Manpower JournalVol. XLVIII

January–December 2014

Institute of Applied Manpower ResearchA-7, Narela Institutional Area

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MANPOWER JOURNALInstitute of Applied Manpower Research

Vol. XLVIII, January–December 2014

CONTENTS

Note from the Editor-in-Chief v

Executive Editor’s Note vii

ARTICLES

Deficits in Productive Employment in India — Anupama 1Relationship between Economic Growth and Employment in India (2000-01 to 2009-10) — G. L. Gaur 21Fund Flow Pattern of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and its Effectiveness in Uttar Pradesh: An Educationally Backward State in India — P. Geetha Rani 29Rate of Return for Management Education: A Case Study of Guwahati — Nissar A. Barua and Basabi Deb 51Quality of Work Life in Business Education: An Empirical Analysis — Mehraj Ud Din Shah 63

REVIEW ARTICLE

Human Society at the Crossroads in Search of a New Vision, by S. R. Mohnot (ed.) — Indu Shekhar 79

BOOK REVIEWS

Livelihood Diversities in Mountain Economy: Constraints and Opportunities, by I. C. Awasthi — Sanchita Bhattacharya 97

Banking on Self-Help Groups: Twenty Years on, by Ajay Tankha — Bimal Kishore Sahoo 100

Millennials and the Workplace, by Pritam Singh — M. R. Prasad 103

Public Administration in a Globalizing World: Theories and practices by Bidyut Chakrabarthy and Prakash Chand — A. P. William Wordsworth 108

MANPOWER NEWS 113

Note from the editor-iN-Chief

Pursuant to one of the most serious crisis post the second World War, the global economy has come a long way. Growth has revived in most parts of the world though the pace of recovery remains uneven and to some extent uncertain. The International Monetary Fund, in its October 2014 issue of the World Economic Outlook, has revised downwards the global growth projections for 2014 to 3.3 per cent compared to 3.6 per cent projection made in April 2014. The growth projections for 2015 have also been lowered from 3.9 per cent to 3.8 per cent. The “Emerging and Developing Asia” continues to be an important engine of global growth with projections at 6.5 per cent in 2014 and 6.6 per cent in 2015. India’s growth is projected to improve from 5.0 per cent in 2013 to 5.6 per cent in 2014 and further to 6.4 per cent in 2015.

India is indeed at a threshold of a renewed phase of high growth. The Eleventh Plan period (2007-12) had witnessed an all-time high growth of 8.0 per cent recorded in any Plan period. During the first two years of the Twelfth Plan (2012-17), the average growth of GDP stood at 4.6 per cent. There have been some improvements in the first half of 2014-15, with growth rebounding to 5.5 per cent compared to 4.9 per cent growth recorded during corresponding period of the previous year.

The year 2014 can be considered as a path breaking year for India, the world’s largest democracy. After many decades a single party has gained majority in the Lok Sabha Elections and a number of new initiatives have been taken by the Government of India in the recent months. The “Make in India” campaign, Prime Minister’s “Jan Dhan Yojana”, “Swachch Bharat Abhiyan”, “Digital India” and “Good Governance” have paved the way for a new and resurgent India capable of competing with the best in the world. These initiatives are expected to go a long way in improving the share of manufacturing sector in GDP to 25 per cent by 2022, fostering savings and investments, creating jobs, promoting cleanliness, ensuring transparency/ efficiency/ accountability in delivery of services and better targeting of subsidies.

India is a young country with more than 50 per cent of its population below the age of 25 years and over 65 per cent below the age of 35. By 2020, it is anticipated that the median age of an Indian citizen will be 29 years compared to 48 in Japan and 37 in China. Between 2009-10 and 2011-12, 13.9 million persons

Manpower Journal, Vol. XLVIII, January–December 2014

Manpower Journal, Vol. XLVIII, January–December 2014vi

were added to workforce compared to 1.1 million increase between 2004-05 and 2009-10. At the same time, there is an increasing proportion of population opting for education rather than participating in the labour market. It is utmost necessary that once these students come to the labour market, appropriate productive and remunerative opportunities are provided to them so as to truly realize the potential of this demographic dividend. The aim of the National Manufacturing Policy is to create 100 million additional jobs by 2022. The initiatives being taken in the areas of infrastructure, land and labour reforms, simplication of laws and processes, taxation, environmental clearances, etc. are likely to significantly improve the business climate that would help creating job opportunities for the youth and improve India’s rank in “Ease of Doing Business” index of the World Bank. Besides, Government is also laying significant emphasis on skill development so as to provide skill training to about 500 million people by 2022 that would not only provide efficient human resources base for all sectors of the economy but would also provide impetus to the inclusive growth.

This manpower journal is an attempt to put together various articles in the field of human resources and their development. I take this opportunity to thank the authors for contributing papers for the journal. Due to some administrative reasons, there has been some delay in publishing a few issues of the journal which are being consolidated in this issue. I hope you would find the articles informative. Any suggestions for improvement of the journal would be most welcome.

I wish readers a very happy and prosperous New Year 2015.

New Delhi Dr. Yogesh Suri December 31, 2014 Adviser, Planning Commission &

Director General – IAMR

EXECUTIVE EDITOR’S NOTE

Productive economy and generating employment is one of the fundamental challenges in India since independence. The country which is having massive number of unemployed youth needs a very urgent attention. Report on Youth 2013 released by International Labour Organization (ILO) mentioned that the population in the age-group of 15-34 increased from 353 million in 2001 to 430 million in 2011. Current predictions suggest a steady increase in the youth population to 464 million by 2021 and finally a decline to 458 million by 2026 The report also observes that by 2020, India is set to become the world’s youngest country with 64 per cent of its population in the working age group. Sixty-five per cent of India’s population is 35 or under, and half the country’s population of 1.25 billion people is under 25 years of age. This staggering figure is sometimes a great challenge as well as advantage. Challenges in terms of equipping them with capabilities such as skills, knowledge and good health that are required for a decent employment and livelihoods and once they are capable they can be a huge asset for the growth and development of the country.

The key for creating sustainable prospects for all is creation of more and better jobs, especially for the young generation. On one hand, there is a need for job seekers’ employability and on the other there is a need for enterprise development in various sectors especially in small and medium sized to create new jobs. These enterprises needs to be competitive in order to withstand the global challenges as both products and services are available in more competitive terms across globe. Industrial growth is very necessary in every sector with more emphasis on the manufacturing sector which has more potential for job creation. However, India’s share of manufacturing sector in GDP is very low.

The sustainability in growth also requires decent job conditions. The growing informalisation of work is a serious issue that needs to be addressed as it makes workers vulnerable. Thus, India needs to maintain high growth and decent employment generation for a sustainable inclusive development.

Another crucial area that needs more focus is education and skill development for building human resource. Employability is a big challenge as many of them either do not have skills and knowledge required by market or there is a lack of career guidance. Most of the time the skills and training imparted is also not up to date and not related to market requirement. Sufficient attention is required

Manpower Journal, Vol. XLVIII, January–December 2014

Manpower Journal, Vol. XLVIII, January–December 2014viii

to promote synergy in these areas so that the job creation is continuous and sustainable and adds to the growth and development of the country.

All these issues that are discussed above are both conceptually and empirically examined by the authors in the five papers that are included in this issue.

Anupama in her paper on “Deficits in Productive Employment in India” discusses about the process of economic globalisation and liberalisation and its impact on the labour norms in the country in last two decades. She finds that a significant part of the incremental employment is being generated in the unorganised sector, where working conditions are far from being satisfactory. Poverty and vulnerability prevailed in these sectors. She argues that there has been an enormous deficit in productive employment in India. This deficit has become wider with faster economic growth. She tries to explore and compare the deficits among different types of workers as well as various sectors of the economy.

G.L. Gaur’s paper “Relationship between Economic Growth and Employment in India” tries to analyse the trend of economic growth and employment in organized public and private sector in India during the decade 2000-01 to 2009- 10. The growth of GDP in absolute term showed a continuously increasing trend, whereas the total employment decreased during the period under study. The policy of privatization and liberalization did not prove to be employment friendly.

Geetha Rani discusses in her article “Fund Flow Pattern of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and its Effectiveness in Uttar Pradesh – an Educationally Backward State in India” about the financing of elementary education with a special focus on the program Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) in Uttar Pradesh. It attempts to understand the process and timing of the fund flow pattern from the Center and Government of Uttar Pradesh to the state implementing societies to district and sub-district level; and to know the effectiveness of fund utilization under SSA over a period of time. She identifies the pattern and timing of fund flow as one of the bottlenecks in proper utilization of the funds. She argues that the improved utilization rates reported under the SSA program has not resulted in better process and outcome indicators (internal efficiency indicators) such as dropout rates, transition rates and learning outcomes. Both the process and outcome indicators seriously raise concerns on the effectiveness of the program, despite its improved utilization rates.

The paper “Rate of Return for Management Education – A Case Study of Guwahati” by Barua and Deb talks about the rate of returns in education using the cost-benefit analysis and comparing the benefit accruing from education with the cost. They argue that MBAs in finance enjoy the highest returns among all functional categories followed by MBAs in marketing and subsequently the low salary jobs in the non-managerial by marketing jobs which are at the same time

ixExecutive Editor’s Note

readily available. In this paper, the private rate of return for management education is estimated using the Annual Return Method of the cost-benefit analysis.

Another challenging feature in the modern work life is related to quality of human experience in work place. The paper “Quality of Work Life in Business Education: An Empirical Analysis” by Mehraj Ud Din Shah brought out the issues and underlines the forces and factors that are responsible for its poor quality in work life. It is against this background that the present study examines the Quality of Work Life of its employees (i.e. Faculty).

This issue of the journal contains four book reviews besides a review article on the book, Human Society at the Crossroads in Search of a New Vision: Essays in Commemoration of the Memory of Dr. L.M. Singhvi. The first book review titled, Livelihood Diversities in Mountain Economy and opportunities, discusses certain features which are common to hill regions such as inaccessibility, fragility, marginality and diversity. The second book – Banking on Self Help Groups(SHG):Twenty Years on – examines the growth of SHG movements in the country over the last two decades, the role and experience of different stakeholders and various enabling factors and constraints to SHGs. The third book titled, Millenials and the workplace discusses the Psychological profile of millenials, workplace, expectations and to create a workplace that suits the changing needs and expectations of the millennials. The fourth book titled, Public Administration in Globalizing World: Theories and Practices, discusses the core aspects of Public Administration.

The last section of this issue presents a compilation of national and international news items on various manpower related issues reproduced from both print and electronic media.

Dr. K.P. SunnyGroup Head (Economic Services) & Editor (Productivity Journal)National Productivity CouncilLodhi Road, New Delhi

Prof. Indira HirwayDirector and Professor of EconomicsCenter for Development AlternativesAhmedabad

Dr. Helena R. SekharSenior FellowV.V.Giri National Labour Institute Post Box No. 68Sector 24, Noida

Prof. Shaukat Ullah KhanFaculty of EducationJamia Millia IslamiaNew Delhi

Professor Rajiv KumarFacultyIndian Institute of ManagementKolkatta

Prof. Amitabh KunduCentre for Studies in RegionalDevelopmentSchool of Social SciencesJ.N.U., New Delhi

Prof. T. LakshmanasamyDepartment of EconometricsUniversity of MadrasTamil Nadu

Dr. Sambit MallikAsstt. ProfessorSchool of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Guwahati, Assam

Mr. M. NeelakantanSTUTI, 181, Manuel Sons, Green AcreNH Bye-pass, Post MarathakaraThrissur, Distt., Kerala

Dr. Smita PatilSchool of Gender & DevelopmentIGNOU, Maidan GarhiNew Delhi

Dr. Debasish PatnaikFacultyBirla Institute of Technology & SciencePilani, Rajasthan

Dr. Nagaraju GundemadaDeptt. of SociologyUniversity of HyderabadHyderabad

Dr. Nira Ramachandran,C-1675, Palam ViharGurgaon, Haryana

Prof. C.V. RamananDirectorNational Academy for Training and DevelopmentIndian Society for Training andDevelopmentNew Delhi

Manpower Journal, Vol. XLVIII, January–December 2014

Distinguished Referees for Manpower Journal(External)

Manpower Journal, Vol. XLVIII, January–December 2014160

Prof. Radha SharmaFacultyManagement Development InstituteGurgaon (Haryana)

Prof. Mohd. Akhtar SiddiqueeFaculty of EducationJamia Millia IslamiaNew Delhi

Professor A.K. SinghDirectorGiri Institute of Development StudiesLucknow

Dr. Babita SinhaFacultyManagement Development InstituteGurgaon

Professor Jandhyala B.G. TilakNational University of EducationalPlanning and Administration(NUEPA)New Delhi

Dr. Sant Lal Arora, (Retd.)Flat No. 89, Plot No. 69Kamayani Kunj, I.P. Extn.Delhi

Prof. Murali Dhar VemuriJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Mehrauli RoadNew Delhi

Dr. Sucheta DeHouse No. 1634, 2nd FloorPhase-10, Sector-64Mohali, Punjab

Dr. Neetha N.Senior FellowCenter for Women’s Development StudiesNew Delhi

Dr. Jesim PaisAssistant ProfessorInstitute for Studies in IndustrialDevelopmentNew Delhi

Prof. Vijay KapurAdviser to the Vice ChancellorIndira Gandhi National Open UniversityNew Delhi

Mr. Partha Pratim SahuInstitute for Studies in IndustrialDevelopment (ISID)New Delhi

Dr. Sukanya DasAssistant ProfessorMadras School of Economics,Chennai, Tamil Nadu

Dr. C. Joushwa ThomasICSSR North Eastern Regional CentreNEHU Campus Shillong, Meghalaya

Prof. R. ManjulaProfessor of Speech Pathology &HOD, POCD DepartmentAll India Institute of Speech and HearingManasagangothri, Mysore

161Manpower Journal, Vol. XLVIII, January–December 2014

(Internal)

Dr. M.R. Prasad, Director

Dr. Rashmi Agrawal, Director

Dr. I.C. Awasthi, Jt. Director

Mr. Hemant Varshney, Dy. Director