Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Man made fibers
Citation preview
IndustrievereinigungChemiefaser e.V.
Man-Made FibresThe Way FromProduction To Use
Contents
Milestones in Man-made FibresLooking back at the history of man-made fibresFrom the natural fibre to the man-made fibreAn idea takes on a concrete formThe beginning of a new eraA triumph of science and technology
The Basic Structure of FibresThe structure of chain moleculesThe building blocks of single moleculesThe emergence of chain molecules
The Basics of Man-made FibresWhat all fibres have in commonThe main difference between man-made fibres and natural fibresThe subdivision of man-made fibresThe cellulosic fibresThe synthetic fibres
The Production of Spin MassesProducing the primary materialsThe methods of transformationPreparing the spin mass
Man-made Fibres for the Textile IndustryThe types of man-made fibres
Customised FibresThe spinning processProduction of polyesterProduction of polyamideProduction of acrylicProduction of viscoseDrawing man-made fibresThe intended use determines the degree of drawing
The Forms of Man-made FibresThe spinneretCross sections
TexturingThe procedureThe advantagesThe process
The Production of Staple Fibres The principleThe towThe cutting process
1.1–1.2
2.1–2.2
3.1–3.2
4.1–4.2
5.1–5.2
6.1–6.6
7.1–7.2
8.1–8.2
9.1
Contents
Fibres With a FutureThe versatility of man-made fibresThe variety of possibilities
The Properties of Man-made FibresThe technical advantagesThe advantages for the consumer
Designation of Man-made Fibres Titre designations
Heat-Setting The processThe advantages
Apparel Manufactured from Man-made Fibres The fabricsThe systemThe functions
The Care Properties Handling of textilesThe care symbols for textilesThe properties of textiles
The Significance of Man-made Fibres for the Textile Market The developmentThe future
10.1–10.2
11.1–11.2
12.1
13.1
14.1
15.1
16.1–16.2
Milestones in Man-made Fibres
Looking backat the history
of man-made fibresAs early as 1665 the EnglishmanRobert Hooke came up with the idea ofmaking artificial fibres from a viscousliquid mass.His idea, though, remained a utopia formore than two centuries. Only in 1884did Count Chardonnet succeed for thefirst time in producing artificial silkfrom dissolved cellulose.
From the natural fibreto the man-made fibre
When the German chemist HermannStaudinger was able to prove that natu-ral fibres are based on large chain-sha-ped molecules, he laid the foundationfor the development of modern man-made fibres. That was in 1925.
An idea takes ona concrete form
Under the direction of the chemistCarothers, a group of American scien-tists succeeded in synthetically produ-cing a spinnable polyamide. It was thebirth of the world-famous product“Nylon“. Five years later the first nylonstockings could be purchased.
Count Hilairede Chardonnet(1839–1924)
Prof. Dr. HermannStaudinger(1881–1965)
Dr. WallaceH. Carothers(1896–1937)
1.1
Milestones in Man-made Fibres
The beginningof a new era
The first perlon fibres were spun by theIG Farben in 1933. In the same yearBayer and Kurz discovered the basiccompound for acrylic fibres.
After the Second World War, an inven-tion by Whinfield and Dickson in Eng-land, realized 1941, enabled first thesuccessful production of polyester fib-res.
A triumph of scienceand technology
The triumphal march of man-madefibres was unstoppable. With the pro-duction of fibres as successful asACRYLIC, POLYAMIDE, POLYESTER,ELASTANE and VISCOSE, new opportu-nities were opened up for everyone,affecting the quality, as well as theenjoyment of life. Today, the world ofclothing, sports and leisure, as well asthat of technology, medicine andinterior design, would be unthinkablewithout man-made fibres.
1.2
The Basic Structure of Fibres
The structure ofchain molecules
All fibres used for manufacturing tex-tiles, whether natural or man-made, aremade up of chain molecules.
The building blocks ofsingle molecules
Every molecule in the chain consists ofidentical chemical elements or combi-nations of these elements: these arecarbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitro-gen.
2.1
Model of achain molecule
The Basic Structure of Fibres
The emergence of chainmolecules
Every single one of these moleculesmust be able to enter into chemicalreactions at both ends. Only then it ispossible to form a chain, the chainmolecule consisting of hundreds andthousands of molecules linked to-gether.
2.2
The Basics of Man-made Fibres
What all fibres havein common
The starting point is always nature (thesun), regardless of whether natural- orman-made fibres.
After being treated withchemicals, the short fibrescontained in wood aretransformed into a waterysolution and then pressedthrough spinnerets. Afterdrying, cellulosic fibres areobtained.
3.1
The main outlines in the production of fibres:
In addition to other basiccompounds, sunlightcauses the synthesis ofdextrose in plants, which isthe fundamental buildingblock of the cellulosemolecule.
1
2 5
63
4
Cellulose constitutes thefundamental structure ofcotton plants, which are thesource of the cotton fibre.
Nutrients in feed aretransformed into chemicalcompounds which form thebasis for the growth of wooland hair.
The silk worm collects aprotein depot from itsnourishment which is spunto endless threads throughits glands.
The raw materials forsynthetic fibres generallystem from crude oil, whichoriginates from thetransformation of hugequantities of marineorganisms.
The Basics of Man-made Fibres
The main differencebetween man-made
fibres and natural fibresIn contrast to natural fibres, the com-position and structure of man-madefibres can be humanly shaped. Thislends man-made fibres special pro-perties and renders them useful formany different purposes.In the case of requiring high, little orlow absorbancy, maximum tensilestrength, elasticity or stretchability,heat or cold resistancy - man-made fib-res are able to fulfil almost any wish.
The subdivsion ofman-made fibres
We distinguish between synthetic andcellulosic man-made fibres.
The cellulosic fibresThe primary material of cellulosic fib-res is cellulose. Cellulose is the mostcommon organic compound in nature.It is synthesised under the influence ofsunlight by a reaction of carbon dioxidewith water in plants. This process is cal-led photosynthesis. The fundamentalbuilding block of cellulose is the gluco-se molecule.
The synthetic fibresSynthetic fibres are also produced froman organic substance, namely crudeoil. Crude oil originates from the trans-formation of huge quantities of marineorganisms.
3.2
The Production of Spin Masses
Producing the primary materials
In order to manufacture man-made fib-res, viscous, stringy liquids are needed.The matter that results from dissolvingor heating (e.g. from a substance ingranular form) is called the spin mass.
This way of joining macromolecules isonly possible with single moleculeswhich have a double bond between twocarbon atoms (CH2=CH2). But thesealone cannot create an interconnectingmolecular bond. To do this they needthe support of substances which areknown as catalysts. These catalystsinitiate the interconnection process byensuring that the double bond bet-ween the two carbon atoms opens upto create a single bond -CH2-CH2-. Theopen single bond stimulates anothercarbon double bond to open and soon. The -CH2-CH2-groups link up anda macromolecule is formed. This pro-cess continues until it is stopped by thechemist. He achieves this by introdu-cing molecules which have no intenti-on of encouraging further interlinkingof the molecules. By this he can deter-mine the length of the macromoleculeand thereby the specific fibre pro-perties. This is how “customised“ fibresare created. Schematically, polymerisa-tion can be illustrated as follows:
Many identical small reactive molecu-les line up in a large long-chain mole-cule, or macromolecule.Depending on the polymerisation pro-cess, fibres, e.g. polyamide 6 (PA 6),acrylic (PAN), polyvinylchloride (CFL)and polypropylene (PP) fibres are pro-duced.
4.1
The methods oftransformation
Today, three manufacturing processesare primarily used to obtain spinnablematerial: POLYMERISATION, POLYCON-DENSATION and POLYADDITION.
POLYMERISATION
The Production of Spin Masses
In this process, only those single mole-cules can be formed that have reactiveatomic groups on both ends capable ofreacting with other atomic groups(molecules with bifunctional groups). Ifthe linking molecules are different, forexample the one containing an alcoholgroup and the other an acid group (e.g.a carboxilic acid group), the result is anester. Normally water molecules splitoff in the process. Illustrated schemati-cally:
Two different types of molecules linkup and produce a by-product (mostlywater). This process applies, for exam-ple, to polyester (PES) and polyamide6.6 (PA 6.6).
In this process, two different types ofsingle molecules link up to form amacromolecule. Instead of splitting offby-products, an alternating dislocationof the hydrogen molecules takes place.Illustrated schematically:
This is how, for example, elastanefibres (EL) are made.
Preparing thespin mass
The primary materials synthesised bypolymerisation, polycondensation andpolyaddition must be processed so thatthey can be formed into fibres. To dothis, they are dissolved into a liquid orheated to transform them into a syrup-like, viscous mass. The resulting spinn-able substance is called a polymer.
4.2
POLYCONDENSATION POLYADDITION
Man-made Fibres for the Textile Industry
The types of man-made fibres
As a rule, a distinction is made betweenfibres from synthetic polymers and tho-se from cellulosic polymers.The ACRYLIC-, POLYAMIDE-, POLY-ESTER-and ELASTANE FIBRES belongto the fibres made from synthetic poly-mers.In the case of man-made fibres manu-factured from cellulosic polymers themain distinction is between VISCOSE-and ACETATE FIBRES.
The polyamide fibres most often usedin utility textiles are polyamide 6 andpolyamide 6.6. Polyamide 6 is produ-ced by applying the polymerisation pro-cess, polyamide 6.6 by the polycon-densation process. Both are spun withthe melt spinning process.
Polyester fibres result from the poly-condensation process. When spinning,the melt spinning process is employed.
5.1
POLYAMIDE FIBRES
POLYESTER FIBRES
These fibres are produced by polyaddi-tion and are usually spun in the dryspinning process.
This fibre is produced using the poly-merisation process. The two spinningprocesses employed are dry spinningand wet spinning.
ELASTANE FIBRES
ACRYLIC FIBRES
Man-made Fibres for the Textile Industry 5.2
VISCOSE FIBRES ACETATE FIBRES
The primary material for the cellulosicspin masses is cellulose from trees cul-tivated on plantations.For fibre production a spin mass is nee-ded in which the cellulose is dissolved.For this purpose the pulp boards areimmersed in sodium hydroxide. Bytreating it further with carbon disulfide,a spinnable mass is obtained: viscose.Viscose fibres are wet spun.
In this process the cellulose is subjec-ted to a permanent transformation by areaction with acetic acid.By further chemical treatment cellulo-se acetate is finally achieved.This dry, grainy substance is dissolvedin acetone to form a spin mass fromwhich the acetate filaments are spun inthe dry spinning process.
Customised Fibres
The spinning processIn order to produce filaments (endlessyarns) from the spin mass, variousspinning processes are employed. Thespinnable matter is pressed throughthe extremely small openings of a spin-neret. Upon exiting the spinneret, thefilaments produced are either gatheredto a filament yarn and spooled, or joi-ned to form tows.
In the dry spinning process the spinmass exits the spinneret into a spin-ning duct into which warm air is blown.This causes the solvent to evaporateand the filaments to solidify.
In the wet spinning process the spinmass is pressed into a so-called coagu-lating bath which ensures that the fila-ments clot (coagulate).
This process is employed for meltablefibre raw materials. Upon being heated,a melt is formed which is pressedthrough the spinnerets.
6.1
THE DRY SPINNING PROCESS THE MELT SPINNING PROCESS
THE WET SPINNING PROCESS
The spinning processesconsist of common basicprocesses which can beseen in the illustrations:the container holding thespin mass (1) – the spinpump for dosing the spinmass (2) – the spinneret(3) – a medium in whichthe filament is formed (4)– the device used forgathering and spoolingthe filament (5).
Customised Fibres
Polyestercrude oil
dimethylterephthalate/terephthalonic acidglycol
polyethylene terephthalate
melt
production of polyesterfilament yarn, one-stepproduction of polyesterfilament yarn, multi-stepproduction of polyesterstaple fibres
melt spinning
drawing
flat polyesterfilament yarn
spinning bobbin
tow
drawing
crimping
polyester tow
polyester staple fibres
6.2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Customised Fibres 6.3
Polyamidecrude oil
aromatics
production of polyamide 6.6
production of polyamide 6
adipic acid
hexamethylene diamine
caprolactampolyamide 6 orpolyamide 6.6 polymermeltproduction of polyamidefilament yarn, one-stepproduction of polyamidefilament yarn, multi-stepproduction of polyamidestaple fibresmelt spinning
drawingflat polyamidefilament yarn
spinning bobbin
tow
drawing
crimping
polyamide tow
polyamide staple fibres
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Customised Fibres 6.4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Acryliccrude oil
propylene
acrylonitrile
polyacrylonitrile
spinning solution
dry spinning
wet spinning
acrylic tow
drawing
washing
drying
crimping
acrylic tow
acrylic staple fibres
washing
drying
drawing
Customised Fibres 6.5
Viscosecellulose extracted fromwood ➔ cellulosealkalise
choppingimmersepress
preripening
dissolve
filter
ripening
spinning solution
production ofviscose filament yarn
production ofviscose staple fibres
wet spinning
wash/desulphurization
bleach/brighten
dry
viscose filament yarn
drawing
cutting
washing/after-treatment
drying
viscose staple fibres
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Customised Fibres
Drawing man-made fibres
After spinning the man-made fibres,the parallel alignment of the moleculesis not yet optimal. Man-made fibreshave to be drawn in order to acquireultimate properties for the yarns.
The intended usedetermines the degree
of drawingUpon being drawn, a crucial eventtakes place inside the filaments: thechain molecules align themselves inthe longitudinal direction of the fila-ment. The chains align themselves par-allel to each other. The cross-forcesbetween the chains improve the tenaci-ty. The filaments become stronger. Theextent to which they are drawndepends on their intended use.
6.6
The Forms of Man-made Fibres
The spinneretThe spin mass is pressed through theso-called spinnerets. Depending on thenumber of holes in the spinneret orstrainer, the corresponding number offilaments is produced. If the spinnerethas only one hole, one mono-filamentis spun. Spinnerets with many ope-nings produce multifilament yarns end-lessly. Joining a large number of fila-ments (several ten thousand) producesa tow.
7.1
The Forms of Man-made Fibres
Cross sectionsDepending on the shape of the spinne-ret holes, different cross section sha-pes are obtained in the melt spun man-made fibres.The spectrum ranges from round tomulti-lobed, triangular and star-shapedto ribbon-shaped. The different crosssection shapes of the fibres exert adecisive influence on the properties ofthe textiles produced from them. Forexample, the texture of the textilevaries, becoming grained or softer, orthe textile changes in appearance,taking on a different sheen or none atall.
7.2
Different cross section shapesDifferent cross section shapes
Texturing
The procedureTexturing is a procedure used to increa-se the volume and the elasticity of afilament yarn. When textured, flat fila-ments acquire volume and bulk. Thetexturing process can be carried outseparately subsequent to the drawingprocess. Sometimes, however, the dra-wing process is carried out in a singlestep together with texturing on the tex-turing machine (draw-texturing).
The advantagesTexturing flat filament yarns changestheir structure permanently and makesthem even more like textiles.The essential properties of texturedyarns and the products made fromthem are softness, fullness, a highdegree of elasticity, thermal insulationand moisture-transporting properties.
8.1
Texturing
The processAll yarns which can be shaped by heatare suitable for texturing. These arepredominantly polyamide and poly-ester yarns.The most important texturing proces-ses are FALSE-TWIST TEXTURING,STUFFER-BOX TEXTURING and AIR-JETTEXTURING.
8.2
Textured Filament Yarns – ClassificationMechanical process
Air-jet yarn
Mechanical-thermal processFalse-twist yarn
Stuffer box crimping yarn
Knit-de-knit yarn
Gear crimped yarn
Edge crimped yarn
Chemical-thermal processMulti-component yarn
According to: DIN 60900-5
The Production of Staple Fibres
The principleIn all spinning processes, filaments areformed from the spin mass by the spin-nerets. If the production of staple fib-res is desired, i. e. short fibre sectionsfor the spinning mill, thousands of fila-ments are combined to form tow andcut into staple fibres.
The towWhile during the production of filamentyarns each single filament bundle exit-ing the spinnerets is wound onto aspool, in the production of staple fibresnumerous filament bundles are firstcombined to form a thick filament towwhich can be crimped and cut into sta-ple fibres.
The cutting processBy cutting the tow, staple fibres areobtained which can be compared, forexample, with wool or cotton in length.Depending on the process used, the towis either cut directly by the manufactu-rer and pressed into bales for delivery,or cut or torn into staple fibres using aso-called converter at a later stage by adownstream manufacturer.
9.1
Fibres With a Future
The versatility ofman-made fibres
The chemists and technicians who spe-cialise in man-made fibres today arecapable of manufacturing customisedfibres or developing completely newsubstances which match the demandsposed by the different applications to avery high extent.Customised fibres can be createdspecifically for use in apparel, for homefurnishings or for industrial uses.
10.1
Fibres With a Future
The variety of possibilities
The manufacturers of man-made fibrestoday are able, for example, to:– Vary the fineness of filament yarns,
the number of filaments and staplefibres;
– Determine the length of fibres depen-ding on the application and mixture;
– Produce anything from a brilliantsheen to an ultra-dull look;
– Produce the cross-sections of the fila-ments in a round shape, in three, six,eight-sided or any other form;
– Alter the affinity for dyes of variousclasses;
– Determine the structure of yarns, bethey flat, or textured or bulked yarnsproduced in various manufacturingprocesses.
10.2
Man-made Fibre Shapes
Man-made fibres
Tow
Staplefibres
Flock
Top
Spunyarn
Filament yarn
Multifilamentyarn
Monofilamentyarn
Flatfilament yarn
Texturedfilament yarn
Intermingledfilament yarn
Monofil
Bristle
Spunlaid
According to:DIN 60001-2DIN 60900-1DIN 61210
The Properties of Man-made Fibres
The technicaladvantages
The use of man-made fibres givesnumerous advantages to the manufac-turing industry:– Spinning mills, twister and texturizer
appreciate the good running pro-perties,
– Weavers and knitters take advantageof the good processing qualities,evenness and yarn strength,
– As a result of the various degrees ofcolourability and heat fixation, dyersand finishers attain colourful, near tocrease-free products which keep theirshape while employing environment-friendly finishing technology.
11.1
The Properties of Man-made Fibres
The advantages for theconsumer
Consumers particularly appreciate thefollowing properties of man-madefibres:– Fashion oriented variety– Durability– For washable items the ability to keep
their shape– Colour-fastness– Fastness to light– Easy care– Thermal insulation– Elasticity– Long life of technical products due to
high-tenacity yarns.
11.2
Designation of Man-made Fibres
Titre designationsIn addition to the type of material (vis-cose, polyester, polyamide, etc.) a yarnis defined by its fineness. For this rea-son it is given a titre. A titre is the unitof measurement for the fineness ofyarns.
In the case of filament yarn, theDEClTEX is the unit of measurementstill employed today, just as manufac-turers and processors of staple fibresexpress the titre by using the metricnumber Nm.
The titre expressed in dtex corre-sponds to the mass of a yarn in gramsat a length of 10,000 metres.
The titre in metric numbers (Nm) indi-cates the length of the yarn in metersper gram.
The designation of the titre using theinternational TEX unit is only slowly gai-ning acceptance. The titre in TEX cor-responds to the mass of the yarn ingrams at a length of 1000 m. For towthe unit KILOTEX is used (weight ingrams per meter).
12.1
Titre DesignationsTex system = tex = g/1000 m
dtex = g/10,000 m
For spun yarn there is also the Nm system = m/1 g
Examples:Filament yarn
44 dtex f10Number of filaments in the yarn = 1010,000 meters weigh 44 g
Staple fibres
1.7 dtex/40Lenght of cut = 40 mm10,000 m weigh 1.7 g
Heat-Setting
The processIn the yarn, the molecules are more orless aligned in the direction of the yarnaxis.Upon weaving and knitting, the straightyarn is mechanically forced into anarched form. The chain molecules, however, want tobend back into a straight line, i.e. thestitches or folds are unstable.If the yarns are heated, the macro-molecules can enter into new ancho-ring and retain this shape upon cooling.
The advantagesDuring heat-setting, weaved and knittedmaterials manufactured from syntheticfibres become form-stable. They do notshrink and do not change in shapeeven upon washing.
13.1
Apparel Manufactured from Man-made Fibres
The fabricsWhen processed into apparel fabrics,the man-made fibres fulfil all desiresand demands on textile fabrics: in allcolours, in all patterns and structures,as ornamentation, as a symbol of sta-tus or way of life, soft and fluffy, fineand delicate, coarse and tough, forstaying cool or keeping warm.
The systemOur clothing consists of a system ofdifferent layers of fabric, each with itsown tasks of supporting the life func-tions of the human organism. On theone hand, the body is to be shieldedfrom external influences and on theother hand, natural perspiration absor-bed and transported to the externalsurface. Dampness can best be chan-nelled away from the body when theyarns of a fabric do not lie flat on theskin. In this way, a fine cushion of air iscreated to ensure ventilation. In thecase of spun yarn, this effect is achie-ved by the ends of the yarns standingout from their surface. The same effectis achieved for textured yarns by thecrimped arches of the yarns.
The functionsMany factors determine the value ofmodern apparel fabrics. They must pro-tect our body from adverse weatherand environmental influences, bothday and night, in cold and in warmclimates, inside and outside buildings,at low exertion levels as well as duringstrenuous physical efforts.
14.1
Underwear
Shirt/blouse
Lining
Men’s/women’s suit
Coat
The layersof clothing
The Care Properties
Handling of textilesTextiles manufactured from man-madefibres reduce efforts made in cleaningand care. They are labour-saving, ener-gy-saving and save on laundry-deter-gent.The large selection of modern fabricsmanufactured from man-made fibresand their combinations with naturalfibres must, however, be handledproperly.
The care symbolsfor textiles
Before washing or cleaning one shouldbe sure to check the care label and pro-ceed according to the instructionsgiven.
The properties oftextiles
Utility textiles can be divided into twogroups according to their properties:Group One: For this group, dry cleaningis absolutely necessary. Men's andwomen's suits and coats made of wooland some wool-man-made fibre mixtu-res belong to this category.Group Two: This group does not requi-re dry cleaning. Washable items belongto this category. For the most part theycan be cared for at home and are usual-ly made of man-made fibres or otherfibres which have been chemically trea-ted.
15.1
Washcycle
Bleaching(triangle)
Ironing(iron)
Dry cleaning(Cleaning
drum)
Tumble drying(dryer drum)
Normalwashcycle
Gentlewashcycle
Gentlewashcycle
Gentlewashcycle
Gentlewashcycle
Handwash
Do notwash
Specialgentlewashcycle
Normalwashcycle
Normalwashcycle
The figures in the wash basin are the maximum washing temperatures, which may not beexceeded. The bar under the wash basin indicates a (mechanical) milder treatment, forexample, a gentle wash cycle. It indicates wash cycles suitable, for example, for easy-careand mechanically sensitive articles.
Chlorine bleach possibleChlorine bleach
not possible
Iron hot Iron medium hot Do not iron hot Do not iron
The dots indicate the temperature range for ironing.
No dry cleaningpossible
The letters are for dry cleaning. They indicate which solvents may be used.The bars underneath the circles indicate a limitation of the mechanical stress, addition ofmoisture and the temperature when dry cleaning.
Dry at normal heat Dry at reduced heat Do not tumble dry
The dots indicate the dryer setting of the tumble dryer.
The Significance of Man-made Fibresfor the Textile Market
16.1
The developmentIn this century man-made fibres havebrought about an almost revolutionarydevelopment in all parts of the textileindustry. In Germany just as in theother industrialised countries of theworld, man-made fibres have becomethe most significant textile raw materi-als by far.
World-productionof Cotton, Wool and
Man-made fibres
39%Cotton
Production ofMan-made fibres
Germany
22%Polyamide
World-productionof
Man-made fibres
58%Man-made-fibres
58%Polyester
9%Acrylic
14%Polyamide
31%Polyester
20%Cellulosicman-made
fibres
8%othersynth.
19%Acrylic
1,052,000 tons
47.8 million tons
Processing of Cotton,Wool and Man-made fibres
Germany
20%Cotton
End-uses:MAN-MADE FIBRES
Germany
42%Industrial
uses
75%Man-made fibres
37%Home furnishing
21%Apparel
779,000 tons
585,000 tons
10%Cellu-losic
man-madefibres
27.8 million tons
3%Wool
9%other
synthe-tics
5%Wool
The Significance of Man-made Fibresfor the Textile Market
16.2
End-uses:APPARELGermany
10%Wool
54% Man-made
fibres36%Cotton
228,000 t= 29% of totalconsumption
End-uses:INDUSTRIAL USES
Germany
259,000 t= 33% of totalconsumption
End-uses:HOME FURNISHING
Germany
20%Cotton
74%Man-made fibres
292,000 t= 38% of totalconsumption
The futureThe large market share of man-madefibres underscores the advantages ofman-made fibres in processing andusage. The textile market is no longerthinkable without man-made fibres.
Productionin 1,000 t 990 1.052
of which:
Polyamide 220 235
Polyester 333 323
Acrylic 187 201
Other synthetic man-made fibres 70 85
Cellulosic man-made fibres 180 208
Turnoverin Billion DM 6.4 6.0
Employees 29,400 19,700
1990 1998
Man-made fibresin Germany
5%Cotton
95%Man-made fibres
6%Wool
Published by:IndustrievereinigungChemiefaser e.V.Karlstraße 21D-60329 Frankfurt/MainPhone: ++49-69/27 99 71-30Fax: ++49-69/23 3185E-Mail: [email protected]: www.ivc-ev.de
