MARINE / MARITIMESPATIAL PLANNING

Introduction

MEDCOAST InstituteSeptember 2016, Dalyan, Turkey

Stephen JayUniversity of Liverpool, UK

A MARINE GOVERNANCE PROBLEM

� Growing pressures upon the seas from human activities

� traditional uses, eg fishing and shipping

� new demands, eg. wind energy, aquaculture

� Historically fragmentednature of marine controls

� Evidence of increasing environmental damage

Ehler & Douvere (2007)

Activity in theBelgian North Sea

% Claim for Space

Fishing 99

Shipping 97

Military use 26

Sand and gravel extraction 15

Dredging and dumping 1.2

Wind parks 0.6

Cables and pipelines 18

Coastal defence 0.1

Nature conservation 4

Coastal recreation 1.9

TOTAL 264%

Maes et al (2005)

�Landuse

�Tourism

�Oil &Gas

�Coastal Defence

�Ports &Navigation

�Military Activities

�Culture

�Conservation

�Dredging & Disposal

�SubmarineCables

�Fishing �RenewableEnergy

�MarineRecreation

�MineralExtraction

�Mariculture

� More coherent spatial organisation of maritime interests, to avoid conflict,make more efficient use of space and facilitate sustainable exploitation ofmarine resources

� Adaptation of terrestrial planning to the sea

� Reflects growing territorialisation of the oceans, via UNCLOS

� Variously known as Marine Spatial Planning (internationally), Maritime SpatialPlanning (EU), Ocean Planning (US), Marine Planning (UK), Marine FunctionalZoning (China)…

SPATIAL PLANNING RESPONSE

A Definition of MSP

An integrated, policy-based approach tothe regulation, management and protectionof the marine environment, including theallocation of space, that addresses themultiple, cumulative and potentiallyconflicting uses of the sea and therebyfacilitates sustainable development.

(MSPP Consortium, 2006, p 1)

ELEMENTS OF MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING

D = Data (spatial data presented via GIS)

G = Governance (legal, policy and regulatory frameworks)

S = Stakeholders (engagement with users, interests, communities)

D

G S

MSP

ELEMENTS OF MSP

� UNESCO

� MSP programme http://www.unesco-ioc-marinesp.be

� Step-by-step Guide (Ehler & Douvere, 2009)

� Regional Sea Organisations

� OSPAR, HELCOM statements

INTERNATIONAL POLICY DEVELOPMENT

� Coastal Nations� Early nations: Australia, USA, Canada, China

� European nations: Germany, Netherlands, Portugal, UK, Sweden etc (Jay et al, 2013)

� Integrated Maritime Policy� Promoting the economic potential of European seas (CEC 2006, 2007)

� Environmental pillar: Marine Strategy Framework Directive (EPC, 2008)

� Action plan

� Roadmap for Maritime Spatial Planning� Ten principles for MSP (CEC 2008)

� Studies and pilot projects� Legal and economic aspects

� Potential for MSP in the Mediterranean

� Pilot projects in the North and Baltic seas and the Atlantic region

� Communication on current progress

� Stakeholder workshops and public information

� MSP Directive 2014� Statutory requirement for MSP in member states and transnational cooperation

EUROPEAN POLICY DEVELOPMENT

A European Vision for the Oceans and Seas

"How inappropriate to call this planet Earth when it is quite clearly Ocean“(CEC 2006, p1)

1. Using MSP according to area and type of activity2. Defining objectives to guide MSP3. Developing MSP in a transparent manner4. Stakeholder participation5. Coordination within Member States: simplifying decision processes6. Ensuring the legal effect of national MSP7. Cross-border cooperation and consultation8. Incorporating monitoring and evaluation in the planning process9. Achieving coherence between terrestrial and maritime spatial planning:

relation with ICZM10.A strong data and knowledge base

ROADMAP FORMARITIME SPATIAL PLANNING

THE EU’S 2014 ‘MSP DIRECTIVE’

� MSP: cross-sectoral tool to analyse and organize human activities in marine areas to achieve ecological, economic and social objectives

� Member States to prepare plans by 2021

� The plans should:

� apply the ecosystem-based approach

� contribute to environmental protection

� contribute to sustainable development, especially of energy sectors, maritime transport, and fisheries and aquaculture, and other objectives such as tourism and mineral extraction

� Emphasis on:

� land-sea interactions (Integrated Coastal Management)

� cross-border cooperation:

� participation of stakeholders, authorities and the public

� use of best available data

http://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/policy/maritime_spatial_planning/index_en.htm

EC MARITIME AFFAIRS

http://www.msp-platform.eu

� Traditional low water mark boundary of ‘land-use’ planning

� Physical characteristics of the sea resist development

� Weak ownership and political jurisdiction offshore

� Has sea space now become amenable to planning?

� Technical and economic possibilities of fixed offshore development

� Strengthening national jurisdiction under UNCLOS

� Growing ability to set boundaries and locations

WHY NOW?

THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE

1. Vertical water column, changing environmental conditions with depth

2. Different activities possible at different levels

3. 3-D models poorly developed

TEMPORAL & DYNAMIC SPACE

1. A fluid medium, daily, seasonal and annual cycles

2. Movement of substances, organisms and human activities

5. Different uses possible in the same place at different times

6. Difficult to represent in static maps and documents

POORLY UNDERSTOODAND VULNERABLE SPACE

1. Lower levels of scientific understanding

2. Out-of-sight from most people

3. Ecological sensitivity to human-induced change

4. Serious environmental degradation

POORLY CONTROLLED SPACE

1. Weak forms of ownership of the sea and its resources

2. Limited state sovereignty, especially beyond territorial waters

3. Lack of visible borders and demarcation of areas

4. Difficult to monitor maritime activities and enforce sea-use rules

SPARSELY PEOPLED AND DEVELOPED SPACE

1. Small and transitory human presence

2. Mostly mobile and fleeting human activities

3. Fixed installations are thinly dispersed

4. Poor public representation for marine interests

5. Culturally distant and risk-laden

CAN THIS SPACE BE PLANNED??

http://ocean-frontiers.org

Ocean Frontiers Trailer (2 mins)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F4V4Fc2Gcto

A Case for Ocean Planning (6 mins)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0F0D-XWSPVY

British Columbia’s Marine Plan (6 mins)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pCjGVBohEjc

OCEAN FRONTIERS

http://www.msprn.net/

Scottish Sustainable Marine Environment Initiative

ANY QUESTIONS?