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Marine Fuels Where are we? Where are we going? How will we get there?. Sulfur content vs. Viscosity Grade -- 2006. 2006 Fuel Quality by Sulfur Range 0.5% Sulfur Increments. 2006 Fuel Quality by Sulfur Range 0.5% Sulfur Increments. Where Are We Going? *. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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PETROLEUM SERVICES INC.Dr. Rudolph [email protected]
Marine Fuels Where are we? Where are we going? How will we get there?
Slide 2Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Sulfur content vs. Viscosity Grade -- 2006
Visc, cSt @ 50oC World
"60" 1.86
"180" 2.51
"380" 2.66
"500" 2.78
Singapore Rotterdam Fujairah Houston
- - - -
2.85 2.39 3.38 3.36
3.16 2.60 3.46 3.45
3.79 2.83 3.15* 3.11*
*<1% samples
% Sulfur
Slide 3Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
2006 Fuel Quality by Sulfur Range0.5% Sulfur Increments
Slide 4Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
2006 Fuel Quality by Sulfur Range0.5% Sulfur Increments
Slide 5Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Where Are We Going?*
• From: “The Impact of Marine Emission Legislation on the Bunker Industry”, by Robin Meech, presented at IPIECA Workshops on Marpol Annex VI Singapore, Washington, Brussels, February 2006
Slide 6Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Residue Properties
Crude % S Dens % Dens cSt @ 99oC % S * % Dens cSt @ 99oC % S** **
Arab Hvy 2.85 898 53.7 981 96 4.35 (82) 23.1 1051 59e3 6.01 (59)
Arab Lt 1.79 856 44.6 951 24 3.10 (77) 14.7 1022 1.8e3 4.34 (46)
WTI 0.35 835 40.3 923 21 0.68 (78) 10.4 984 1.2e3 1.04 (39)
Brent 0.26 831 36.8 840 12 0.58 (82) 5.6 986 7.7e2 1.07 (28)
Ardjuna 0.10 837 34.5 918 16 0.18 (62) 6.2 1023 5.5e6 0.29 (29)
ATMOSPHERIC VACUUM
Slide 7Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Blending to Low % Sulfur Specs
% S hi - % S Spec
wt. % MGO =% S hi - % S MGO
Slide 8Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Blending to a Low Sulfur Limit
I FO, 380 cSt MDO, 0.5% S (0.1% ) Function of MDO Visc @ 40oC
% S wt. % MDO needed 10 cSt 25 cSt
3.5 66.7 19 39
2.0 33.3 67 107
Blended Fuel Visc
(58.8) (25) (49)
(26.3) (92) (137)
EXAMPLES0.68 - 0.5
% MGO = = 26.5 wt. %0.68 - 0
1.04 - 0.5% MGO = = 51.9 wt. %
1.04 - 0
Examples, Residue to 0.5% S
Examples, IFO to 1.5% S
Slide 9Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
* From: Refining to Meet Low S Bunker Fuel, A. Madden, Exxon Mobil, Marpol Annex VI consultation Meeting, February 23, 2006
Slide 10Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Tanker Case Study* from Well to Hull
Variable CD R0 LSD
Total energy 19,901 18,013 22,624
Fossil fuel 19,850 17,981 22,562
Petroleum 18,267 17,145 20,539
CO2 (tons) 1,537 1,512 1,781
NOx 41,786 41,396 46,439
PM10 327 1,272 370
SOx 627 20,447 440
Total (Mbtu/ trip or kg/ trip) a
SOURCE: Energy Use and Emissions from Marine Vessels: A Total Fuel Life Cycle Approach, J. J. Winebrake, J.J. Corbett and P.E. Meyer, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Vol. 57, January 2007.
Slide 11Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Near Term
Practical Considerations
Changeover Calculations
Fuel Change Over
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
Time [hr]
Su
lph
ur
[%m
/m]
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
Se
ttli
ng
Ta
nk
Vo
lum
e [
m3
]
Settling tankSulphur [%]
Service TankSulphur [%]
Settling tankVolume [m3]
4.5 MT/hr consumption. Full service and settling
tanks at start of change-over
HFO % Sulfur LSFO %SulfurChange-over time to
reach 1.5% S
4 1.5 99
3 1.5 92
2 1.5 76
4 1 45
3 1 38
2 1 27
Changeover Calculations
4.5 MT/hr consumption. 25% fill of service and empty settling tank at start of change-over
HFO % Sulfur LSFO % SulfurChange-over time to reach 1.5% S (hours)
4 1.5 22
3 1.5 20
2 1.5 16
4 1 8
3 1 7
2 1 5
Slide 14Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Possible Quality Problems with Low Sulfur Residual Fuel
Fuel Stability / Compatibility
Ignition / Combustion Quality
Higher Abrasives Content
Unfamiliar Low Sulfur Cutter Stocks
Greater Variability in Physical Properties
Need for Lower TBN Cylinder
Slide 15Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Back-up Slides
Section I
Slide 16Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Marine Exhaust Emissions
Air 8.5 Kg
Engine Fuel
175 g/Kw hr
Fuel Derived Emissions, g/Kw hrCO2 555
H2O 163
SOX 9.5
NOX 2.2
Particulates N/ANitrogen 6715Oxygen 1230
MEMO: Fuel Composition Ratio’s Ratio’s% C 86.5 H/C 1.44 SO2/SO3 95/5% H 10.4 C/S 89 NO/NO2 10/90% S 2.7 C/N 202 Air/Fuel 49/1% N 0.4
(~ 7 MJ/Kw hr)
8675 g/Kw hr input 8675 g/Kw hr output
Slide 17Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
How Does Marine Transport Fit into Global Emissions?
Estimated @ 200 Million MeT/yr ~ 3.5 M B/D*
5.3% (4.2 vol. %) of Global Oil Consumption
1.9% of Global Energy
Global CO2 from marine Fuels 645 MT/yr
Global CO2 from Distillate and Fuel Consumption 9845** MT/yr (3086 MT)
Marine Residual Fuel Consumption
=_
*based on DNVPS average marine residual fuel density** BP World Energy Outlook
Slide 18Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Global SOx (PM and Fuel N) A Different Story
Global S from Marine Fuels 5.2 MT/yr
Global S from Light and Medium distillate 5.2 MT/yr
Global Fuel N from Marine = 0.8 MT/yr
Global Fuel N from Light / Medium Distillates ≤0.05 MT/yr
Global Particulates not quantified
Assumes: Light Distillate 1500 ppm S Medium Distillate 2500 ppm S
Slide 19Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Table 6 - Container Ship Case Study
Variable CD R0 LSD
Total energy 182,905 167,359 209,702
Fossil fuel 182,442 167,063 209,125
Petroleum 167,890 159,297 190,375
CO2 (tons) 14,135 14,055 16,511
NOx 384,058 384,619 430,446
PM10 2,982 11,799 3,407
SOx 5,683 189,909 3,981
Total (Mbtu/ trip or kg/ trip) a
SOURCE: Energy Use and Emissions from Marine Vessels: A Total Fuel Life Cycle Approach, J. J. Winebrake, J.J. Corbett and P.E. Meyer, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Vol. 57, January 2007.
Slide 20Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Typical Fuel Products Flow Plan
Slide 21Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Source: “BP World Energy Outlook”
216
181
98
148
2 YearAverage
Slide 22Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
Air Emissions Regulations Scorecard
IMO Annex VI- 4.5% S Global Cap on ISO RM grade fuels- 1.5% S (6g SOx Kw hr) cap in SECA area- Engine NOx limits (17g/Kw hr for ≤ 130 rpm
EU 1999/32 and 2005/33- 1.5% S SECA Cap
CARB- 0.5% S cap on MDO/ISO DMA requirement in 24 nm zone for
auxiliary/diesel electric engines
Various Local Area S caps
In Place
Slide 23Intertanko March 26th, 2007 Dr. Rudolph Kassinger
IMO- BLG Working Group report- Submission of revised Annex VI to MEPC
EU- stated plan for further reduction on % S (0.5%/2g
SOx/Kw hr)
EPA - stated plan to apply for ECA designation- Cooperating with Canada and Mexico
CARB/CA “no net increase in emissions” policy
Other jurisdictions eyeing SECA designation
Intertanko proposal to require distillate fuel
Broad action likely on PM
Air Emissions Regulations Scorecard
In the offing