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1 Managing Triad 1 – Stacking Triad 5: Gary Huber, D.O. The following potential conflict of interest relationships are germane to my presentation. Equipment: None Speakers Bureau: None Stock Shareholder: None Grant/Research Support: None Consultant: None Status of FDA devices used for the material being presented : NA/NonClinical Status of offlabel use of devices, drugs or other materials that constitute the subject of this presentation: NA/NonClinical

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Page 1: Managing Triad 1 – Stacking Triad 5: Gary Huber, D.O.glvhealth.com/LargeFiles/Mod 20b CD/1 Slide Color/3A - Triad 1 and 5... · 1 Managing Triad 1 – Stacking Triad 5: Gary Huber,

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Managing Triad 1 – Stacking Triad 5:Gary Huber, D.O.

The following potential conflict of interest relationships are germane to my presentation.

Equipment: NoneSpeakers Bureau:  NoneStock Shareholder: None

Grant/Research Support:  NoneConsultant: None

Status of FDA devices used for the material being presented :NA/Non‐Clinical

Status of off‐label use of devices, drugs or other materials that constitute the subject of this presentation: NA/Non‐Clinical

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Exploring the Relationship betweenTriad 1 – Adrenal‐Thyroid‐Pancreas &

Triad 5 – Testosterone‐Estrogen‐Progesterone

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Copyright © 2012 James B. LaValle, Integrative Health Resources, LLC. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the author.

This material is provided for educational and informational purposes only to licensed health care professionals. This information is obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but its accuracy cannot be guaranteed. Herbs and other natural substances are very powerful and can occasionally cause dangerous allergic reactions in a small percentage of the population. Licensed health care professionals should rely on sound professional judgment when recommending herbs and natural medicines to specific individuals. Individual use of herbs and natural medicines should be supervised by an appropriate health care professional. The use of any specific product should always be in accordance with the manufacturer's directions.

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Multiple Cross Reactions

• Adrenal

• Thyroid

• Pancreas

• Testosterone

• Estrogen

• Progesterone

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Sexual Discrimination of DHEA 

Women• DHEA produced almost 

exclusively from adrenal. Minimal ovarian DHEA

• Hypoadrenal state will show low DHEA

• DHEA replacement increases T level

Men• DHEA is from testes 50% 

and adrenal gland 50%• Hypoadrenal state often 

shows normal DHEA level• DHEA replacement will 

increase estrogen and NOT testosterone.

• No change in PSA[Vaughan, J.Urol 1998   & Reiter, Urology 1999]

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DHEA – Men & Women differ

• The effect of six months treatment with a 100 mg daily dose of DHEA on circulating sex steroids, body composition and muscle strength in age‐advanced men and women. – Male T did NOT rise but female T and DHT did elevate to 

significant levels– SHBG dropped significantly in women but little change seen in 

men– No change in insulin, glucose or cortisol levels– Estrogen was not measured but I suspect in males it would have 

risen adversely

[Morales, title above, Clinical Endocrinology 1998]

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DHEA in Women

• DHEA supplementation in hypoadrenalwomen showed:– Reduction in insulin resistance– Improved lipid panel and metabolism.         

[Dhatariya, Effect of DHEA replacement, Diabetes 2005]

• Double blind ‐ DHEA replacement in hypoadrenal women showed improved sexual desire, insulin sensitivity, mood and energy.  [Arlt, DHEA in women with adrenal insufficiency, NEJM 1999]

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DHEA and glucose

• DHEA stimulates resting metabolic rate, and lipid oxidation and enhances glucose disposal. 

• DHEA increases GLUT‐1 and GLUT‐4 expression on fat cells thus reducing insulin concentrations. 

• Most active in visceral adipose tissue, rather than sub‐Q fat

[Pergola, The adipose tissue metabolism: role of Testosterone and DHEA, Int.J.of Obesity 2000]

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DHEA’s impact on Thyroid

• DHEA potentiates Thyroid hormone so monitor T4/T3 dosing when using DHEA.– Use this as a tool when struggling to increase T3 effects.  

[McIntosh, Influence of DHEA on the thyroid hormone status of BHE/cdb rats, J.Nutritional Biochem 1992]

• DHEA potentiates T3 expression in women so alter dosing of exogenous thyroid Tx as needed[Arafah, Ann Internal Med 1994]

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DHEA and Hormones

• Estrogen replacement reduced DHEA levels– This was oral E2. DHEA may reduce hormone replacement needs so monitor closely.[Casson, effects of postmenopausal estrogen Obs Gyn 1997]

• DHEA will incr progesterone levels in women –[Gennazzini, Long‐term low dose DHEA oral replacement, Fert Ster 2003]

• DHEA will  Growth hormone levels – also increase IGF‐1 so need to monitor and balance risk vs benefit. Greater effect in women than men. 

[Brooke, DHEA replacement reduces growth hormone dose requirement,Clin Endo 2006]

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DHEA & Glucose

• Decreased levels of endogenous DHEA in humans have been reported to be associated with:– Impaired glucose tolerance and – Insulin resistance –Diabetes

[Wellman, The role of DHEA in diabetes mellitus. Pharmacotherapy 1999] 

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DHEA Summary

Summary of DHEA effects:• T in women    E2 in men• insulin sensitivity• T3 & T4 function• Progesterone in women• Growth hormone & IGF‐1• E2 may cause DHEA level

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Testosterone &

DiabetesInsulin resistance

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Testosterone  inverse to DM

• Among men with DM the frequency of lowT is 20‐64% [Dhindsa, J.Clin.Endocrin.Metab 2004]

• Study of 55 type 2 Diabetic men showed a low freeTin 54% of these patients and these men demonstrated higher fasting glucose levels than men with normal freeT levels. [Corrales, Partial Androgen Defic., Metab. 2004]

• Men with higher testosterone levels (range, 449.6‐605.2 ng/dL) had a 42% lower risk of type 2 diabetes.  [Ding, Sex differences in endogenous sex hormones, JAMA 2006]

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More Evidence

• Total testosterone is inversely related to BMI, body fat ratio, and insulin resistance. 

[Pitteloud, Relationship betw T levels and insulin, Diabetes Care 2005] [Smith, Insulin sensitivity, J.Clin.Endocrin.Metab. 2006]

• Men with type 2 diabetes have lower testosterone levels than weight‐matched non‐diabetic control subjects 

[Barrett‐Connor E: Lower endogenous androgen levels and dyslipidemia in men with non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med, 1992][Andersson B, Marin P, et al: Testosterone concentrations in women and men with NIDDM. Diabetes Care, 1994]

• Low T demonstrated 3 fold increase in occurrence of Metabolic Syndrome

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More• Six large prospective studies have shown that low testosterone levels predict development of type 2 diabetes in men

– Tibblin G, Adlerberth A, Lindstedt G, Bjorntorp P: The pituitary‐gonadal axis and health in elderly men: a study of men born in 1913. Diabetes 45: 1605–1609, 1996

– Haffner SM, Shaten J, Stern MP, Smith GD, Kuller L: Low levels of sex hormone‐binding globulin and testosterone predict the development of non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus in men. Am J Epidemiol 143: 889–897, 1996

– Stellato RK, Feldman HA, Hamdy O, Horton ES, McKinlay JB: Testosterone, sex hormone‐binding globulin, and the development of type 2 diabetes in middle‐aged men. Diabetes Care 23: 490–494, 2000

– Oh J‐Y, Barrett‐Connor E, Wedick NM, Wingard DL: Endogenous sex hormones and the development of type 2 diabetes in older men and women: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Diabetes Care 25: 55–60, 2002 

– Svartberg J, Jenssen T, Sundsfjord J, Jorde R: The associations of endogenous testosterone and sex hormone‐binding globulin with glycosylated hemoglobin levels, in community dwelling men: the Tromso Study. Diabetes Metab 30: 29–34, 2004 

– Laaksonen DE, Niskanen L, Punnonen K, Nyysonen K, Tuomainen T‐P, Valkonen V‐P, Salonen R, Salonen JT: Testosterone and sex hormone‐binding globulin predict the metabolic syndrome and diabetes in middle‐aged men. Diabet es Care 27: 1036–1041, 2004 

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Low T = MetS & DM

• Non diabetic men were 4 fold more likely to develop MetS if they were hypogonadal. [Laaksonen, sex hormones, inflammation, Eur.J.Endocrin 2003]

• Lowest quartile for T was twice as likely to develop DM and MetS[Laaksonen, Testosterone and SHBG, Diabetes Care 2004]

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Mechanism of Action

• Frequently sited observation but what’s the mechanism? How is T related to T2DM?

• Mitochondrial failure secondary to low testosterone is a potential answer.

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Mitochondrial Failure

• Oxidative stress > anti‐oxidant presence– Superoxide dismutase, catalase, Vit C, Vit E, glutathione, etc

– Needs NAD to perform redox and make ATP

• Mitochondria produce superoxides/peroxides• Excess causes break in Mitochondrial DNA thus activating repair– PARP1 (Poly ADP‐ribose polymerase) cleaves NAD– No ATP and energy in the cell falls

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IRSIInsulin Receptor

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Glucose

Na+K+

Mitochondria

✖✖

KREBcycle

CoA

NAD

NAD

MITO

NUCLEUS

Mitochondrial failure & I.R.

UQCRB

PARP1

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• Low ATP so Na+ pump is impaired– Kreb cycle damaged without NAD– Mito. membrane swells, affects glucose transport

• Glucose enters cell with Na+ but with failed Na+ pump glucose intake is lost

• Need to fix the pump• Need to fix the mitochondria

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• Niacin is precursor to NAD• Nicotinamide and Zinc inhibit PARP1

– Animal model studies support this theory– Toxins poison mito, but Niacinamide blocked effect

• Omega 3 fatty acid repairs oxidized cell and mitochondrial membrane

It’s a start . . . but there is more

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• Failed mitochondria leads to cascade– Increased intracellular diglycerides & acyl CoA– Activates protein kinase C which leads to serine phosphorylation of IRS‐1 (insulin receptor substrate)

– This inhibits PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase)• Regulates glucose uptake by the cell

• Therefore defect in cellular intake of glucose

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Pitteloud & Mootha Studies • Oxidative phosphorylation genes in diabetics

– VO2 max related to gene expression– Subset of 34 genes involved in Ox‐Phos shown to be down‐regulated by 20% in skeletal muscle in diabetics (T2DM and I.R.)

• UQCRB (ubiquinol‐cytochrome‐c reductase) was the MOST affected gene expression– Needed for ATP production in mitochondria

Testosterone correlation + with UQCRB25

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Findings

• Testosterone levels correlate + with UQCBR– Testosterone levels correlate not only with insulin sensitivity but also with Ox‐Phos gene expression and functional (VO2max) markers of mitochondrial function

• Expression of Ox‐Phos genes correlated + with VO2 max.

• BMI correlated NEG with VO2 max• No relationship between BMI and expression of UQCRB or Ox‐Phos Gene panel

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IRSIInsulin Receptor

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Glucose

Na+K+

Mitochondria

✕✕

KREBcycle

CoA

NAD

NAD

MITO

NUCLEUS

Mitochondrial failure & I.R.

UQCRB

PARP1

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Food for thought

• Statins poison the mitochondrial process– CoQ10 depletion (UQCRB)– Lower T levels– Increase risk of diabetes 9‐48%

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Potential intervention

• PGC‐1alpha induces expression of Ox‐Phosgenes.– Several of the Ox‐Phos genes have binding sites for nuclear respiratory factor 1 that is activated by PGC‐1a

• PGC‐1alpha also found to demonstrate a 20% reduced expression in diabetic muscle

• AMPK  PGC‐1a Mitochondrial biogenesis

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Agents to consider

• AMPK  PGC‐1a Mitochondrial biogenesis• AMPK is stimulated by the following:

– Exercise ‐ Green tea polyphenols– RG3 ‐ Berberine– ALA ‐ Resveratrol– Ghrelin ‐ Adiponectin– Metformin

• Arginine conversion to N.O. stimulates PGC‐1a

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References

• Pitteloud, Relationship Between Testosterone Levels, Insulin Sensitivity, and Mitochondrial Function in Men, Diabetes Care July 2005

• Lowell, Shulman, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Type 2 Diabetes,  Science, January 21, 2005 

• Mootha, PGC‐1 ‐responsive genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation are coordinately down‐regulated in human diabetes Nature Genetics 2003

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DHEA to Modulate Mitochondria

• Administration of DHEA for 14 days caused a significant increase in UCP‐1, β3AR, and PGC‐1α expression and reversal of the adverse metabolic phenotype. – There was a reduction in body weight, glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, and leptin levels 

[Ryu, DHEA administration increases brown fat uncoupling protein 1  (UCP‐1) levels in obese OLETF rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003]

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Testosterone replacement & DM• Oral testosterone supplementation was given to T2DM obese males with mild androgen deficiency. – 48 middle‐aged men, with type 2 diabetes, (visceral) obesity and 

symptoms of androgen deficiency.– 24 received testosterone undecanoate (TU; 120 mg daily, for 3 months)– 24 subjects received no treatment. 

• TU had a positive effect on (visceral) obesity: 2.66% drop in body weight

• Hgb A1C dropped from 10.4 to 8.6• Reduced erectile dysfunction

[Boyanov, Testosterone supplementation in men with type 2 diabetes, Aging Male 2003]

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DM leads to low T?

• Diabetics typically have low Magnesium status, increased renal losses of Mg++ in high sugar states

• Fructose will also chelate magnesium when consumed to excess as many T2DM patients do

• Multiple studies have shown that low magnesium correlates with risk for low T and that magnesium replacement can increase T levels. 

[Cinar V, Polat Y, Effects of magnesium supplementation on testosterone levels of athletes and sedentary subjects at rest and after exhaustion. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011]

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Beware of bad scienceRIA Testosterone measures and SHBG

• Assays used to measure free testosterone have serious methodological limitations.

• Equilibrium dialysis which is considered the gold standard shows flaws with some assays.

• Why is Total T reported in ng/dl  while Free T is reported in pg/ml

• I prefer direct calculation of bioavailable testosterone using SHBG and total T levels

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Free  T  Levels 

• Direct RIA method had unacceptably high systematic bias and random variability and did not correlate as well with equilibrium dialysis values 

[Miller KK, Measurement of free testosterone in normal women and women with androgen deficiency: comparison of methods. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2004]

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Free T  Assay 

• Study reviewed 4 different Automated immunoassay instruments, two manual immunoassay methods, compared to liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry.

• “The lack of precision and accuracy, together with bias of the immunoassay methods at low serum T concentrations, suggests that the current methods cannot be used to accurately measure T in females”

[Wang C, Catlin DH, Measurement of total serum testosterone in adult men: comparison of current laboratory methods versus liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004]

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Testosterone&

Cortisol

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Anabolic vs Catabolic

• Testosterone is anabolic in nature• Cortisol is clearly catabolic • They are diametrically opposed and their relationship is predictive of degenerative disease including heart disease.

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The effect of Stress 

• As Cortisol increases and Testosterone declines:– Immune tendency toward more allergies– Anabolic drive reduces

• gains from training disappear

– Inflammation signaling increases – Gut breaks down becomes more “Leaky” – Mood Alters  

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Cortisol & T

• Excess cortisol directly impairs testosterone production

• Lack of DHEA production secondary to long term adrenal stress reduces precursors.

• Cortisols stimulation of aromatase increases conversion to estrogen

• Cortisol will compete with T at the DNA receptor site. 

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Androgen Deficiency

‐ Stress and SP Tone • Physical or mental stress alters HPA axis• Self esteem will directly affect production.    

Ego = Testosterone• Over active sympathetic nervous system will reduce production and response

• Stress may increase prolactin levels which down‐regulates testosterone production

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The Stress Factor

• As inflammation or stress goes up, cortisol goes up• Increased cortisol blocks T4 conversion to T3 which causes . . . 

• TRH to be up regulated to create more T4• Increasing TRH will increase prolactin which in turn • Down regulates LH and FSH production which • Down regulates testosterone• As testosterone falls, so does growth hormone.

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•Place holder

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Androgen Deficiency ‐ Prolactin

• Prolactin is “Natures Contraceptive”– Suppresses libido, fertility and T– May rise secondary to stress (20 ng/ml)– Prolactinomas (>20) occurs 0.4% young patients with no other etiology

– Prolactinemia can occur secondary to Chronic renal failure or Hypothyroidism

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Stress and Testosterone

• Sleep deprivation to 5 hours nightly reduced testosterone production in young healthy males. – 5 hours sleep per night led to a 15% reduction in Testosterone levels after just one week.

Conclusion:  Stress (cortisol) adversely affects testosterone

[Leproult, Effect of 1 Week of Sleep Restriction on Testosterone Levels in Young Healthy Men, JAMA 2011]

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ESTROGEN  & 

INSULIN

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Estrogens impact on Insulin• Estrogen regulates the insulin production capacity of the pancreatic islet cells [Choi, Jang, Estrogen and exercise may enhance β‐cell function Endocrinology 2005]

• In the liver, estrogen regulates insulin sensitivity by the activation of glycogen synthetase and glycolytic enzymes and advantageously modulates the glucose uptake of peripheral target tissues as well [Bryzgalova, Evidence that estrogen receptor‐alpha plays an important role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis, Diabetologia 2006]

• Experimental and clinical studies justify that estrogen deficiency or alterations in ER signal transduction result in insulin resistance. 

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Estrogen & Insulin

• Animal study ‐ Oophorectomy is associated with an increased risk of diabetes, whereas estrogen treatment reversed this effect– Aromatase knockout (ArKO) ‐ these estrogen deficient animals 

are insulin resistant; they have reduced glucose oxidation, increased adiposity and high insulin levels. 

– Glucose intolerance of ArKO mice can be reversed by estrogen treatment in both females and males 

[Jones, Aromatase‐deficient (ArKO) mice have a phenotype of increased adiposity. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2000] 

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Estrogen & Insulin

• Estrogen receptors (ERs) have crucial roles in the glucose metabolism of the liver. 

• ER‐alpha important for glucose uptake in muscle• Estrogen receptors (modulate) insulin stimulated cellular glucose uptake through regulation of the tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor protein 

• Participate in GLUT‐4 expression and translocation.

[Muraki, Estrogen receptor alpha regulates insulin sensitivity, Endocr J 2006]

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Estrogen affects triglycerides

• Exogenous estrogens appear to shift the flux of triglycerides from storage in adipose tissue to usage in skeletal muscle – an anti‐insulin action based on its impact on lipoprotein lipase (LPL).

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E2 Receptor ‐ alpha vs beta

• ER‐α and ER‐β seem to have opposite actions on modulation of GLUT4 activities. 

• ER‐α stimulation improves glucose control in men and women. 

• By contrast, ER‐β activation might have a diabetogeniceffect and opposes the action of ER‐α. 

• Presumably, a continuously adjusted balance between ER‐α and ER‐β maintains the ideal GLUT4 expression and glucose homeostasis. 

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Too much estrogen and DM

• Higher concentrations of estradiol can inhibit insulin signaling by modulation of insulin receptor substrate‐1 (IRS‐l) phosphorylation in adipocytes – Lower doses of estradiol improved insulin receptor function as it augmented IRS‐1 efficiency

– Higher doses had the opposite effect leading to insulin resistance.

– Estrogen dominance contributes to weight gain

[Nagira, Altered subcellular distribution of estrogen receptor is implicated in estradiol‐ induced dual regulation,  Endocrinology 2006] 

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Insulin affecting hormones

• Insulin excess may stimulate excess testosterone from ovarian theca cells in PCOS– Excess testosterone and deficient estrogen

• Insulin can stimulate pituitary to overproduce LH as part of the PCOS pathology

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Estrogen’s effect on T

• Estrogens: directly stimulate production of prolactin

• Prolactin decreases LH and thus testosterone• This is part of the normal feedback mechanism that regulates T production.– Testosterone conversion to Estrogen and (‐) feedback to the pituitary. 

– T & DHT have (‐)feedback to the hypothalamus 

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Estrogen&

Thyroid

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Thyroid relation to hormones

• Thyroid status correlates with SHGB– Hypothyroid ‐ decreased SHBG thus increased free levels of E2 and Testosterone

• Elevated estrogen levels (excess) result in greater conversion of T4 into Reverse‐T3

• T4 converts to T3 – Promoted by Testosterone– Blocked by excess E2/Prog ratio

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E2 and TBG

• Estrogen increases TBG production[Z. Ben‐Rafael, J. F. Struass, Changes in thyroid function tests and sex hormone binding globulin associated with treatment by gonadotropin, Fertility and Sterility, 1987]

• Estrogen replacement therapy can consequently reduce active thyroid functional status– Balance this carefully – Intracellular function of T3 does not always reflect serum levels so monitor clinical presentation

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Competition for receptor

• Estradiol and T3 also share a cross paring effect ‐ DNA receptor nearly identical– So excess estradiol can competitively impact T3 receptor and function.

• Estradiol competes with T3 for receptor– High estrogen states also compete for sulfataseenzymes that work in the T4 to T3 conversion resulting in poor T4 to T3 conversion.                   (Iodothyronine sulfatase)

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E2 receptor in Thyroid

• Estrogen receptors exist in the thyroid• Er‐α promote cell proliferation and growth• ER‐β promote apoptotic actions and other suppressive functions in thyroid tumors

• ERα:ERβ ratio could have a role in the pathophysiology of thyroid cancer similar to that postulated for breast cancer 

[G. G. Chen, A. C. Vlantis, Regulation of cell growth by estrogen signaling and potential targets in thyroid cancer, Current Cancer Drug Targets 2008]

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T3 mimics E2 in breast cancer

• T3 mimicked the effects of estradiol (E2)– stimulating growth, modulating mRNA transcription of growth factors and inducing the expression and activity of E2‐ inducible proteins

• T3 effects were antagonized by the simultaneous addition of tamoxifen (TAM), which is a competitive inhibitor of E2 binding to ER. 

[Silvia, Influence of estradiol and triiodothyronine on breast cancer cell lines proliferation and expression of estrogen and thyroid hormone receptors, Endocrinol Metab. 2009]

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THYROID FUNCTION     

   

 

 

 

 

   

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

High Cortisol levels Chronic Stress Illness Inflammation Aging Calorie restriction 

T4 Nutrient Deficiency 

Selenium, Zinc, Chromium, Iodine, Vitamin A, Vitamin B2, B6, B12, Vitamin E, Iron, Copper 

Physiology 

Stress (Cortisol), Aging, Alcohol, Obesity, Diabetes, Surgery, radiation, smoking, and kidney/liver disease. 

Medications 

Beta blockers, SSRI’s, steroids, Opiates, Low progesterone, excessive iodine, lithium, phenytoin 

T3 

TSH

Reduced transport across cell: 

Low ferritin Low cortisol TPO R‐T3 

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Progesterone  &  

Insulin

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Progesterone and IR

• Excessive progesterone can contribute to IR• Progesterone may alter production or translocation of the GLUT‐4 protein 

[Campbell, Effect of the ovarian hormones on GLUT4 expression, Endocrin & Metab 2002]

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Progesterone  Cortisol

• Progesterone gets converted into cortisol– look at steroidogenic pathway

• Progesterone and cortisol receptors differ by just 2 amino acids – competition.

• BHRT – Progesterone may cause anxiety – Paradoxical reaction from expectation

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Steroidogenic Pathway

HypothyroidDrives cortisoneto cortisol

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Adverse events

Example:• Premenopausal women with estrogen dominance, can easily be hypothyroid

• Now aggressively add progesterone and it is conceivable that she may feel “anxious” due to progesterone excess driving cortsiol– Paradoxical response from expectation

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DNA Receptor beds

• Heterodimer – a dimeric structure that reacts with the response elements once engaged with the nuclear receptor.

• These receptors share similar structure and cross react in predictable patterns. 

• It is in these relationships that we see triads collide. 

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Receptor Relationships

• Progesterone and Cortisol receptors only differ by 2 amino acids– Leads to cross reactivity and competition  

• Estradiol and T3 also share a cross paring effect– So excess estradiol can competitively impact T3 receptor and function.

– Estradiol also stimulates TBG production

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Progesterone – Cortisol ‐ Testost

• Progesterone opposes cortisol function at the receptor.– Lack of progesterone could then result in excess cortisol expression 

• Testosterone opposes cortisol so a low T level will lead to high cortisol expression.– Further complicated by a low DHEA if cortisol has been elevated chronically 

– Low DHEA will causes diminished T production

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Progesterone ‐ Testosterone

• 5‐a‐reductase is the enzyme used to convert both Progesterone & T to their metabolites– Competition for the enzyme may leave the other element elevated. 

– Typically only a problem if you are overzealous in your hormone replacement.

– Example:  progesterone in a male to reduce T conversion to DHT

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Progesterone

• Progesterone blocks expression of aromatase– Cortisol induces aromatase so once again these two hormones compete

– Progesterone will block conversion of T to E2 and block conversion of androstenidione to E1

– In a low progesterone state, “perimenopause”, see loss of progesterone breaking effect and thus cortisol accelerates aromatase with increase in E1 and E2. Exacerbates estrogen dominance.

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Cortisol: Prog & T

• Directly competes with progesterone at the receptor site, and up‐regulates aromatase to exacerbate estrogen dominance.

• Directly suppresses production of testosterone and compete with T at the DNA receptor site– Couple this with its ability to aromatize T and you have strong potential for low T

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Cortisol & Thyroid

• Cortisol is permissive of T3 action but high cortisol will interfere with T4 to T3 conversion.– That is why it is important when treating thyroid issues to address the adrenal function FIRST

– Rushing to Tx thyroid without addressing adrenal can be ineffective or cause increased anxiety state

– Low cortisol will negatively impact T3’s access to cell

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Cortisol – Thyroid – E2 ‐ T

• So a high cortisol state can contribute to high estrogen (via aromatase action and progesterone) resulting in two mechanisms that contribute to poor thyroid function as T4 is not converted to T3– E2 Sulfatase enzyme competition– E2 competition for receptor with T3– Lack of progesterone action due to high cortisol contributes to effects on 5‐a‐reductase and aromatase leading to potential for low T

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DHEA’s role in this dance

• DHEA can bind the E2 receptor• DHEA opposes cortisol effects

– The balance of anabolic vs catabolic

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Vicious Cycle

Insulin

Visceral fat I.R.

Estrogen Testosterone

Cortisol    StressCortisol    

T3 and TBGLow T so unopposed cortisol

Thyroid T4 ≠ T3Progesterone (lack of Pr arom)

Aromataseinduced by Cortisol

White fat cells

Cortisol effects:Insulin sensitivityGhrelin, Leptinhunger & craving

Inflammatory ‐cytokines, NF‐KBGrowth factor – cell proliferationSHBG production (T > E2)

White fat  cytokines

AromataseAdiponectinE2 so, T3If T3 then cortisol from cortisone

T is , drives weight+DHEA drives I.R.

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Aromatase

• DIM, Zinc & Resveratrol inhibit aromatase• Progesterone blocks aromatase• Cortisol induces aromatase

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Regulation of SHBG

Elevated SHBG level• Hyperthyroidism• Hepatic cirrhosis• Androgens• Estrogens• Anticonvulsants• Low protein 

vegetarian diet 

Reduced SHBG level• Low thyroid state• Hyperprolactinemia• Danazol• Insulin 

– inverse relationship

• High protein diet• High fat diet

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Case Study ‐ Paul

• 45 y/o white male presents with fatigue and body aches. He states he feels much older than his years and this is mentally frustrating as he has always been a high level athlete with years of training in the martial arts. He is a software programmer under significant stress, consuming one glass of wine nightly but has never smoked.

• History of sleep apnea (no CPAP)• HTN, lipids, MVP – Lisinopril/HCTZ, Atorvastatin

• Gut – constipation, diarrhea, diverticuli80

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Labs

• Cortisol  20.7 (blood)• freeT3  2.4   freeT4  1.09     (‐)Ab’s• Testosterone  214    SHBG 24.5  free‐47• CRP‐hs 12.8• 2HPP glucose  136     insulin 61  • Creatinine 1.36• Food allergy panel – IgE egg+2

– IgG: wheat,gluten,yeast,milk,garlic,corn,oats

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Result

• Testosterone 747  SHBG 41   free 149 (off Tx)• Cortisol  14.9• 2HPP glucose 76   insulin 8.5• CRP‐hs 0.15• freeT3  3.6      freeT4  0.96• Allergies treated with SLIT and GI resolved• Testost Tx withdrawn with good maintenance• HTN to be addressed with dental appliance 

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