Manufacturing the Future 2013

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Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council

2nd Annual EPSRC

Manufacturing

the Future Conference

17th & 18th September 2013

Vincent Building

Craneld University

17th and 18th September 2013


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Abstracts from the

2nd Annual EPSRC

Manufacturing theFuture Conference

17th and 18th September 2013

Craneld University

Editors: Rajkumar Roy

Andy ShawEleanor Collins


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First published September 2013

Through-life Engineering Services

School of Applied Sciences

Building 30

Craneld UniversityCraneld, Bedford MK43 0ALUnited Kingdom

Abstracts from the 2nd Annual EPSRC Manufacturing the Future Conference

Craneld University 2013 and all contributors

ISBN: 978-1-907413-22-3

Brish Library Cataloguing-in-Publicaon DataA catalogue record for this publicaon is available from the Brish Library.

Craneld University accepts no responsibility for the views expressed by contributorsto this publicaon.

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Organisaon:

Conference Steering Group:

Rajkumar Roy, Craneld University (Chair)Anthony Chapman, EPSRC

James Fleming, EPSRC

Alistair Florence, University of Strathclyde

Candice Majewski, University of Sheeld

David Williams, Loughborough University

Local Organising Commiee:

Rajkumar Roy, Craneld University (Chair)

Anthony Chapman, EPSRC

Eleanor Collins, Craneld University

James Fleming, EPSRC

Alistair Florence, University of Strathclyde

Andrea Johnston, University of Strathclyde

Samir Khan, Craneld University

Candice Majewski, University of Sheeld

Andy Shaw, Craneld University

Piotr Sydor, Craneld University

Paul Phillips, Craneld University

David Williams, Loughborough University

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Dear Colleagues,

It is with great pleasure that I welcome you to the second Manufacturing the Future conference.Building on the success of the rst conference in 2012, EPSRC is pleased to be sponsoring thismeeng as part of our objecve to preserve and develop the UKs reputaon for excellence inManufacturing research. Pioneering research funded by EPSRC is crucial to the UKs prosperity,helping ensure the economy is ready for future challenges and change.

This conference wishes to become the premier naonal manufacturing research conferencefocusing on the leading edge of science and engineering for manufacturing. It will help buildand network the manufacturing research community by exchanging best pracce and sharingwork in progress and communicang the value of the community to public, private and academicstakeholders. Demand from the community to aend the rst conference far out-strippedexpectaon and the size of this second conference has been expanded even further.

As many of you will know, EPSRC has a history of long term support for research in manufacturing;from the Applicaon of Computers to Manufacturing Engineering (ACME) programme in the1980s, to the Innovave Manufacturing Iniave in the 1990s and the Innovave ManufacturingResearch Centres (IMRCs) in the 2000s.

The Manufacturing the Future theme is sll a new EPSRC strategic theme, and builds on theseexisng investments, developing our porolio towards the needs of manufacturing industries,growing capability in areas where the market opportunity is well-developed but where there are

sll signicant technological challenges to overcome, and in froner manufacturing, where theresearch opportunity is strong but applicaons are nascent.

We are unique in supporng basic manufacturing research through to the stage whereapplicaons can be developed by companies or agencies such as the Technology Strategy Board with whom we have developed a strong and on-going partnership - and the Energy Technologies

Instute.

This year has seen the EPSRC Manufacturing the Future Porolio grow in a number of interesngand excing ways; we have expanded the number of Centres for Innovave Manufacturingfrom 12 to 16; we have seen large investments in the research challenges that underpin suchexible manufacturing processes; the expanding concept of Manufacturing Informacs; thechallenges in developing sustainable chemical feedstocks for future manufacturing processes;research on manufacturing processes and technologies linked to graphene in order to accelerate

the development and generaon of novel devices, applicaons technologies and systems; andcollaboraons with India, Jaguar Land Rover and the Technology Strategy Board, to highlight just afew examples of the dynamism of the UK Manufacturing research community. This is an excingand vibrant me for manufacturing research and the coming months will see further investments

(such as in Materials Substuon for Safety, Security and Sustainability, Manufacturing with Lightor the EPSRC-Jaguar Land Rover programme for Simulaon Innovaon).

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I would also like to highlight our investments to support the next generaon of Leaders inManufacturing Research. Since the last conference, the Early Careers Forum in Manufacturing anetwork of 20 talented young researchers who cover the spectrum of Manufacturing research isnow acvely pursuing the goal of forming new professional networks that may generate futureinnovave research ideas; we have funded three Early Careers Fellows and now funded 8 EPSRC

Fellows in Manufacturing, who will be looking to apply real industrial pracce in to academicresearch. We are commied to fund more of these Fellowships in 2013-4 and beyond.

The conference is for, and led by, the community and therefore I am grateful to Professor RajkumarRoy and his colleagues at Craneld University and in the Centre for Innovave Manufacturing inThrough-Life Engineering Services for hosng this conference in collaboraon with the Centresfor Regenerave Medicine at Loughborough University and Connuous Manufacturing andCrystallisaon at Strathclyde. Their eorts and the eorts of the Steering Commiee are muchappreciated. And it is important to announce that the Manufacturing the Future Conference willbe held at Strathclyde University in 2014.

I hope you enjoy the conference, form new collaboraons and new ideas, and I look forward toseeing you in Strathclyde next year,

Mark Claydon-SmithManufacturing the Future Theme LeaderEPSRC

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We wish to extend a very warm welcome to the EPSRC manufacturing research community andto other colleagues from our industrial stakeholders and from overseas. We are building on thegreat success of last year s event at Loughborough University and hope that you will enjoy thisopportunity to meet and network with colleagues from many dierent sectors of manufacturing.

We have put together a conference on similar lines to last year, but with a signicant growthin interest and input. The Steering Commiee has carefully selected a wide ranging series ofpresentaons from almost 100 abstracts submied. A poster exhibion of all the abstracts hasbeen arranged together with stands for the EPSRC Centres for Innovave Manufacturing and otherkey bodies and relevant research groups. This presents a unique opportunity for us to broaden ourknowledge of manufacturing research in other areas and learn valuable lessons and approaches to

tackling challenging research problems.

The mission of scienc excellence, the imperave of showing value for money to funders and

government, and its impact on and importance to its key stakeholders the manufacturingindustry of today and the future connues and this conference presents a unique opportunity toshowcase specic research achievements to a broader audience than usually found at academicconferences. To this end both presenters and poster authors have been asked to keep this wideraudience in mind when preparing their material and the judging criteria for the prizes for bestpresentaon and best poster reect this.

We look forward to this annual event becoming the conference where the current state ofmanufacturing research in the UK, Europe and eventually much wider can be discussed, debatedand in this light the future direcons of UK support be dened. Key quesons we need to addressinclude the relevance of the research topics we focus on, the leadership and skills needed to

deliver, how we can grow manufacturing as a discipline and, in parcular, as a research communityhow we can best contribute to enhancing naonal economic compeveness.

We would like to thank EPSRC for their sponsorship of the conference and all those who havecontributed to its organisaon. We would also like to thank CIRP UK for their sponsorship of thebest contribuon prize.

I am looking forward personally to hearing about your work and to the community growing from

strength to strength and I would, in parcular, like to thank Ellie Collins for her work as conferenceco-ordinator and In the preparaon of this book.

Thank you all for your contribuons and I look forward to seeing you at Strathclyde next year,

Rajkumar Roy

On behalf of the Conference Steering Commiee and the Local Organisers

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Contents Page

O01 Development of a novel cryopreservaon plaorm technology for 2

the successful banking of human cells

Karen Coopman, Tim Morris, Andrew Picken and Christopher J Hewi

O02

From Test-Tube To Connuous Scaled-Up Manufacturing of 3Porous Nanomaterials

Siddharth V. Patwardhan, Colin McKinstry, Edmund J. Cussen,

Ashleigh J. Fletcher and Jan Sefcik

O03 Rapid laser-based micro/nano-manufacturing using digital mulmirror 4device technology

Ben Mills, Mahias Feinaeugle, Behrad Gholipour, James A. Grant-Jacoband Robert W. Eason

O04 Digital Holographic Analysis of Laser Induced Micro Plasma in Micro 5

Machining Applicaons: Temporal and Spaal Comparisons to Thermo

Nuclear Explosions Krste Pangovski, Marn Sparkes, Andrew Cockburn and William ONeill

O05 Manufacturing of Tissue Engineered Stem Cell Niches for Corneal Healing 6

lida Ortega, Anthony J. Ryan, Sheila MacNeil and Frederik Claeyssens

O06 Wire+Arc Addive Manufacturing:how metal 3D prinng will change 7

manufacturing. Current status, benets and future developments

Filomeno Marna, Prof Stewart Williams and Dr Paul Colegrove

O07 Embedding bre opc sensors using laser addive manufacturing 9

Dirk Havermann, Robert R.J. Maier, William N. Macphersonand Duncan P. Hand

O08

Manufacturing of polymeric nerve guides for peripheral nerve repair 10

Christopher J Pateman, Richard Plenderleith, Muhammad Daud,Adam Harding, Claire Christmas, Fiona Boisannade, Stephen Rimmer,

John W Haycock and Frederik Claeyssens

O09 A Dispersed Reference Interferometer for Surface and 11

Dimensional Metrology

James Williamson, Dr Haydn Marn and Professor Xiangqian Jiang

O10 Nanoscale Materials for Flexible Tacle Sensors 12

Shrawan Kumar Jha, Edward Los, Hendrik Faber, Ajay Perumal,Xu-Hua Wang, Paul Stavrinou, Natalie Sngelin, Thomas Anthopoulosand Donal D.C. Bradley

O11 Endohedral fullerenes: small molecules, big challenges 13

Kyriakos Porfyrakis

O12 Collaborave Roboc Maintenance for Industry 14 M. Farnsworth and T. Tomiyama

O13 Micromoulding of medical devices 16

P. Coates, B.R. Whiteside and K. Norris

O14 Opmisaon of the perfusion system of a tri-axial bioreactor 18

Husnah Hussein, David J. Williams and Yang Liu

O15

Service Damage Assessment using Acve Thermography 19

L. Tinsley, L. Oakey, L. Redding, A. Shaw, J. Mehnen and R. Roy

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Page

P01 Exisng intermient fault nding technologies 21

Wakil Ahmed, Samir Khan and Paul Phillips

P02

Reacve Inkjet Prinng 22Patrick Smith, Jonathan Stringer and Yi Zhang

P03 Zone-rening, deuteraon and crystal growth of aromac molecules 23

for organic spintronics applicaons

Mark Oxborrow and Neil Alford

P04 Machining in the small scale 24 Anish Roy, S. Abolfazl Zahedi, Murat Demiral and Vadim V. Silberschmidt

P05

Drilling in aerospace composites: challenges and soluons 25 Vadim V. Silberschmidt, Farrukh Makhdum, Vaibhav Phadnis and Anish Roy

P06 Ultrasonic melt processing improving the quality of liquid and 27

solid metal

D.G. Eskin

P07 Producon network wide opportunies for connuous manufacturing 28

in pharmaceucal industry

Rajan Tala and Umit Bitci

P08

Thermally enhanced ultrasonically assisted machining 30

Anish Roy, Riaz Muhammad and Vadim V. Silberschmidt

P09 High Pressure Die Casng of Al-Mg-Si-Mn Alloy for Improved Duclity 31

S. Ji, D. Watson, M. White and Z. Fan

P10 Mulobjecve Evoluonary Opmizaon for Anbody Puricaon 32

Process Design

Richard Allmendinger, Ana S. Simaria and Suzanne S. Farid

P11

Developing condence in automac on-line quancaon of 33surface defects

Mitul Tailor, Punnu Phaira, Jon Petzing, Michael Jackson and Rob Parkin

P12 Twin Roll Casng of Melt Condioned Magnesium Alloy 34 Sanjeev Das and Zhongyun Fan

P13 Towards high purity mid infrared chalcogenide glasses 35

K. Khan, P. Bastock, C. Craig, E. Weatherby, C. Huang and D. Hewak

P14

Modelling of Sheet Metal Forming Processes for Sustainable Recycling 36 Javad Falsatonekaboni, Emrah Demirci and Vadim V. Silberschmidt

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Page

P15 New theorecal methodologies for pharmaceucal plant cleaning 37

Wendy Carr, Elaine Marin and Mark Talford

P16

Visual Feedback Control of Scalable Industrial Robocs using 38Ethernet Interface

Punnu Phaira and Mike Jackson

P17 Towards CNC Automaon in AFM Probe-Based Nano Machining 40 E.B. Broussea

P18 On the invesgaon of nucleaon mechanism in an oscillatory 41baed crystallizer

Craig J. Callahan and Xiong-Wei Ni

P19 Producon of high quality light alloy billets with Melt Condioned 42Direct Chill casng process

M. Xia, A.K. Prasada Rao, H. Kotadia and Z. Fan

P20 Generang cause-and-eect models for chromatographic protein 43puricaon

Spyros Gerontas, Simyee Kong, Richard Allmendinger, Songsong Liu, Lazaros G. Papageorgiou, Suzanne S. Farid and Nigel J. Titchener-Hooker

P21 Free- Form Automated Incremental Panel Forming 45Balaji Ilangovan, Radmehr P. Monfared and Michael Jackson

P22

Cosng for Avionic Through-life availability 46 Linda Newnes, Eore Seanni, Nile Thenent, Yee Mey Goh,

Swetha Narayana, Glenn Parry, Neil Barne, Paul Green, Mark Calland, Mark Oliver and Mahew McNally

P23 Systemac Modelling and Real-Time Opmisaon for Manufacturing 47Complex Geometries using Addive Manufacturing Technologies

George Panoutsos, Kamran A Mumtaz1and Hassan Ghadbeigi

P24 Nucleang Agent Assisted Microstructure Formaon in 48Semiconducng Organic Maer

Neil D. Treat, Jennifer A. Nekuda Malik, Obadiah Reid, Liyang Yu,Christopher G. Shule, Garry Rumbles, Craig J. Hawker,Michael L. Chabinyc, Paul Smith and Natalie Sngelin

P25 Controlling Variaon in Low Volume Manufacturing Processes 49Steven Cox, John Garside and Apostolos Kotsialos

P26

Surface development and visualisaon of a straed Titanium 50surface polished by vibratory bowl mass nishing

K. Walton, L. Blunt and L. Fleming

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Page

P27 Metrology and characterisaon of Micro and Nano-scale defects for 51

aluminum oxide barrier lm employed in exible Photovoltaic modules

Mohamed Elrawemi, Liam Blunt and Leigh Fleming

P28 Intelligent temperature measurement for advanced manufacturing 52

Dean Tansley, Simon Fletcher and Andrew Longsta

P29 Co-creang manufacturing value at the whole system level 53

Lloyd Fernando and Professor Steve Evans

P30 Towards an intelligent, open and modular control architecture for 54automang the milling process

Luis Rubio, Andrew P. Longsta, Simon Fletcher and Alan Myers

P31 Microwave- and millimetre-wave sensor systems for liquid detecon 55

and biosensors

Norbert Klein, Toby Basey-Fisher, Stephen Hanham, Olena Shaforost,William Oer, Steve Cranstone, Roger Tucker, Hugo BibbyKevin Wrightson and Heinz Rongen

P32 Picosecond Laser Welding of Dissimilar Materials 56

Richard Carter, Jianyong Chen, Robert Thomson and Duncan Hand

P33 A novel method to produce electrospun scaolds with tailored 57

geometries

C Rogers, J Paent, R Bail, J Segal, K Shakeshe and F Rose

P34 Characterisaon of Formulated Products and Processes 58

Peter Clark, Dr Andreas Tsoligkas, Professor Mark Simmons, Professor Stuart Blackburn and Professor Hugh S

P35 Towards obtaining robust boundary condion parameters to aid 59

accuracy in FEA thermal error predicons

Naeem S Mian, Simon Fletcher, Andrew P Longsta and Alan Myers

P36 A Knowledge Plaorm for Surface Texture in Advanced Manufacturing 60

Qunfen Qi, Xiangqian Jane Jiang and Paul J Sco

P37 Plasc electronics: from lab-scale towards manufacturing 61

Alberto Scaccabarozzi and Natalie Sngelin

P38 Modelling the impact of biomass batch variability on natural 62

products extracon, to idenfy opmal processing condions

Josh L. Pilkington, Rachel L Gomes and Chris Preston

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Page

P39 Idenfying and Characterizing Micro-machining Fingerprints on 63

Freeform Surfaces Using Morphological Methods

Shan Lou, Xiangqian Jiang and Paul J. Sco

P40 Managing uncertainty in contract bidding 65

Linda Newnes, Dr Yee Mey Goh and Dr Melanie Kreye

P41 Predicve Calibraon-Based Tolerance Boundaries For Arresng 66

Deterioraon of Machine Tool Accuracy

A. Shagluf. A. P. Longsta, S. Fletcher, P. D. Denton and A. Myers

P42

Soluon processed small molecule phosphorescent organic light 67

eming devices

Ajay Perumal, Hendrik Faber, Shrawan Jha, Natalie Sngelin, Paul Stavrinou, Thomas Anthopoulos and Donal D.C. Bradley

P43 A Path to Material Eciency in Manufacturing Applicaons 68

James Colwill, Oliver Gould and Shahin Rahimifard

P44 Extending the Boundaries of Energy Management to Manufacturing 69

Business Strategies

E. Woolley and S. Rahimifard

P45 Design Approach for moving from Batch to Connuous: Oscillatory 70

Baed Crystalliser (OBC) Technology

Thomas McGlone

P46 Polymorph Selecon and Parcle Size Control in a Connuous 71

Oscillatory Baed Crystalliser

Naomi Briggs

P47 Chemically funconalized graphene materials: from cung edge 72

manufacturing to nanoscale engineering of electronic and

opcal properes

Monica F. Craciun, Thomas H Bointon, Freddie Withers, Ivan Khrapach and Saverio Russo

P48 Decision tree for rapid predicon of bioprocess facility t issues 73

Yang Yang, Suzanne S. Farid and Nina F. Thornhill

P49 Dynamics of Parallel (Simultaneous) Machining Operaons 74Erdem Ozturk, Omer Ozkirimli, Thomas J. Gibbons and Sam Turner

P50

Drivers of change for the future of UK manufacturing: 75

Internaonal perspecvesEllio More, Professor Steve Evans, David Probert and Dr. Robert Phaal

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Page

P51 Heterogeneous Integraon of Emerging Nanostructured Thin 76

Film Materials

Mahew Cole, Nigel Coburn, Junhao Zhang, Yan Zhang, & Arokia Nathan

P52 The inuence of cung speed on tool life: the applicability of 77

Taylors model to the drilling of carbon bre reinforced plasc

using uncoated WC--Co tools

Julin Luis Merino Prez, Professor Alma Hodzic,Dr. Sabino Ayvar-Soberanis and Dr. Eleanor Merson

P53 Raonal Design of Biologics Manufacturing: The Development of 78

Whole-Bioprocess Models

Ajoy Velayudhan

P54 Current Progress on Real-World Vibraonal Energy-Harvesng Systems 79

Colin Bell, Ashutosh Tiwari and Meiling Zhu

P55 Regenerave Medicine Manufacture: Systemasaon for New 80

Business Models

Nick Medcalf

P56 Strategies for self-repairing electronic systems 81

Richard McWilliam and Alan Purvis

P57

Scaling-up mulphase microchemical systems 82

Simon Kuhn

P58 Evaluaon of Case-depth Layer in Coated Cung Tool by Using 83

Barkhausen Noise and Electromagnec Acousc Emission Techniques

Nopparat Seemuang and Tom Slaer

P59 Grain rener development for Aluminium-Silicon alloy casngs for 84automove applicaons

Leandro Bolzoni, M.Nowak and N. Hari Babu

P60 Ecient Novel Drying Processes of foods 85

Tom Mills, Fos Spyropoulos, Peter Fryer and Ian Norton

P61 New Flexible Manufacturing processes for tailored food emulsions 86

Tom Mills, Fos Spyropoulos, Peter Fryer and Ian Norton

P62 Controlled solid phase orientaon of polymers: a novel manufacturing 87

route for enhanced property medical devices

P. D. Coates, P Caton-Rose, Anant Paradkar, David Farrar,

Kadem Al-Lamee and K Nichols

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Page

P63 Eco-Manufacturing of Food Products: Improving Water Eciency 89

in Food Manufacturing

James Colwill, Elliot Woolley and Shahin Rahimifard

P64 Template-Based Manufacture of Nonwoven Assemblies for 90

Medical Devices

S. J. Russell, E. Durham, E. Ingham, M. J. Tipper and D. Wood

P65 Food manufacturing for healthy diets 92

Bena Wolf, David Gray and Tim Foster

P66 EPSRC Centre for Innovave Manufacturing in Medical Devices 93

University of Nongham

Donal McNally, Joel Segal, Iy Ahmed, Nick Warrior, Ed Lester and David Grant

P67 Straed Approaches For Enhanced Reliability SAFER Joint 94Replacements Funconally Straed Design and Manufacture:

A Flagship Challenge

John Fisher

P68 Modelling of Residual Stress Relief of Cold Working Process in 95

Aluminium Blocks

R. Bilkhu, S. Ayvar-Soberanis, J. Castle, M. Thomas and S. Turner

P69 The Development of an Electrophotographic Addive Layer 96

Manufacturing System Exhibing Novel Process Topography and

Low-cost Desktop Characteriscs

Mahew Benning and Kenneth Dalgarno

P70 Design and fabricaon of orthoc devices through addive 97

manufacturing

Javier Munguia and Kenny Dalgarno

P71

Preparaon of Poly(Lacc acid)-Hydroxyapate Scaolds for 98Bone Surgery

A. Malayeri, F. Claeyssens, C. Gabbo, G. Reilly and P. V. Haon

P72 Customized Transmucosal Titanium Medical Device for for a Cle 99

Palate Paent Manufactured Using Layered Fabricaon: A Clinical

case study

Behnam Mirzakouchaki, Shirin Shahrbaf, David Wilgoose andRichard van Noort

P73

Upgrading of ingredients for improved resource ulisaon 100Bena Wolf, David Gray and Tim Foster

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Page

P74 Beyond Addive Manufacturing - Mulfunconal 3D Prinng 101

Christopher Tuck, Ian Ashcro, Ricky Wildman and Richard Hague

P75

Design Opmisiaon of 3d printed mul-funconal components 102David Bracke, Ian Ashcro, Ricky Wildman and Richard Hague

P76 Performance evaluaon of the Acousc Emission technique for 103

structural health monitoring

Daniel Gagar and Peter Foote

P77 Characterisaon of In-service Feedback for System Design and 104Manufacturing

Rajkumar Roy, Jorn Mehen, Lawrence Tinsley, Nicolau Morar,

Louis Redding and Caxton Okoh

P78 Mul-funconal Composites through novel bre placement 106

Prasad Potluri, Dhaval Jetavat, Anura Fernando, Richard Kennon and Costas Sous

P79 Structural Joints using Novel Embedded Inserts 107

Andrew Mills, David Ayre and Vincenzo Di Giandomenico

P80 Hydrostac Force Bioreactor-a novel device for the mechanical 108

pre-condioning of cells, ssues and ssue engineered constructs

for clinical applicaon

Y. Reinwald, K.H.L. Leonard, J.R. Henstock, J. Price, and A.J .El Haj

P81 Mul Trench Fiber: an ultra large mode area soluon for industrial 109

manufacturing

Deepak Jain, Catherine Baskios, and Jayanta Sahu

P82 Analysis of part integrity in addive manufacture of plascs by 110

opcal coherence tomography

Krisan Groom, Adam Clare, Steve Matcher, Zeng Lu and

Ruth Goodridge

P83 Sustainable and Resilient Food Supply Chain: Reducing the 111

environmental impacts from food waste through novel

packaging applicaons

James Colwill, Elliot Woolley and Shahin Rahimifard

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Abstracts

O01 O15: Oral Presentaons

P01 P83: Poster Presentaons


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2

MANUFACTURING THE FUTURE CONFERENCE 2013

Development of a novel cryopreservaon plaorm technology for

the successful banking of human cells

Karen Coopman, Tim Morris, Andrew Picken, Christopher J Hewi

Centre for Biological Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK,+44 (0)1509 222513, [email protected]

The cell therapy industry connues to grow as more products reach the clinic. The overall aim

of our research is to develop a viable process for the manufacture of these therapies such that

clinically relevant cell numbers can be generated whilst ensuring product potency, purity andsafety. The ability to preserve cells is a crical part of this process, allowing for the transport ofcells from point of producon to point of use and also their storage. The laer avoids the need forconnuous culture and allows, for example, large batches of cells to be banked as starng materialfor use in the manufacture of a therapy.

Fig 1. Outline of slow freezing process. Cells are stored in liquid nitrogen (LN2) at -150C.

Cells are typically cryopreserved with a cryoprotecve agent (CPA) in the freezing soluon (Fig.1) to limit the damage to the cells caused by freezing. The use of DMSO as a CPA is widespreaddespite its reported cytotoxicity at temperatures > 0C. Given that processing cells in freezing

soluon at an industrial scale could take > 1 hour, the impact of long-term cell exposure to DMSOis being studied. Using a human osteoblast cell line, HOSTE85, we show that prolonged expo-sure to DMSO at room temperature has lile impact on cell viability but cell growth is slowed.For instance, cells exposed to DMSO for up to 2 hours before being frozen undergo 2 populaondoublings less over 9 days compared to cells exposed for


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3


From Test-Tube To Connuous Scaled-Up Manufacturing of Porous Nanomaterials

Siddharth V. Patwardhan*, Colin McKinstry, Edmund J. Cussen, Ashleigh J. Fletcher, Jan SefcikUniversity of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XJ, U.K. Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

In the past, we have witnessed revoluonary technologies for a variety of nanomaterials. Herewe will consider scale-up manufacturing of two technologically important nanomaterials: silica

and Metal Organic Frameworks (MOF). The invenon of mesoporous silicas oers well-denedand tunable pores and has led to 20,000+ citaons. However, because their synthesis is complex,mulstep and energy intensive, they have been dicult to scale-up and remained at lab-scales.We have invented an alternate green chemistry for silica synthesis and we demonstrate combiningbioinspired synthesis and connuous ow processing as a rst step towards the manufacturing

of funconal nanomaterials with possible. We will present its scale-up manufacturing. In

parcular, we have demonstrated the scale-up fromtest-tube synthesis to ~30 g/d scale. Reacon rates in theconnuous reactor were much faster than in the batchprocesses (Fig. 1), which was consistent with literature,however, the yields were very lower than the test-tube reacons as well as theorecal predicons using

Damkhler number. It appears that laminar ows werecausing problems and it was inferred that a serious lack

of mixing was contribung to the lower than ancipatedconversions when compared to batch chemistry. A numberof opons were invesgated in order to address this issue

and their implementaon was successful in improvingthe yields. Designs of industrial scale systems for both theexisng process and the bioinspired process were prepared and their detailed economic feasibility

conrmed GN manufacturing as a promising alternave. Furthermore, the green process wasesmated to reduce the manufacturing carbon footprint by over 90%, mainly by reduced energyrequirements in the silica formaon reacons.

As another example, we consider MOFs which represent a class of nanoporous crystallinematerials with far reaching potenal in gas storage, catalysis and medical devices. Literature showsa great deal of informaon on the batch synthesis of

MOF-5, however for an industrial producon, the stepto connuous processing is required. Here we showthat MOF-5 can be formed in a solvothermal connuousprocess, in an ecient way with reduced levels ofsolvent required per unit mass of MOF-5 compared tobatch literature. A srred tank reactor system was ableto produce MOF-5 with yield of 96%. Analysis of the

solid output as a funcon of me along with variaonof concentraon of the feed supply, we see high purityMOF-5 produced in a connuous system (Fig. 2) withpotenally high throughput on scale up.

Signicance Statement: The Signicance of this work is that it presents the rst scaled-upmanufacturing of green silicas and MOF-5.

O02

Fig 1. Bench-top connuous

silica producon.

Fig 2. A typical XRD paern of product(red lines show expected peaks).


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4


Rapid laser-based micro/nano-manufacturing using digital mulmirror device technology

Ben Mills1*, Mahias Feinaeugle1, Behrad Gholipour1,James A. Grant-Jacob1, and Robert W. Eason1

1Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK,*Tel. +23 8059 3136, [email protected]

Single pulses from an ultrafast laser, in combinaon with a Texas Instruments digital mulmirrordevice, have been used to spaally paern complex structures via laser-ablaon, with sub-micron-scale resoluon. This exible and novel manufacturing technique has the ability to paern (viaaddive and subtracve fabricaon) up to ~1cm2regions with sub-micron resoluon on the mescale of hours, hence nding applicaons in elds as diverse as metamaterials, telecommunicaonsand semiconductor technologies.

There exists a wide range of techniques for the fabricaon of micro-scale complex structures,including electron beam lithography, focused-ion beam milling, and direct laser. Whilst thesetechniques undoubtedly provide impressive resoluon, these approaches are not so useful for themanufacturing of larger-scale (~1mm to 1cm) devices, due to the signicant me scales that aregenerally required.

Here, we demonstrate the combinaon of impressive resoluon and rapid fabricaon when usingsingle ultrafast pulses (800nm wavelength, pulse length ~150fs, repeon rate 1kHz) that havespaal intensity proles that have been controlled through use of a digital mulmirror device(DMD) (model number DLP3000) [1]. The device itself consists of an array of 680 by 608, 10.6mwide, mechanical ip mirrors, which can rapidly switch between on and o posions at a rategreater than 1kHz, and was essenally used as a binary mask in order to imprint an intensity

paern on the laser beam. A microscope objecve (50x) was then used to image the intensitypaern onto the sample (see [2] for further details on the experimental setup). Fig. 1 showsscanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of three examples of single-pulse ablaon of a 50nmthick tanium tungsten lm (although many other materials have been observed to give similarresults). The darker regions on the SEM images correspond to regions where the thin lm hasbeen completely removed, via laser-ablaon, and hence the glass substrate is instead observed.

The signicance of this work is, for thinlms, single-pulse ablaon is possible,hence enabling rapid manufacturing.By stching together ablated regions

(via high-precision stages) we havedemonstrated coverage of 1mm by 1mm,with submicron resoluon, within 20minutes. Faster fabricaon mes will bepossible with higher-repeon-rate lasersand faster (automated) stages. Typicaledge quality is measured to be ~200nmwith very lile debris generally present,and the thinnest features currently

possible have been observed to be

~200nm (/4). Use of UV wavelengths

will likely improve this resoluon.

[1] Texas Instruments 2012 hp://www..com/lit/ds/symlink/dlp3000.pdf (last accessed 20/4/2013)

[2] B Mills, et. al, Sub-micron-scale femtosecond laser ablaon using a digital micromirror device, J. Micromech. Microeng.

23 (2013) 035005

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Fig 1. SEM images of single-pulse laser-ablaon of50nm thick tanium tungsten lm. In each case, theinset shows the intensity paern that was displayedon the DMD and hence imprinted onto the laserbeam (where white corresponds to laser light, andblack corresponds to no laser light).


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Digital Holographic Analysis of Laser Induced Micro Plasma in Micro Machining

Applicaons: Temporal and Spaal Comparisons to Thermo Nuclear Explosions

Krste Pangovski, Instute for Manufacturing, University of Cambridge,

7 Charles Babbage Road, +44 7824 381 936, [email protected]

Marn Sparkes, Instute for ManufacturingAndrew Cockburn, Instute for Manufacturing

William ONeill, Instute for Manufacturing

Abstract:

In 1950 Sir G. Taylor formulated theorecal model for esmang the amount of energy releasedfrom a very intense explosion by observing the temporal evoluon of the generated shock wave.

Laser-material interacons are subject to a range of physical phenomena that closely resemblethe dynamics of Nuclear Weapon releases: Early plasma, shockwave formaon, intense plumeand material ejecon. We employ ultrafast Holographic methods to study the dynamics oflaser-based single pulsed events and compare the temporal and spaal characteriscs to NuclearWeapon dynamics from available data (see Figure 1). We present the dynamics of Silicon and

Titanium ablaon from the early period (0 1000 ns) to the late period (1 500 s) and comparethe surface and volumetric heang regimes with that of nuclear detonaons. We determine theenergy eciency as a funcon of removed material through the Sedov-Taylor approximaons.

Statement of Signicance:

Demonstrate scaling phenomena in uid dynamics from the micro to macro scales. Determine the dynamics and energy deposion regimes of a variety of advanced temporally

shaped pulses, hitherto, largely unexplored.

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Figure 1: Shows (le) the temporal evoluon of a single laser pulse on Silicon and (right)

the evoluon of a nuclear explosion.


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Manufacturing of Tissue Engineered Stem Cell Niches for Corneal Healing

lida Ortega, The University of Sheed, Broad Lane, Kroto Research Instute,Sheeld, S3 7HQ, United Kingdom, Phone: +44(0)114 222 5931,

[email protected]

Anthony J. Ryan, The University of Sheeld

Sheila MacNeil , The University of Sheeld

Frederik Claeyssens, The University of Sheeld

Corneal blindness occurs as a result of limbal epithelial cells (LEC) deciency due to causessuch as chemical burns or Aniridia. LEC are located in the limbus in specic microenvironmentsor stem cell niches1. In some cases of corneal disease limbus and niches are destroyed andcells from the conjuncva migrate to the cornea producing scar ssue which reduces vision2.Our aim is to manufacture models of the limbus in which to study LEC acvity. We havedesigned two types of microfabricated corneal rings (one biodegradable and othernonbiodegradable; g.1a, 1d) containing micropockets to simulate LEC microenvironments.Non-biodegradable rings were made of

polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) usingmicrostereolithography3. Biodegradable rings weremade of poly (lacc-co-glycolic acid) 50:50 using atechnique combinaon of microstereolithographyand electrospinning4. Preliminary work on theevaluaon of the constructs was performed usingrabbit limbal explants and limbal epithelial cells. Thepotenal use of the rings as cell delivery devices wasevaluated using a 3D rabbit cornea model. Cells werecharacterized using CK3 (dierenaon marker) andP63 (stem cell marker). Cells aach and proliferateon the constructs (g. 1b, 1c, 1e) and for bothapproaches we obtained promising results regarding

epithelial cell transfer and re-epithalisaon ofdamaged corneas using a 3D rabbit model. Both typesof constructs could be potenally used as stem cellcarriers for the treatment of corneal disease.

REFERENCES

(1) Dua H S. et al, Br J Ophthalmol (2005), 89:529-532; (2) Huang A J. et al, Invest OphthalmolVis Sci (1991), 32:96-105; (3) Ortega I. et al, Biofabricaon (2013), 5:025008; (4) Ortega I. et al,Acta Biomaterialia (2013), 9:5511-5520.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank the Wellcome Trust Foundaon and the EPSRC Landscape Fellowship scheme forsupporng this work.

The signicance of this work is the need for the development of new biomaterial devices that

mimic closely the physiological condions where stem cells reside in the body. In this work we

have used dierent manufacturing techniques for producing limbal models containing arcial

stem cell pockets that we hypothesize would aid in corneal healing.

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Fig 1. SEM images of PEGDA and PLGAmicrofeatured outer rings (a, d). SEMand uorescence images of Rabbitlimbal cells on PEGDA constructs (b, c:green: vincullin) and on PLGA scaolds(e; green: phalloidin-FITC).


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Wire+Arc Addive Manufacturing: how metal 3D prinng will change manufacturing.

Current status, benets and future developments

Filomeno Marna, Welding Engineering and Laser Processing Centre, Craneld University,

Building 46, Craneld, MK43 0AL, UK. 01234 750111 x5055, [email protected]

Prof Stewart Williams, Welding Engineering and Laser Processing Centre, Craneld University

Dr Paul Colegrove, Welding Engineering and Laser Processing Centre, Craneld University

Wire+Arc Addive manufacturing (WAAM) is a novel approach to metal component producondeveloped at Craneld University. This was done using funding both from EPSRC as well as a largegroup of industrial partners. WAAM consists of building components in a layer-by-layer fashion,as opposed to current manufacturing techniques which are mostly subtracve, i.e. material isremoved from the inial billet unl the desired geometry is achieved. The nature of the presentmanufacturing approach results in material waste up to 95% of the original workpiece, whileWAAM waste is around 20%. One of the principal materials used in aerospace systems is Ti-6Al-4V,

an expensive alloy due to the high amount of energy required for its producon. This material isalso dicult and expensive to machine. Therefore manufacture of Ti-6Al-4V components usingthe WAAM process will result in large savings in material and manufacturing costs, as well asexceponal reducons in CO

2emissions.

Addive manufacturing was originally regarded as a rapid prototyping technique, as it requiresno tooling. This feature leads to greatly reduced lead mes, especially in terms of product

development and evaluaon of alternave designs. Furthermore, it improves design exibility, asa products design can be connuously improved without worrying about the oen liming cost

of new tooling (moulds or dies). The possibility of manufacturing potenally any shape makesWAAM even more aracve for product engineers and designers, as designs can be opmisedtopologically, thus improving the overall mechanical performance while reducing weight, withlile concern over manufacturability. In sectors such as aerospace, this is a crucial benet asweight savings directly lead to a reducon in fuel consumpon. Further benets from a designer

perspecve are the capability of creang funconally graded materials, as well as embeddingdevices such as sensors directly in the component during its manufacture. Moreover, WAAM hasalready proven its scalability: components ranging from few cenmetres to meters in size havebeen successfully manufactured.

The main issues are residual stresses and distoron. By applying high-pressure rolling to WAAMstructures, both were signicantly reduced. Furthermore, rolling produced changes in the

microstructure, which resulted in improved, isotropic mechanical properes, with reducedvariability.

Future work in the eld includes exploring alternave methods to rolling, as well as ways toincrease the deposion rate up to ~10 kg/h within the HiDepAM project. Further mechanical testswill be performed, and the demonstrators complexity will be increased to match those of realparts, taking WAAM to the maturity level required for full industrial implementaon.

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Signicance Statement: The signicance of this work is the reducon in CO2emissions, material

cost, manufacturing constraints, lead me, residual stresses and distoron; the increase inproducts design exibility; the achievement of isotropic and guaranteed mechanical properes;the possibility of building a wide range of components in terms of both size and dierent materials.This will enable industrial implementaon of the technology.

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Figure 1 - Landing gear component manufactured for Bombardier

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Embedding bre opc sensors using laser addive manufacturing

Dirk Havermann, Instute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Wa University,Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK, tel.:+ 44 131 451 3086, e-mail: [email protected]

Robert R.J. Maier, Heriot-Wa University

William N. Macpherson, Heriot-Wa University

Duncan P. Hand, Heriot-Wa University

Laser Addive Manufacturing provides novel and excing possibilies when construcng

3-dimensional free form components in polymers and metals. The process of building 3-Dcomponents from the inside-out opens up the potenal to embed sensors into the heart of acomponent. Fibre Bragg grangs are an ideal component of smart composite materials and arealready used for delivering in-situ measurements of polymer components. Recently developed

high temperature compable bre Bragg grangs, suitable for connuous use at temperatures ofup to 1000 C, provide the opportunity of extending sensing capabilies to metallic components.

We will present our latest results on developing a technique for embedding opcal bre sensorsinto stainless steel (SS 316). It is rst of all necessary to remove any polymeric jacket from thebre and replace this with a metal coang. Such a metal coang allows the bres to bond to themetal environment as well as protecng them during the embedding process. A thin electricallyconducve layer of Chromium is applied using vacuum spuering and Nickel is then electroplatedonto the bre with thicknesses of up to half a millimetre. Then, in a two step process, these metalclad opcal bres are laser welded onto a stainless steel substrate and subsequently encapsulatedusing a laser based powder sintering process. Both processes are tailored to minimise risk of

damage to the opcal bre and the laer sintering process is carefully opmised to achieve thebest possible bonding between the opcal bre and the metal environment.

We report the opcal condion of the bre during theencapsulaon process and demonstrate that nickelcoated opcal bres can be embedded into stainless

steel components by using laser based manufacturing

processes. Potenal for producing smart metalcomponents is illustrated through the ability of these

bres to deliver in-situ measurements of applied strain

and temperature.

Signicance Statement: Fibre opc sensing and laseraddive manufacturing are merged in this cross-

disciplinary project to encapsulate bre opc sensorswith stainless steel. This project will extend bre opcsensing applicaons to environments of elevatedtemperatures.

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Opcal bre embedded into stainlesssteel (SS 316)


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Manufacturing of polymeric nerve guides for peripheral nerve repair

Christopher J Pateman, Richard Plenderleith, Muhammad Daud, Adam Harding,Claire Christmas, Fiona Boisannade, Stephen Rimmer, John W Haycock & Frederik Claeyssens

Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Chemistry and the School of Denstry,University of Sheeld, U.K.

Peripheral nerve injuries aect 1/1000 people per year in the developed world, with microsurgicalrepair being the prevailing treatment. To repair peripheral nerve injuries surgeons typically useautologous nerve gras. These gras are not ideal since another (donor) nerve needs to besacriced, leading to loss of funcon and pain in the donor site. An interesng alternave totransplants is the use with bioengineered constructs, with present studies focussed on the use ofnerve guide conduits (NGCs).

Currently available Nerve Guidance Conduits (NGCs) have a limited regenerave capacity,mainly due to the absence of physical guidance cues and poor support for nerve cell growth.The aim of this work is to develop a reliable manufacturing route of NGCs with improved bulkproperes, physical design and surface chemistry. In this paper the use of 3D structuring via laserstereolithography and electrospinning is reported

for the fabricaon of perineurial and epineurialmimicking scaolds. Caprolactone, polylacde andpolyethylene glycol pre-polymers were synthesised,methacrylate funconalised and structured usinglaser based microstereolithography (microSL).Electrospinning of aligned PCL was undertaken and5m parallel bres were inserted in to NGCs. SEM

characterisaon revealed accurate and reliableproducon methods to a resoluon of 60 m. Invitrotesng included culturing, cell viability tesng andimmuno-uorescence labelling of neuronal cells, rat-derived primary Schwann cells and dorsal root ganglion,demonstrang cellular adhesion and neurite outgrowthon these materials. Early in vivo implantaon results ofcontrol microSL NGCs without lumen structures in to amouse YFP common bular model show regeneraonequivalent to autogra. This work is connuing withthe implantaon of intraluminal-structured conduits.

In summary, photocurable degradable polymersbased 3D structures have considerable potenal forthe manufacture of a new generaon of NGC, withimproved physical and biochemical properes.

Acknowledgements

We thank EPSRC for funding this project through the First Grant Scheme (EP/I007695/1, FC), andthrough funding studentships under the TERM-DTC (CJP) and DTA (RP) schemes. We also thankNIHRC- i4i for funding this work.

This work uses novel manufacturing techniques to signicantly further research and development

in bioengineered implants to regenerate injured peripheral nerves.

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Fig. 1: Poly(ethylene glycol)-basedNGC tube incorporang intra-lumenfeatures.


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A Dispersed Reference Interferometer for Surface and Dimensional Metrology

James Williamson, Dr Haydn Marn and Professor Xiangqian Jiang

EPSRC Centre for Innovave Manufacturing in Advanced Metrology,University of Hudderseld. T: 01484 473634 E: [email protected]

Successful integraon of metrology with manufacturing processes will enable cost reducon andenhance capability for the manufacture of high and ultra-precision components and assemblies.

We present a novel interferometric method of absolute single point posion measurement whichis inherently suited to such embedded measurement applicaons. The method principle providesa single point measurement system with potenally high dynamic range without expensivechromacally abberated probes. The ulmate aim is to provide mulple remote opcal bre linkedprobes which will allow measurement on machine.

We report a bulk opc apparatus designed to provethe operang principle of the proposed measurementsystem. The experimental apparatus (right) is aMichelson interferometer conguraon and consists of asuperluminescent diode (SLD) (820 15 nm). A beamsplier (BS) divides the source light into the two armsof the interferometer. In the measurement arm anobjecve lens (L2) focuses the beam onto the sample

(S). In the reference arm, a pair of blazed transmissiongrangs (G1 & G2) introduce chromac dispersion. Theresulng interferogram is then spectrally decomposedby a spectrometer (G3, SM, D). The apparatus produces

a quadrac phase funcon with wavelength rangeresulng in the symmetrical fringe paern seen bythe spectrometer (upper trace, le). The point of

symmetry is dependent on the opcal path dierenceand by inference, the surface height under the probe.The point of symmetry may be tracked using an

autoconvoluon operaon (lower trace, le).

We present a set of inial proof of principle

experimental results which include measurements ofrange, vercal resoluon, linearity, repeatability,

as well as actual surface topography measurement

examples. The implementaon of the dispersedreference interferometer as an instrument

incorporang mulple remote bre linked probesis also considered.

Signicance of this work:

The physical principles outlined in this work have the potenal to impact on UK high precisionmanufacture by yielding reduced costs, increased throughput and the enabling/improvement ofprocesses in precision manufacturing. This in turn will enable the wider adopon of these highvalue components as part of both leading edge scienc programmes and consumer technologies.Sensor products resulng from this principle will directly benet UK metrology companies.

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Nanoscale Materials for Flexible Tacle Sensors

Shrawan Kumar Jha*, Edward Los, Hendrik Faber, Ajay Perumal, Xu-Hua Wang,Paul Stavrinou, Natalie Sngelin, Thomas Anthopoulos and Donal D.C. Bradley.

Departments of Physics and Materials and Centre for Plasc Electronics (CPE),Imperial College London, London

Touch is a common medium used by humans to interact with their environment. It is one of themost popular methods used extensively in our daily lives, for example, in mobile touch screens.A variety of touch sensive technologies has been demonstrated and commercialized in recentyears, including resisve, capacive, opcal and acousc eect devices[1,2]. However, typicaltouch-sensors are based on glass substrates, a fragile and rigid medium, and the few exisngexible technologies are not transparent [3]. We demonstrate transparent and exible touch

sensive devices incorporang soluon-processed nanomaterials on plasc substrates and showtheir potenal for use in low-cost touch detecon and tacle feedback systems.

References:

[1] R.S. Cok, R.R. Bourdelais, C.J. Kaminsky, Flexible resisve touch screen, US Patent2004/0212599 A1 (2004).

[2] P.W. Kalendra, W.J. Piazza, Automac calibraon of a capacive touch screen used with a xedelement at screen display panel, US Patent 5283559 (1994).

[3] H.-K. Lee, S.-I. Chang, E. Yoon, A exible polymer tacle sensor: fabricaon and modularexpandability for large area deployment, J. Microelectromech. Syst. 15 (2006) 16811686.

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Endohedral fullerenes: small molecules, big challenges

Kyriakos Porfyrakis, University of Oxford, Department of Materials,Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, U.K.,

Tel.: 01865 273724, Email: [email protected]

Fullerenes are cage-like molecules. The fullerene cages consisng of n carbon atoms are wrienCn; when n = 60 the carbon atoms are arranged in a way similar to the verces on a football. Anatom of another element X can be incarcerated in this cage to produce a so-called endohedral(from Greek words literally meaning within the facets) fullerene, wrien X@Cn.

Endohedral molecules have surface manoeuvrability and physical and electronic propereswhich are greatly enhanced as compared to free-standing atoms of X. They can be manipulated,arranged in 1D chains, 2D laces or even 3D crystals. Endohedral fullerenes provide one with

the ability to eecvely manipulate a single atom or a small cluster of atoms that would beotherwise unaainable. Molecules such as N@C60 have exceponally long electron spin lifemes.Endohedral fullerenes containing metal atoms in their interior (metallofullerenes) can haveremarkable magnec and opcal properes.

Endohedral fullerenes were discovered about 20 years

ago. However the main liming factor aecng their usein applicaons sll remains. It is their rarity. They arecurrently available only in milligram quanes. In thistalk I will show the novel reactor that I developed for

producing endohedral fullerenes in gram amounts. Such

quanes are not only unprecedented, but they will alsoallow fundamental studies of the physical and chemical

properes of endohedral fullerenes to be undertaken.Once this challenges are met, then the molecules can becontrolled or even designed to have specic funconalityfor use in real-world applicaons. Figure 1 shows aschemac of the nanofactory reactor for scaled-up

synthesis of Endohedral fullerenes.

Signicance Statement:The Signicance of this work is that the novel reactor that I have

developed will allow endohedral fullerenes and their derivaves to be brought to the marketplace. The aim is that in the not-too-distant future, they will be found in devices used daily.

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Figure 1. Schemac illustraonof a reactor capable of scaled-upproducon of endohedral fullerenes


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Collaborave Roboc Maintenance for Industry

Keywords: maintenance; collaborave; industrial robocs; roboc operang system; automaon

M., Farnsworth1, and T., Tomiyama2

1Through Life Engineering Centre, Craneld University, College Road, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL2Decision Engineering Centre, Craneld University, College Road, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL.

The Customer requirements within many industries are shiing from purchasing a physical productto acquiring a result or a funcon supported by the product combined with a number of relatedservices (Baines et al. 2007). One such service, maintenance, is perhaps the most ecient way tokeep the funcon available during the product lifecycle (Takata, et al. 2004).

Maintenance is oen irregular and non-determinisc, parcularly when compared with standardmanufacturing processes. The specicity of products can lead to maintenance which is oen notstandardized across product and manufacturing domains and as a result oen undertaken byskilled engineers. Automaon has played a vital role in industry throughout history, parcularlywithin the producon line. With the movement towards providing product service systems theneed for services such as maintenance are increasingly important for a manufactured product

(Z., Zhang and X., Chu. 2010), and the pull towards automaon may drive down costs and improveperformance me. Roboc maintenance is an important topic of research and development thatcan improve customer sasfacon, promote sustainable consumpon and can provide signicantcost benets in areas where maintenance can be hazardous, for example within the nuclearindustry.

In looking to the future of automated maintenance there are a number of challenges that need to

be addressed. The ability to classify maintenance acvies into processes and funcons that can

be undertaken by roboc plaorms and provide such a service in an automated fashion, anddevelopment of the necessary roboc plaorms, tools and decision making soware needed toperform these maintenance tasks.

This work has rstly looked to develop processes using current industrial engineering techniquesfor the decomposion of maintenance tasks into a set number of units which can then beautomated through the use of robocs. Oen it can be benecial to undertake a parcular task ina collaborave nature, with mulple roboc plaorms all working together to achieve a goal thatcould otherwise not be done singularly. This research connues in this vain with an invesgaoninto the use of collaborave roboc maintenance over a number of plaorms, each ulizing aseparate skill set, either through vision and tracking, gripping and manipulaon, or funconal

end eectors. Built upon the roboc operang system (ROS) and ROS Industrial frameworks, itis possible to demonstrate collaborave maintenance acvies across both academic researchroboc plaorms (Turtlebot 2) and industrial roboc arm plaorms (Fanuc m-20ia).

Signicance statement: The signicance of this work is that it will demonstrate the feasibility ofroboc maintenance and open it up to further research and development. It will look to expandcurrent robocs research into industrial robocs plaorms towards automated maintenance usingthe ROS industrial framework.

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References:

Z., Zhang and X., Chu. 2010 A new approach for conceptual design of product and maintenanceInternaonal Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, Vol. 23, No. 7, July, pp. 603-618T. S., Baines, H., Lighoot, E., Steve, A., Neely, R., Greenough, J., Peppard, R., Roy, E., Shehab, A.,Braganza, A., Tiwari, J., Alcock, J., Angus, M., Bastl, A., Cousens, P., Irving, M., Johnson, J., Kingston,

H., Locke, V., Marnez, P., Michele, D., Traneld, I., Walton, and H., Wilson. 2007 State-of-the-artin product-service systems Proceedings IMechE, Part B: J. Engineering Manufacture, 221, pp.1543-1552S., Takata, F., Kimura, F.J.A.M. van Houten, E., Westkamper, M., Shpitalni, D., Ceglarek, J., Lee. 2004

Maintenance: changing role in life cycle management Annals of the CIRP, Vol 53. (2), PP. 643-655

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Micromoulding of medical devices

P D Coates, Polymer IRC, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UKtel 01274 234540 [email protected]

B R Whiteside, Polymer IRC University of Bradford

K Norris, Polymer IRC University of Bradford

The micromoulding process has been developed as a precision moulding technology for small,precision, high added-value polymer and polymer nanocomposite products. It is a rapidlyincreasing area of interest, driven by miniaturizaon of components parcularly for healthcare,opcal and telecommunicaons applicaons. High precision micromoulding involves extremesof stress, strain and strain rate and temperature gradients imposed during processing, whichoer a challenge to materials from the viewpoints of stability and consistency, but may also oeropportunies for control of morphology, hence product properes. Polymers have complex

morphologies, which may be developed through processing operaons. Micromoulding is amelt processing route which is thermally dominated and incurs high strain rates (shear rates upto ~ 107 s-1), and high injecon pressure (>>1000bar). It can be used to develop advantageousstructures in polymers and polymer composites and nanocomposites. In parcular length scalesand the associated thermal gradients (due to large surface area to low volume rao products), cansignicantly inuence product morphologies and physical properes, providing novel opportuniesfor control of product properes. For example, the smallest products have been shown to haveenhanced mechanical properes over convenonal scale products (associated with polymer shish-kebab morphologies formed in a complex property gradient through the thickness of a micro scaleproduct).

Small scale, precision geometry products, parcularly formedical technology and telecommunicaons products arebeing manufactured by micromoulding, and two commercialproducts are made in our laboratory for medical applicaons.One of these, a dental root canal lling (DRFP Ltd) is shownin Fig. 1. This challenging product contains a high loading ofradio opaque ller, and requires a precise taper and pointgeometry.

In addion to the manufacture of small components (thesmallest we make is 35mg), controlled surface feature

mouldings are of interest (e.g. for opcal components orfor potenal cell culture or lab-on-chip products). Thereappears to be potenal for surface feature control throughmorphologies achieved in the process - we are exploringthe control of product morphologies via mould temperature

control, to aect surface features, such as surface roughness (Fig. 2). This route is an alternaveto the convenonal aempts, which we also invesgate, to replicate micro or nanofeatures(obtained by machining techniques including ion beam) on a tool surface including injecon-compression techniques. A replicaon approach is clearly required when specic geometries,as opposed to roughness, are required. Surfaces also crically aect heat transfer, which is ofrst order importance in this process a topic which forms part of our computer modelling of

micromoulding, in collaboraon with Autodesk Moldow.

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Fig.1 Micromoulded radio-opaquedental obturaon point


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Signicance Statement: Micromoulding is a technology which has developed rapidly over the pastdecade, which although aimed at high precision small components is also a route to controllingproduct morphologies and hence properes (or property gradients). We have a leading capabilityin micromoulding (including an internaonal network, see www.ukmig.com ) with extensivefacilies for processing and characterisaon of products, and a joint internaonal laboratory inSichuan. Products are very high-added value polymer or polymer nanocomposites, parcularlyfor healthcare, opcal and telecommunicaons sectors, which connue to be rapidly developing

internaonal markets.

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Fig. 2. White light interferometry map (300m x 300 m) of micromoulded product surface,moulded against an opcally at sapphire mould, at injecon speed 50mm/s and 300mm/s, holdpressure = 50 bar; at tool temperature of (a) 45C showing Ra ~ 13m and (b) 105C showing Ra ~20m; (c) sapphire surface (Ra~3.5nm)

50mm/s 300mm/s 50mm/s 300mm/s injecon speed (a) Mould temperature 45C (b) 105C (c)


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Opmisaon of the perfusion system of a tri-axial bioreactor

Husnah Hussein, David J. Williams and Yang Liu

Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering,Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, United Kingdom,

Corresponding author: email: [email protected]

Mechanical smulaon, in combinaon with growth factors, is likely to be essenal to theappropriate funcon of stem cells and the development of ssue engineered constructs fororthopaedic and other uses. A mul-axial bioreactor was been built by Bose ElectroForce tosimulate physiologically-relevant loading condions of the intervertebral disc to four 3D ssueengineered constructs under the control of a soware program. The tri-axial bioreactor (Figure1) subjects the four 3D constructs to three independent forces: (1) uniaxial compression fromporous platen contact against the 3D construct ends, (2) hydrostac conning pressure against

semi-permeable membranes surrounding the circumference of the curved 3D specimens and(3) forced perfusion by applying a hydrostac pressure dierence to move culture mediumthrough the specimens. Some aspects of the design and arrangement of the perfusion systemcause non-uniformity in the uid ow environment and unstable control of the downstreampressures. Fluid ow variability can lead to undesirable dierences in cellular growth rates in the3D specimens due to dierences in mass transport of oxygen, growth factors and other nutrientsto the cells during culture. This presentaon will discuss the impact of changes in the mechanicalsystem conguraon to beer redesign the perfusion system for repeatable and reproducibleperformance. A systemac engineering approach was undertaken to solve the perfusion problemsapplying design of experiments to study and opmize the ow conguraon. Addionally, theeects of combined perfusion and uniaxial compression of mesenchymal stem cell-alginate

constructs in the bioreactor will be presented.

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Figure 1: Loading frame of the tri-axial bioreactor


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Service Damage Assessment using Acve Thermography

L. Tinsley, L. Oakey, L. Redding, A. Shaw, J. Mehnen and R. RoyEPSRC Centre in Through-life Engineering Services, Craneld University

Service damage for mechanical components include surface delaminaon, impact damage, crack,

wear and corrosion. This presentaon looks at dierent types of service damages and how wecould assess them using a non-destrucve inspecon (NDI) method. The experiments are basedon test samples with dierent damage features and materials. Acve thermography, a fast, easyto implement and inexpensive NDI method is further developed to assess the shape, size anddepth of sub-surface damage features. The research is then extended to design, build and test anovel boroscopic inspecon system for acve thermography in inaccessible areas. The boroscopedevelopment has aracted signicant industrial interest and has demonstrated limits of current IR

camera systems.

In capital-intensive industries such as the automove, aerospace and defence industries wherestrip down may not be praccal, other forms of remote or non-destrucve inspecon must becarried out. A considerable amount of me and money is spent in carrying out the appropriatenon-destrucve techniques as remaining unaware of the extent of damage in these areas can buildup substanal risk. This is an important driver for the ever-growing demand for faster and more

cost-eecve non-destrucve inspecon soluons.

The rst part of the presentaon will focus on approaches to assess the shape, size and depth ofthe sub-surface damages. Extensive experimental results will be presented to demonstrate thecapability and limits of the acve thermography system. This research will then be extended to

design and build a portable thermographic system capable of inspecng damages in inaccessibleareas of equipment without strip-down. In response to this requirement driver, a small, portableform of a pulsed acve thermographic non-destrucve inspecon system was developed, with the

primary applicaon along the inside of a hollow axel, which is convenonally inaccessible to acveinfrared NDI. The thermal camera was mounted inside a hollow tube with a gold-coated thermallyreecve mirror to allow lateral observaon of the inner surface in a boroscope conguraon.Dierent methods of heat applicaon were applied. Opcal ash heang and hot air pulse arethe convenonal heat injecon methods employed in pulsed thermography, but were dicultto reproduce the same short intense bursts of heat energy in miniaturised form. An applicaonof cold spray was applied instead and found to be more suitable to adaptaon in the smaller

environment with similar impact of showing sub-surface features as with the normal scale setup.

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Signicance Statement:Applicaon of non-destrucve inspecon to components in-situ withoutrequiring strip-down of components is a high priority current research into NDI developments. Anearly-stage demonstrator for a portable thermographic pulsed acve non-destrucve inspeconsystem that can be applied to components for service damage assessment in-situ without strip-

down was successfully established. This demonstrator is capable of inspecng areas with a 100

mm opening, with the cross-seconal area of the thermal camera the primary liming factor. Thesystem design can be easily adapted to smaller camera models for further miniaturisaon of in-situthermographic NDI applicaons.

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Exisng intermient fault nding technologies

Wakil Ahmed, Craneld University, College Road, Craneld, MK43 0AL, UK,[email protected]

Samir Khan, Craneld University

Paul Phillips, Craneld University

The reducing size of electronics and their complex interacons has forced designers to improvetheir understanding of failures from a muldisciplinary perspecve. This becomes signicantlyimportant when considering a class of system faults that cannot be easily located, diagnosed

or even reproduced under standard maintenance test regimes. This phenomenon is commonlyclassied as a diagnosc failure which indicates a closed-loop system with idenable symptom failure decision relaons; however, idenfying and road mapping these relaonshipsare a key challenge in improving diagnosc success. This requires a complete fundamentalunderstanding of the phenomena, including clear disncons between root-cause faults, rootcause sources and the inuencing factors (or drivers) covering the enre maintenance process.The situaon worsens when faults occurring at the component level are intermient in nature.

This research surveyed the tools and techniques acvely being used to invesgate intermientfaults that manifest themselves in PCBs, for example as dry solder joints, loose connecons orfaults prone to environmental eects. Typical equipment such as mul-meters and oscilloscopesare not always suciently capable to examine the root cause of problems, as it may not bepossible to isolate components during manual tesng. The research work evaluated data-driventechniques such as clustering, neural networks, Bayesian networks, decision trees and paernrecognion. It has also highlighted specic applicaon methods such as spread spectrum me

domain reectometry oen used in the aviaon industry to characterise faults.

Current research within the EPSRC Centre for Through-life Engineering Services is certainly keeping

an open mind on this, as it has recognised that dierent industries have dierent needs anddiering pracces. Even though there is almost certainly good pracce in migang unknownfailures that is not being shared; one universal soluon is unlikely, but what has not worked in oneindustry may be just what another industry needs.

Signicance Statement:The Signicance of this work is that it will bring together technologicalpracces in industry and academia currently being applied to resolve unknown failures. It aims todevelop a standard maintenance capability in order to recfy a greater range of faults which are

aecng system availability and support costs.

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Reacve Inkjet Prinng

Patrick Smith, Jonathan Stringer & Yi Zhang

University of Sheeld, Department of Mechanical Engineering,Kroto Research Instute, Sheeld. S3 7HQ

[email protected]

Inkjet prinng produces droplets of a tailored and uniform size that can be posioned accuratelyon a substrate in pre-determined locaons. Reacve Inkjet Prinng (RIJ) transforms inkjet prinngfrom simply being a deposion technique to one where ny droplets of one reactant canbe added to another; allowing reacons to be performed with precision at a small scale.RIJ generates the desired product in situ in the required paern resulng in cheaperdevices due to a more eecve producon process.

This talk discusses RIJ, and uses examples of where the RIJ approach has been successful. Itwill also discuss research into RIJ that has been funded by EPSRC. The research looked intoproducing siver/polyanilne nano-parcles by RIJ by jeng silver nitrate, aniline and ammoniumperoxodisulfate. The reacon synthesis commences on exposure of the aniline monomerto oxidant; Ag2+, an intermediate generated via reacon of ammonium peroxodisulfate andsilver salt.

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Zone-rening, deuteraon and crystal growth of aromac molecules

for organic spintronics applicaons

Mark Oxborrow and Neil Alford, Department of Materials, Imperial College, London

The electrical, magnec and thermal properes of organic materials, and thus device performance

and longevity, are oen crically dependent on the purity and crystallinity of these materials.Performance can also oen be signicantly enhanced by replacing hydrogen atoms for those ofdeuterium (heavy hydrogen) within the molecular material, i.e. through deuteraon. Severemanufacturing challenges arise in nding cost-eecve methods of synthesis, puricaon andgrowth of the target organic systems. Here, we will focus on methods suitable for fabricanga parcularly promising type of spintronic device, namely the pentacene:pterphenyl roomtemperature maser [2], as a novel form of ultra-low-noise amplicaon technology. In parcular,

we will survey (i) the design and availability of automac low-temperature zone-rening furnaces,

(ii) known recipes for deuterang easily degraded organic materials such as neat pentacene, and(iii) both Bridgman and soluon-growth methods for fabricang high-quality molecular crystals,such asp-terphenyl. Opportunies for UK SMEs to meet supply-chain needs in these specialistchemical processing/tooling areas shall be discussed.

References

[1] Growth and studies on SSVBT grown p-terphenyl single crystals, S. Selvakumara, K. Sivajia,N. Balamurugan et al, Journal of Crystal Growth275(2005) e265e271[2] Room-temperature solid-state maser, M. Oxborrow, J. D. Breeze & N. M. Alford, Nature488,353356 (16 August 2012) doi:10.1038/nature11339

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Fig 1. Boule of pentacene-doped p-terphenylcrystal grown by the Bridgman technique [1]


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Machining in the small scale

Anish Roy *, Loughborough University, Wolfson School of Mechanical and ManufacturingEngineering, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, The UK, +44 1509 227637, [email protected]*

S. Abolfazl Zahedi, Loughborough University

Murat Demiral, Loughborough University

Vadim V. Silberschmidt, Loughborough University

Over the last few decades the development of precision manufacturing has greatly improved

our standard of living. Manufacture of ultra-precision small sized components oers quality andreliability in a host of essenal daily products, ranging from digital cameras and mobile phonesto high-tech medical equipment. With demands for high funcon-density and reduced size andweight with complex geometries of miniaturised products, the need to understand mechanics of

machining at micro-scale is recognized. All crystalline materials are composed of grains and grainboundaries; thus, ultra-precision machining and micro-machining necessarily movate analysis ofsingle-crystal machining, making crystallographic anisotropy crical in machining response and foroverall manufacturing quality of components.

Numerical modelling is a powerful tool,which can be used to gain insights into the

underlying mechanisms that drive a plascresponse of materials in high-deformaonprocesses. Although there is a large body ofexperimental evidence of machining in the

small scale, relavely few aempts have beenmade to incorporate fundamental physicalmodels of crystalline plascity in models ofmachining. In this study, we present a hybridmodelling approach for micro-machining of

crystalline metals with the use of smoothed

parcle hydrodynamics and connuum niteelement (FE) analysis to overcome the problemof excessive element distoron in tradionalFE-based modelling approaches (see Fig). Themodel is implemented in commercial soware

using a user-dened material subroune.The model is used to elucidate the eect ofcrystallographic anisotropy on a response of

face-centred cubic metals to machining.

Signicance Statement: The signicance of this work is in the development of a robust numericalmodelling framework in characterising the machining response of micro-meso crystalline

components.

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Drilling in aerospace composites: challenges and soluons

Vadim V. Silberschmidt, Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering,Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, Telephone:, +44 1509 227637,

Corresponding author E-Mail Address: [email protected]

Farrukh Makhdum, Loughborough University

Vaibhav Phadnis, Loughborough University

Anish Roy, Loughborough University

Carbon bre-reinforced plasc (CFRP) composites have aracted considerable interest asreplacement for convenonal materials in various products ranging from aerospace andautomove structures to sports and marine applicaons. This is primarily due to their excellentproperes such as low weight coupled with high strength and sness. For example, the use

of CFRP in automobiles leads to improved fuel economy with reduced carbon emissions andimproved load-carrying capacity.

Although composites are manufactured to a near-net shape, machining of CFRP components

is necessary for complex assemblies. Drilling is one of the commonly performed machiningoperaons that allows assemblies to be bolted or riveted together. However, machining of CFRP isfraught with challenges such as accelerated tool wear and manufacturing-induced damage, whichacts as nucleaon sites for fracture development in service. The primary defect in drilling of CFRPis delaminaon, which results in poor assembly tolerance and reduces the structural integrity ofcomponents. It is well known that delaminaon is primarily inuenced by a thrust force developedduring drilling.

A potenal answer to these challenges is Ultrasonically Assisted Drilling (UAD) a non-tradional and hybrid machining process, which combines features of convenonal drillingand vibratory machining techniques to obtain remarkable improvements in machinabilityof intractable materials. In UAD, a standard twist drill is aached to a convenonal Langevinpiezoelectric transducer to produce its ultrasonic axial vibraon. The advantage of such a systemis demonstrated by means of experiments conducted on aerospace CFRP laminates provided

by Airbus and AMRC. A huge reducon in the levels of thrust force (see Tab. 1) and torquewas achieved in UAD together with improved surface characteriscs of drilled holes and lowerlamina cracking when compared to convenonal drilling techniques. Light and scanning electron

microscopy of CFRP chips obtained in drilling demonstrate fundamental dierence of realisaon ofthis machining process in CFRP.

The experimental studies were accompanied by numerical simulaons using the original, world-

rst 3D nite-element (FE) model of UAD of CFRP. A user-dened material model was developedthat accounts accurately for damage induced in the drilling process. The FE model was used tocompare the eect of a range of drilling parameters on drilling forces and manufacturing-induceddamage. For validaon purposes, results of the FE analysis were compared to the data from ourexperimental drilling tests (Fig. 1) and found to be in good agreement.

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Signicance Statement:The signicance of this work is in development and extensive analysisof a new hybrid technology for drilling of carbon bre-reinforced composites with considerablebenets greatly reduced cung forces, improved hole quality for aerospace and automoveapplicaons.

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Table 1: Force reducon in UAD of composites

Figure 2: Measured (top) and calculated with FE (boom) damage areas

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Ultrasonic melt processing improving the quality of liquid and solid metal

D.G. Eskin, Brunel UniversityBrunel Centre for Advanced Solidicaon Technology, Uxbridge UB8 3PH

Ultrasonic melt processing is environmentally friendly and energy ecient means to improve thequality of liquid and solid light metals. The physical phenomena that drive the improvements areacousc cavitaon and streaming induced in the liquid metal by high-frequency oscillaons.Cavitaon forms pulsang bubbles that either grow, being lled with gases dissolved in the liquidphase, or collapse producing very powerful albeit local surges of temperature and pressure,changing the local thermodynamic equilibrium. The former process results in melt degassing, the

laer in enhanced heterogeneous nucleaon and solid phase fragmentaon and dispersion.

A number of research projects funded by European Commission and EPSRC are currently acve at

BCAST, focusing on the fundamental and applied studies of cavitaon, ultrasonic degassing, grainrenement and manufacturing of master alloys and composite materials. This presentaon willsummarise the results of the projects and give an outlook for future advances.

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Producon network wide opportunies for connuous manufacturing

in pharmaceucal industry

Rajan Tala, Connuous Manufacturing and Crystallisaon, University of Strathclyde,

Glasgow, G1 1XJ, United Kingdom, [email protected]

Umit Bitci, University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom

Today, pharmaceucal industry is considered to be one of the largest and rapidly growing globalindustries. The UK pharmaceucal sector forms a signicant part of the UK economy comprisingsome 365 companies, with nearly 79,000 employees and combined turnover of 31.8bn(Technology Strategy Board Report, November 2012). The pharmaceucal industry is widelyrecognised as facing a number of challenges including increasing research and development (R&D)cost, increasing complexity of supply chain, shortening product life cycle among others.

According to Gerogiorgis and Barton (2009), connuous manufacturing is an emerging technologythat may become fundamental for helping the sector to address some of its challenges. However,despite many advantages of connuous manufacturing the adopon rate in pharmaceucal sectoris quite low.

The purpose of this research was to explore the drivers and barriers for adopon of connuousmanufacturing in pharmaceucal industries. Inial literature based research idenes severalviewpoints as to the advantages and limitaon for connuous manufacturing, some of whichare conicng. We have idened that majority of the published works focus on connuousmanufacturing at a single plant level with lile or no aempts to understand the produconnetwork wide implicaon of connuous manufacturing.

One of the key advantages of connuous manufacturing is its reliability and controllability aswell as signicant plant footprint reducon which make possible replicaon of several smallmanufacturing systems (i.e factory in a box). Thus, assuming a certain level of technologycapabilies, we have engaged with our industrial partners to model the potenal produconnetwork/supply chain wide implicaon of connuous manufacturing which is shown ingure below.

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Our ndings suggest that, if the assumed technology readiness levels were achieved and certaineconomic and social challenges were overcome, connuous manufacturing could be a gamechanging technology for reconguring the pharma producon/supply chain network with thefollowing benets.

70% reducon in overall process me. 83% reducon in overall lead me. 74% reducon in inventory. 73% reducon in cash to cash cycle me. 75% reducon in solvent usage.

Although these results are theorecal, our paper will argue that they are achievable in the mediumto long term if emerging technical, social and economic challenges are overcome.

The signicance of this work is that, clearly, the opportunity for connuous manufacturing, inthe long term, is in its ability to enable the reconguraon of the pharma supply chain. But sllqueson remains whether the technology is ready to enable us to create an end-to end pharmamanufacturing system.

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Thermally enhanced ultrasonically assisted machining

Anish Roy *, Loughborough University, Wolfson School of Mechanical and ManufacturingEngineering, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK, +44 1509 227637, [email protected]*

Riaz Muhammad, Loughborough University

Vadim V. Silberschmidt, Loughborough University

Recently, a non-convenonal machining technique known as ultrasonically assisted turning(UAT) was introduced to machine modern alloys; in it low-energy; high-frequency vibraon issuperimposed on the movement of a cung tool during a convenonal cung process. Thisnovel machining technique results in a mul-fold decrease in the level of cung forces with aconcomitant improvement in surface nish of machined modern alloys. Also, since the late 20thcentury, machining of wear-resistant materials that soen when heated has been carried out withhot machining techniques.

Here, a new hybrid machining technique called Hot Ultrasonically Assisted Turning (HUAT) isintroduced for processing of a Ti-based alloy. In this technique, UAT is combined with a tradionalhot machining technique to gain combined advantages of both schemes for machining ofintractable alloys. HUAT of the Ti alloy was analysed experimentally and numerically (see Figure) todemonstrate the benets in terms of reducon in the cung forces and improvement in surfaceroughness over a range of industrially relevant speed-feed combinaons for tanium alloys.

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Figure. Temperature distribuon during HUAT: (a) nite-element simulaons;(b) infrared thermography

Signicance Statement: The signicance of this work is in the development of a unique hybridmachining process used to demonstrate considerable benets in the machining of intractableaerospace alloys.


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High pressure die casng of Al-Mg-Si-Mn alloy for improved duclity

S. Ji1*, D. Watson1,2, M. White2and Z. Fan1

Tel: +44-1895-266663, Email: shouxun.ji@brune

Documents

Manufacturing the Future 2013