate at high number of users

98

DC-HSDPA Joint Scheduling

• DC-HSDPA packet scheduling is done jointly over the two carriers • Joint scheduling brings capacity benefits over separate single carriers

– Frequency selective packet scheduling – Statistical multiplexing (=trunking gain), meaning better resource utilization

efficiency of fast dynamic over semi-static load balancing.– Multi-user diversity gain because more users to select from in time scheduling.

5 MHz 5 MHz

Joint HSDPA scheduling

50

99

Capacity Gain with DC-HSDPA(8 Users with Full Buffer)

• DC-HSDPA brings 17-22% higher cell capacity compared to 2 single carriers due to joint scheduling

• Single carrier results are optimistic since they assume that users are equally distributed between the two carriers. Therefore, the practical DC-HSDPA gains are even larger.

0 5 10 15 20 250

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

DL cell throughput (Mbps)

cdf

Capacity Gain from Joint-Scheduler (8 users)

PedA, DC; mean = 12.71PedA, 2xSC; mean = 10.42PedB, DC; mean = 9.48PedB, 2xSC; mean = 8.09

17-22% cell capacity gain at

high load

100

User Data Rate Gain at High Load

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 50

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

DL user throughput (Mbps)

cdf

Throughput Gain over entire Cell Range (8 users)

PedA, DC; mean = 1.64PedA, 2xSC; mean = 1.35PedB, DC; mean = 1.23PedB, 2xSC; mean = 1.04

183,6723,11490th

281,2190,95050th

280,4800,37410th

DC Gain(%)

PedA, DC(Mbps)

PedA, 2xSC(Mbps)Percentile

183,6723,11490th

281,2190,95050th

280,4800,37410th

DC Gain(%)

PedA, DC(Mbps)

PedA, 2xSC(Mbps)Percentile

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 50

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

DL user throughput (Mbps)

cdf

Throughput Gain over entire Cell Range (8 users)

PedA, DC; mean = 1.64PedA, 2xSC; mean = 1.35PedB, DC; mean = 1.23PedB, 2xSC; mean = 1.04

183,6723,11490th

281,2190,95050th

280,4800,37410th

DC Gain(%)

PedA, DC(Mbps)

PedA, 2xSC(Mbps)Percentile

183,6723,11490th

281,2190,95050th

280,4800,37410th

DC Gain(%)

PedA, DC(Mbps)

PedA, 2xSC(Mbps)Percentile

Cell edge data rate gain 28%Average data rate gain 28%

Close to BTS gain 18%

• DC-HSPA provides data rate gains over the whole cell area includingcell edge users

51

101

DC-HSDPA UE Categories

21 Release 823.4 Mbps15 16QAM - 5/6Yes22 Release 828.0 Mbps15 16QAM - 1/1Yes23 Release 835.3 Mbps15 64QAM - 5/6Yes24 Release 842.2 Mbps15 64QAM - 1/1Yes

Cat Codes Modulation MIMO Coding Peak 3GPP

25 Release 946.8 Mbps15 16QAM Yes 5/6

DC-HSDPA

Yes26 Release 956.0 Mbps15 16QAM Yes 1/1Yes27 Release 970.6 Mbps15 64QAM Yes 5/6Yes28 Release 984.4 Mbps15 64QAM Yes 1/1Yes

102

Multiband HSDPA in Release 9

3GPP Release 9UE can receive on two bands

1 x 5 MHz1 x 5 MHz1 x 5 MHz1 x 5 MHz

3GPP Release 10UE can receive on two bands with up to four carriers

1 x 5 MHz1 x 5 MHz1 x 5 MHz1 x 5 MHz

DownlinkUplinkDownlinkUplink900 MHz 2100 MHz

• UE can receive on two bands simultaneously to boost the data rates, for example 900 and 2100 MHz.

• Uplink transmission uses one frequency band

52

103

Uplink 16QAM

104

HSUPA Terminal Categories

Cat TTI Modulation MIMO Coding Peak 3GPP

3 10 ms QPSK - 3/4 1.4 Mbps Release 65 10 ms QPSK - 3/4 2.0 Mbps Release 66 2 ms QPSK - 1/1 5.7 Mbps Release 6

7 2 ms 16QAM - 1/1 11.5 Mbps Release 7

• 16QAM is a peak bit rate feature (does not improve cellcapacity)

53

105

HS-FACH / HS-RACH

106

HS-FACH + HS-RACH

RACH + FACH

HSDPA + HSUPA HSDPA + HSUPA

R99 solution R7/R8 solution

• The same physical channels used in FACH and in DCH states. • Benefits of HS-FACH + HS-RACH

• Seamless state transition since no physical channel reconfiguration • Higher bit rate in FACH state

6-32 kbps >1 Mbps

Seamless transitionDelay >0.5 s

>1 Mbps

Cell_FACH Cell_DCH Cell_FACH Cell_DCH

54

107

HS-FACH + HS-RACH

• HS-FACH/HS-RACH gives access to high data rates without any setup latencies

• Lower latency implies higher effective data rate

Setup time Download

HSPA

HSPA evolution

Faster total download time

108

Fast State Transitions HS-FACH + HS-RACH

PCH

FACH

DCH/HSPA

No data flow during transition >500 ms

Cell update and C-RNTI allocation takes >300 ms

RB recon-figuration

RB recon-figuration

PCH

HS-FACH

HSPA

Data flows on HS-FACH also during transition

Immediate transmission w/o cell update. No PCH required.

Release 99 – Release 6 RRC States

Release 7 RRC States

55

109

3. UL data transmission4. MAC-e header with UE-id for

contention resolution

5. Collision resolution:UE id is returned on E-AGCH

#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #12#13#14#11DPCCHE-DPCCHE-DPDCH

#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 AICHE-AGCH

E-HICH E-HICH E-HICH

#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #12#13#14#11 #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5DPCCH DPCCH DPCCHE-DPCCHE-DPDCH

1. PRACH preamble ramp-up phase withPRACH sub-channels and/or PRACH signature sequences reserved for enhanced RACH

2. Acquisition indication and E-DCHresource allocation, extended AICH

6. E-DCH with a new data rate after reception of E-AGCH

F-DPCH

E-DPCCH

E-DPDCH

E-DPCCH

E-DPDCH

High Speed RACH Principle• Fast access to high data rates also in uplink to complement R7

Enhanced FACH

110

Round Trip Time Today – Example from Commercial Network

020406080

100120140160180200

0 50 100 150 200 250

Ping number

ms Typical latency <40 ms

Downlink retransmission

takes min 12 ms

Uplink re-transmission takes

40 ms

Minimum latency 27 ms

Average latency 41 ms

56

111

HSPA Round Trip Time (RTT) Evolution

1 2 ms2 ms

1 12 ms

1.3 2 ms1

AlignHSUPA TTI

Node-B rxIub+RNC+core

Node-B txAlign+SCCH+HSDPA TTI

Network RTT 13.3 ms

1 2 ms1.3 2 ms1

TTI align HSUPA TTI

Align+SCCH+HSDPA TTI

7.3 ms

x msUE tx

x msUE rx

Realistic RTT with HSPA evolution

3GPP limit for RTT (theory)

= UE processing time

= TTI alignment = 0..1 x TTI

= Air interface transmission time

= Network processing times

• End-to-end round trip time <30 ms expected with HSPA

112

Optimized Layer 2

57

113

RLC

MAC-hs

…

IP packet 1500 B

UE

Node-B

RNCPDCP

RLC packet 40 B

3GPP Release 6

…

RLC

MAC-hs

IP packet 1500 BPDCP

RLC packet size flexible between 10B -1500 B

3GPP Release 7

…

Transport block size depending on scheduling

Transport block size depending on scheduling

…

MAC + RLC + PDCP MAC + RLC + PDCP

Optimized Layer 2 Concept (Flexible RLC)

• Basic RLC functions are kept: Ciphering, polling, retransmission• Smaller RLC overhead• Less packet processing required in UE and in RNC • No RLC optimization required for each service

114

Continuous Packet Connectivity

58

115

UE Power Savings with Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX/DRX) in 3GPP Release 7

• Major UE power saving with discontinuous transmission and reception• Power savings apply for packet connections and for voice connections• Discontinuous transmission reduces also interference increasing uplink

capacity

DPCCHHS-DSCH

Web page download

User reading web page

User moved to FACH/PCH

Packet data

Voice

1

1 = Connection goes immediately to DTX/DRX mode to save mobile power when data transfer is over

2 = DTX/DRX can be used also between 20-ms voice packets

2

116

Enhanced UE DRX

• UE must decode all FACH frames in Release 7 ⇒ receiver is running continuously eating batteries

• The target in Release 8 is to enable Discontinuous reception (DRX) on FACH

• Example keep alive transmission below, where FACH DRX can lead to considerable battery savings

• The work item also explores the state transition to PCH without any RRC signalling

RACH

FACH in R7

= Keep alive transmission

= No data coming to UE, but UE must still decode all FACH frames

FACH in R8 = UE uses discontinuous reception when no data coming

59

117

HS-DSCH

E-DCH

Cell_DCH Cell_FACH Cell_PCH

PCH

Direct mapping to HS-SCCH

DRX in Release 7 DRX in Release 8 Long DRX periods (>500 ms)

DTX in Release 7 Transmission only when needed

RRC States in 3GPP Release 7/8

• The RRC states remain in Release 7/8 (DCH, FACH, PCH, idle), but the states will have more similarities and the state transitions will be faster

• Similar transport channels in DCH and FACH• DRX can be used in all states• DRX period longer in PCH state than in DCH or FACH

118

Improved L2 in Uplink

• Follows the same principle that was applied in downlink in Release 7

• The benefits– Reduced L2 overhead MAC + RLC– Lower processing power requirements in UE and in RNC– No RLC optimization required per service

60

119

CS Voice over HSPA

120

CS Voice over HSPA Concept

• The solution is to use HSPA transport channels for carrying CS voice • No impact to CS core network• No changes to HSPA Layer 1 required compared to VoIP over HSPA• Minor changes to L2 protocols

DCH

CS core

Transport channel

Layer 2 TM RLC

1IP header compression2Time stamping, no header compressionTM=transparent modeUM=unacknowledged mode

Dejitterbuffer

CS voice over Release 99 DCH

VoIP over HSPA in Release 7

CS voice over HSPA

UM RLC

PDCP2

No change to CS core network

Minor change to L2 protocols

PS core

UM RLC

PDCP1

HS-DSCH + E-DCH No change to Release 7 HSPA L1

61

121

CS Voice over HSPA Benefits Compared to CS Voice over Release 99 Channels

Improved talk-time• Uplink gating and downlink DRX can be used according to Release 7

Continuous packet connectivity (CPC)• Talk time improvement expected clearly more than 50% Faster call setup time• Core signaling runs fast on HSPA• HSPA allows asynchronous RAB Setup without slow DCH reconfiguration

procedures• UE-UE call setup time could ideally be below 1 s Higher capacity• Equaliser, L1 retransmissions, uplink gating, HS-SCCHless features.• No VoIP related overhead required : no IP, RTP headers

122

CSoHSPA = VoIP in Radio + CS Voice End-to-End

• CS voice call from core network point of view• VoIP call from the radio network point of view

RNC MGWBTSUE

No changes to CS core

HSPA packet channels

“VoIP in the radio” “CS voice in core and End-to-end”

50% increase in voice capacity50% improvement in voice talk time (battery time)

50% faster call set-ups

62

123

L1 Activity With Optimized Parameters

L1 activity

0 %

10 %

20 %

30 %

40 %

50 %

60 %

70 %

80 %

90 %

100 %

No bundling 2 packet bundling SID

HSPA uplinkHSPA downlink

• 2 ms TTI• BLER 10%• CQI aligned with data• UL pre/postambles 2 ms• DL DRX cycle 2 ms per 20 ms

• L1 activity with WCDMA R99 is 100% − also during silence frames• HSPA voice L1 activity can be 20-40% during voice and approx 10%

during silence frames leading to considerably longer talk times• Packet bundling means that two consecutive voice packets are

transmitted together over the radio

SID=Silence Indicator

124

05

101520253035404550

GSM EFR GSMAMR

GSMDFCA

WCDMACS voice5.9 kbps

HSPAVoIP/CS12.2 kbps

HSPA CS5.9 kbps

LTE VoIP12.2 kbps

Use

r per

MH

z

CS Voice over HSPA Spectral Efficiency

• 50-100% capacity gain over CS over WCDMA Release 99

+80%

Reasons for higher capacity• UE equaliser• L1 retransmissions• Uplink DTX• HS-SCCHless downlink• No VoIP related overhead

63

125

CSoHSPA Testing in Live Network

126

HSUPA 10-ms (2.0 Mbps)*

HSDPA 64QAM**HSDPA

2x2MIMO

HSUPA 2- ms (5.8 Mbps))

HS-FACH / HS-RACH

Adv. BTS RX(FDE, IC)

HSUPA 16QAM

DTX/DRX

Performance Benefits of HSPA+Peak rate

DC-HSDPA

Average rate

(capacity)Cell edge

rateLatency

gainUE power consume

+50% <10% - - -

+100% <30% <20% - -

+100% +20-100% +20-100% - -

+600% +20-100% RTT 20 ms -

+200% - RTT 15 ms -

+100% - - - -

- - - - Yes

- - - Setup time <0.1 s -

- +50% - -

<100%

= clear gain >30%

= moderate gain <30%

* Baseline: WCDMA Release 99 (uplink 384kbps)** Baseline WCDMA R5 (downlink 14.4 MBps)

<30%

-

Good for downlink data rates

Good for uplink data rates and latencyGood for uplink data rates and latency

Good for lower latency

Good for lower mobile power consumption

Good for uplink data rates and capacity

Upl

ink

Dow

nlin

k

CS voice over HSPA - - - Yes+80%

(voice)Good for talk time and voice capacity

64

127

All Services and Signalling Run on HSPA in Release 8

CS voice

Packet services

Signalling

WCDMA HSPA+

DCH

Common channels RACH, FACH

Paging PCH

HS-DSCH / E-DCH

DCH, RACH, FACH

DCH, RACH, FACH

Service mapping to transport channels

128

Multicarrier HSPA (MC-HSPA) Evolution

65

129

Multicarrier HSPA (MC-HSPA) Concept

1 x 5 MHzUplink Downlink

1 x 5 MHz

4 x 5 MHz

Uplink Downlink4 x 5 MHz

• HSPA release 7 UE can receive and transmit only on 1 frequency even if the operator has total 3-4 frequencies

• HSPA release 8 brought dual cell HSDPA• Further HSPA releases are expected to bring multicarrier HSDPA and

HSUPA which allows UE to take full benefit of operator’s spectrum

130

MC-HSPA Data Rate Evolution

14 Mbps

21-28 Mbps

Downlink

3GPP R5 3GPP R6 3GPP R7

Uplink

42 Mbps84 Mbps

3GPP R8 3GPP R9

168 Mbps

3GPP R10

14 Mbps

0.4 Mbps5.8 Mbps

11 Mbps 11 Mbps 23 Mbps

DC-HSDPADC-HSDPA + MIMO

4-carrier HSDPA

DC-HSUPA 16QAM

64QAM or MIMO

• HSPA has strong data rate evolution beyond 100 Mbps making HSPA competitive long term solution for broadband data

66

131

HSPA Release 10 Outlook

Currently the following topics have been started• 4 Carrier HSDPA

– To include not only 4 carrier on the same frequency band but also the multi-band element

– In Europe this means combination of 900 + 2100 (1+3 carriers)

• Additional Release 10 topics– Drive test minimization– Energy efficiency (study)– New location methods (signature sequences)– Some more to be introduced 03/2010…

132

HSPA Evolution - Summary

• Release 5/6 HSDPA and HSUPA is the basis in the field now

• Release 7/8 HSPA evolution improves the key aspects of the system

– Lower power consumption– Faster access to content – Improved speech capacity (both CS and PS)– Less protocol overhead– Peak data rates up to 42 Mbps

• Release 9 continues HSPA evolution– Dual Carrier HSUPA– Dual-band HSDPA

• Release 10 – 4 Carrier HSDPA the main thing, some items still to come

67

133

HSPA+ and LTE

134

Key Features for LTE Downlink Spectral EfficiencyCompared to HSPA R6

Inter-cell interference rejection combining or cancellation

MIMO = combined use of 2 tx and 2 rxantennas

Frequency domain packet scheduling

+10%

+20%

+40%

Total gain up to 3.1x

OFDM with frequency domain equalization +20..70%

Compared to single antenna BTS tx and 2-rx terminal

Not feasible in HSPA due to cdma modulation

Possible also in HSPA but betterperformance in OFDM solution

Due to orthogonality

• 3GPP R7/R8 brings equalizer, MIMO and frequency domain schedulingto HSPA

68

135

Spectral Efficiency Evolution HSPA vs LTE

0.55

1.06 1.111.31

1.44 1.521.74

0.33 0.33 0.330.53

0.65 0.650.79

0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82.0

HS

PA

R6

HS

PA

R6

+ U

Eeq

ualiz

er

HS

PA

R7

64Q

AM

HS

PA

R8

DC

-H

SD

PA

+ 3

i, U

LIC

HS

PA

R9

DC

-H

SD

PA

+MIM

O,

UL

prog

ress

ive

PC

HS

PA

R10

QC

-H

SD

PA

+MIM

O

LTE

R8

bps/

Hz/

cell

DownlinkUplink

136

Harmonization of HSPA and LTE

• HSPA and LTE have been developed by the same standardization organization. The target has been simple multimode implementation.

• HSPA and LTE have in common– Sampling rate using the same clocking frequency– Same kind of Turbo coding (also maximum block size close

enough)

• The harmonization of these parameters is important as sampling and Turbo decoding are typically done on HW due to high processing requirements

69

137

Subscribers per Technology EvolutionInforma Estimate June 2009

Subscribers per technology

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Mill

ion

WiMAXLTEHSPAGSMCDMA

HSPA will be the mainstream in the

next yearsLTE growth

starting