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Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

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Page 1: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere
Page 2: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

Map 14.1:

European Colonial Empires in the Americas

By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere.

Their wars and rivalries during that century led to an expansion of Spanish and English claims, at the expense of the French.

European rulers were driven by the enduring rivalries of competing states. The growing & relatively independent merchant class in a rapidly commercializing Europe sought direct access to Asian wealth in order to avoid the reliance on Muslim intermediaries that they found so distasteful.

Page 3: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere
Page 4: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

Which European

empire had the most

territory in the New World?

Page 5: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere
Page 6: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere
Page 7: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere
Page 9: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization

Explorers Conquistadores

Mission

arie

s

PermanentSettlers

OfficialEuropeanColony!

Page 10: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

Document Analysis

• Work in groups of 4 to analyze the documents provided.

• Discuss the following questions using evidence from the documents:– How did the Spanish and Native Americans view each

other?– How did the Spanish’s view of the natives justify their

conquest? Be specific. – How did the Spanish justify their treatment of the

natives?

Page 11: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

Conquest of Mexico Through Aztec Eyes

AP World HistoryUnit Three: 1450-1750

Page 12: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

The peoples of central Mexico had long used a type of book called a codex to record their history. Codices included drawings and symbols painted by trained artist-scribes. Although the Spanish destroyed most of these codices, the codex tradition continued in a modified form in the century following conquest. These new codices, assembled under the supervision of European missionaries, were composed largely by native people, many of them new converts to Christianity and some literate in Latin and Spanish.

The following images are taken from the Florentine Codex compiled under a Franciscan missionary that felt understanding Aztec culture was key to conversion. Because the missionary relied on Aztec informants and artists, many scholars believe these codices represent an Aztec point of view on the conquest. These were created decades later, so they show influences from Christiana and European culture, and not just the Aztec perspective.

Page 13: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

1. Why might Aztec contributors to the codices have included accounts of such supernatural events preceding the arrival of the Spanish?

2. Why do you think the Spanish frequently incorporated such accounts into their own descriptions of the conquest?

Page 14: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

1. How does this painting present the relationship between Cortes and Moctezuma? Are they meeting as equals, enemies, allies, as ruler and subject?

2. What do the items at the bottom of the image represent?

3. Does this image challenge or support the perception that the Aztecs viewed the Spanish newcomers in religious terms?

4. The woman standing behind Cortes in Dona Marina, also known as La Malinche. Cortes once wrote, “after God we owe this conquest of New Spain to Dona Marina.” To what extent do you agree with this, based on last night’s reading?

Page 15: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

“[W]hen the dance was loveliest and when song was linked to song, the Spaniards were seized with an urge to kill the celebrants. They all ran forward, armed as if for battle. They closed the entrances and passageways…they [they] rushed into the Sacred Patio to slaughter the inhabitant…They attacked the man who was drumming and cut off his arms. Then they cut off his head, and it rolled across the floor. They attacked all the celebrants stabbing them, sparing them , striking the with swords..Others they beheaded..or split their heads to pieces…The blood of the warriors flowed like water and gathered into pools…[T]hey invaded every room, hunting and killing.”

1. What elements of the description above are reflected in the painting?

2. What image of the Spanish does this painting reflect?

Page 16: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

1. Whose perspective do you think it represented in this image? Spanish, their Tlaxcala allies, or the Aztecs? How might each of them understood this retreat differently?

2. In neither source in slides 9 and 10 are the Spanish are portrayed with firearms. How might you understand their omission?

3. Do you notice any evidence of cultural blending in this image?

Page 17: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

1. How do these images, from the Florentine Codex, an Aztec portrayal of the disease, represent the impact of the smallpox epidemic, and the Aztec response to it?

Page 18: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

English & Spanish Colonies

European colonial rule in the Americas varied

★ cultures & policies of the colonizing power,

★ character of the Native American cultures,

★ economy established in a particular region.

English were late to the game of exploration

& many felt the lands they had left to take (New York, New England, PA, and Virginia) were left-over and worthless in comparison to the treasures of Central & SA (gold)

Page 19: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

Lands of the Aztecs and the Incas:

The Spanish empire ruled over the most densely settled indigenous populations in the Americas & developed an economic system based on commercial agriculture & mining

Colonial rule replicated something of the Spanish class hierarchy while accommodating the racially & culturally different Indians & Africans.

English & Spanish Colonies

Page 20: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

The Colonial Class System

The Colonial Class System

Peninsulares

Peninsulares CreolesCreoles

Mestizos

Mestizos

Mulattos

Mulattos

Native IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack Slaves

Page 21: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

Encomienda (en-koh-mee-en-duh)

Some Native Americans decided to aid the Spanish in their initial invasion of the New World, mostly due to old tribal rivalries.

Encomienda: system employed mainly by the Spanish during colonization of the Americas to regulate Native American labor (mostly farming & mining)

Spanish crown granted Spaniards specified number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility.

In theory, the receiver of the grant was to protect the natives from warring tribes & to instruct them in the Spanish language and in the Catholic faith: in return they could extract tribute from the natives in the form of labor, gold or other products.

Page 22: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

Encomienda (en-koh-mee-en-duh)

In practice, the difference between encomienda & slavery could be minimal. Natives were forced to do hard labor and subjected to extreme punishment and death if they resisted.

In the former Inca Empire, for example, the system continued the Incaic (and even pre-Incaic) Mita traditions of extracting tribute under the form of labor.

Page 23: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

The Influence of the Colonial Catholic

Church

The Influence of the Colonial Catholic

Church

Guadalajara Cathedral

Guadalajara Cathedral

Our Lady of Guadalupe

Our Lady of Guadalupe

Spanish Mission Spanish Mission

Page 24: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

Syncretism• Religious syncretism is the blending

of two belief systems• Religious syncretism often takes

place when foreign beliefs are introduced to an indigenous belief system and the teachings are blended

• For the indigenous peoples of Mexico, Catholic beliefs blended with their native religious beliefs

• Syncretism allowed the native peoples to continue their traditions while adapting to a changing world

• Christian saints blended easily with specialized indigenous gods

The above picture shows the traditional offerings from a Mayan festival with a picture of Jesus, a central figure in the Christian religion.

Page 25: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

Other Forms of Syncretism: The Virgin de Guadalupe

• The Virgin de Guadalupe is a cultural symbol that unites Mexicans

• The Catholic Church encouraged festivals that coincided with indigenous festivals in order to blend the two and appropriate indigenous festivals as new Christian celebrations

• “After the conquest, the church destroyed shrines to indigenous gods and goddesses, and tried to stamp out the cult of Tonantzin, an Aztec virgin deity”

• Tonantzin was the “honored mother” of Mexico and a fertility goddess

• Mary, mother of Jesus, merged to symbolize the Mother figurehead in both Catholicism and ancient Aztec beliefs

Source: Rose Anna Mueller, Virgin of Guadalupehttp://www.blueroadrunner.com/virgen.htm

Page 26: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

The Mayan cross is a pre-Christian cross. Looking at the picture on the left, can you see evidence of syncretism?

Page 27: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

Chamula Syncretism•Chamulans worship in Cathedral built by Spanish•Town dedicated to John the Baptist, priest comes once a year for baptisms•Chamulans are Catholic by name; helped keep their traditions alive under Spanish rule•No pews•Floors covered in pine needles•Catholic saints rest on tables posted in church but represent Mayan gods •Candles lit and people sit on floor and pray below saints•Sometimes chickens sacrificed•Pox traditionally drunk, now substituted with Coca-Cola•No pictures allowed

Page 28: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

Compare English & Spanish Colonies.

In the plantation colonies of Brazil & the Caribbean, colonial powers ruled over regions where no earlier civilization existed & where the production of sugar for export defined the economy.

Spanish colonists rarely included women & families. In these regions, large numbers of Africans were imported as slave labor, & a considerable amount of racial mixing took place. From the mixed-race population were drawn much of the urban skilled workforce & supervisors in the sugar industry, as well as some prominent members of the community.

More slaves were voluntarily set free by their owners in Brazil than in North America.

Page 29: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillSlaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

Page 30: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere
Page 31: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere
Page 32: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

Eye Spy Activity

Page 33: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

Compare English & Spanish Colonies.

A variation on the colonial rule of a plantation-based economy occurred in British North America, where the raising of different crops (including tobacco, cotton, rice, and indigo), less racial mixing, & a self reproducing slave workforce shaped a different society.

In British North America, prevailing ideas about "race" was that any amount of African or “black” ancestry would make someone African or “black” - this idea was sadly, long=lasting.

Didn’t try to live among the natives.

Page 34: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

Compare English & Spanish Colonies.

3rd distinctive type of colonial society: Northern British colonies of New England, New York, & Pennsylvania.

Upon the arrival of British settlers, these regions were not heavily settled with Native Americans, in part because of the ravages of European-borne epidemic diseases.

Page 35: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

Compare English & Spanish Colonies.Why So

Literate?Availability of land, the climate & geography of North America, & the “outsider” status of many British settlers:

Economic & social system of small independent farmers without sharp class hierarchy, large rural estates, or dependent laborers.

Weak British rule, the largely literate population of the region developed traditions of local self-government, elected colonial assemblies, & vigorously contested the prerogatives of royal governors sent to administer their affairs.

The British colonists sought to escape European traditions, while Spanish/Portuguese colonists sought to recreate them in the Americas.

Page 36: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

Protestantism, which encouraged the reading of the Bible, was the dominant form of Christianity in the British colonies. Women & families accompanied men & cultural expectation was reading & interpretation of the Bible.

What is a one major reason for the higher literacy rates in British North American colonies than in Spanish/Portuguese colonies?

Page 37: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

European Empires in the Americas

European Empires in the Americas

Page 38: Map 14.1: European Colonial Empires in the Americas By the beginning of the 18th century, European powers had laid claim to most of the Western Hemisphere

New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals