Upload
simon-buckingham-shum
View
1.116
Download
5
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Invited
Citation preview
Making Conversations Visible: The Rocky Road from Dream to Reality…
1
Imperial College London, 2 Sept. 2010
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk
Simon Buckingham Shum
Knowledge Media Institute Open University UK http://people.kmi.open.ac.uk/sbs
My Space…
2
Learning
Sensemaking
Collective Intelligence
Wicked Problems
Computer-Supported…
dialogue
deliberation
argumentation http
://m
edia
.pho
tobu
cket
.com
/imag
e/yi
nyan
g/pe
nelo
peca
ssan
dre/
Tao_
YinY
angE
arth
2.jp
g
participatory inquiry
3
the journey
Domain
Discourse
Human-Centred Computing for Sensemaking (including Design Rationale, and arguably, many RE tools?)
Domain
Services Interoperability
Discourse
Interaction Design
Human-Centred Computing for Sensemaking (including Design Rationale, and arguably, many RE tools?)
Learning Curve
Mastery
Domain
Services Interoperability
Discourse
Interaction Design
Human-Centred Computing for Sensemaking (including Design Rationale, and arguably, many RE tools?)
7
Compendium has played a number of roles in the design of socio-technical systems
Storyboarding
Requirements Construction
Design Reviews
Data Analysis
Specification
Decision/Design Rationale
Presentations
Knowledge Management
Documentation
Meeting Replay Domain
Modelling
Learning Curve
Mastery
Human-Centred Computing for Sensemaking
Services Interoperability
Interaction Design
Domain
Discourse
9
Horst Rittel’s IBIS (1972): Issue-Based Information System
10
MacLean et al’s (1987) Design Space Analysis using QOC: Questions/Options/Criteria
Libraries of IBIS templates with critical questions to probe different kinds of arguments
11
Libraries of IBIS templates with critical questions to probe different kinds of arguments
12
Learning Curve
Mastery
Human-Centred Computing for Sensemaking
Services Interoperability
Interaction Design
Domain
Discourse
14
http://compendium.open.ac.uk/institute
Compendium “it’s like Excel, but for knowledge”
Originally motivated by the requirement at NYNEX
Science & Technology, for a tool capable of integrating
formal organisational/system modelling with qualitative,
narrative accounts from workplace ethnographers
15
Compendium software tool
16
Compendium Java application (from ~1998): visual hypermedia for managing the connections between ideas flexibly
Buckingham Shum, S., Selvin, A., Sierhuis, M., Conklin, J., Haley, C. and Nuseibeh, B. (2006). Hypermedia Support for Argumentation-Based Rationale: 15 Years on from gIBIS and QOC. In: Rationale Management in Software Engineering (Eds.) A.H. Dutoit, R. McCall, I. Mistrik, and B. Paech. Springer-Verlag: Berlin. http://oro.open.ac.uk/3032
17
gIBIS: graphical IBIS (MCC research prototype, 1989, running in GERM)
18
CM/1, renamed QuestMap (Corporate Memory Systems 1992, spinoff from MCC’s gIBIS)
Issue/Argument Mapping comes of age… (Rob Bracewell, U. Cambridge: DRed: Decision Rationale editor )
Issue/Argument Mapping comes of age…
20
Online Deliberation: Emerging Tools Workshop Online Deliberation 2010, Leeds UK (30 June – 2 July)
www.olnet.org/odet2010
Issue/Argument Mapping comes of age… (David Price, Debategraph.org)
21
Issue/Argument Mapping comes of age… (David Price, Debategraph.org)
22
Issue/Argument Mapping comes of age… (Tim van Gelder, AusThinkConsulting.com)
23
bCsive Online
Issue/Argument Mapping comes of age… (Tim van Gelder, AusThinkConsulting.com)
ShowCase
Issue/Argument Mapping comes of age… (Tim van Gelder, AusThinkConsulting.com)
Word document with macros
Turns Word into an argument mapping application
ShowCase
Issue/Argument Mapping comes of age… (Tim van Gelder, AusThinkConsulting.com)
Using Compendium to map and automatically index
replayable video conferences
CoAKTinG Project: www.aktors.org/coakting
Memetic Project: www.memetic-vre.net
e-Dance project: kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/e-dance
28
Collaborative sensemaking in e-Science: Meeting Replay tool for Earth scientists, synchronising video of Mars crew’s discussion as they annotate their mission plans
Copyright, 2004, RIACS/NASA Ames, Open University, Southampton University Not to be used without permission
NASA MR Clip: 00:50
29
Memetic Meeting Replay The CoAKTinG project’s results are now mainstreamed in the Access Grid by the JISC Memetic VRE project
30
Annotation of video inside Compendium The JISC Memetic VRE project led to the e-Dance Project (EPSRC/AHRC/JISC) http://projects.kmi.open.ac.uk/e-dance
http://podcast.open.ac.uk/oulearn/computing-and-ict/podcast-e-dance
Integrating Compendium with web services (Emergency response coordination scenario)
31 Potter, S. et al. (2007) The Application of Advanced Knowledge Technologies for Emergency Response. Proceedings 4th International Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM 07) Conference, Delft, The Netherlands. http://eprints.aktors.org/602
Integrating Compendium with web services (Emergency response coordination scenario)
32 Potter, S. et al. (2007) The Application of Advanced Knowledge Technologies for Emergency Response. Proceedings 4th International Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM 07) Conference, Delft, The Netherlands. http://eprints.aktors.org/602
33
http://cohere.open.ac.uk
web annotation for sensemaking
(A winner in the Mozilla/MacArthur Foundation Jetpack for Learning Design Challenge)
— Web 2.0 IBIS++ structured deliberation
34
— annotating documents with Firefox plugin
35 De Liddo, A. and Buckingham Shum, S. (2010). Cohere: A prototype for contested collective intelligence. In: ACM Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW 2010) - Workshop: Collective Intelligence In Organizations, February 6-10, 2010, Savannah, Georgia, USA. http://oro.open.ac.uk/19554
36
seeing the connections people make as they annotate the web using Cohere
De Liddo, A. and Buckingham Shum, S. (2010). Cohere: A prototype for contested collective intelligence. In: ACM Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW 2010) - Workshop: Collective Intelligence In Organizations, February 6-10, 2010, Savannah, Georgia, USA. http://oro.open.ac.uk/19554
Visualizing all the connections that a set of analysts have made between web resources
— but this may also be confusing
Visualizing multiple learners’ interpretations of
global warming sources
Connections have been filtered by a set of
semantic relationships grouped as Consistency
— semantic filter of argument map
De Liddo, A. and Buckingham Shum, S. (2010). Cohere: A prototype for contested collective intelligence. In: ACM Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW 2010) - Workshop: Collective Intelligence In Organizations, February 6-10, 2010, Savannah, Georgia, USA. http://oro.open.ac.uk/19554
“Semantic Google Scholar”: Query: What is the lineage of this idea?
39
Buckingham Shum, S.J., Uren, V., Li, G., Sereno, B. and Mancini, C. (2007).Modelling Naturalistic Argumentation in Research Literatures: Representation and Interaction Design Issues. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, (Special Issue on Computational Models of Natural Argument, Eds: C. Reed and F. Grasso, 22, (1), pp.17-47. http://oro.open.ac.uk/6463
— geospatial mashup of ideas
Nodes in the semantic network containing
geolocation data can be visualized in Google Maps
— timeline viz. mashup of ideas
Nodes in the semantic network containing temporal data can be visualized in MIT
Simile’s timeline
Human-Centred Computing for Sensemaking
Services Interoperability
Interaction Design
Domain
Discourse
Learning Curve
Mastery
43 Selvin, A., Buckingham Shum, S.J. & Aakhus, M. (2010). The Practice Level in Participatory Design Rationale: Studying Practitioner Moves and Choices. Human Technology: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Humans in ICT Environments (Special Issue on Creativity and Rationale, Ed. Jack Carroll), May 2010. http://oro.open.ac.uk/20948
Knowledge Art (Al Selvin) How can we add immediate value to team meeting with Design Rationale representations? Extract from a generic framework:
44 Selvin, A., Buckingham Shum, S.J. & Aakhus, M. (2010). The Practice Level in Participatory Design Rationale: Studying Practitioner Moves and Choices. Human Technology: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Humans in ICT Environments (Special Issue on Creativity and Rationale, Ed. Jack Carroll), May 2010. http://oro.open.ac.uk/20948
Knowledge Art (Al Selvin) How can we add immediate value to team meeting with Design Rationale representations? Extract from a generic framework:
Knowledge Art (Al Selvin) How can we add immediate value to team meeting with Design Rationale representations? Extract from a generic framework:
45 Selvin, A., Buckingham Shum, S.J. & Aakhus, M. (2010). The Practice Level in Participatory Design Rationale: Studying Practitioner Moves and Choices. Human Technology: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Humans in ICT Environments (Special Issue on Creativity and Rationale, Ed. Jack Carroll), May 2010. http://oro.open.ac.uk/20948
Learning Curve
Mastery
Domain
Services Interoperability
Discourse
Interaction Design
Human-Centred Computing for Sensemaking (including Design Rationale, and arguably, many RE tools?)
47
Dialogue Mapping
(Jeff Conklin)
Facilitating real time discussion
by mapping contributions
Capturing stakeholder viewpoints in real time to build a visual database
48
Capturing stakeholder viewpoints in real time to build a visual database
49
Ways to cope with overwhelming complexity…
The Power of Pull How Small Moves, Smartly Made, Can Set Big Things in Motion
John Hagel III John Seely Brown Lang Davison
Summary article in Harvard Business Review blog: http://blogs.hbr.org/bigshift/2010/04/a-brief-history-of-the-power-o.html
51
Compendium Argument Map summarising Hagel et al’s (2010) “The Power of Pull”
Ways to cope with overwhelming complexity…
The Leader’s Edge Six Creative Competencies for Navigating Complex Challenges
Charles J. Palus David M. Horth
Summary article in Ivey Business Journal: http://www.iveybusinessjournal.com/article.asp?intArticle_ID=582
Creative competencies for complex challenges (Palus & Horth 2002: Center for Creative Leadership)
53
Complexity & Chaos
Paying Attention
Personalizing
Imaging Serious Play
Co-Inquiry
Shared Understanding & Sensible Action
Crafting
Based on analysing and mentoring many senior leaders, Palus & Horth recognise a new pattern of competencies in leaders who cope well with overwhelming complexity. CCL has developed practical tools to scaffold these competencies
…how do we nurture these in ourselves (and the next generation)?
Compendium to scaffold CCL’s C2 Competencies
54
2 images from Visual Explorer
http://cclve.blogspot.com
Selvin, A., Buckingham, S., Horth, D., Palus, C. & Sierhuis, M. (2002). Knowledge Art: Visual Sensemaking Using Combined Compendium and Visual Explorer Methodologies. Presented at: The Art of Management and Organisation Conference, King's College London, 3-6 September 2002. http://compendium.open.ac.uk/institute/compendium/papers/aomo2002Compendium.doc
Compendium to scaffold CCL’s C2 Competencies
55
Cluster images and discussion in Compendium
Selvin, A., Buckingham, S., Horth, D., Palus, C. & Sierhuis, M. (2002). Knowledge Art: Visual Sensemaking Using Combined Compendium and Visual Explorer Methodologies. Presented at: The Art of Management and Organisation Conference, King's College London, 3-6 September 2002. http://compendium.open.ac.uk/institute/compendium/papers/aomo2002Compendium.doc
Compendium to scaffold CCL’s C2 Competencies
56
Organise emerging issues for next phase of analysis
Selvin, A., Buckingham, S., Horth, D., Palus, C. & Sierhuis, M. (2002). Knowledge Art: Visual Sensemaking Using Combined Compendium and Visual Explorer Methodologies. Presented at: The Art of Management and Organisation Conference, King's College London, 3-6 September 2002. http://compendium.open.ac.uk/institute/compendium/papers/aomo2002Compendium.doc
57
Conversational Modelling
(Al Selvin & Maarten Sierhuis)
Facilitating real time discussion by
modelling with IBIS templates + other
visual languages
58
Modelling organisational processes in Compendium using a Template
Selvin, A.M. and Buckingham Shum, S.J. (2002) Rapid Knowledge Construction: A Case Study in Corporate Contingency Planning Using Collaborative Hypermedia. Journal of Knowledge and Process Management 9(2):pp. 119-128. http://eprints.aktors.org/48
59
Completing a Compendium template
Selvin, A.M. and Buckingham Shum, S.J. (2002) Rapid Knowledge Construction: A Case Study in Corporate Contingency Planning Using Collaborative Hypermedia. Journal of Knowledge and Process Management 9(2):pp. 119-128. http://eprints.aktors.org/48
60
Generating custom documents and diagrams from Compendium templates
BuildAssignableInventory
AssignableInventory
Deviations/Changes
(Engr Sched)Approvals
Integrated/Revised
Requirements
FieldSpecific
Assignments/Assignment
List
InstallationDetails/
Specs/NDO
AssignableInventory
Notice (E1)
Selvin, A.M. and Buckingham Shum, S.J. (2002) Rapid Knowledge Construction: A Case Study in Corporate Contingency Planning Using Collaborative Hypermedia. Journal of Knowledge and Process Management 9(2):pp. 119-128. http://eprints.aktors.org/48
61
NASA Compendium session
62
End-user defined modelling stencil
Using Compendium for personnel recovery planning
Example of Conversational Modelling: real time dialogue mapping combined with model driven
templates (AI+IA)
Co-OPR Project (with Austin Tate): http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/project/co-opr
64
Personnel Recovery: Planning Cell
Doctrine for Situation Analysis extracted as an Issue Template
Link to the source doctrine document
Issues that require attention (as specified in the doctrine document)
Relevant extract from doctrine publication inside the node for reference
66
Mission Briefing: Intent template
Options may be constrained by predefined ‘doctrine’
67
Capturing political deliberation/rationale
The collective intelligence available in the room and online:
Dialogue Map capturing the team’s deliberations
Visual background structures the display for planning
Option Comparison matrix
Summary of how options trade off against each other, derived from each option analysis
Constraints
Restraints
69
I-X Planning Engine input to Compendium
Issues on which the I-X planning engine provided candidate Options
Large scale NASA e-science field trials:
Interoperability with other databases, software agents and collaboration tools
www.kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/coakting/nasa
Clancey, W.J., Sierhuis, M., Alena, R., Berrios, D., Dowding, J., Graham, J.S., Tyree, K.S., Hirsh, R.L., Garry, W.B., Semple, A., Buckingham Shum, S.J., Shadbolt, N. and Rupert, S. (2005). “Automating CapCom Using Mobile Agents and Robotic Assistants.” 1st Space Exploration Conference, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 31 Jan-1 Feb, 2005, Orlando, FL. Available from: AIAA Meeting Papers on Disc [CD-ROM]: Reston, VA, and as Advanced Knowledge Technologies ePrint 375: http://eprints.aktors.org/375
71
NASA e-science field trials (2004 and 2005)
Distributed Mars-Earth planning and data analysis tools for Mars Habitat field trial in Utah desert, supported from US+UK
www.kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/coakting/nasa
72
Collaboration Configuration
Scientist (Mars)
Scientist (Earth)
Scientist (Earth)
Scientist (Mars)
Scientist (Earth)
Software Agent Architecture
(Mars)
Compendium used as a collaboration medium at all intersections: humans+agents, reading+writing maps
RST-telecon-2005-04-11.i.avi 00:49:08
73
NASA testbed: Compendium activity plans for surface exploration, constructed by scientists on ‘Earth’, interpreted by software agents on ‘Mars’
The Compendium nodes and relationships in this plan were interpreted by Brahms software agents for monitoring and coordinating astronaut and robot activity during surface explorations.
Copyright, 2004, RIACS/NASA Ames, Open University, Southampton University Not to be used without permission
RST-telecon-2005-04-11.i.avi 1:11:57
74
NASA testbed: Compendium science data map, generated by software agents, for interpretation by Mars+Earth scientists
The Compendium maps were autonomously created and populated with science data by Brahms software agents that use models of the mission plan, work process, data flow and science data relationships to create the maps.
Copyright, 2004, RIACS/NASA Ames, Open University, Southampton University Not to be used without permission
75
NASA testbed: Compendium-based photo analysis by geologists on ‘Mars’
Copyright, 2004, RIACS/NASA Ames, Open University, Southampton University Not to be used without permission
76
NASA testbed: Compendium scientific feedback map from Earth scientists to Mars colleagues
Copyright, 2004, RIACS/NASA Ames, Open University, Southampton University Not to be used without permission
Reqts Eng = sensemaking in complex adaptive
systems?
77
Cynefin sense-making framework (Kurtz & Snowden, 2003)
78
Sensemaking phenomena (work in progress)
79
Sensemaking Phenomenon in Complex Domains
Sensemaking Infrastructure Opportunity
Dangers of entrained thinking from experts who fail to recognise a novel phenomenon
Complex systems only seem to make sense retrospectively: narrative is an appropriately complex form of knowledge sharing and reflection for such domains Patterns are emergent
Much of the relevant knowledge is tacit, shared through discourse, not formal codifications
Many small signals can build over time into a significant force/change
Sensemaking phenomena and tool requirements
80
Sensemaking Phenomenon in Complex Domains
Sensemaking Infrastructure Opportunity
Dangers of entrained thinking from experts who fail to recognise a novel phenomenon
• Pay particular attention to exceptions • Open up to diverse perspectives
Complex systems only seem to make sense retrospectively: narrative is an appropriately complex form of knowledge sharing and reflection for such domains
• Stories and coherent pathways are important
• Reflection and overlaying of interpretation(s) is critical
Patterns are emergent • In addition to top-down, anticipated patterns, generate views bottom-up from the data to expose unexpected phenomena
Much of the relevant knowledge is tacit, shared through discourse, not formal codifications
• Scaffold the formation of significant inter-personal, learning relationships
Many small signals can build over time into a significant force/change
• Enable individuals to highlight important events and connections which are then aggregated
• Suggest connections based on different kinds of significant relationship
Articles, books, news, movies, software, community…
81
CompendiumInstitute
http://projects.kmi.open.ac.uk/hyperdiscourse
82
Milestone publications in
human-centred
design rationale research
83
Special Issue on Design Rationale Human-Computer Interaction Journal, 1991 Eds. Carroll and Moran
84
Design Rationale (1996) Eds. Carroll and Moran, LEA
85
Visualizing Argumentation (2003)
www.VisualizingArgumentation.info
Argument mapping for collective sensemaking and organisational memory in design, scholarly publishing, scientific and public policy debates, education
Including 3 chapters about descendants of gIBIS, two of them practice-oriented
86
Dialogue Mapping Jeff Conklin (2006)
The craft skill of IBIS mapping to add immediate value in meetings (design rationale’s value proposition cannot be that some unknown person in the future may benefit from your DR)
CogNexus Institute Training in Dialogue and Issue Mapping www.CogNexus.org
87
Rationale Management in Software Engineering (2006). Eds. Dutoit, McCall, Mistrik, and Paech. Springer-Verlag
Creativity and Rationale Special Issue of Human Technology: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Humans in ICT Environments. Ed. John Carroll. www.humantechnology.jyu.fi
88