Many Tyrants Sought Persian Help Against Forces Seeking

8/14/2019 Many Tyrants Sought Persian Help Against Forces Seeking

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Alfred the Great

King of England 871-899

reorganized the army, infused new vigor into local government, founded new towns, codified

English laws

established a court school and fostered an interest in Anglo-Saxon writing and other elements of

national culturehe modeled himself closely on Carolingian example

Archon

Greek word that means ruler

in Athens, a system of three concurrent Archons evolved (Eponymous, Polemarch, Archon

Basileus). Originally these offices were filled from the aristocracy by elections every ten years

After 683 BCE the offices were held for only a single year

After 487 BCE the archonships were assigned by lot to any citizen and the Polemarchs military

duties were taken over by new class of generals strategoi

Arianism

Theological teaching of Arius (250-335 CE)

Arius had controversial teachings about relationship between God the Father and the person

Jesus, saying that Jesus was not of the one substance with the Father and that there had been a

time before he existed. This conflicts with other christological positions help by Church

theologians.

Attila the Hun

Ruler of the Huns from 434 until death in 453

Leader of Hunnic Empire which stretched from Germany to Ural River and from River Danubeto the Baltic Sea

One of the most fearsome of the Western and Eastern Roman Empires enemies

Invaded Balkans twice and marched through Gaul

Battle of Actium

31 BCE

Octavians forces defeated those of Anthony and Cleopatra, both of whom son afterward

commited suicide.

Egypts independent existence came to an end, and Rome reigned supreme throughout the

Mediterranean world.

Battle of Adrianople

378 BCE

Fought between a Roman army led by the Roman Emperor Valens and Gothic rebels led by

Fritigern

Took place north of Adrianople in the Roman province of Thracia

Ended with overwhelming victory for the Goths


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Part of Gothic War, this battle is considered the start of the final collapse of the Western Roman

Empire in the 5th century.

Battle of Issus

Southern Anatolia

333 BCEAlexander of Macedonias troops outnumbered Darius III of Achaemenid Persias troops 2:1

Alexandra took control of southern Asia Minor

marked the beginning of the end of Persian power

first time Persian army had been defeated with Darius III as king

Battle of Marathon

490 BCE

Athenians dealt Darius the only major setback of his reign

during first Persian invasion of Greece

Athenian victoryAthenians were helped by Plataeans VS Persian Empire

Battle of Thermopylae

Under the military leadership of Sparta, the outnumbered Greek allies confronted Xerces at the

pass of Thermopylae in August of 480.

For three days the Greeks held off the Persian multitude, while Greek fleet engaged a Persian

flotilla at nearby Artemisium.

The Spartan-led defense at Thermopylae failed, but their sacrifice allowed the fleet, under

Themistocles guidance, to inflict heavy losses on the Persians and then withdraw safely to the

south.

Byzantium

Ancient city of Thrace

Founded by Greeks from Megara in 667

Important because of position on the Bosporus

In the Peloponnesian War it was captured and recaptured by the contending forces.

Taken in 196 by Roman Empire

In 330 Constantine ordered a new city was built there... Constantinople

Charlemagne

King of the Franks from 768-814

Expanded the Frankish kingdoms into a Frankish Empire.

During reign, conquered Italy and was crowned Imperator Augustus by Pope Leo III as a rival

of the Byzantine Emperor in Constantinople.

Through foreign conquests and internal reforms, helped define both Western Europe and Middle

Ages


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Father of Europe- his empire united most of Western Europe for the first time since the Romans

and the Carolingian renaissance encouraged the formation of a common European identity

Constantinople

former capital of Byzantine Empire and of the Ottoman Empire

founded in 330 as new capital of Roman Empire by Constantine IShared the glories and vicissitudes of the Byzantine Empire

Clovis

511 CE

Frankish king, great warrior

by converting to orthodox Catholic Christianity established an alliance between his dynasty and

the powerful Roman bishops of Gaul

became sole leader of the Salian Franks by force of perseverance and by murdering relatives

Shortly before his death, he probably had the Salian Law revised and put into writing

Darius the Great

king of Persia

521-486 BCE

concentrated on consolidating his predecessors military gains by improving the administration

of the Persian state.

divided the empire into provinces called satrapies, each administered by a satrap

allowed the various peoples of the Persian Empire to retain most of their local institutions while

enforcing a standardized currency and system of weights and measures.

great builder, erected new royal residence and ceremonial capital, which the Greeks called

Persepolisordered canal dug from the Nile to the Red Sea to facilitate trade with the Egyptian interior

installed irrigation systems on the Persian Plateau and on the fringe of the Syrian desert to

increase agricultural production

expanded the Assyrian road system to enhance trade and communication in his far-flung realms.

The most famous was the Royal Road, stretching 1,600 miles from Susa to Sardis

made a mistake when he attempted to extend Persian hegemony into Greece.

Delian League

an association of approximately 150 5th century BCE Greek city-states under the leadership of

Athens

purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after Greek victory in the Battle of Plataea

at the end of the Greco-Persian Wars

founded in 478 BCE

Dorian

one of the three major tribes into which the ancient Greeks divided themselves


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Edict of Milan

313 CE

Letter signed by emperors Constantine and Licinius that proclaimed religious toleration in the

Roman Empire

EtruscansNon-Indo-European-speaking settles of the Italian peninsula who dominated the region from the

late Bronze Age until the rise of the Romans in the 6th century BCE

single most important influence on Roman culture and in its transition to civilization

ived in independent, fortified city-states; these city-states would form small confederacies. In

the earliest times, these city-states were ruled by a monarch, but were laterruled by oligarchies

that governed through a council and through elected officials

not much gender inequality

polytheistic

900-800 BCE

Perhaps came from the eastern Mediterranean, possibly Asia Minor

Gaul(s)

Gauls under Brennus sacked Rome circa 390 BCE

In the Aegean world, a huge migration of Eastern Gauls appeared in Thrace in 281 BCE

Gracchi Brothers

Tiberius and Gaius

in 133 BCE, Tiberius proposed a law that restricted the current rents or holders of state lands to

a maximum of 300 acres per citizen plus 150 acres for each child in the family

pair of trubines in the 2nd century BCE who attempted to pass land reform legislation inAncient Rome that would redistribute the major patrician landholdings among plebians

Gaius enacted laws for the benefit of the less privileged. One stabilized the price of grain in

Rome by building public granaries along the Tiber.

Hellenic

Hellenic tyants- The heyday of the classical Hellenic tyrants came in the early 6th century BC,

when Cleisthenes ruled Sicyon in the Peloponnesus, and Polycrates ruled Samos. During this

time, revolts overthrew many governments in the Aegean world. Simultaneously Persia first

started making inroads into Greece, and many tyrants sought Persian help against forces seeking

to remove them.

Helots

enslaved Messenians

had to work the land for Spartans

outnumbered Spartans 10:1

650 BCE- revolted, gained support from several neighboring cities and briefly threatened Sparta

with annhililation
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aeean_Sea&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleisthenes_of_Sicyonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicyonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samos_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aeean_Sea&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aeean_Sea&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samos_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samos_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicyonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicyonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleisthenes_of_Sicyonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleisthenes_of_Sicyonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_century_BChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_century_BC


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Hoplite

Greek

Dark Age

foot soldiers, armed with spears or short swords, and protected by a large round shield (hoplon),

a breastplate, a helmet and sometimes wrist and leg guardsin battle, they stood shoulder to shoulder in a close formation called a phalanx, several rows

across and several lines deep, with each hoplite carrying his shield on the left arm to protect the

unshielded right side of the man standing next to him. In his right hand, each hoplite carried a

thrusting weapon such as a spear or short sword

Greeks may have learned this from Assyrians

by end of 7th century BCE, hoplite tactics were a standard element in Greek warfare

result was a social and political revolution because singe every polis needed a hoplite force to

protect independence, farmers became a political and social force

Ionianone of three populations into which the ancient Greeks considered the population of Hellenes to

have been divided.

Ionic dialect spoken between Greece and Anatolia.

Located around the shores of the Aegean Sea and in most Aegean islands.

According to myth, descended from the hero Ion, son of Xuthus, son of Hellen.

Islam

Justinian483-565

Byzantine emperor from 527-565

As emperor, instituted major administrative changes and tried to increase state revenues at the

expense of his subjects

His fiscal policies as well as other things caused Nika riot in 532 which would have cost him the

throne of not for his wife, Empress Theodora and his generals, Belisarius and Narses

With help from those generals, recovered Africa from the Vandals

GREATEST accomplishment- codification of Roman law, commonly called Corpus Juris

Civilis. It gave unity to the centralized state and greatly influenced all subsequent legal history

Lucretia (rape of)

her brother was Publius Lucretius Tricipitnus, one of the second Consuls of Rome

her rape and consequent suicide were the cause for the overthrow of the monarchy and the

establishment of the Roman republic

the last king of Rome had a violent son, Sextus Tarquinis, who in 509 BCE raped her

he said that if she didnt do what he said, hed kill her and lay her body by a slave. She would

have been shamed, so she let him do what he wanted and then kill herself


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main career began in 67 when he was commissioned by the law proposed by Aulus Gabinius to

destroy the pirates infesting the Mediterranean.

Assassinated in Egypt after being defeated at Pharsalus.

Punic Wars

First (264- 241 BCE) began because of Romes genuine fear that the Carthaginians might gaincontrol of Messina. Peace agreement reached in 241 where Carthage was forced to cede all of

Sicily and Rome and pay a large indemnity

Second (218-201 BCE) the Romans interpreted Carthages attempt to expand its rule in Spain as

a threat to Roman interests and responded with a declaration of war. The Carthaginian

commander Hannibal, brought a Spanish army and war elephants. In the end, Carthage was

compelled to abandon all its possessions except the city of Carthage itself to pay an indemnity

three times greater than at the end of the Punic War

Third (149-146 BCE) Romans charged Carthage with a technical breach of treaty in resisting

the encroachment of the Numidian King Masinissa. Rome declared war and blockaded the city.

Carthage never surrendered. The younger Scipio conquered it and sold the surviving inhabitantsinto slavery.

Romulus

771 BCE- 717 BCE

twins with Remus, traditional founders of Rome

sons of Vestal Virgin Rhea Silva and Mars

Romulus slew Remus over a dispute about which one of the brothers had the support of the

local deities to rule the new city and give it his name

Solon594 BCE was made sole archon

Athenian aristrocrat whod made his name and fortune as merchant, so was trusted by all

his political and economic reforms laid the foundations for Athenian democracy

forbade practice of debt slavery and set up a fund to buy back Athenian debt slaves sold abroad

encouraged Athenians to grow olives and grapes, spurring cash-crop farming and urban

industries necessary to make Athens a commercial power

set up courts in which broader range of citizens serves as jurors and to which any Athenian

might appeal if he disliked a decision of the Areapagus

gave the Athenian citizen assembly the right to elects archons

During Solon's time, many Greek city-states had seen the emergence of tyrants, opportunistic

noblemen who had grabbed power on behalf of sectional interests.

At some time (perhaps c.600 ) he led the Athenians in the recapture of Salamis from the

Megarians.

St. Augustine

354-430 CE

One of the most important figures in the development of Western Christianity


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Framed the concepts of original sin and just war

When the Roman Empire in the West was starting to disintegrate, Augustine developed the

concept of the Church as a spiritual City of God distinct from the material City of Man.

His autobiography, The Confessions, is first Western autobiography

pre-eminent Doctor of the Church

St. Benedicts Rule

Book of preceps written by St. Benedict of Nursia for monks living communally under the

authority of an abbot.

480-547

About 500 CE, Benedict became so upset by the immorality of society in Rome that he gave up

his studies there and chose the life of an ascetic monk in the pursuit of personal holiness, living

as a hermit in a cave ear Subiaco.

His rule shows influences by the Rules of Saint Augustine.

Struggle of the Orderspolitical struggle between the plebeians and patricians of the ancient Roman Republic, in which

the Plebeians sought political equality with the Patricians.

the plebeians made up nearly 98 % of the population but had no political power

the plebeians rebelled in the early 5th century BCE that forced the patricians to agree to the

election of new officers known as tribunes who would protect the plebeians by vetoing unlawful

patrician acts

Led to 12 Tables

Sulla dictator

138-78 BCERoman general and politician who held the office of consul twice as well as the dictatorship

used his armies to march on Rome twice, and after the second the revived the office of dictator,

which had not been used since the 2nd Punic War over a century before

used his powers to enact a series of reforms to the Roman constitution, meant to restore the

balance of power between the Senate and the Tribunes

Tetrarchy

Diocletians political reform, which divided Roman empire into two halves ruled by two rulers

and two lieutenants

happened in 293 CE. Lasted until 313 CE when internecine conflict eliminated most claimants

to power, leaving Constantine in the West and Licinius in the East

Theodoric (Visigoth)

Twelve Tables

450 BCE

foundation of Roman Law


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formed the centerpiece of the constitution of the Roman Republic

the tables were supposedly written in response to the plebeians protest that the patrician judges

were able to discriminate against them with impunity because the principles governing legal

disputes were known only orally

the tables were probably wooden

Tyrant

In ancient Greece, tyrants were influential opportunists that came to power by securing the

support of different factions of a deme. The word "tyrannos" then carried no ethical censure; it

simply referred to anyone, good or bad, who obtained executive power in a polis by

unconventional means. Support for the tyrants came from the growing class of business people

and from the peasants who had no land or were in debt to the wealthy land owners. It is true that

they had no legal right to rule, but the people preferred them over kings or the aristocracy. The

Greek tyrants stayed in power by using mercenary soldiers from outside of their respective city

state.

Vandals

East Germanic tribe that entered the late Roman Empire during the 5th century CE

Best known for sack of rome in 455

In 455, Rome was sacked by Gaiseric's troops, and Empress Eudoxia and her two daughters

were taken as hostages.

The Vandals were Arian Christians, and, especially under Gaiseric and his son, Hunneric, they

harshly persecuted Orthodox Christianity.

The Roman emperors Marjorian and Leo I made attempts to destroy Vandal power, but Zeno

was forced to make peace (476) with Gaiseric.

After the death (477) of Gaiseric, however, the Vandals declined quickly as a dominant power.In 533, Justinian I sent against them an army under Belisarius, which after meeting weak

resistance, captured Carthage. With this overwhelming defeat the Vandals ceased to exist as a

nation.

ESSAY 1: Discuss the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations of the Bronze Age. Consider

their relationships with Anatolia (Hittites and neighbors) and the Near East. What was

their collective role in the collapse and re-composion of the Near Eastern and Eastern

Mediterranean civilizations (e.g., Phoenecians, Persians; Greeks or Etruscans)?

Minoan: on Crete, flourished from 1900 to 1500 BCE, high degree of material and architectural

sophistication, sometimes known as Palace Age, the palace sat at center of redistributive

economy, their success depended on overseas trade, exchanged goods with Egypt, southwest

Anatolia and Cyprus, Minoan palaces werent fortified so at first people thought they were

peaceful, also thought they were carefree and devoted to mother goddess, in actuality it was just
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://kids.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry?id=Belisarihttp://kids.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry?id=Belisarihttp://kids.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry?id=Justinia1http://kids.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry?id=Justinia1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece


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that their navy was good so no need for army, they did human sacrifice, one focus of Minoan

commercial activity was the mainland of Greece

Mycenaeans: advanced through conquest,authority was based on ability to lead men into battle

and reward people with plunder, ancient Greece, flourished between 1600 and 1100 BCE,

collapsed probably because of the Dorian invasion, was a warrior aristocracy, while theMycenaean kings liked the chariots used by their Near Eastern contemporaries it was impractical

for the rocky Greek terrain, around 1400 the Mycenaeans extended their control to Crete (the

center of the Minoan civilization) taking over Knossos and using it as a Mycenaean center. In

Western Anatolia at lease one Mycenaean king exercised enough influence for a Hittite king to

address him as my brother

The political and commercial foundation of the Mycenaean world (a powerful place, headed by a

king who was also a war leader, a warrior aristocracy, a bureaucracy of local officials, state-

regulated land holdings, a redistributive economy, large territorial kingdoms) became typical of

Near Eastern contemporary world. Greek language can be traced back to Mycenaeans. TheLinear B tablets talk about a social group with considerable economic and political rights, the

damos, precursor to the demos which was a group that sought full political empowerment in

many Greek cities later on. Mycenaean culture collapsed under own weight at end of 13th

century BCE. Since it was such an integrated part of this international network of commercial,

political and military relationships, their collapse was felt across whole Near East.

ESSAY 2: Consider the effects of the Bronze Age collapse in the E. Mediterranean and the

Aegean. What will continue or change into the Iron Age? Discuss Greece of the Dark Ageand the Archaic period. What were the main features of the polis? What was the purpose

of colonization? What were the differences or similarities among the city-states such as

Athens and Sparta?

Drought in the Eastern Mediterranean could have easily precipitated or hastened socio-economic

problems and led to wars, As part of the Late Bronze Age- Early Iron Age Dark Ages, it was a

period associated with the collapse of central authorities, a general depopulation, particularly of

highly urban areas, the loss of literacy in Anatolia and the Aegean, and its restriction elsewhere,

the disappearance of established patterns of long-distance international trade, increasingly

vicious intra-elite struggles for power, and reduced options for the elite if not for the general

mass of population.

The Greek Dark Ages (1150-800 BCE) Mainland Greece had depopulation of 90%, except at

Athens the citadels were destroyed, settlements moved inland away from vulnerable shores,

taxes were not collected, roads were not repaired so no wagons could go, people were poor

because no gold in their graves, no craftsmen. The DORIANS invaded. Knowledge of how to


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make tools and weapons spread from Hittites around the Mediterranean Sea, iron was good

because they could mine tin in Greece.

The Archaic Period (800-480 BCE) emergence of the polis, return of writing and literacy. Also

called Age of Experiment. Saw significant advancements in political theory, rise of democracy,

philosophy, theatre, poetry. Greek cities didnt have kinds anymore, had oligarchy. Instead, builttemples to the Gods. Population grew so much that they had to colonize in parts of Europe and

Africa. Began trade with Phoenicians again and learned their alphabet. Started using hoplite

method of fighting.

Polis- could range from absolute monarchy to pure democracy. Only citizens participated in

government.

Sparta vs Athens: Sparta (oligarchy) had two kings who ruled until death. Focus on obedience

and war. Athens (democracy) ruled by archons who were elected annually. Focus on creativity,

didnt have to serve in army or navy.

ESSAY 3: What was the role of the Persian Wars in the history of the Greek city-states?

Consider the scope and history of the Persian Empire, the causes of its offensive and the

expectations of its success. Did Athens become an ideal democracy? Was the Delian League

a real Empire? How did its existence contribute to the Peloponnesian Wars?

In 501 BCE, Aristagoras (who was Persians tyrant over Miletus) thought he was gonna get

booted so he got Milesians and rest of Ionia to revolt against Persian rule. Spartans refused to

send their army abroad, but Athens and Eretria felt sympathetic to Ionians and sent ships andcrews. They captured Sardis and burned it. Athenians and Eretrians left, leaving Ionians to own

devices. After 5 years of fighting, they lost to Persia in 494 BCE. To teach Athens and Eretria a

lesson, Darius sent 20,000 troops, who sacked and burned Eretria, then moved on and landed at

Marathon.

Athens asked Sparta to help them, but Sparta was busy with a religious festival. Small nearby

polis of Plataea offered to help. Holding them back from between two hills, the Athenians waited

until the Persians were watering their horses and then attacked, killing many Persians and

making them retreat.

Darius son, Xerxes, was determined to conquer Greece. Went with 600 ships to Sardis, in 480

BCE. Many Greek cities capitulated, but Athens, Sparta, Corinth and 30 others didnt. The

Athenians ended up having to go to Salamis, but in September after sailing into the Bay of

Eleusis, the Greeks rammed the Persian fleet and won!

Athens has successful democracy. Direct democracy- where the people do no not elect

representatives to vote on their behalf but vote on legislation and executive bills in their own

right.

The Athenians were basically just making money off the League, only accepting money instead

of ships and troops, so it almost became an empire.


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ESSAY 4: What was the aftermath of the Peloponnesian Wars in Greece and the Near

East? Discuss the rise of the Macedonian Empire and its Hellenistic legacy. To what extent

did Alexanders personality contribute to its success or failure? Consider other political,

cultural, economic and geographical factors in the diffusion of pan-Hellenic civilization.

After Wars, Athens was ruled by the Thirty Tyrants and democracy was suspended. The oligarchs

were overthrown and a democracy was restored by Thrasybulus in 403 BCE.

Macedonia Empire- Alexander the Great (356-323 BCE) took over Greek city-states and Persian

empire. He adopted the styles of government of the conquered territories and that spread Greek

culture and learning throughout his empire. After his death, empire fractured into many Hellenic

regimes but left Greek-speaking cities across Persias Western territories. This heralded the

Hellenistic period.

What is notable about the Macedonian regime during the Hellenistic times is that it was the only

successor state to the Empire that maintained the old archaic perception of Kingship, and never

adopted the ways of the Hellenistic Monarchy. The ancient Macedonians during the Hellenistic

times were still addressing their kings in a far more casual way than the subjects of the rest of the

Diadochi, and the Kings were still consulting with their aristocracy (Philoi) in the process of

making their decisions.

ESSAY 5: Discuss the causes of Roman expansion under the Republic. How did the modest

city-state gain control of Italy and the Mediterranean? What social and cultural values

contributed to its successful conquests? How were they changed in the process?

The Roman expansion, from 509-265 BCE, started because the Latin population planned a

rebellion and in 509, had a revolution which dethroned the Etruscan king and drove his people

from Rome. After being sacked by the Celts in 390 BCE, Rome had the entire Italian peninsula

South of Po was conquered. This created strong military ethos and provided the Roman state

with manpower. Continued on to defeat Carthaginian navy in Punic Wars, then acquired more of

Mediterranean. Rome did not enforce absolute subjection, for local govts, traditions and laws

were respected and conquered subjects were encouraged to identify their well-being with Roman

success. Rome achieved this by granting full rights of citizenship to nearest neighbors, partial

citizenship or ally status to other subjects. Everyone had to pay taxes and provide militaryservice in war time, but it was clear that partial citizenship would turn to full.

ESSAY 6: What characterizedPax Romana (27BC-AD 160)? What were the benefits and

who were the beneficiaries? If the reforms of Diocletian and Constantin (tetrarchy and

Christianity) saved the Empire, what caused the split and collapse of the West?


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Long period of peace and minimal expansion by military force experienced by Roman Empire in

from 27 BC to 180 AD established by Caesar Augustus. This period refers mainly to the great

Romanization of the Western world. Emperors frequently had to quell rebellions, border

skirmishes and Roman wars of conquest. It was an era of relative tranquility in which Rome

endured neither major civil wars, serious invasions or killings.While Constantine was smart enough to carry on most of the effective changes that Diocletian

put into place, the one thing he changed was disastrous. By changing it so that the succession of

the throne was hereditary, he brought back the principle of dynastic monarchy. Also, he divided

the empire among his 3 sons. These two things caused civil war because of the differences in the

sons Christianity beliefs. 3rd century CE. Greek-speaking east part of Rome was growing more

populous, more prosperous, and more central to imperial policy. the Latin-speaking west was

becoming poorer and more peripheral to the political, economic and cultural life of the empire.

West relied on money transfers. the 4th century empire was slowly dissolving.

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Many Tyrants Sought Persian Help Against Forces Seeking