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MacromoleculesMacromolecules
large (or sometimes very large) organic large (or sometimes very large) organic moleculesmolecules
Organic chemistryOrganic chemistry – deals with – deals with compounds containing carboncompounds containing carbon
PolymerPolymer – molecule made of three or more – molecule made of three or more sub-units called monomerssub-units called monomers
4 main categories of macromolecules4 main categories of macromolecules::
1.1. CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
2.2. LipidsLipids
3.3. ProteinsProteins
4.4. Nucleic acidsNucleic acids
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Sugars, starches, etc.Sugars, starches, etc. Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygenContains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are used as fuel and food storage by cells are used as fuel and food storage by cells names commonly end in “names commonly end in “oseose”, eg. sucrose”, eg. sucrose Milk sugar: ________oseMilk sugar: ________ose
lactoselactose
Fruit sugar:________oseFruit sugar:________ose fructosefructose
Table sugar: _______oseTable sugar: _______ose sucrosesucrose
Blood sugar: _______oseBlood sugar: _______ose glucoseglucose
Grain sugar: _______oseGrain sugar: _______ose maltosemaltose
Sub-unitSub-unit: single : single sugar (sometimes sugar (sometimes called simple sugar or called simple sugar or monosaccharidemonosaccharide), ), ex: glucose, fructoseex: glucose, fructose
two single sugars two single sugars joined together is joined together is called a called a disaccharidedisaccharide, ex: , ex: sucrose, maltose, sucrose, maltose, lactoselactose
many single sugars many single sugars joined together is joined together is called a called a polysaccharide, ex: polysaccharide, ex: starch, glycogen, starch, glycogen, cellulosecellulose
Starch – storage supply for plantsStarch – storage supply for plants Glycogen – storage supply for animal Glycogen – storage supply for animal
(sometimes called animal starch)(sometimes called animal starch) Cellulose – form plant cell walls, wood Cellulose – form plant cell walls, wood
and food fiberand food fiber Dehydration Synthesis – ex: formation Dehydration Synthesis – ex: formation
of sucrose and waterof sucrose and water
Glucose + fructose -> sucrose + waterGlucose + fructose -> sucrose + water Hydrolysis – ex: breakdown of sucrose Hydrolysis – ex: breakdown of sucrose
using waterusing water
Sucrose + water -> glucose + fructoseSucrose + water -> glucose + fructose
LipidsLipids Fats, waxes, oils, phospholipids, steroids (e.g. Fats, waxes, oils, phospholipids, steroids (e.g.
cholesterol)cholesterol) Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
(sometimes phosphorus)(sometimes phosphorus) Important word part “lip”Important word part “lip” Are Are hydrophobichydrophobic – repel water because they – repel water because they
are non-polar moleculesare non-polar molecules Fats - Energy storage molecules, phospholipids Fats - Energy storage molecules, phospholipids
– main components of cell membranes– main components of cell membranes Nerve tissue – high fat contentNerve tissue – high fat content Lipids are commonly derived into vitamins and Lipids are commonly derived into vitamins and
hormoneshormones
Sub-unitSub-unit - made up of two main components: - made up of two main components: glycerolglycerol and one or more and one or more fatty acidsfatty acids
glycerol and three fatty acids joined by glycerol and three fatty acids joined by dehydration synthesisdehydration synthesis
Saturated and UnsaturatSaturated and Unsaturated fatsed fats Saturated fatty acidSaturated fatty acid – possess no double – possess no double
bonded carbon - carbon (C = C) bondsbonded carbon - carbon (C = C) bonds Unsaturated fatty acidUnsaturated fatty acid – possess one – possess one
double bonded carbon – carbon (C = C) double bonded carbon – carbon (C = C) bondbond
Poly-unsaturated fatty acidPoly-unsaturated fatty acid – possess – possess more than one double bonded carbon – more than one double bonded carbon – carbon (C = C) bondscarbon (C = C) bonds
PhospholipidsPhospholipids
Main component Main component of cells of cells membranes (membranes (phospholipidphospholipid bilayer bilayer))
ProteinsProteins Main structural component of most cellsMain structural component of most cells Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
phosphorus plus nitrogen and even sulfurphosphorus plus nitrogen and even sulfur Main component of hair, muscle, fingernails, Main component of hair, muscle, fingernails,
skin, cartilage, plus many other body tissueskin, cartilage, plus many other body tissue Important biological catalysts – enzymes – are Important biological catalysts – enzymes – are
made of protein – speed up biological made of protein – speed up biological reactions that might not happen at all without reactions that might not happen at all without enzymesenzymes
Enzymes commonly end in “ase” – eg: amylase Enzymes commonly end in “ase” – eg: amylase breaks down amylose (starch) into maltose breaks down amylose (starch) into maltose
Sub-unitSub-unit – – amino acidsamino acids – over 20 – over 20 different ones present in nature (8 are different ones present in nature (8 are essential in our diet)essential in our diet)
Joining of two amino acids is called a di-Joining of two amino acids is called a di-peptide and forms a peptide bondpeptide and forms a peptide bond
Important word part “pep”Important word part “pep” Two bonded amino acids (by a peptide Two bonded amino acids (by a peptide
bond) is called a bond) is called a dipeptidedipeptide Many joined amino acids bonded Many joined amino acids bonded
together called a together called a polypeptidepolypeptide Proteins are made at a cell site called Proteins are made at a cell site called
ribosomesribosomes by a process called by a process called transcriptiontranscription
EnzymesEnzymes Commonly made of proteinCommonly made of protein Speed up biological reactions (catalyst)Speed up biological reactions (catalyst) Have an optimum pH and temperature rangeHave an optimum pH and temperature range Are reusable (not consumed in the reaction), Are reusable (not consumed in the reaction),
can be used over and over againcan be used over and over again Substrate – target for a particular enzyme Substrate – target for a particular enzyme
(eg. Substrate – amylose, enzyme – amylase(eg. Substrate – amylose, enzyme – amylase Enzymes have a 3D shape – join into it’s Enzymes have a 3D shape – join into it’s
substrate like a key fits a locksubstrate like a key fits a lock The first step in any enzyme catalyzed The first step in any enzyme catalyzed
reaction is the formation of an reaction is the formation of an enzyme-enzyme-substrate complexsubstrate complex. .
Cystic Fibrosis – enzyme problemsCystic Fibrosis – enzyme problems
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
DNA and RNADNA and RNA Nova online… Nova online… Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfurphosphorus, nitrogen and sulfur DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid – hereditary DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid – hereditary
moleculemolecule RNA – ribonucleic acid – help in protein RNA – ribonucleic acid – help in protein
synthesissynthesis Nucleic acid molecules can be very long ( Nucleic acid molecules can be very long (
1 metre)++1 metre)++
Sub-unit – Sub-unit – nucleotidesnucleotides
Journey into DNAJourney into DNA DNA copied in a DNA copied in a
process calledprocess called replicationreplication
Information from Information from the DNA is “read” the DNA is “read” and used to help and used to help make protein in a make protein in a process called process called translationtranslation
Three important Three important cell processescell processes
A.A. DNA ReplicationDNA ReplicationB.B. TranscriptionTranscriptionC.C. TranslationTranslation
DNA and RNADNA and RNA DNA nucleotide – deoxyribose (5-carbon DNA nucleotide – deoxyribose (5-carbon
sugar), phosphoric acid (or phosphate) and sugar), phosphoric acid (or phosphate) and one of 4 bases (one of 4 bases (AAdenine, denine, TThymine, hymine, CCytosine, ytosine, GGuanine)uanine)
DNA – double strandedDNA – double stranded RNA nucleotide – ribose (5-carbon sugar) , RNA nucleotide – ribose (5-carbon sugar) ,
phosphoric acid (or phosphate) and one of 4 phosphoric acid (or phosphate) and one of 4 bases (bases (AAdenine, denine, UUracil, racil, CCytosine, ytosine, GGuanine)uanine)
RNA – single strandedRNA – single stranded two types of RNA - mRNA (messenger RNA) two types of RNA - mRNA (messenger RNA)
& tRNA (transfer RNA)& tRNA (transfer RNA)
Questions 1-3, page 48Questions 1-3, page 481.1. What is the relationship between a What is the relationship between a polymer and a monomer?polymer and a monomer?- A polymer is a large molecule made up of smaller - A polymer is a large molecule made up of smaller units, called monomers, which are linked togetherunits, called monomers, which are linked together
2.2. Explain how both nucleic acids and Explain how both nucleic acids and proteins are polymers. Be sure to describe proteins are polymers. Be sure to describe the monomers that make up the polymers.the monomers that make up the polymers.- Both are made of smaller units that are bonded Both are made of smaller units that are bonded together. Proteins are polymers of amino acids; together. Proteins are polymers of amino acids; nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.3. 3. Compare and contrast – how are Compare and contrast – how are carbohydrates and lipids similar? How carbohydrates and lipids similar? How are they different?are they different?- Both are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygenBoth are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen- Both are used by cells as an energy sourceBoth are used by cells as an energy source- Both have some structural functionBoth have some structural function- Carbs – sugars and starchesCarbs – sugars and starches- Lipids – fats, waxes and oilsLipids – fats, waxes and oils
Questions 4-5Questions 4-54.4. Infer – Explain how the bonding Infer – Explain how the bonding
properties of carbon atoms result in the properties of carbon atoms result in the large variety of carbon-based molecules large variety of carbon-based molecules in living things.in living things.- Carbon is able to form four covalent bonds - Carbon is able to form four covalent bonds
with other atoms including other carbon atoms; with other atoms including other carbon atoms; many different combinations are possible.many different combinations are possible.
-Many other types of atoms can bond to Many other types of atoms can bond to carbon, and many different combinations are carbon, and many different combinations are possible.possible.
5.5. Biochemistry – Why might fatty acids, Biochemistry – Why might fatty acids, amino acids and nucleic acids increase amino acids and nucleic acids increase the hydrogen ion (Hthe hydrogen ion (H++) concentration of a ) concentration of a solution? Explain your answer.solution? Explain your answer.- The molecules are acids, which increase the - The molecules are acids, which increase the
HH+ + ion concentration in a solution and lower the ion concentration in a solution and lower the pH.pH.
Questions 1-3, page 53Questions 1-3, page 531.1. Hydrogen peroxide (HHydrogen peroxide (H22OO22) breaks ) breaks
down into water (Hdown into water (H22O) and oxygen O) and oxygen (O(O22). Explain why this is a chemical ). Explain why this is a chemical reaction. What are the reactants and reaction. What are the reactants and products of the reaction?products of the reaction?
• It is a chemical reaction because different It is a chemical reaction because different substances are formed.substances are formed.
• The reactant is hydrogen peroxide and the The reactant is hydrogen peroxide and the products are water and oxygen.products are water and oxygen.
2.2. How do endothermic and exothermic How do endothermic and exothermic reactions differ?reactions differ?
• Endothermic reactions absorb energy Endothermic reactions absorb energy
Questions 3 & 4, p53Questions 3 & 4, p533.3. Infer – The process below is exothermic. What Infer – The process below is exothermic. What
must be true about the bond energies of the must be true about the bond energies of the reactants and the products? Explain.reactants and the products? Explain.
6 O6 O22 + C + C66HH1212OO66 -> 6 CO -> 6 CO22 + 6 H + 6 H22OO- The bond energies of the reactants must be The bond energies of the reactants must be
higher than those of the products because higher than those of the products because excess energy is released.excess energy is released.
4.4. Evaluate – Why might it not always be possible Evaluate – Why might it not always be possible to determine the reactants and products in a to determine the reactants and products in a reaction? Explain your answer in terms of reaction? Explain your answer in terms of chemical equilibrium.chemical equilibrium.
- Depending on the concentrations of the Depending on the concentrations of the reactants and the products, both reactants and reactants and the products, both reactants and products may be formed at the same time if the products may be formed at the same time if the reactions are reversible. At equilibrium, reactions are reversible. At equilibrium, reactants and products are formed at the same reactants and products are formed at the same rate.rate.
Question 5, p53Question 5, p53
5.5. Biochemistry – A chemical reaction can Biochemistry – A chemical reaction can start when enough activation energy is start when enough activation energy is added to the reactants. Do you think added to the reactants. Do you think the activation energy for chemical the activation energy for chemical reactions in living things is high or low? reactions in living things is high or low? Explain your answer.Explain your answer.
- The activation energy for reactions must - The activation energy for reactions must be relatively low because temperatures be relatively low because temperatures cannot be greatly increased in living cannot be greatly increased in living things.things.
Questions 1-3, p56Questions 1-3, p561.1. How does a catalyst affect the activation How does a catalyst affect the activation
energy of a chemical reaction?energy of a chemical reaction?- A catalyst reduces the activation energy A catalyst reduces the activation energy
required to start a chemical reactionrequired to start a chemical reaction2.2. Describe how the interaction between an Describe how the interaction between an
enzyme and its substrate changes a enzyme and its substrate changes a chemical reaction.chemical reaction.
- An enzyme brings substrates close together An enzyme brings substrates close together so that they can react, and slightly alter so that they can react, and slightly alter (weaken) the bonds within the substrates by (weaken) the bonds within the substrates by changing the shapes of the molecules.changing the shapes of the molecules.
3.3. Infer – Some organisms live in very hot or Infer – Some organisms live in very hot or very acidic environments. Would their very acidic environments. Would their enzymes function in a person’s cells? Why enzymes function in a person’s cells? Why or why not?or why not?
- No, the enzymes function under different - No, the enzymes function under different conditions than are found in humans.conditions than are found in humans.
Questions 4 & 5, p 56Questions 4 & 5, p 564.4. Predict – Suppose that the amino acids that Predict – Suppose that the amino acids that
make up an enzyme’s active site are make up an enzyme’s active site are changed. How might this change affect the changed. How might this change affect the enzyme?enzyme?
- The substrates would likely not bond to the The substrates would likely not bond to the enzyme because the shape of the active site enzyme because the shape of the active site would be changed.would be changed.
5.5. Homeostasis – Organisms need to maintain Homeostasis – Organisms need to maintain homeostasis, or stable internal conditions. homeostasis, or stable internal conditions. Why is homeostasis important for the Why is homeostasis important for the function of enzymes?function of enzymes?
- If homeostatic conditions, such as If homeostatic conditions, such as temperature or pH, are not maintained, then temperature or pH, are not maintained, then the hydrogen bonds that keep an enzyme in the hydrogen bonds that keep an enzyme in it’s correct shape will weaken or break and it’s correct shape will weaken or break and the enzyme’s structure will change. This the enzyme’s structure will change. This will affect its function.will affect its function.